WA, Office of the Family and Children’s Ombudsman, 2011 Annual Report

7/31/2019 WA, Office of the Family and Childrens Ombudsman, 2011 Annual Report

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5;22 Bhh|bd Ul{iu}Cbuz Cljhja$ Mjuln}iu Ice|m~cbh

[b}ujn` Miqm$ Ice|m~cbh

Niddllh Gjh}ih$ Ice|m~cbh

qqq(aivluhiu(qb(aiv)ifni


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IFFJNL IF ]G

'5;6*

Obh|buz 5;25

]i }gl Ul~jmlh}~ if Qb~gjha}ih

J bc {dlb~lm }i ~|ecj} }gl 5;22Ice|m~cbh( ]gj~ ul{iu} {uivjmB|a|~} >2$ 5;22 bhm i|u ulnicc

Jh }gj~ }jcl if lnihicjn |hnlu}bj}glul j~ bh lvlh gljag}lhlm hllm~z~}lc( M|ujha }gj~ ul{iu}jha {lu:5= ngjdmulh bhm ivlu 6;; fbcjdjllclualh} jhvl~}jab}jih b~ }gl bd~j}|b}jih ulr|jujha }jcldz jh}luvlhjh}luvlhlm iu {uivjmlm b~~j~}bhnlmlmjnb}jih }i {uici}jha }gl ~bfl}

Jh bmmj}jih }i nic{dbjh} jhvl~}jabqldfbul ~z~}lc bhm cb`l~ ulniczlbu$ IFNI elnbcl bdbuclm b} bbmi{}jvl$ {ul#bmi{}jvl iu a|bumjb

Aivluhiu Aulaijul~ b}}lh}jih bhNgjdmulh~ Bmcjhj~}ub}jih$ Mlhj~j~~|l~(

J qbh} }i lw{ul~~ cz b{{ulnjb}jihGlbd}g ^luvjnl~$ {ujvb}l balhnjl~i|}nicl~( J bd~i qj~g }i bn`hiqd^lnul}buz ^|~bh Mulzf|~ ~jahjfjnbfbcjdjl~(

Ci~} jc{iu}bh}dz$ J }gbh` }gl {bueui|ag} }glju nihnluh~ }i i|u b}}l

gihiu }i ~luvl }gl nj}jlh~ if Qb^jhnluldz$

Cbuz CljhjaMjuln}iu Ice|m~cbh

^]B]LIFQB^GJHA]IH

FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CB

615;FIU]MLH]QBZ$^\J]L5=;

]\@QJDB$QB:7277>:#>71;'7;;*52FBW'5;6*=>:#>711

}b}l?

hh|bd Ul{iu} if }gl Iffjnl if }gl Fbcjdz bhm Ngl~ bh bnni|h} if IFNI~ bn}jvj}jl~ fuic ^l{}lclhmb}jih~ }i jc{uivl }gl ngjdm qldfbul ~z~}lc(

}z bhm n|}~ }i ei}g {|edjn bhm {ujvb}l ~luvjnl~ }giu jhml{lhmlh} bhm ieoln}jvl ivlu~jag} if i|u ngjim$ IFNI nic{dl}lm 62= nic{dbjh} jhvl~}jab}j( Ihl i|} if lvluz ~lvlh nic{dbjh}~ qb~ gbhmdl

dlab}jih~ jhvidvlm lj}glu b ngjdm~ jcclmjb}l ~bfl}}jih( ]gl cboiuj}z if nic{dbjh}~ jh qgjng }gl Iqlul ~|nnl~~f|ddz ul~idvlm( J bc {ui|m if IFN

bhm qldfbul if }gl ngjdmulh bhm fbcjdjl~ if Qb~

}jih~$ IFNI cihj}iu~ {ubn}jnl~ bhm {uinlm|ul~lhmb}jih~ }i el}}lu ~luvl ngjdmulh bhm fbcjdjl~(lcluajha }ulhm if ~lvlul ngjdm be|~l bhm hladln

~gj{ {dbnlclh}~( ]gl Ice|m~cbh eui|ag} }gl

m }gl Aivluhiu ulr|l~}lm }gb} }gl B~~j~}bh} ^lnuUlvld~ Uiejh~ih$ bhm IFNI f|u}glu niddbeiub}

}i }gl Aivluhiu$ }gl Dlaj~db}|ul$ }gl Ml{bu}clhhm bmvinb}l~ qgi bul niccj}}lm }i lwnlddlhnl jlmal ml{bu}jha Ml{bu}clh} if ^injbd bhm Glbd}g} nih}uje|}jih }i jc{uivjha }gl ~bfl}z bhm qldfb

h}~$ zi|}g$ uldb}jvl~$ fi~}lu {bulh}~$ {uifl~~jihbd~h}jih( Ql }b`l }glju }u|~} jh i|u iffjnl ci~} ~luj

gjha}ih ^}b}l(

H

jdmulh~lu 2$ 5;2; }i

b} b~~j~} fbcjdjl~$jdm qldfbulh~ nihnluhjham b~ bhz iu bh |ualh}

e|m~cbh~ vjajdbhnl bhmjha}ih ^}b}l(

j}gjh }gl ngjdmvlu }gl {b~}

} inn|uujha jhl nihnluh~ }i

}buz if}i bmmul~~ }gl~l

} if ^injbd bhmngjdm qldfbul

^luvjnl~ 'M^G^*l if ngjdmulh bhm

bhm i}glu~ qgi|~dz bhm j} j~ bh


3/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH >t[ B A L

BMVJ^IUZ NICCJ]]LL

QL^]LUH QB^GJHA]IH NICCJ]]LL

]LUL^B ELUA[jlunl Ni|h}z ^glujff~ Iffjnl$]bnicbDZHHL]]LOIUMBH\hj}lm Jhmjbh~ if Bdd ]ujel~Fi|hmb}jih$ lb}}dl

NBUDB AUB\#LALU]IHJ~dbhm Ni|h}z NB^B

ABUZ[ULEDL[ujvb}l B}}iuhlz$ Idzc{jb

HBHNZUIELU]^#EUIQHNb}bdz~} fiu @jm~$ ^lb}}dl

DIJ^ ^NGJ[[LU^lb}}dl & @jha Ni|h}z [|edjnGlbd}g$ ^lb}}dl

OJC]GLIFLDJ^]gl Cin`jhaejum ^injl}z$^lb}}dl

^\L GI]]$C(M(^qlmj~g [gz~jnjbh~ Ngjdmulh~Ndjhjn$ lb}}dl

EUZHB ML^[LU

Hiu}gql~} Bmi{}jih Lwngbhal$^lb}}dl

EULHMB DI[L_[bulh} Ul{ul~lh}b}jih$^lb}}dl

NLH]UBD QB^GJHA]IH NICCJ]]LL

^\L EB@LUNgldbh)Mi|adb~ Ni|h}zNi|u} B{{ijh}lm {lnjbdBmvinb}l$ Qlhb}ngll

MBHH FDL^GLUUldb}jvl~ b~ [bulh}~$Elh}ih Nj}z

^GLUUZCB^GE\UH[bulh}~ Bul Vj}bd jh Lm|nb}jih$^|hhz~jml

MLBH CJ]NGLDDCi~l~ Db`l [idjnl Ml{bu}clh}$Ci~l~ Db`l

FUBH@C\UUBZZb`jcb Ni|h}z Ni|u} B{{ijh}lm^{lnjbd Bmvinb}l$ Zb`jcb

[B]]ZIUIHBZb`jcb Ni|h}z ^ngiid Mj~}ujn}$Zb`jcb

CBUZ#OLBHHL ^CJ]GFi~}lu [bulh} B~~injb}jih ifQb~gjha}ih

LB^]LUH QB^GJHA]IH NICCJ]]LL

@LDDZE\^^L^{i`bhl [idjnl Ml{bu}clh}$^{i`bhl

LDDLH NBMZ/Hiu}gqiim Cjmmdl ngiid$^{i`bhl

[B]UJN@MIHBG\L^{i`bhl Ni|h}z Ni|u} B{{ijh}lm^{lnjbd Bmvinb}l$ {i`bhl

]BUB MIQM]gl H(B(](J(V(L( [uioln}$^{i`bhl

BU]

GBU[LU

Fi~}lu [bulh} Djbj~ih$ {i`bhl

@JC @I[FQgj}cbh Ni|h}z NB^B$ Nidfbw

UI^LZ]G\UCBH]lbc Ngjdm$ ^{i`bhl

GLJ@L DB@LD|}glubh Nicc|hj}z luvjnl~$^{i`bhl

BCEUI^JB LELUGBUM]$

Vl}lubh [bulh}$ ^{i`bhl

/Hi dihalu Bmvj~iuz Niccj}}ll Clcelu

DLAJ^DB]JVL NGJDMULH^ IVLU^JAG] NICCJ]]LL

^LHB]IUOJC GBUAUIVL$NGBJU UL[UL^LH]B]JVL DBUUZGBDLU UL[UL^LH]B]JVL U\]G @BAJ7}g Mj~}ujn} 5=}g Mj~}ujn} >5hm Mj~}ujn}

UL[UL^LH]B]JVL CBUZGLDLH UIELU]^ ^LHB]IUVBD ]LVLH^ ^LHB]IUMLEEJL ULABDB51}g Mj~}ujn} 52~} Mj~}ujn} >:}g Mj~}ujn}


4/123


5/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH ;

Nic{dl}lm Jhvl~}jab}jih~ bhm Ul~|d}~ [BAL >2 ]gl Ice|m~cbh jh Bn}jih [BAL >= Ice|m~cbh~ Bmvlu~l Fjhmjha~ [BAL =6 Balhnz Ul~{ih~l~ }i Bmvlu~l Fjhmjha~ [BAL


6/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH 6t[ B A L

LWLN\]JVL ^\CCBUZ

]GL IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH 'IFNI* qb~ l~}bedj~glmez }gl 2::6 Dlaj~db}|ul }i lh~|ul }gb} aivluhclh} balhnjl~ ul~{ihm b{{ui{ujb}ldz }i ngjdmulh jh

hllm if ~}b}l {ui}ln}jih$ ngjdmulh ul~jmjha jh ~}b}l nbul$ bhm ngjdmulh bhm fbcjdjl~ |hmlu ~}b}l~|{luvj~jih m|l }i bddlab}jih~ iu fjhmjha~ if ngjdm be|~l iu hladln}( ]gl iffjnl bd~i j~ jh}lhmlm }i{uici}l {|edjn bqbulhl~~ bei|} }gl ngjdm {ui}ln}jih bhm qldfbul ~z~}lc$ bhm }i ulnicclhm bhmfbnjdj}b}l euibm#eb~lm ~z~}lcjn jc{uivlclh}~(

]gj~ ul{iu} {uivjml~ bh bnni|h} if IFNI~ nic{dbjh} jhvl~}jab}jih bn}jvj}jl~ fuic ^l{}lcelu 2$5;2;$ }gui|ag B|a|~} >2$ 5;22( IFNI~ bmcjhj~}ub}jvl ulvjlq~ if nuj}jnbd jhnjmlh}~ ~|ng b~ ngjdmfb}bdj}jl~ bhm hlbu fb}bdj}jl~ jhnd|ml nb~l~ }gui|ag Mlnlcelu 5;22( ]gj~ ul{iu} bd~i {uivjml~ulnicclhmb}jih~ }i jc{uivl }gl r|bdj}z if ~}b}l ~luvjnl~ fiu ngjdmulh bhm fbcjdjl~(

NIUL M\]JL^

]gl fiddiqjha m|}jl~ bhm ul~{ih~jejdj}jl~ if }gl Ice|m~cbh bul ~l} fiu}g jh ~}b}l dbq~?2

Ul~{ihm }i Jhr|jujl~?[uivjml jhfiucb}jih ih }gl ujag}~ bhm ul~{ih~jejdj}jl~ if jhmjvjm|bd~ ulnljvjha fbcjdz bhm ngjdmulh~~luvjnl~$ bhm ih }gl {uinlm|ul~ fiu {uivjmjha }gl~l ~luvjnl~0

Nic{dbjh} Jhvl~}jab}jih bhm Jh}luvlh}jih?Jhvl~}jab}l$ |{ih }gl Ice|m~cbh~ iqh jhj}jb}jvl iu |{ih ulnlj{} if b nic{dbjh}$ bh bmcjhj~}ub}jvlbn} bddlalm }i el nih}ubuz }i dbq$ u|dl$ iu {idjnz$ jc{i~lm qj}gi|} bh bmlr|b}l ~}b}lclh} if ulb~ih$iu eb~lm ih juuldlvbh}$ jccb}lujbd$ iu luuihli|~ aui|hm~0 giqlvlu$ }gl ice|m~cbh cbz mlndjhl }ijhvl~}jab}l bhz nic{dbjh} b~ {uivjmlm ez u|dl~ bmi{}lm |hmlu }gj~ ngb{}lu0

^z~}lc Ivlu~jag} bhm Jc{uivlclh}?

Cihj}iu }gl {uinlm|ul~ b~ l~}bedj~glm$ jc{dlclh}lm$ bhm {ubn}jnlm ez }gl ml{bu}clh} }inbuuz i|} j}~ ul~{ih~jejdj}jl~ jh mldjvlujha fbcjdz bhm ngjdmulh~ ~luvjnl~ qj}g b vjlq }iqbumb{{ui{ujb}l {ul~luvb}jih if fbcjdjl~ bhm lh~|ujha ngjdmulh~ glbd}g bhm ~bfl}z0

Ulvjlq {lujimjnbddz }gl fbnjdj}jl~ bhm {uinlm|ul~ if ~}b}l jh~}j}|}jih~ ~luvjha ngjdmulh$ bhm~}b}l#djnlh~lm fbnjdj}jl~ iu ul~jmlhnl~0

Ulnicclhm ngbhal~ jh }gl {uinlm|ul~ fiu bmmul~~jha }gl hllm~ if fbcjdjl~ bhm ngjdmulh0 Ulvjlq hi}jfjnb}jih~ fuic M^G^ ulabumjha b }gjum fi|hmlm ul{iu} if ngjdm be|~l iu hladln}$

qj}gjh b }qldvl cih}g {lujim$ jhvidvjha }gl ~bcl ngjdm iu fbcjdz( 'M|}z nulb}lm jh 5;;7*

Bhh|bd Ul{iu}~? ^|ecj} bhh|bddz }i }gl niccj}}ll bhm }i }gl aivluhiu b ul{iu} bhbdzjha }gl qiu` if }gl

iffjnl jhnd|mjha ulnicclhmb}jih~0 bhm

J~~|l bh bhh|bd ul{iu} }i }gl dlaj~db}|ul ih }gl ~}b}|~ if }gl jc{dlclh}b}jih if ngjdm fb}bdj}zulvjlq ulnicclhmb}jih~( 'M|}z nulb}lm jh 5;;7*

2 UNQ =>(;6B bhm UNQ 56(==(;>;(


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8/123


Ih innb~jih$ ulniahjjha IFNI~ |hjr|l uidl$ NB dlbmlu~gj{ ~{lnjfjnbddz ulr|l~}~ }gb} IFNIulvjlq bhm ul{iu} ih nlu}bjh gjag#{uifjdl iu nic{dlw nb~l~( Lwbc{dl~ if }gl~l jh#ml{}g ulvjlq~ jh5;22 b{{lbu ih {bal~ 11 bhm 22= if }gj~ Ul{iu}(

QIU@JHA ]I CB@L B MJFFLULHNL

Ngjdm Be|~l bhm Hladln} jh [lucbhlh} [dbnlclh}~

]gl Ice|m~cbh bd~i jmlh}jfjl~ ulinn|uujha j~~|l~ bhm nihnluh~ }gb} ni|dm el ~zc{}icb}jn if bdbualu {uiedlc( Ivlu }gl {b~} }qi zlbu~$ }gl Ice|m~cbh gb~ hi}lm b {b}}luh if ~lvlul ngjdm be|~lbhm hladln} inn|uujha jh bmi{}jvl$ {ul#bmi{}jvl iu a|bumjbh~gj{ {dbnlclh}~( Qgb} j~ if {bu}jn|dbunihnluh j~ }gb} jh }gl~l nb~l~$ }gl ngjdm be|~l iu hladln} inn|uulm jh gicl~ }gb} gbm ellh ~nullhlm$b~~l~~lm bhm b{{uivlm b~ b {lucbhlh} {dbnlclh} fiu }gl ngjdm( ]gj~ ~ln}jih ml}bjd~ niccih fbn}iu~jmlh}jfjlm jh }gl~l nb~l~$ bhm mj~n|~~l~ f|u}glu ~}l{~ hlnl~~buz }i bmmul~~ }gj~ j~~|l jh aulb}lu ml}bjdbhm b~~|ul }gl ~bfl bhm {lucbhlh} {dbnlclh}~ fiu ngjdmulh jh ~}b}l nbul(

Ngjdm Qldfbul Dlaj~db}jih

B~ {bu} if }gl Ice|m~cbh~ m|}z }i ulnicclhm ~z~}lcjn ngbhal$ }gl Ice|m~cbh ulvjlq~ bhmbhbdzl~ {ui{i~lm dlaj~db}jih bhm }l~}jfjl~ elfiul }gl Dlaj~db}|ul ih {lhmjha ejdd~( ]gj~ ~ln}jih{uivjml~ b gjagdjag} if }gi~l ejdd~ ih qgjng IFNI {uivjmlm }l~}jcihz iu }gi~l qgjng jc{bn} }glngjdm qldfbul ~z~}lc( Dlaj~db}jih mj~n|~~lm jh }gj~ ~ln}jih bmmul~~lm }i{jn~ jhnd|mjha?

Nulb}jha b ~}b}l Jhmjbh Ngjdm Qldfbul Bn}0 Jc{uivjha ngjdm fb}bdj}z ulvjlq~ jh ngjdm qldfbul nb~l~0 Lw}lhmlm fi~}lu nbul fiu ngjdmulh 27 zlbu~ if bal bhm idmlu0 bhm \hbhhi|hnlm gicl vj~j}~ fiu ml{lhmlh} ngjdmulh(

^Z^]LC JC[UIVLCLH] LFFIU]^

Elnb|~l if }gl Ice|m~cbh~ jhml{lhmlh} {lu~{ln}jvl bhm `hiqdlmal if }gl ngjdm qldfbul ~z~}lc$}gl Ice|m~cbh j~ if}lh jhvj}lm }i {bu}jnj{b}l jh lffiu}~ }i jc{uivl i|}nicl~ fiu ngjdmulh bhmfbcjdjl~( M|ujha }gl {b~} zlbu$ }gl~l lffiu}~ jhnd|mlm? ~luvjha b~ b clcelu if }gl Ngjdm Qldfbul]ubh~fiucb}jih Ml~jah Niccj}}lljh {gb~l J$ jc{dlclh} {lufiucbhnl eb~lm nih}ubn}~ fiu ngjdm qldfbul~luvjnl~ bhm jh {gb~l JJ$ l~}bedj~g {jdi} {uioln}~ nih}ubn}jha qj}g {ujvb}l balhnjl~ fiu ngjdm qldfbulnb~l cbhbalclh} ~luvjnl~0 {bu}jnj{b}jha jh Lwln|}jvl Ngjdm Fb}bdj}z Ulvjlq~ bhm ~luvlm ih b hb}jihbdqiu`aui|{ ih ngjdm fb}bdj}jl~0 bhm {bu}jnj{b}jha jh niddbeiub}jvl lffiu}~ qj}g ei}g {|edjn bhm {ujvb}lbalhnjl~ }i lhabal fb}glu~ jh ngjdm qldfbul {uinllmjha~(


9/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH :t[ B A L

@LZ FJHMJHA^ BHM ULNICCLHMB]JIH^

Jh 5;22$ IFNI nic{dbjh} jhvl~}jab}jih~ ul~|d}lm jh 6< bmvlu~l fjhmjha~babjh~} }gl ml{bu}clh}$ }gl ci~} niccih fjhmjha~ nihnluhlm? [bulh}~Ujag}~ bhm Ngjdm bfl}z( ]gl vb~} cboiuj}z if nic{dbjh}~ jh qgjngIFNI jh}luvlhlm qlul ~|nnl~~f|ddz ul~idvlm(

Bdbuclm ez jhnjmlh}~ if ~lvlul ngjdm be|~l bhm hladln} jh bmi{}jvl$ {ul#bmi{}jvl bhm i}glu {lucbhlh} {dbnlclh}~$ IFNI eui|ag} }gj~ j~~|l }i}gl b}}lh}jih if }gl Aivluhiu~ Iffjnl bhm Ngjdmulh~ Bmcjhj~}ub}jihbhm ulnicclhmlm }gb} Qb~gjha}ih ^}b}l jh {bu}hlu~gj{ qj}g {ujvb}lngjdm qldfbul balhnjl~ nihvlhl b qiu` aui|{ if lw{lu}~ bhm dlbmlu~qj}gjh }gl ngjdm qldfbul nicc|hj}z }i lwbcjhl }gl~l j~~|l~ jh aulb}luml}bjd( B} }gl ulr|l~} if Aivluhiu Aulaijul bhm }gl ^lnul}buz if M^G^$}gl Ngjdmulh~ Bmcjhj~}ub}jih j~ }b`jha }gl dlbm jh qiu`jha qj}g IFNI}i mlvldi{ bhm jc{dlclh} b {dbh }i bmmul~~ }gl~l nihnluhjha nb~l~(

Nic{dbjh} jhvl~}jab}jih~ bhm nb~l ulvjlq~ ulvlbdlm }gb} Ngjdm [ui}ln}jvl^luvjnl~ ui|}jhldz fbjd }i nic{dl}l Jhvl~}jab}jvl B~~l~~clh}~ qj}gjh }gl=


10/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH 2;t[ B A L

]LUC^ BHM BNUIHZC^

Ml{lhmlh}

NgjdmB ngjdm fiu qgic }gl ~}b}l j~ bn}jha b~ }gl dlabd {bulh}(

BBA B~~j~}bh} B}}iuhlz Alhlubd

BJU^ Bmcjhj~}ub}jvl Jhnjmlh} Ul{iu}jha z~}lcBU^ Bd}luhb}jvl Ul~{ih~l z~}lc

BUZ B} Uj~` Zi|}g

NB Ngjdmulh~ Bmcjhj~}ub}jih

NB)H Ngjdm Be|~l bhm Hladln}

NB^B Ni|u} B{{ijh}lm {lnjbd Bmvinb}l

NMU Ngjdm Mlb}g Ulvjlq

NFU Ngjdm Fb}bdj}z Ulvjlq

NGJH^ Ngjdm jh Hllm if ^luvjnl~

N[^ Ngjdm [ui}ln}jvl ^luvjnl~

N[] Ngjdm [ui}ln}jih ]lbc

NFQ^ iu NQ^ Ngjdm bhm Fbcjdz Qldfbul ^luvjnl~ iu Ngjdm Qldfbul ^luvjnl~MNF^ Mjvj~jih if Ngjdmulh bhm Fbcjdz ^luvjnl~

MMM Mjvj~jih if Mlvldi{clh}bd Mj~bejdj}jl~

MLD Ml{bu}clh} if Lbudz Dlbuhjha

MIG Ml{bu}clh} if Glbd}g

MDU Mjvj~jih if Djnlh~lm Ul~i|unl~

MCG Mjvj~jih if Clh}bd Glbd}g

M^G^ Ml{bu}clh} if ^injbd bhm Glbd}g ^luvjnl~

LNFU Lwln|}jvl Ngjdm Fb}bdj}z Ulvjlq

LF^^ Lbudz Fbcjdz ^|{{iu} ^luvjnl~

FbcDjh` NB~ nic{|}lujlm mb}beb~l jh}uim|nlm jh db}l Obh|buz 5;;:FU^ Fbcjdz Ulnihnjdjb}jih luvjnl~

FV^ Fbcjdz Vid|h}buz luvjnl~

JN[N Jh}lu~}b}l Nic{bn} fiu }gl [dbnlclh} if Ngjdmulh

IFNI Iffjnl if }gl Fbcjdz bhm Ngjdmulh~ Ice|m~cbh

^MC ^}u|n}|ulm Mlnj~jih Cb`jha

V^B Vid|h}buz luvjnl Baullclh}


11/123


12/123


UIDL IF ]GL ICE\M^CBH

]gl Qb~gjha}ih ^}b}l Dlaj~db}|ul nulb}lm }gl Iffjnl if }gl Fbcjdz bhm Ngjdmulh~ Ice|m~cbh jh2::6$ jh ul~{ih~l }i }qi gjag {uifjdl jhnjmlh}~ }gb} jdd|cjhb}lm }gl hllm fiu ivlu~jag} if }gl ngjdm

qldfbul ~z~}lc(5

]gl Ice|m~cbh {uivjml~ fbcjdjl~ bhm nj}jlh~ bh bvlh|l }i ie}bjh bhjhml{lhmlh} bhm jc{bu}jbd ulvjlq if M^G^ mlnj~jih~( ]gl Ice|m~cbh j~ bd~i lc{iqlulm }ijh}luvlhl }i jhm|nl M^G^ }i ulnih~jmlu iu ngbhal {uiedlcb}jn mlnj~jih~ }gb} bul jh vjidb}jih if }gldbq iu }gb} gbvl {dbnlm b ngjdm iu fbcjdz b} uj~` if gbuc$ bhm }i ulnicclhm ~z~}lc#qjmljc{uivlclh}~ }i }gl Dlaj~db}|ul bhm }gl Aivluhiu(

JHML[LHMLHNL

Ihl if }gl Ice|m~cbh~ ci~} jc{iu}bh} flb}|ul~ j~ j}~ jhml{lhmlhnl( ]gl bejdj}z if IFNI}i ulvjlq bhm bhbdzl nic{dbjh}~ full if {idj}jnbd ejb~ bhm jhfd|lhnl bddiq~ }gl iffjnl }i cbjh}bjh j}~ul{|}b}jih fiu jh}lauj}z bhm ieoln}jvj}z( ]gl Ice|m~cbh j~ dinb}lm jh ]|`qjdb bhm bd}gi|ag j}nicl~ |hmlu }gl Iffjnl if }gl Aivluhiu$ j} nihm|n}~ j}~ i{lub}jih~ jhml{lhmlh}dz if }gl Aivluhiu~

Iffjnl jh Idzc{jb( IFNI j~ b ~l{bub}l balhnz fuic M^G^(

JC[BU]JBDJ]Z

]gl Ice|m~cbh bn}~ b~ b hl|}ubd jhvl~}jab}iu if nic{dbjh}~$ ub}glu }gbh b~ bh bmvinb}l fiunj}jlh~ qgi eujha }glju nic{dbjh}~ }i i|u b}}lh}jih$ iu fiu }gl aivluhclh}bd balhnjl~ jhvl~}jab}lm(]gj~ hl|}ubdj}z uljhfiunl~ }gl nulmjejdj}z if }gl Ice|m~cbh(

NIHFJMLH]JBDJ]Z

IFNI cbjh}bjh~ }gl nihfjmlh}jbdj}z if nj}jlh~ qgi nih}bn} }gl Ice|m~cbh }i jhj}jb}l b

nic{dbjh} jhvl~}jab}jih |hdl~~ ~|ng nihfjmlh}jbdj}z j~ qbjvlm ez }gl nj}jlh( ]gj~ {ui}ln}jih cb`l~nj}jlh~$ jhnd|mjha {uifl~~jihbd~ qj}gjh M^G^$ ciul dj`ldz }i nih}bn} IFNI bhm }i ~{lb` nbhmjmdzqj}g }gl Ice|m~cbh bei|} }glju nihnluh~(

NULMJEDL ULVJLQ [UINL^^

IFNI gb~ b nulmjedl ulvjlq {uinl~~ }gb} {uici}l~ ul~{ln} bhm nihfjmlhnl jh IFNI~ ivlu~jag}if M^G^( Ice|m~clh bul r|bdjfjlm }i bhbdzl j~~|l~ bhm nihm|n} jhvl~}jab}jih~ jh}i cb}}lu~ ifdbq$ bmcjhj~}ub}jih$ bhm {idjnz( Ql gbvl niddln}jvl lw{lujlhnl bhm lw{lu}j~l jh ngjdm qldfbul dbq$~injbd qiu`$ clmjb}jih$ bhm ndjhjnbd {ubn}jnl bhm bul }ubjhlm jh }gl \hj}lm ^}b}l~ Ice|m~cbhB~~injb}jih Aivluhclh}bd Ice|m~cbh ^}bhmbum~( Jh Hivlcelu 5;;:$ IFNI bhm M^G^ lh}lulmjh}i bh jh}lu#balhnz baullclh} }i jc{uivl nicc|hjnb}jih$ bnni|h}bejdj}z bhm eujha aulb}lu ndbuj}z}i }gl qiu`jha uldb}jih~gj{ el}qllh }gl }qi balhnjl~(>

5]gl mlb}g if }gull zlbu idm Db|ujb Aubnl$ qgi qb~ `jddlm ez glu ci}glu qgjdl |hmlu }gl ~|{luvj~jih if }glMl{bu}clh} if ^injbd bhm Glbd}g ^luvjnl~ 'M^G^* bhm }gl mj~nivluz if zlbu~ if zi|}g#ih#zi|}g ~lw|bd be|~l b} }glM^G^#djnlh~lm I@ Eiz~ Ubhng( ]gl l~}bedj~gclh} if }gl iffjnl bd~i nijhnjmlm qj}g auiqjha nihnluh~ bei|} M^G^{bu}jnj{b}jih jh }gl Qlhb}ngll ngjdm ~lw|bd be|~l jhvl~}jab}jih~(> ]gl jh}lu#balhnz baullclh} j~ bvbjdbedl ihdjhl b} g}}{?))qqq(aivluhiu(qb(aiv)ifni)jh}lubalhnzYifniYm~g~({mf


13/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH 2>t[ B A L

B\]GIUJ]Z

\hmlu ngb{}lu UNQ =>(;6B$ }gl Dlaj~db}|ul lhgbhnlm }gl Ice|m~cbh~ jhvl~}jab}jvl {iqlu~ ez{uivjmjha j} qj}g euibm bnnl~~ }i nihfjmlh}jbd M^G^ ulnium~ bhm }gl balhnz~ nic{|}lujlm nb~l#cbhbalclh} ~z~}lc( J} bd~i b|}giujlm IFNI }i ulnljvl nihfjmlh}jbd jhfiucb}jih fuic i}glubalhnjl~ bhm ~luvjnl {uivjmlu~$ jhnd|mjha clh}bd glbd}g {uifl~~jihbd~$ a|bumjbh~ bm dj}lc$ bhmb~~j~}bh} b}}iuhlz~ alhlubd(= ]gl Ice|m~cbh i{lub}l~ |hmlu b ~gjldm dbq qgjng bddiq~ IFNI }i{ui}ln} }gl nihfjmlh}jbdj}z if }gl Ice|m~cbh~ jhvl~}jab}jvl ulnium~ bhm }gl jmlh}j}jl~ if jhmjvjm|bd~qgi nih}bn} }gl iffjnl( ]gj~ lhni|ubal~ jhmjvjm|bd~ }i nicl fiuqbum qj}g jhfiucb}jih bhmnihnluh~ qj}gi|} flbu if {i~~jedl ul}bdjb}jih(

]gl Ice|m~cbh {|edj~gl~ j}~ jhvl~}jab}jvl fjhmjha~ bhm ulnicclhmb}jih~ }i jc{uivl }gl ngjdmqldfbul ~z~}lc jh {|edjn ul{iu}~ }i }gl Aivluhiu bhm }gl Dlaj~db}|ul( ]gj~ j~ bh lffln}jvl }iid fiulm|nb}jha dlaj~db}iu~ bhm i}glu {idjnz cb`lu~ bei|} }gl hllm }i cb`l$ ngbhal iu ~l} b~jml dbq~${idjnjl~ iu balhnz {ubn}jnl~ ~i }gb} ngjdmulh bul el}}lu {ui}ln}lm bhm nbulm fiu qj}gjh }gl ngjdmqldfbul ~z~}lc(

]gl Ice|m~cbh mlujvl~ jhfd|lhnl fuic j}~ ndi~l {uiwjcj}z }i }gl Aivluhiu bhm }gl Dlaj~db}|ul(]gl Ice|m~cbh mjuln}iu j~ b{{ijh}lm ez bhm ul{iu}~ mjuln}dz }i }gl Aivluhiu( ]gl b{{ijh}clh}j~ ~|eoln} }i nihfjucb}jih ez }gl Qb~gjha}ih ^}b}l ^lhb}l( ]gl Ice|m~cbh mjuln}iu ~luvl~ b }gullzlbu }luc bhm nih}jh|l~ }i ~luvl jh }gj~ uidl |h}jd b ~|nnl~~iu j~ b{{ijh}lm( ]gl Ice|m~cbh~e|mal}$ alhlubd i{lub}jih~$ bhm ~z~}lc jc{uivlclh} ulnicclhmb}jih~ bul ulvjlqlm ez }glDlaj~db}jvl Ngjdmulh~ Ivlu~jag} Niccj}}ll(

QIU@ BN]JVJ]JL^

]gl Ice|m~cbh {lufiuc~ j}~ ~}b}|}iuz m|}jl~ }gui|ag j}~ qiu` jh fi|u bulb~(

Dj~}lhjha }i Fbcjdjl~ bhm Nj}jlh~( Fbcjdjl~ bhm nj}jlh~ qgi nih}bn} }gl Ice|m~cbh qj}gbh jhr|juz iu nic{dbjh} if}lh flld }gb} M^G^ iu bhi}glu balhnz j~ hi} dj~}lhjha }i }gljunihnluh~( Ez dj~}lhjha nbulf|ddz }i fbcjdjl~ bhm nj}jlh~$ }gl Ice|m~cbh nbh lffln}jvldz b~~l~~bhm ul~{ihm }i jhmjvjm|bd nihnluh~ bhm bd~i jmlh}jfz uln|uujha {uiedlc~ fbnlm ez fbcjdjl~ bhmngjdmulh }gui|agi|} }gl ~z~}lc(

Ul~{ihmjha }i Nic{dbjh}~( ]gl Ice|m~cbh jc{bu}jbddz jhvl~}jab}l~ bhm bhbdzl~nic{dbjh}~ babjh~} M^G^ bhm i}glu balhnjl~( Ql ~{lhm ciul }jcl ih }gj~ bn}jvj}z }gbh bhzi}glu( ]giui|ag nic{dbjh} jhvl~}jab}jih~ bhm bhbdz~l~ lhbedl }gl Ice|m~cbh }i ul~{ihmlffln}jvldz qglh bn}jih c|~} el }b`lh }i ngbhal bh balhnz~ mlnj~jih bhm }i bnn|ub}ldz jmlh}jfz{uiedlcb}jn {idjnz bhm {ubn}jnl j~~|l~ }gb} qbuubh} f|u}glu lwbcjhb}jih( ]glz bd~i lhbedl }glIce|m~cbh }i ~|{{iu} bn}jih~ if }gl balhnz qglh j} j~ |hfbjudz nuj}jnjlm fiu {ui{ludz nbuuzjhai|} j}~ m|}jl~(

]b`jha Bn}jih ih Elgbdf if Ngjdmulh bhm Fbcjdjl~( ]gl Ice|m~cbh jh}luvlhl~ qglhhlnl~~buz }i bvlu} iu niuuln} b gbucf|d ivlu~jag} iu cj~}b`l ez M^G^ iu bhi}glu balhnz( ]glIce|m~cbh~ bn}jih~ jhnd|ml? {uic{}jha }gl balhnz }i }b`l b ndi~lu dii` b} b nihnluh0fbnjdj}b}jha jhfiucb}jih ~gbujha0 clmjb}jha {uifl~~jihbd mj~baullclh}~0 bhm ~gbujha }gl

= ^ll bd~i UNQ 2>(


14/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH 2=t[ B A L

Ice|m~cbh~ jhvl~}jab}jvl fjhmjha~ bhm bhbdz~l~ qj}g }gl balhnz }i niuuln} b {uiedlcb}jnmlnj~jih( ]gui|ag }gl~l bn}jih~$ }gl Ice|m~cbh j~ if}lh ~|nnl~~f|d jh ul~idvjha dlaj}jcb}lnihnluh~(

Jc{uivjha }gl ^z~}lc( ]gl Ice|m~cbh j~ ul~{ih~jedl fiu fbnjdj}b}jha jc{uivlclh}~ }i }glngjdm {ui}ln}jih bhm ngjdm qldfbul ~z~}lc( ]gl Ice|m~cbh qiu`~ }i jmlh}jfz bhm jhvl~}jab}l~z~}lc#qjml {uiedlc~$ bhm {|edj~gl~ j}~ fjhmjha~ bhm ulnicclhmb}jih~ jh {|edjn ul{iu}~ }ibalhnz iffjnjbd~ bhm ~}b}l {idjnzcb`lu~( ]gui|ag }gl~l lffiu}~$ }gl Ice|m~cbh gld{~ }ialhlub}l el}}lu ~luvjnl~ fiu ngjdmulh bhm fbcjdjl~(

]gl Ice|m~cbh |}jdjl~ vju}|bddz bdd if j}~ ul~i|unl~ 6(7 f|dd#}jcl lc{dizll~ 'F]L~* }i {lufiuc}gl~l bn}jvj}jl~( ]gl Ice|m~cbh~ qiu` bn}jvj}jl~ bul ml~nujelm jh ciul ml}bjd jh }gl ~ln}jih~ }gb}fiddiq(


15/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH 2


16/123


JHR\JUZ [UIFJDL^

]gl Ice|m~cbh dj~}lh~ }i fbcjdjl~ bhm nj}jlh~ qgi nih}bn} }gliffjnl qj}g r|l~}jih~ iu nihnluh~ bei|} ~luvjnl~ {uivjmlm }gui|ag

}gl ngjdm {ui}ln}jih bhm ngjdm qldfbul ~z~}lc( Ez dj~}lhjha nbulf|ddz$}gl Ice|m~cbh j~ bedl }i ul~{ihm lffln}jvldz }i }glju jhr|jujl~bhm nic{dbjh}~(

]gj~ ~ln}jih ml~nujel~ nih}bn}~ cbml ez fbcjdjl~ bhm nj}jlh~ m|ujha}gl Ice|m~cbh~ 5;22 ul{iu}jha zlbu(< Mb}b fuic {ulvji|~ul{iu}jha zlbu~ j~ jhnd|mlm fiu nic{buj~ih(

NIH]BN]^ ]I ]GL ICE\M^CBH

Fbcjdjl~ bhm nj}jlh~ nih}bn}lm }gl Ice|m~cbh 2$=27 }jcl~ jh

5;22$ 72; if }gl~l nih}bn}~ qlul jhr|jujl~ cbml ez {li{dl ~ll`jhajhfiucb}jih( B{{uiwjcb}ldz => {lunlh} if }gl~l nih}bn}~ qlulfiucbd nic{dbjh}~ ~ll`jha bh jhvl~}jab}jih ez bh Ice|m~cbh(

^i|unl? Iffjnl if }gl Fbcjdz bhm Ngjdmulh~ Ice|m~cbh$ ^l{}lcelu 5;22

< ]gl Ice|m~cbh~ bhh|bd ul{iu}jha {lujim j~ ^l{}lcelu 2 }i B|a|~} >2(

:6> :>672;

157 6166;7

5;;: 5;2; 5;22

Nih}bn}~ }i Ice|m~cbh^l{}lcelu 2 # B|a|~} >2

Jhr|jujl~ Nic{dbjh}~

NIH]BN]^(Qglh fbcjdjl~bhm nj}jlh~ nih}bn} }glIce|m~cbh$ }gl nih}bn}j~ min|clh}lm b~ lj}glubh jhr|juz iu nic{dbjh}(

JHR\JUJL^([lu~ih~ nbdd iuquj}l }i }gl Ice|m~cbhqbh}jha eb~jn jhfiucb}jihih giq }gl iffjnl nbhgld{ }glc qj}g b nihnluh$iu }glz gbvl r|l~}jih~

bei|} }gl ngjdm {ui}ln}jihiu ngjdm qldfbul ~z~}lc(]gl Ice|m~cbhul~{ihm~ mjuln}dz }i }gl~ljhr|jujl~$ ~icl if qgjngulr|jul bmmj}jihbdul~lbung( ]gl iffjnl ulflu~i}glu r|l~}jih~ }i }glb{{ui{ujb}l balhnz(

NIC[DBJH]^([lu~ih~ fjdl bnic{dbjh} qj}g }gl

Ice|m~cbh qglh }glzgbvl b ~{lnjfjn nic{dbjh}babjh~} }gl Ml{bu}clh}if ^injbd bhm Glbd}g^luvjnl~ 'M^G^* iu i}glubalhnz }gb} }glz qbh} }gliffjnl }i jhvl~}jab}l( ]glIce|m~cbh ulvjlq~lvluz nic{dbjh} }gb} j~

qj}gjh j}~ o|uj~mjn}jih(


17/123


NIC[DBJH]^ ULNLJVLMB nic{dbjh} }i }gl Ice|m~cbh c|~} jhvidvl bh bn} iu icj~~jih ez M^G^ iu bhi}glu ~}b}l balhnz~luvjha ngjdmulh }gb} bffln}~?

B ngjdm b} uj~` if be|~l$ hladln} iu i}glu gbuc ez b {bulh} iu nbul}b`lu( B ngjdm iu {bulh} qgi gb~ ellh }gl ~|eoln} if b ul{iu} if ngjdm be|~l iu hladln}$ iu {bulh}bd

jhnb{bnj}z(

]gl Ice|m~cbh ulnljvlm 6;7 nic{dbjh}~ jh 5;22( If }gl~l$ fjf}llh {lunlh} qlul lclualh}':; nic{dbjh}~*( Lclualh} nic{dbjh}~ ci~} if}lh jhvidvlm ngjdm ~bfl}z iu ~j}|b}jih~ jh qgjng}jcldz jh}luvlh}jih ez }gl Ice|m~cbh ni|dm cb`l b ~jahjfjnbh} mjfflulhnl }i b ngjdm iu fbcjdz~jcclmjb}l qldd#eljha( Ivlu ihl#}gjum if bdd nic{dbjh}~ jhvidvlm b ngjdm ~bfl}z j~~|l '5>;nic{dbjh}~$ iu >7 {lunlh}*(


>7=

=>7=6> =6= =61

5 >72

=5:5 >:5

=>7$=;; 5:$21=Ulajih 2 î|}g Zb`jcb 1Ulajih 5 î|}g ^lb}}dl 2$762$>;; >:$572Ulajih > Hiu}g ]bnicb 2$;>;; >2$:>;Ulajih > î|}g Vbhni|vlu 2$2;>$6;; >1$5>7

Ulajih 5î|}g

Ulajih > î|}g

Ulajih 5Hiu}g

Ulajih 2 î|}g

Ulajih 2 Hiu}g


21/123


NIC[DBJH]^ ULNLJVLM EZ MNFÎFFJNL BHM ULAJIH 5;2;#5;22

5;2; 5;22 5;2; 5;22

MNF^ MDU MNF^ MDU MNF^ MDU MNF^ MDU

Ulajih 2 Hiu}g ]i}bd 2>; > 2;> > Ulajih 5 î|}g ]i}bd 221 = :; Ci~l~ Db`l 2> : @jha Ql~} 55 21

Qlhb}ngll 2= 2 = 2 @jha Lb~})Elddlv|l 5= 2:

Nidfbw = ;Iffjnl if Jhmjbh Ngjdm

Qldfbul1 >

Hlq{iu} 6 1 Ulajih > Hiu}g ]i}bd 22= = 2;> =

Zb`jcb 27 26 5 Nlh}ubdjlm luvjnl~ = = 2 =

Ujngdbhm)]uj#Nj}jl~ 26 2 2> [jlunl Lb~} >7 >>Qbddb Qbddb 7 2 < [jlunl Ql~} =6 =6]i{{lhj~g > ; Eulclu}ih)@j}~b{ 56 5>Lddlh~e|ua > >

^|hhz~jml = Ulajih > î|}g ]i}bd 2;6 > 2;; 2>

Qgj}l ^bdcih 2 2 Vbhni|vlu 51 >> >

Aidmlhmbdl 2 2 2 Belumllh 27 2 27 2[iu} Bhaldl~ 6 1

Ulajih 5 Hiu}g ]i}bd 22= 2 :< 1 Nlh}ubdjb : < 2

Lvlul}} 56 >< < ]|cqb}lu 7 2=Elddjhagbc 2> 2 27 @ld~i 7 25 2

Bdmluqiim)Dzhhqiim

5> : 2 ^gld}ih 1 >

Budjha}ih)^ci`lz[ijh}

56 1 ^}lvlh~ih 5 ;

Ci|h} Vluhih : 2> 2 Dbnlz)Idzc{jb 1 5 < 1Cihuil)^`z Vbddlz 22 7 î|}g Elhm > 2Ib` Gbueiu < < Diha Elbng 1Fujmbz Gbueiu 2 ; [iu} ]iqh~lhm > 5

Fiu`~ 2 ;

^}b}lqjml 7 2; 5

NB Glbmr|bu}lu~ 6 < 5Nlh}ubd Jh}b`l 5


22/123


NIC[DBJHBH] [UIFJDL^

[LU^IH^ QGI NIC[DBJHLM

B~ jh {ulvji|~ zlbu~$ {bulh}~$ aubhm{bulh}~ bhm i}glu uldb}jvl~ if }gl ngjdm qgi~l fbcjdz j~ jhvidvlmqj}g M^G^ fjdlm }gl cboiuj}z if }gl nic{dbjh}~ }i }gl Ice|m~cbh( Ql nih}jh|l }i gbvl flqngjdmulh nih}bn}jha }gl Ice|m~cbh ih }glju iqh elgbdf(


UBNL)L]GHJNJ]Z IF ]GL [LU^IH QGI NIC[DBJHLM

IFNI~ nic{dbjh} fiuc gb~ bh i{}jihbd r|l~}jih b~`jha nic{dbjhbh}~ }i jmlh}jfz }glju ubnl iul}ghjnj}z$ fiu }gl {|u{i~l~ if }ubn`jha qgl}glu }gl iffjnl j~ bmlr|b}ldz ~luvjha bhm ul{ul~lh}jha bddQb~gjha}ih nj}jlh~( Ql jhnd|ml }gj~ mb}b glul }i ~giq qgjng ~ln}iu~ if }gl nicc|hj}z ql bululbngjha bhm qglul ql hllm }i jc{uivl i|u i|}ulbng(

Ubnl)L}ghjnj}z IFNI5;22 ]i}bd QB[i{|db}jih2;

Nb|nb~jbh 67(6, 11(>,

Bfujnbh Bclujnbh 7(5, >(6,

Bclujnbh Jhmjbh)Bdb~`b Hb}jvl >(2, 2(, 1(5,

Hb}jvl Gbqbjjbh bhm I}glu [bnjfjn J~dbhmlu ;(5, ;(6,

I}glu ;(>, ;,C|d}j#Ubnjbd >(7, =(1,

Mlndjhlm }i Bh~qlu 2=(, 22(5,

Nb|nb~jbh$ hi} Gj~{bhjn 6


23/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH 5>t[ B A L

B~ }gl }bedl beivl ~giq~$ Bfujnbh Bclujnbh~ bhm Bclujnbh Jhmjbh~ bul ivlu#ul{ul~lh}lm jhjhmjvjm|bd~ nic{dbjhjha }i IFNI b~ nic{bulm qj}g }glju ul{ul~lh}b}jih jh ~}b}l {i{|db}jih mb}b$qgjdl Gj~{bhjn~ bhm B~jbh~ bul |hmlu#ul{ul~lh}lm( Giqlvlu$ qglh ubnjbd mb}b if ngjdmulh qgi qlul}gl ~|eoln} if i|u nic{dbjh}~ j~ nic{bulm qj}g }gl {i{|db}jih if ngjdmulh jh {dbnlclh} ez }gl NB'~ll {bal 5=*$ IFNI b{{lbu~ }i el lvlhdz ul{ul~lh}jha ngjdmulh jh }gl ngjdm qldfbul ~z~}lc(

GIQ ]GLZ GLBUM BEI\] ]GL ICE\M^CBH

]gl cboiuj}z if jhmjvjm|bd~ fjdjha nic{dbjh}~ qj}g }gl Ice|m~cbh jhmjnb}lm }gb} }glz qlul ulfluulm}i }gl iffjnl ez ~iclihl ld~l( Ivlu ihl#r|bu}lu '57 {lunlh}* if nic{dbjhbh}~ ul{iu}lm }gb} }glzqlul ulfluulm ez b nicc|hj}z {uifl~~jihbd)~luvjnl {uivjmlu 'l(a($ }lbnglu$ ni|h~ldiu$ ngjdm nbul{uivjmlu$ min}iu$ {ujvb}l balhnz ~injbd qiu`lu$ clh}bd glbd}g {uifl~~jihbd$ b}}iuhlz$ NB^B)ABD$dlaj~db}iu~ iffjnl*( B auiqjha h|celu if jhmjvjm|bd~ '2> {lunlh}* fi|hm IFNI }gui|ag bhjh}luhl} ~lbung iu b {gihl mjuln}iuz$ iu fuic{ulvji|~ nih}bn} qj}g IFNI '2< {lunlh}*(^djag}dz flqlu jhmjvjm|bd~ qlul ulfluulm ez b M^G^ lc{dizll '26 {lunlh}* nic{bulm qj}g {ulvji|~zlbu~$ b~ qb~ }gl nb~l qj}g ulfluubd~ fuic fbcjdz iu fujlhm~ '21 {lunlh}*( ]gl ulcbjhjha

nic{dbjhbh}~ mjm hi} ~{lnjfz giq }glz glbum bei|} }gl Ice|m~cbh(


:,

2;,

2:,

22,

27,

>>,

6,

2>,

52,

25,

27,

>;,

2;,

2


24/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH 5=t[ B A L

BAL IF NGJDMULH JMLH]JFJLM JH NIC[DBJH]^

B~ jh {ulvji|~ zlbu~$ ci~} if }gl ngjdmulh jmlh}jfjlm jh nic{dbjh}~ }i }gl Ice|m~cbh qlul ~lvlh zlbu~ ifbal iu zi|halu( Idmlu bmidl~nlh}~ nih}jh|l }i el jmlh}jfjlm jh c|ng ~cbddlu h|celu~(

^i|unl? Iffjnl if }gl Fbcjdz bhm Ngjdmulh~ Ice|m~cbh$ ^l{}lcelu 5;22Hi}l? Ngjdmulh jmlh}jfjlm jh ciul }gbh ihl nic{dbjh} bul ni|h}lm ciul }gbh ihnl( Ihl {lunlh} if ngjdmulh qlul 27zlbu~ iu idmlu jh 5;;: bhm 5;2; bhm 5;22(

UBNL)L]GHJNJ]Z IF NGJDMULH JMLH]JFJLM JH NIC[DBJH]^

Elnb|~l ngjdmulh cbz el jmlh}jfjlm qj}g ciul }gbh ihl ubnl$ j} j~ mjffjn|d} }i bnn|ub}ldz clb~|ulqgl}glu IFNI j~ ul{ul~lh}jha ngjdmulh if vbuji|~ ubnl~ {ui{iu}jihb}ldz b~ nic{bulm qj}g }gljuul{ul~lh}b}jih jh }gl alhlubd ~}b}l {i{|db}jih bhm jh }gl }i}bd h|celu if ngjdmulh jh {dbnlclh} 'b~jhmjnb}lm jh }gl }bedl eldiq*( Giqlvlu$ j} mil~ b{{lbu }gb} Nb|nb~jbh bhm Bfujnbh Bclujnbhngjdmulh bul ivlu#ul{ul~lh}lm jh nic{dbjh}~ }i }gl Ice|m~cbh$ qgjdl bdd i}glu aui|{~ bul fbjudzlvlhdz ul{ul~lh}lm( Qglh }gl~l fja|ul~ bul nic{bulm qj}g }gl alhlubd ngjdm {i{|db}jih$ ei}g

ngjdmulh jh {dbnlclh} bhm ngjdmulh qgi bul }gl ~|eoln} if nic{dbjh}~ }i }gl Ice|m~cbh bul aulb}dzivlu#ul{ul~lh}lm jh }gl Bfujnbh Bclujnbh bhm Bclujnbh Jhmjbh {i{|db}jih aui|{~(

Ubnl)L}ghjnj}z IFNI5;22 Ngjdmulh~Bmcjhj~}ub}jih22 QB Ngjdm[i{|db}jih25

Nb|nb~jbh 66(1, (=, ;,

C|d}j#Ubnjbd2>

2=(5, 22(7, 6(;,Mlndjhlm }i Bh~qlu ;(7, 2(1, ##

Gj~{bhjn 25(:, 2;2$ 5:,

>>,

$ 6,

2=:$ 2,

$ 6,

2>=,

26#21 zlbu~

25#2< zlbu~

7#22 zlbu~

=#1 zlbu~

;#> zlbu~

Bal if Ngjdmulh Jmlhmjfjlm jh Nic{dbjh}

5;22

5;2;

5;;:


25/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH 5;}jcl~ jhnic{dbjh}~*$ qlul ez fbu }gl ci~} fulr|lh}dz jmlh}jfjlm j~~|l~ jh nic{dbjh}~ }i }glIce|m~cbh( Ei}g if }gl~l nic{dbjh} nb}laiujl~ mlnulb~lm ~djag}dz jh 5;2; bhm babjh jh 5;220giqlvlu$ ~icl if }gl ~|enb}laiujl~ qj}gjh lbng if }glc ~gjf}lm hi}jnlbedz(

Nihnluh~ bei|} }gl ~bfl}z if ngjdmulh jh i|}#if#gicl nbulgbvl mlnulb~lm ~}lbmjdz ~jhnl 5;;7$ bhmmlnulb~lm babjh ~djag}dz jh 5;22( ]gj~ zlbu IFNI }ubn`lm nic{dbjh}~ bei|} ~bfl}z nihnluh~ m|ujha}gl ngjdm~ vj~j} qj}g }glju {bulh} b~ b mj~}jhn} nb}laiuz$ ~jhnl ql b{{lbu }i el al}}jha ciulnic{dbjh}~ bei|} }gj~ j~~|l( Ulabumjha >;#mbz glbd}g bhm ~bfl}z vj~j}~ }i ngjdmulh jh i|}#if#giclnbul$ j} ~gi|dm el hi}lm }gb} IFNI fi|hm cbhz ciul }gbh }qi jh~}bhnl~ if }gj~ '~ll ~ln}jih ihbmvlu~l fjhmjha~ db}lu jh }gj~ ul{iu}*0 }gl }bedl eldiq ulfdln}~ ihdz }gl h|celu if }jcl~ }gj~ qb~

~{lnjfjnbddz nic{dbjhlm bei|} ez }gl nic{dbjhbh}( Nic{dbjhbh}~ cbz fulr|lh}dz el |hbqbul }gb}glbd}g bhm ~bfl}z vj~j}~ bul hi} inn|uujha b~ }glz ~gi|dm$ ml{lhmjha ih }glju uldb}jih~gj{ }i }gl ngjdm(

Nic{dbjh}~ bei|} fbcjdz ~l{bub}jih bhm ul|hjfjnb}jih ~bq ~icl ngbhal~ jh h|celu~ ~jhnl }gl{ulvji|~ zlbu(

Nic{dbjh}~ bei|} ngjdmulh eljha |hhlnl~~bujdz ulcivlm fuic {bulh}~qlh} ebn` }i 5;;: dlvld~( Nic{dbjh}~ bei|} dbn` if nih}bn} el}qllh ngjdmulh bhm }glju {bulh}~ iu i}glu fbcjdz clcelu~mlnulb~lm

57 {lunlh}$ }i b ~jcjdbu dlvld nic{dbjhlm bei|} jh 5;;:(

Nic{dbjh}~ bei|}fbjd|ul }i {dbnl ngjdmulh qj}g uldb}jvl~jhnulb~lm 5= {lunlh} ivlu }gl }qi {ulvji|~zlbu~(

Nic{dbjh}~ bei|} jhb{{ui{ujb}l {dbnlclh}~ if ngjdmulhgbvl mlnulb~lm ~}lbmjdz ~jhnl 5;;:(

Nic{dbjh}~ bei|} }gl balhnz~fbjd|ul }i ul|hj}l fbcjdjl~jhnulb~lm21 {lunlh} fuic 5;2;$b{{uibngjha }gl h|celu fiu 5;;:(

B~ jh {ulvji|~ zlbu~$ }glqldd#eljha bhm {lucbhlhnz if ml{lhmlh} ngjdmulh ulcbjhlm i|u }gjum#gjagl~} nb}laiuz if nic{dbjh} j~~|l~ 'ubj~lm 221 }jcl~ jhnic{dbjh}~*0 giqlvlu$ }gj~ ul{ul~lh}lm b 51{lunlh} mlnulb~l ~jhnl 5;2;$ qglh }gl h|celu~ qlul ~jcjdbu }i 5;;:( Bdd ~|e#nb}laiujl~ qj}gjh}gj~ euibm j~~|l nb}laiuz mlnulb~lm ~djag}dz jh fulr|lhnz$ lwnl{} fiu }qi j~~|l~?

Nic{dbjh}~ bei|} |hhlnl~~buz civl~ if ngjdmulh iu jhbmlr|b}l }ubh~j}jih el}qllh civl~jhnulb~lm ez>= {lunlh} jh 5;22$ }gi|ag qlul ~}jdd hi} b~ cbhz b~ jh 5;;:(

Nic{dbjh}~ bei|} bmi{}jih ~|{{iu} ~luvjnl~ bhm i}glu bmi{}jih j~~|l~mlnulb~lm }i cb}ng 5;;:dlvld~(

]glul qlul hi nic{dbjh}~ bei|} jhbmlr|b}l ~luvjnl~ }i ngjdmulh jh fbnjdj}jl~$ b ~jahjfjnbh} mui{ fuic}gl fi|u}llh nic{dbjh}~ ulnljvlm jh 5;2; bhm ~lvlh nic{dbjh}~ jh 5;;:(

2= Cbhz nic{dbjhbh}~ ubj~l c|d}j{dl nic{dlw j~~|l~$ giqlvlu ihdz }gl {ujcbuz nic{dbjh} j~~|l~ bul min|clh}lm jh }glIce|m~cbh~ nic{dbjh} }ubn`jha mb}beb~l$ bhm ul{iu}lm jh }gl fulr|lh}dz jmlh}jfjlm j~~|l~ }bedl jh }gj~ ul{iu}(Bhlnmi}bddz$ nic{dbjhbh}~ if}lh lw{ul~~ nihnluh~ bei|} nicc|hjnb}jih fbjd|ul~$ |h{uifl~~jihbd nihm|n}$ ul}bdjb}jih$bhm jhbmlr|b}l iu mldbzlm ~luvjnl~$ b~ j~~|l~ ~lnihmbuz }i }gl {ujcbuz nic{dbjh} j~~|l'~*(


26/123


J} j~ mjffjn|d} }i mubq nihnd|~jih~ bei|} {b}}luh~ iu }ulhm~ jh i}glu nic{dbjh} j~~|l~ ajvlh }gljuuldb}jvldz ~cbdd h|celu~$ bhm }gl fbn} }gb} IFNI nb{}|ul~ ihdz }gl cboiu nic{dbjh} j~~|l~ jhnic{dbjh}~ }gb} jmlh}jfz c|d}j{dl j~~|l~( Hlvlu}gldl~~$ ~icl ngbhal~ ulabumjha nic{dbjh} j~~|l~ cbzel qiu}g hi}jha( Nic{dbjh}~ bei|} fi~}lu {bulh} ul}bdjb}jih mui{{lm babjh ~djag}dz$ e|}nic{dbjh}~ bei|} djnlh~jha j~~|l~ bdci~} }uj{dlm( Djnlh~jha j~~|l~ jhnd|ml jhvl~}jab}jih~ if

djnlh~jha nic{dbjh}~$ }gl djnlh~jha {uinl~~$ bhm niuuln}jvl bn}jih }b`lh ez MDU ulabumjha fi~}lu nbuldjnlh~l~( Djnlh~jha j~~|l~ nic{dbjhlm bei|} jh 5;22 nivlulm b euibm ~{ln}u|c$ qj}g hi mj~}jhn}{b}}luh }i }gl nic{dbjh}~( If hi}l qb~ }gl fbn} }gb} }gl vb~} cboiuj}z if }gl~l nic{dbjh}~ qlul hi}~|e~}bh}jb}lm ez IFNI( Nic{dbjh}~ ulabumjhadbn` if ~|{{iu} if fi~}lu {bulh}~bd~i jhnulb~lm(Nic{dbjh}~ bei|} nicc|hjnb}jih fbjd|ul~ ez balhnz ~}bffulcbjhlm ~}lbmz$ bd}gi|ag nic{dbjh}~ bei|}glbvz#gbhmlmhl~~ bhm |h{uifl~~jihbd nihm|n} iu gbub~~clh}mlnulb~lm( Nic{dbjh}~ bei|} FbcDjh` j~~|l~qlh} miqh }i lui(

FULR\LH]DZ JMLH]JFJLM NIC[DBJH] J^^\L^ H\CELU IF NIC[DBJH]^

5;;:

'h3157*

5;2;

'h3616*

5;22

'h36;7*NGJDM ^BFL]Z 5=1 5>< 5>>

Fbjd|ul }i {ui}ln} ngjdmulh fuic {bulh}bd be|~l iu hladln} 2== 2:

[gz~jnbd be|~l =<

^lw|bd be|~l 51 5: >;

Lci}jihbd be|~l 2< 2> 25

Hladln})dbn` if ~|{luvj~jih 5

Fbjd|ul ez balhnz }i nihm|n} >;#mbz glbd}g bhm ~bfl}zvj~j}~ }i ngjdm jh i|}#if#gicl nbul

##21 ## 5

Jhbmlr|b}l ~luvjnl~ }i cbjh}bjh ~bfl}z if ngjdmulh jh gicl 2

2


27/123


ML[LHMLH] NGJDM GLBD]G$QLDD#ELJHA BHM [LUCBHLHNZ 261 262 221

\hhlnl~~buz)jhb{{ui{ujb}l ngbhal if ngjdm~ {dbnlclh}$jhbmlr|b}l }ubh~j}jih }i hlq {dbnlclh}

< =1

[dbnlclh} jh~}bejdj}z)c|d}j{dl civl~ jh fi~}lu nbul ##27 1 5

Fbjd|ul }i {uivjml ngjdm qj}g clmjnbd$ clh}bd glbd}g$lm|nb}jihbd iu i}glu ~luvjnl~$ iu jhbmlr|b}l ~luvjnl {dbh =2 =2 >2

\hulb~ihbedl mldbz jh bngjlvjha {lucbhlhnz > :

Fi~}lu Nbul }i 52$ jhml{lhmlh} djvjha ~luvjnl j~~|l~ > > 5

Fbjd|ul }i {uivjml b{{ui{ujb}l bmi{}jih ~|{{iu}~luvjnl~)i}glu bmi{}jih j~~|l~

26 >> 25: >2> 5: =

\hulb~ihbedl N[^ fjhmjha~ >2 5: >;[iiu nb~l cbhbalclh}$ gjag nb~lqiu`lu }|uhivlu$i}glu {iiu ~luvjnl j~~|l~

1 2 >

Dbn` if niiumjhb}jih el}qllh M^G^ Mjvj~jih~ ##52 = 1

Jhbnn|ub}l balhnz ulnium~ 7 : 2>

I]GLU NIC[DBJH] J^^\L^ 22; 2=> 2 2:

Ul}bdjb}jih babjh~} uldb}jvl nbulajvlu 5 2 ;

Dbn` if ~|{{iu})~luvjnl~ }i uldb}jvl nbulajvlu)i}gluuldb}jvl nbulajvlu j~~|l~

1 6 7

Eulbng if nihfjmlh}jbdj}z ez balhnz 2; 2= 27

\h{uifl~~jihbd nihm|n}$ gbub~~clh}$ ul}bdjb}jih iuejb~)mj~nujcjhb}jih ez balhnz ~}bff

2; 2; 1

Glbvz#gbhmlmhl~~$ |hulb~ihbedl mlcbhm~ ih

fbcjdz ez balhnz ~}bff 7 22 5Ngjdmulh~ dlabd j~~|l~ 2 25 7

Vjidb}jih if {bulh}~ ujag}~ 2; : 2;

Fbjd|ul }i {uivjml {bulh} qj}g ~luvjnl~)i}glu {bulh}j~~|l~

22 : 7

Nicc|hjnb}jih fbjd|ul~ 1 >7 >:

FbcDjh`55#uldb}lm j~~|l~ 'ci~}dz mldbz jh {bzclh}}i fi~}lu {bulh}~){uivjmlu~*

25 > ;

Ngjdm nbul djnlh~jha j~~|l~ 'MLD* ### ###5> >

Jhbmlr|b}l ngjdm fb}bdj}z ulvjlq ; ; 2Vjidb}jih~ if }gl Jhmjbh Ngjdm Qldfbul Bn} ## ##

5= 5

5; Hi} }ubn`lm ~l{bub}ldz jh 5;;: bhm 5;2;(52 Hi} ~l{bub}ldz }ubn`lm jh 5;;:(55 FbcDjh` j~ NB~ mb}beb~l '^BNQJ^ ~z~}lc* qgjng ul{dbnlm }gl NBCJ^ ~z~}lc jh db}l Obh|buz 5;;:(5> Hi} }ubn`lm ~l{bub}ldz jh 5;;: bhm 5;2;(5= Jh {ulvji|~ zlbu~ }gj~ j~~|l qb~ }ubn`lm |hmlu ngjdmulh~ dlabd j~~|l~(


29/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH 5:t[ B A L

JJJ( ]B@JHA BN]JIH IH ELGBDF IF V\DHLUBEDL

NGJDMULH BHM FBCJDJL^

[BU]IHL? JHVL^]JAB]JHA NIC[DBJH]^

Nic{dl}lm Jhvl~}jab}jih~ bhm Ul~|d}~ ]gl Ice|m~cbh jh Bn}jih Ice|m~cbh~ Bmvlu~l Fjhmjha~ Balhnz Ul~{ih~l~ }i Bmvlu~l Fjhmjha~

[BU]]QI?NB^L#^[LNJFJN NIC[DBJH]^ UBJ^JHA ^Z^]LCJN J^^\L^ ^z~}lcjn J~~|l? Mldbz jh [lucbhlhnz Ul~|d}jha fuic ^z~}lcjn

[uiedlc~

^z~}lcjn J~~|l? Fbjd|ul }i F|ddz [ui}ln} ^jedjha~ jh ^lvlul^lw|bd Be|~l Nb~l

]gbh` zi|" B~ b fi~}lu {bulh} j} j~ aiim }i `hiq }gb} zi| bul }glul }i gld{(

#Fi~}lu {bulh}


30/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH >;t[ B A L

[BU] IHL? JHVL^]JAB]JHA NIC[DBJH]^

]gl Ice|m~cbh ulvjlq~ lvluz nic{dbjh} ulnljvlm }i ml}lucjhl qgl}glu j} fbdd~ qj}gjh IFNI~o|uj~mjn}jih(5< ]gui|ag jc{bu}jbd jhvl~}jab}jih bhm bhbdz~j~$ }gl Ice|m~cbh ml}lucjhl~ bh

b{{ui{ujb}l ul~{ih~l ~|ng b~? Jh nb~l~ qglul }gl Ice|m~cbh fjhm~ }gb} }gl balhnz j~ {ui{ludz nbuuzjha i|} j}~ m|}jl~ qj}g

ulabum }i }gl nic{dbjh} j~~|l$ }gl Ice|m~cbh lw{dbjh~ qgz }gl bddlalm nihm|n} j~ hi} bvjidb}jih if dbq iu {idjnz iu |hulb~ihbedl |hmlu }gl njun|c~}bhnl~ bhm gld{~ jhmjvjm|bd~el}}lu |hmlu~}bhm }gl uidl bhm ul~{ih~jejdj}jl~ if ngjdm qldfbul balhnjl~(

Jh nb~l~ jh qgjng }gl Ice|m~cbh cb`l~ bh bmvlu~l fjhmjha ulabumjha lj}glu }gl nic{dbjh}j~~|l iu bhi}glu {uiedlcb}jn j~~|l jmlh}jfjlm ez }gl Ice|m~cbh$ }gl Ice|m~cbh cbzqiu` }i ngbhal b mlnj~jih iu ni|u~l if bn}jih ez M^G^ iu bhi}glu ~}b}l balhnz(

]gl Ice|m~cbh if}lh nihnd|ml~ }gb} }gl ~}b}l balhnz j~ bn}jha ndlbudz qj}gjh j}~ mj~nul}jihbhm j~ ulb~ihbedz lwlunj~jha j}~ b|}giuj}z$ zl} }gl nic{dbjh} jmlh}jfjl~ dlaj}jcb}l nihnluh~( Jh}gl~l nb~l~ }gl Ice|m~cbh cbz {uivjml b~~j~}bhnl }i gld{ ul~idvl }gl nic{dbjh}(

]gl Ice|m~cbh~ aibd jh b nic{dbjh} jhvl~}jab}jih j~ }i ml}lucjhl qgl}glu M^G^ iu bhi}glubalhnz gb~ vjidb}lm dbq$ {idjnz iu {uinlm|ul$ iu |hulb~ihbedz lwlunj~lm j}~ b|}giuj}z( ]glIce|m~cbh }glh b~~l~~l~ qgl}glu }gl balhnz ~gi|dm el jhm|nlm }i ngbhal j}~ mlnj~jih iu ni|u~l ifbn}jih(

]gl Ice|m~cbh bn}~ b~ bh jc{bu}jbd fbn} fjhmlu bhm hi} b~ bh bmvinb}l$ ~i }gl jhvl~}jab}jih fin|~l~ ihml}lucjhjha qgl}glu }gl j~~|l~ ubj~lm jh }gl nic{dbjh} cll} }gl fiddiqjha ieoln}jvl nuj}lujb?

2( ]gl bddlalm balhnz bn}jih 'iu jhbn}jih* j~ qj}gjh }gl Ice|m~cbh~ o|uj~mjn}jih(5( ]gl bn}jih mjm inn|u(>( ]gl bn}jih vjidb}lm dbq$ {idjnz iu {uinlm|ul$ iu qb~ ndlbudz jhb{{ui{ujb}l iu ndlbudz

|hulb~ihbedl |hmlu }gl njun|c~}bhnl~(=( ]gl bn}jih qb~ gbucf|d }i b ngjdm~ ~bfl}z$ glbd}g$ qldd#eljha$ iu ujag} }i b {lucbhlh} fbcjdz0

iu gbucf|d }i b{{ui{ujb}l fbcjdz {ul~luvb}jih)ul|hjfjnb}jih iu fbcjdz nih}bn}(

5< ]gl Ice|m~cbh cbz bd~i jhj}jb}l bh jhvl~}jab}jih qj}gi|} b nic{dbjh}( M|ujha }gl 5;22 ul{iu}jha {lujim$ IFNIjhj}jb}lm ldlvlh jhvl~}jab}jih~( ^jw if }gl IFNI jhj}jb}lm jhvl~}jab}jih~ qlul ndi~lm bhm fjvl if }gl jhvl~}jab}jih~ulcbjhlm i{lh 'if}lh fiu cihj}iujha ihdz* b} }gl lhm if }gl ul{iu}jha {lujim(


31/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE

NIC[DL]LM JHVL^

NIC[DL]LM JHVL^]JAB]JIH

]gl Ice|m~cbh nic{dl}lm 62=jhvidvlm :5= ngjdmulh bhm ciuljhvl~}jab}jih~ qlul ~}bhmbum hihJh 5;22$ bei|} ihl i|} if lvluz ~fiu jhj}jb}jha bh lclualh} jhvl~}ngjdm~ jcclmjb}l ~bfl}z iu bh |ua~jahjfjnbh}dz bddlvjb}l b ngjdm iu fbIce|m~cbh elajh~ }gl jhvl~}jab~nullhjha b nic{dbjh} ulnljvlm ez~|e~}bh}jb}lm iu jh}luvlhlm jh lcJh 5;22$ }gl Ice|m~cbh jh}luvl{lunlh} if lclualh} nic{dbjh}~$lclualh} nic{dbjh}~$ ljag}llh {lb~~j~}bhnl(

]z{

^i|unl? Iffjnl if }gl Fb

56If }gl nic{dl}lm jhvl~}jab}jih~ jh 5;2zlbu$ qgjdl }qldvl {lunlh} qlul if nic{dnic{dbjh}~ ulnljvlm ulcbjhlm i{lh( Fiujhvidvjha }gl ~bcl ngjdm)fbcjdz bul ni|jmlh}jnbd nic{dbjh}~ fuic ciul }gbh ih

2$ 72

jdz bhm Ngjdmulh~ Ice|m~cbh$ ^l{}lcelu 5;22

2$ 77 {lunlh} qlul jhvl~}jab}jih~ if nic{dbjh}~ ulnljvlm mdbjh}~ ulnljvlm jh b {ulvji|~ ul{iu}jha zlbu( B} }gl lhm if 5}gl {|u{i~l~ if }gj~ ~ln}jih$ jhvl~}jab}jih~ if nic{dbjh}~ u}lm ihdz ihnl( ]gl bn}|bd h|celu if nic{dbjh}~ ndi~lm jhnic{dbjhbh}$ qb~ 6=:(

$ 7>,


32/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH >5t[ B A L

JHVL^]JAB]JIH UL^\D]^

Nic{dbjh} jhvl~}jab}jih~ ul~|d} jh ihl if }gl fiddiqjha ni|u~l~ if bn}jih?

Ice|m~cbh Jh}luvlh}jih? ]gl Ice|m~cbh ~|e~}bh}jb}lm }gl nic{dbjh} j~~|l bhmjh}luvlhlm }i niuuln} b vjidb}jih if dbq iu {idjnz$ iu }i bngjlvl b {i~j}jvl i|}nicl fiu b ngjdm

iu fbcjdz(

Ice|m~cbh B~~j~}bhnl? ]gl nic{dbjh} qb~ ~|e~}bh}jb}lm$ e|} }gl Ice|m~cbh mjm hi}fjhm b ndlbu vjidb}jih iu |hulb~ihbedl bn}jih( ]gl Ice|m~cbh {uivjmlm ~|e~}bh}jbdb~~j~}bhnl }i }gl nic{dbjhbh}$ }gl balhnz iu ei}g$ }i ul~idvl }gl nic{dbjh}(

I}gluqj~l Ul~idvlm? ]gl nic{dbjh} j~~|l cbz iu cbz hi} gbvl ellh ~|e~}bh}jb}lm$ e|}qb~ ul~idvlm ez }gl nic{dbjhbh}$ }gl balhnz$ iu ~icl i}glu fbn}iu( Jh }gl {uinl~~$ }glIce|m~cbh cbz gbvl ifflulm ~|aal~}jih~$ ulfluulm nic{dbjhbh}~ }i nicc|hj}z ul~i|unl~$cbml jhfiucbd ulnicclhmb}jih~ }i balhnz ~}bff$ iu {uivjmlm i}glu gld{f|d jhfiucb}jih }i}gl nic{dbjhbh}(

Hi Eb~j~ fiu Jh}luvlh}jih? ]gl nic{dbjh} j~~|l qb~ |h~|e~}bh}jb}lm$ bhm }glIce|m~cbh fi|hm hi balhnz luuiu~ jh ulvjlqjha }gl nb~l( ]gl Ice|m~cbh lw{dbjhlmqgz }gl bddlalm bn}jih j~ hi} b vjidb}jih if dbq iu {idjnz iu |hulb~ihbedl |hmlu }glnjun|c~}bhnl~ bhm gld{lm }gl nic{dbjhbh} el}}lu |hmlu~}bhm }gl uidl bhm ul~{ih~jejdj}jl~ if}gl ngjdm qldfbul balhnz(

I|}~jml O|uj~mjn}jih? ]gl nic{dbjh} qb~ fi|hm }i jhvidvl balhnjl~ iu bn}jih~ }gb} qluli|}~jml if IFNI~ o|uj~mjn}jih( Qglh {i~~jedl$ }gl Ice|m~cbh ulflu~ nic{dbjhbh}~ }i bhb{{ui{ujb}l iffjnl iu balhnz }gb} cbz el bedl }i b~~j~} }glc qj}g }glju nihnluh(

I}glu? ]gl nic{dbjh} qb~ qj}gmubqh$ elnbcl cii}$ iu f|u}glu jhvl~}jab}jih iu bn}jih ez}gl Ice|m~cbh qb~ |hflb~jedl fiu i}glu ulb~ih~(

Jhvl~}jab}jih ul~|d}~ gbvl ulcbjhlm fbjudz nih~j~}lh} ivlu }gl db~} }gull zlbu~( ]gl Ice|m~cbhb~~j~}lm iujh}luvlhlm }i ul~idvl }gl ~j}|b}jih jh hjhl {lunlh} if nic{dbjh}~ jh 5;22( ]gj~ul{ul~lh}~ fjf}z nic{dbjh}~$ jhvidvjha b} dlb~} fjf}z fbcjdjl~$ bhm cbhz ciul ngjdmulh( IFNI fi|hmb dbualu {lunlh}bal if nic{dbjh}~ }i el |h~|e~}bh}jb}lm '12 {lunlh}* jh 5;22}gbh jh 5;2; '6={lunlh}*(


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IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE

^i|unl? Iffjnl if }gl Fbcjdz bhm Ngjdmu

I|}~jmlO|uj~mjn}jih

=,

I}glu=,

Ice|m~cbhJh}luvlh}jih$

\hul~idvlm2,

Ice|m~cbhJh}luvlh}jih$

Ul~idvlm,

5>

56

>

1

1>

27

>>t[ B A L

i Eb~j~ fiu}luvlh}jih

12,


34/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH >=t[ B A L

]GL ICE\M^CBH JH BN]JIH

]gl Ice|m~cbh }b`l~ bn}jih qglh hlnl~~buz }i bvlu} iu niuuln} b gbucf|d ivlu~jag} iu bvijmbedlcj~}b`l ez }gl M^G^ iu bhi}glu balhnz( ]gju}z#ihlnic{dbjh}~ ulr|julm jh}luvlh}jih ez }gl

Ice|m~cbh(51

Cbhz if }gl~l jhvl~}jab}jih~ ulr|julm b ~|e~}bh}jbd jhvl~}clh} if }jcl ez }glIce|m~cbh( B~ ~}b}lm lbudjlu jh }gj~ ~ln}jih$ }gl ub}l if jh}luvlh}jih qb~ ciul }gbh }qi }jcl~gjaglu jh lclualh} nic{dbjh}~ }gbh hih#lclualh} nic{dbjh}~(

JH]LUVLH]JIH^ EZ ]GL ICE\M^CBH UL^\D] JH UL^ID\]JIH

]gl vb~} cboiuj}z if nic{dbjh}~ jh qgjng }gl Ice|m~cbh jh}luvlhlm iu b~~j~}lm ul~|d}lm jh }glnic{dbjh} j~~|l eljhaul~idvlm ':; {lunlh}*( 57 Glul bul }qi lwbc{dl~?

LWBC[DL 2?CJ^GBHMDJHA IF NGJDM [UI]LN]JVL ^LUVJNL^ 'N[^*NB^L

N[^ nihm|n}lm bh jhbmlr|b}l jhvl~}jab}jih if bddlab}jih~ if {gz~jnbd be|~l if b hih#ml{lhmlh}

fjf}llh zlbu idm zi|}g ez b {bulh}$ bhm }glh mldbzlm jh ul~idvjha }gl nb~l( ]gl Ice|m~cbh fi|hm}gb} N[^ fbjdlm }i hi}jfz }gl {bulh}~ if }gl bddlab}jih~ jh b }jcldz cbhhlu$ fbjdlm }i jh}luvjlqniddb}lubd ~i|unl~ if jhfiucb}jih$ bhm mlcih~}ub}lm b ejb~ babjh~} }gl {bulh}~( ]gl zi|}g qb~{uic{}dz jh}luvjlqlm ez N[^ bhm dbq lhfiunlclh} }gl mbz bf}lu }gl ulfluubd qb~ ulnljvlm0 }gl zi|}gml~nujelm fbcjdz nihfdjn} e|} mlhjlm eljha be|~lm$ bhm ~}b}lm }gb} }gl bddlab}jih~ gbm ellh cbml jhbh b}}lc{} }i al} b}}lh}jih( N[^ mjm hi} jhfiuc }gl {bulh}~ if }gl bddlab}jih~ |h}jd }qi bhm b gbdfcih}g~ db}lu$ bhm jhfiuclm }gl {bulh}~ }gb} }gl nb~l qi|dm el ndi~lm b~ |hfi|hmlm( B flq mbz~db}lu$ b hlq ulfluubd qb~ ulnljvlm babjh bddlajha {gz~jnbd be|~l ez }gl {bulh}( Bf}lu jh}luvjlqjha }glzi|}g$ qgi gbm eu|j~l~ ih ei}g buc~ ul{iu}lm }i el nb|~lm ez b {bulh}$ dbq lhfiunlclh} }ii` }glzi|}g jh}i {ui}ln}jvl n|~}imz bhm N[^ fjdlm fiu ml{lhmlhnz$ {dbnjha }gl zi|}g jh fi~}lu nbul( ]glzi|}g~ nihfdjn}jha ~}b}lclh}~ el}qllh }gl }qi jh}luvjlq~ qlul hi} b~~l~~lm jh aulb}lu ml}bjd$ bhm

N[^ mjm hi} jh}luvjlq ~ngiid {lu~ihhld$ nicc|hj}z {uifl~~jihbd~ jhvidvlm qj}g }gl fbcjdz$ iu i}gluniddb}lubd ~i|unl~$ qgi db}lu ml~nujelm }gl bddlab}jih~ b~ gjagdz |heldjlvbedl bhm {uiebedzb}}uje|}bedl }i b gjag dlvld if fbcjdz nihfdjn}( Hlvlu}gldl~~$ }gl jhbmlr|b}l N[^ jhvl~}jab}jihul~|d}lm jh b fi|hmlm fjhmjha if {gz~jnbd be|~l( F|u}gluciul$ N[^ fbjdlm }i {uivjml b{{ui{ujb}lvj~j}b}jih el}qllh }gl zi|}g bhm }gl {bulh}~( Hi vj~j}~ inn|uulm fiu bh lh}jul zlbu$ bhm vluz dj}}dl{uiaul~~ qb~ cbml jh }gl ml{lhmlhnz nb~l$ b~ }gl {bulh}~ qlul ~}jdd mlhzjha }gl bddlab}jih~(

B} }gj~ {ijh} }gl Ice|m~cbh ulnljvlm b nic{dbjh} bhm nihm|n}lm b f|dd jhvl~}jab}jih bhm ulvjlq if}gl nb~l( ]gl Ice|m~cbh jcclmjb}ldz jh}luvlhlm ez eujhajha }gl beivl fjhmjha~ }i }gl b}}lh}jihif }gl ulajihbd bmcjhj~}ub}iu( B hlq ~injbd qiu`lu qb~ b~~jahlm }i }gl nb~l$ bhm fbcjdz ni|h~ldjhaqb~ l~}bedj~glm qj}g b c|}|bddz baullm#|{ih }glub{j~}( ]gl Ice|m~cbh bd~i ulr|l~}lm }gb} }gl

N[^ fjhmjha if {gz~jnbd be|~l el ulvjlqlm ez }gl bulb bmcjhj~}ub}iu( \d}jcb}ldz$ }gl zi|}g bmcj}}lm}gb} }gl bddlab}jih~ if {gz~jnbd be|~l qlul |h}u|l$ bhm }gl eu|j~l~ b}}uje|}lm }i eljha nb|~lm ez }gl{bulh} qlul bn}|bddz nb|~lm ez }gl zi|}g~ eizfujlhm( ]gl fi|hmlm N[^ fjhmjha qb~ ivlu}|uhlm(Ula|dbu vj~j}b}jih elabh$ bhm }gl zi|}g ul}|uhlm gicl }gl fiddiqjha cih}g( ]gl ml{lhmlhnz qb~mj~cj~~lm(

51 ]gj~ {lunlh}bal ul{ul~lh}~ b ihl {lunlh} mlnulb~l ~jhnl 5;2;$ bhm b }gull {lunlh} mlnulb~l ~jhnl 5;;:(57 Lclualh} nic{dbjh}~ qlul bd~i ul~idvlm ez NB qj}gi|} Ice|m~cbh jh}luvlh}jih iu b~~j~}bhnl b} b nih~jmlubedzgjaglu ub}l '27 {lunlh}* }gbh ~}bhmbum nic{dbjh}~ '22 {lunlh}*(


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IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH >; ]gl ngjdm fju~} ~bjm glqbh}lm }i al} ebn` }i ndb~~ dl~~ }gbh b r|bu}lu if }gl qbz }gui|ag }gl jh}luvjlq( Gl ul{lb}lm}gj~ ulr|l~} b} dlb~} fjf}llh }jcl~ ivlu }gl ni|u~l if }gl jh}luvjlq(>2

N[^ fbjdlm }i l~}bedj~g }gj~ zi|ha ngjdm~ bejdj}z }i |hmlu~}bhm }gl mjfflulhnlel}qllh }u|}g bhm djl(>5

Dbn` if niiumjhb}jih el}qllh N[^ bhm dbq lhfiunlclh}(>>B ml}ln}jvl lh}lulm }gluiic bf}lu N[^ gbm bdulbmz ela|h r|l~}jihjha }gl ngjdm( B} ihl {ijh} ei}g bm|d}~ qlulr|l~}jihjha }gl ngjdm ~jc|d}bhli|~dz(

]gj~ jh}luvjlq mjm hi} ul~|d} jh b ndlbu ~}b}lclh} fuic }gl ngjdm( ]gl ngjdm qb~ db}lu jh}luvjlqlm }qibmmj}jihbd }jcl~? ihnl }gl fiddiqjha mbz qglul gl ul{iu}lmdz }idm }gl h|u~l lwbcjhjha gjc }gb} gj~mbm }i|nglm gj~ {ll {ll$ bhm }glh b flq qll`~ db}lu qglul gl qi|dm hi} {bu}jnj{b}l iu bh~qlu bhzr|l~}jih~(

Eb~lm ih }gl~l bmvlu~l fjhmjha~ ulabumjha }gj~ jh}luvjlq$ }gl Ice|m~cbh nih}bn}lm }gl Ml{|}zUlajihbd Bmcjhj~}ub}iu ulr|l~}jha b ulvjlq if }gl jh}luvjlq bhm nih~jmlub}jih if ul#}ubjhjha }glN[^ jhvl~}jab}iu }gui|ag }gl Gbueiuvjlq Nlh}lu fiu ^lw|bd B~~b|d} bhm ]ub|cb}jn ^}ul~~ ulabumjhajhvl~}jab}jvl jh}luvjlq ~}bhmbum~( Jh ul~{ih~l$ }gl Bulb Bmcjhj~}ub}iu 'BB* nih}bn}lm }glIce|m~cbh }i ul{iu} }gb} }gl BB gbm bdulbmz cl} qj}g }gl jhvl~}jab}jvl ~injbd qiu`lu bhm

~|{luvj~iu b} ~icl dlha}g bhm mleujlflm }gj~ jh}luvjlq( ]gl Ice|m~cbh ulj}lub}lm }gb} IFNI~ulnicclhmb}jih ulcbjhlm }gb} }gl ~injbd qiu`lu nic{dl}l i|}~jml }ubjhjha }gui|ag Gbueiuvjlq(IFNI qb~ db}lu jhfiuclm }gb} }gl }ubjhjha gbm ellh nic{dl}lm(

5: ^ll \(^( Nih~}( bclhm( JV0 [ubn} jnl bhm [uinlm|ul~ A|jml 5>>2'M*'5*'n*0 Ngjdmulh~ Bmcjhj~}ub}jih Clci mb}lm

Obh|buz 1$ 5;2;$ Ul? \UALH] [IDJNZ BHM [UINLM\UL \[MB]L ULABUMJHA JH]LUVJLQ^ IFNGJDMULH EZ NGJDM [UI]LN]JVL ^LUVJNL^ ^INJBD QIU@LU^0 ~ll bd~i Aullhl v( Nbcul}b$ m2;22 ':}g Nju( 5;;:*$ vbnb}lm jh {bu}$ Nbcul}b v( Aullhl$ \(^( YY '5;22*(>; Jm(>2 [bal h|celu~ if }gl jh}luvjlq }ubh~nuj{} qlul ulflulhnlm jh }gl dl}}lu ~lh} ez IFNI }i NB fiu ~{lnjfjn fjhmjha~ bei|}}gl jh}luvjlq(>5 Qb~gjha}ih ^}b}l Ngjdm Jh}luvjlq A|jml$ {a~(2>#2= 'Fiu ngjdmulh {ul#~ngiid }gui|ag bal 1$ |~l }gl Dzih#^bzqj}{jn}|ul }b~`~ jhnd|mlm jh }gl B{{lhmjw }i b~~l~~ ]u|}g)Djl |hmlu~}bhmjha & }i ~giq }gb} }gl ngjdm |hmlu~}bhm~ }gb} j} j~quiha }i djl(*(>> ^ll UNQ 56(==(27;(


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FLQ JH]LUVLH]JIH^ EZ ]GL ICE\M^CBH ULCBJH \HUL^IDVLM

Jh ljag} nic{dbjh}~ jh qgjng }gl Ice|m~cbh b~~j~}lm iu jh}luvlhlm$ }gl balhnz mjm hi}ngbhal j}~ {i~j}jih( Jh fi|u if }gl~l nb~l~$ }gl Ice|m~cbh ml}lucjhlm }gb} }gl balhnz~ mlnj~jihhi} }i ngbhal j}~ {i~j}jih qb~ |d}jcb}ldz bnnl{}bedl( Fiu lwbc{dl$ jh b nb~l jh qgjng }glIce|m~cbh qb~ cihj}iujha bh jh#gicl ml{lhmlhnz ih }gull ngjdmulh$ bal~ fi|u$ }qi bhm ~lvlhcih}g~$ b micl~}jn vjidlhnl jhnjmlh} inn|uulm jh }gl gicl ul~|d}jha jh dbq lhfiunlclh}jhvidvlclh}( Elnb|~l }gl micl~}jn vjidlhnl qb~ hi} {lu{l}ub}lm ez bh bm|d} djvjha jh }gl gicl$ }glN[^ ulfluubd ulabumjha }gj~ jhnjmlh} mjm hi} ~nullh jh fiu jhvl~}jab}jih( Ngjdm bhm Fbcjdz Qldfbul^luvjnl~ 'NFQ^* l~}bedj~glm }gb} }gl {bulh} gbm uldb{~lm bhm qb~ hi} fiddiqjha }gui|ag qj}g~luvjnl~ }gb} qlul b nihmj}jih if }gl jh#gicl ml{lhmlhnz( ]gl Ice|m~cbh b~`lm }gl balhnz }inih~jmlu ulcivjha }gl ngjdmulh eb~lm ih }gl dlvld if uj~` }i }gl ngjdmulh~ ~bfl}z( NFQ^ {dbhhlm }iulcivl }gl ngjdmulh$ e|} ez }gl }jcl b ni|u} glbujha qb~ ~nglm|dlm$ }gl {bulh} gbm ul#lhabalm qj}g~luvjnl~$ ~jahlm b hlq ~bfl}z {dbh$ bhm }gl uj~` dlvld gbm diqlulm nih~jmlubedz( Bnniumjha }i NFQ^$}gl B~~j~}bh} B}}iuhlz Alhlubd 'BBA* bmvj~lm }gl balhnz babjh~} ulnicclhmjha }i }gl ni|u} }gb}}gl ngjdmulh el ulcivlm( ]gl ngjdm~ Ni|u} B{{ijh}lm ^{lnjbd Bmvinb}l 'NB^B* qb~ jh baullclh}qj}g dlbvjha }gl ngjdmulh jh }gl gicl( ]gl Ice|m~cbh fi|hm }gl balhnz~ {i~j}jih }i el hi}

ndlbudz |hulb~ihbedl(

Jh }gl i}glu fi|u nic{dbjh}~ jh qgjng }gl balhnz mjm hi} ngbhal j}~ {i~j}jih ml~{j}l Ice|m~cbhjh}luvlh}jih iu b~~j~}bhnl$ }gl nic{dbjh} iu i}glu {uiedlcb}jn j~~|l jmlh}jfjlm ez }gl Ice|m~cbhulcbjhlm |hul~idvlm( ]gl~l nb~l~ bul if}lh nic{dlw nb~l~ jh qgjng }glul bul c|d}j{dl~}b`lgidmlu~ i}glu }gbh NB qgi nbh jc{bn} }gl i|}nicl if }gl nb~l( Jh ihl ~|ng nic{dbjh}$ fiulwbc{dl$ }gl j~~|l elnbcl cii}?

FBJD\UL ]I [DBNL NGJDM QJ]G ULDB]JVL

NFQ^ mlndjhlm }i {dbnl b }gull bhm b gbdf zlbu idm dlabddz full ngjdm qj}g i|}#if#~}b}l

{b}luhbd uldb}jvl~ qgi gbm {b~~lm bh bmi{}jih gicl ~}|mz$ jh~}lbm ngii~jha }i{uinllm qj}g }gl ngjdm~ bmi{}jih ez }gl fi~}lu {bulh}~( ]gl balhnz i{{i~lm }glcivl b~ }gl ngjdm qb~ eihmlm }i }gl fi~}lu fbcjdz bhm qb~ vj~j}jha qj}g idmlu ~jedjha~jh }gl bulb ula|dbudz( NFQ^ bd~i gbm nihnluh~ bei|} }gl {b}luhbd uldb}jvl~ bejdj}z }i{ui}ln} }gl ~|eoln} ngjdm fuic }gl fb}glu( ]gl a|bumjbh bm dj}lc qb~ jh fbviu if }glngjdm ulcbjhjha jh }gl fi~}lu#bmi{} {dbnlclh}( [ujiu }i }lucjhb}jih if {bulh}bd ujag}~$}gl fb}glu qbh}lm }gl ngjdm bmi{}lm ez }gl {b}luhbd uldb}jvl~( ]gl ci}glu qbh}lm }glngjdm }i ulcbjh jh }gl fi~}lu#bmi{} gicl( ]gull ni|u} ci}jih~ qlul fjdlm }i {dbnl }glngjdm qj}g }gl uldb}jvl~$ bdd if qgjng }gl ml{bu}clh} i{{i~lm$ bhm }gl ni|u} mlhjlm(]gl Ice|m~cbh fi|hm }gl balhnz~ dbn` if ~|{{iu} fiu uldb}jvl {dbnlclh} }i el{uiedlcb}jn$ fiu }gl fiddiqjha ulb~ih~?

2( ^}b}l dbq bhm {idjnz ~}b}l~ b ndlbu {ulflulhnl fiu {dbnlclh} qj}g uldb}jvl~(5( ]gl uldb}jvl~ mlcih~}ub}lm bh ihaijha niccj}clh} }i }gl ngjdm ez {|u~|jha lvluzdlabd bvlh|l bvbjdbedl }i }glc(>( ]gl uldb}jvl~ ulnljvlm }qi b{{uivlm gicl ~}|mjl~ bhm nic{djlm qj}g NFQ^~ulr|l~} }gb} }glz |hmluai ni|h~ldjha }i gld{ }glc |hmlu~}bhm }gl fb}glu~ be|~lgj~}iuz bhm giq }i {ui}ln} }gl ngjdm jh }gl f|}|ul( ]gl ni|h~ldiu gbm {uivjmlm bfbviubedl ul{iu}(=( ]gl uldb}jvl~ nbcl fuic b hljageiujha ~}b}l }i vj~j} }gl ngjdm jh Qb~gjha}ih


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cih}gdz$ ivlu b {lujim if bdci~} b zlbu bhm b gbdf(= qlul ul~idvlm ez }gl Ice|m~cbh jh }gj~ cbhhlu ezlh~|ujha }gb} nuj}jnbd jhfiucb}jih qb~ ie}bjhlm bhm nih~jmlulmez }gl balhnz$ ezfbnjdj}b}jha }jcldznicc|hjnb}jihbciha }gl {li{dl jhvidvlm jh iumlu }i ul~idvl }gl {uiedlc$ iu ezclmjb}jha b nic{uicj~l(Fiu lwbc{dl?>


38/123


qb~ bddiqlm }i ul}|uh }i Qb~gjha}ih qj}g }gl uldb}jvl fiu bhi}glu }gju}z mbz~${lhmjha b{{uivbd if }gl gicl ~}|mz( ]gl ulvjlq if }gl ebnàui|hm ngln` qb~lw{lmj}lm$ ul~|d}jha jh }gl JN[N gicl ~}|mz eljha b{{uivlm qj}gjh }gl mlbmdjhl(

NIC[DBJH]^ ULÎDVLM QJ]GI\] ^JAHJFJNBH] B^^J^]BHNL EZ ]GL ICE\M^CBH

Jh 5;22$ }qldvl {lunlh} if nic{dbjh}~ qlul ul~idvlm el}qllh }gl balhnz bhm }glnic{dbjhbh} qj}gi|} ~jahjfjnbh} b~~j~}bhnl iu jh}luvlh}jih ez }gl Ice|m~cbh( ]gj~ul{ul~lh}~ b ~cbdd mlnulb~l ~jhnl 5;;7#5;2; qglh }gl {lunlh}bal if i}gluqj~l ul~idvlm nic{dbjh}~ulcbjhlm fbjudz nih~j~}lh}$ bui|hm fjf}llh {lunlh} if nic{dbjh}~( Jh ci~} nb~l~$ }gl Ice|m~cbhnih}bn}~ }gl balhnz }i nihfjuc }gb} ~}l{~ bul eljha }b`lh }i ul~idvl }gl j~~|l( îcl nic{dbjhbh}~ul{iu} }gb} }gl clul fbn} if }gl Ice|m~cbh nih}bn}jha }gl balhnz bhm b~`jha r|l~}jih~b{{lbu~ }i b~~j~} jh lh~|ujha }gb} bhz {uiedlc~ bul ul~idvlm( Fiu lwbc{dl?

[DBNLCLH] QJ]G HIH#N\^]IMJBD [BULH]

]gl Ice|m~cbh ulnljvlm b nic{dbjh} }gb} NFQ^ qb~ fbjdjha }i {dbnl b ~jw zlbuidm ml{lhmlh} ngjdm qj}g }gl hih#n|~}imjbd {bulh}$ bf}lu }gl ngjdm qb~ ulcivlmfuic }gl n|~}imjbd {bulh}( ]gl hih#n|~}imjbd {bulh} qb~ nic{dzjha qj}g ni|u}#iumlulm ~luvjnl~ bhm cb`jha aiim {uiaul~~( ]gl Ice|m~cbh fi|hm }gb} }glngjdm gbm hi} djvlm qj}g }gj~ {bulh} fiu ivlu b zlbu$ }gl {bulh} gbm {ujiu N[^gj~}iuz$ bhm }gl balhnz qb~ ~}jdd b~~l~~jha }gl {bulh}~ bejdj}z }i nbul fiu }gl ngjdm~bfldz$ }gui|ag ni|u}#iumlulm ~luvjnl~ bhm lvbd|b}jih~( ]gl Ice|m~cbhcihj}iulm }gl nb~l fiu }gull cih}g~$ qgjdl }gl {bulh} nih}jh|lm }i {bu}jnj{b}l jh~luvjnl~ bhm lvbd|b}jih~$ bhm vlujfjlm }gb} }gl balhnz gldm ula|dbu ~gbulm {dbhhjhacll}jha~ qj}g fbcjdz clcelu~ bhm {uivjmlu~( ]gl n|~}imjbd {bulh} 'qgi ulnljvlmb N[^ fjhmjha if hladln}* clbhqgjdl cbml dj}}dl {uiaul~~ jh ulclmjb}jha {bulh}bdmlfjnjlhnjl~ jmlh}jfjlm jh }gl ml{lhmlhnz( B} }gb} {ijh}$ }gl ~gbulm {dbhhjha }lbc

bhm }gl balhnz qlul ~b}j~fjlm }gb} }gl ngjdm ni|dm ~bfldz el {dbnlm qj}g }gl hih#n|~}imjbd {bulh}$ bhm b} }gl hlw} ni|u} ulvjlq glbujha$ NFQ^ ulnicclhmlm }gb}}gl ngjdm el {dbnlm qj}g }gb} {bulh} jh bh jh#gicl ml{lhmlhnz$ qj}g ihaijhacihj}iujha bhm ~luvjnl~(


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IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH >:t[ B A L

ICE\M^CBH FJHM^ HI EB^J^ FIU JH]LUVLH]JIH

Jh 5;22$ ~lvlh}z#ihl {lunlh} if nic{dbjh} jhvl~}jab}jih~ qlul ndi~lm bf}lu }gl Ice|m~cbhlj}glu fi|hm hi eb~j~ fiu }gl nic{dbjh}$ iu fi|hm hi |hb|}giujlm iu ndlbudz|hulb~ihbedlbn}jih~ ez }gl balhnz qbuubh}jha jh}luvlh}jih(>1 ]gl Ice|m~cbh cbz ~}jdd gbvl fbnjdj}b}lm el}}lunicc|hjnb}jih el}qllh }gl balhnz bhm }gl nic{dbjhbh}$ }bd`lm qj}g }gl nic{dbjhbh} bhm }glbalhnz bei|} bd}luhb}jvl ni|u~l~ if bn}jih fiu ul~idvjha }gl nihnluh~$ bhm lm|nb}lm }gl nic{dbjhbh}bei|} }gl uidl bhm ul~{ih~jejdj}jl~ if }gl ngjdm qldfbul balhnz( Fiu lwbc{dl?

NIC[DBJH] BEI\] EULBNG IF NIHFJMLH]JBDJ]Z \H^\E^]BH]JB]LM

B uldb}jvl$ qgi gbm cbml b ulfluubd }i N[^ bddlajha hladln} if b }qi zlbu idm hih#ml{lhmlh} ngjdm ez }gl {bulh}~$ nic{dbjhlm }i }gl Ice|m~cbh }gb} N[^ mj~ndi~lm }gljmlh}j}z if }gl ulflulh} }i }gl {bulh}$ nb|~jha nihfdjn} bciha }gl lw}lhmlm fbcjdz( ]glIce|m~cbh l~}bedj~glm }gb} }gl N[^ ~|{luvj~iu bhm Bulb Bmcjhj~}ub}iu gbm bdulbmzjhvl~}jab}lm }gj~ nihnluh$ bhm }gb} }gl N[^ jhvl~}jab}iu gbm mlhjlm mj~ndi~jha }gljmlh}j}z if }gl ulflulh}( ]gl jhvl~}jab}iu lw{dbjhlm }gb} qglh }gl {bulh}~ qlul

nihfuih}lm qj}g }gl bddlab}jih~ nih}bjhlm jh }gl ulfluubd '{lu N[^ jhvl~}jab}jih {ui}inid*}gl {bulh}~ ~}b}lm }gb} }glz a|l~~lm qgi cbml }gl ulfluubd eb~lm ih }gl hb}|ul if }glul{iu}lm nihnluh~( ]gl jhvl~}jab}iu ul{iu}lm hlj}glu nihfjucjha hiu mlhzjha }gl{bulh}~ ~|~{jnjih~( ]gl Ice|m~cbh }glulfiul fi|hm hi lvjmlhnl }i ~|{{iu} b eulbngif nihfjmlh}jbdj}z ez N[^(

[UIFL^^JIHBD NIHNLUHLM BEI\] NGJDM^ ^BFL]Z FUIC ^LW\BD BE\^L

Jh bhi}glu lwbc{dl$ }gl Ice|m~cbh fi|hm hi |hb|}giujlm iu ndlbudz |hulb~ihbedlbn}jih~ ez }gl balhnz jh b nb~l jhvidvjha fi|hmlm bddlab}jih~ if ~lw|bd be|~l if b }lhzlbu idm hih#ml{lhmlh} ngjdm ez }gl fb}glu( B nihnluhlm {uifl~~jihbd nih}bn}lm }glIce|m~cbh qglh }gl fbcjdz ni|u} b|}giujlm |h~|{luvj~lm vj~j}~ el}qllh }gl ngjdm bhm

}gl fb}glu( ]gl Ice|m~cbh fi|hm }gb} N[^ gbm jhvl~}jab}lm bhm fi|hmlm bh bddlab}jihif ~lw|bd be|~l if }gl ngjdm ez }gl fb}glu$ bhm fjdlm b ml{lhmlhnz bhm {dbnlm }gl ngjdm jhi|}#if#gicl nbul( ]gj~ qb~ b gjagdz nic{dlw nb~l jh qgjng {ujiu }i N[^ jhvidvlclh}$}gl fb}glu gbm ie}bjhlm }lc{iubuz n|~}imz if }gl ngjdm }gui|ag fbcjdz ni|u}$ bf}lu }glci}glu elabh lw{lujlhnjha clh}bd glbd}g {uiedlc~( Qglh }gl ngjdm mj~ndi~lm ~lw|bdbe|~l ez }gl fb}glu m|ujha b vj~j} qj}g }gl ci}glu$ }gl {idjnl }ii` }gl ngjdm jh}i{ui}ln}jvl n|~}imz( N[^ fjdlm b ml{lhmlhnz bhm {dbnlm }gl ngjdm jh i|}#if#gicl nbul(]gl N[^ jhvl~}jab}jih ul~|d}lm jh b fi|hmlm fjhmjha if ~lw|bd be|~l$ e|} }gl {ui~ln|}iumlndjhlm }i fjdl ngbual~ babjh~} }gl fb}glu$ bhm }gl fb}glu ~|nnl~~f|ddz b{{lbdlm }gl N[^fjhmjha$ qgjng qb~ db}lu ivlu}|uhlm( Clbhqgjdl$ }gl ci}glu ~|nnl~~f|ddz ie}bjhlmn|~}imz if }gl ngjdm jh fbcjdz ni|u}$ qj}g N[^ }l~}jfzjha jh fbviu if }gj~ bn}jih0 giqlvlu$

}gl fb}glu qb~ aubh}lm |h~|{luvj~lm vj~j}~( ]gl Ice|m~cbh l~}bedj~glm }gb} N[^ gbmb~~l~~lm }gl ci}glu b~ eljha {ui}ln}jvl$ ulnicclhmlm mj~cj~~bd if }gl ml{lhmlhnzelnb|~l }gl ci}glu qb~ bh b{{ui{ujb}l nbulajvlu$ bhm lh~|ulm }gb} }gl ci}glu bhm ngjdmqlul ulnljvjha b{{ui{ujb}l ~luvjnl~( ]gl Ice|m~cbh fi|hm }gb} N[^ ni|dm }b`l hif|u}glu {ui}ln}jvl bn}jih$ bhm }gl nic{dbjh} qb~ ndi~lm(

>1 ]gj~ h|celu qb~ gjaglu }gbh jh 5;2;$ qglh 6= {lunlh} if jhvl~}jab}jih~ qlul ndi~lm b~ |h~|e~}bh}jb}lm iu qj}g hieb~j~ fiu jh}luvlh}jih ez }gl Ice|m~cbh(


40/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH =;t[ B A L

]Z[L^ IF JH]LUVLH]JIH EZ ]GL ICE\M^CBH

]gl fiddiqjha }bedl~ {uivjml lwbc{dl~ if fi|u }z{l~ if }z{jnbd jh}luvlh}jih~ ez }gl Ice|m~cbh?2( Jh}luvlh}jih~ }i jhm|nl niuuln}jvl bn}jih(5( Jh}luvlh}jih~ }i fbnjdj}b}l ul~id|}jih if bh balhnz luuiu bhm)iu b NB ndjlh}~ nihnluh~(>(

Jh}luvlh}jih~ }i gld{ }gl balhnz bvijm luuiu~ bhm nihm|n} el}}lu {ubn}jnl(=( Jh}luvlh}jih~ }i gld{ }gl balhnz {ulvlh} f|}|ul cj~}b`l~( ]gl~l bul nb~l~ jh qgjng bhbalhnz luuiu j~ eui|ag} }i }gl Ice|m~cbh~ b}}lh}jih bf}lu#}gl#fbn}$ bhm niuuln}jvl bn}jih j~hi dihalu {i~~jedl( ]gl Ice|m~cbh eujha~ }gl {uiedlc }i }gl b}}lh}jih if balhnziffjnjbd~$ ~i ~}l{~ nbh el }b`lh }i {ulvlh} ~|ng luuiu~ fuic uln|uujha jh }gl f|}|ul(

]gl fiddiqjha }bedl~ {uivjml lwbc{dl~ if jh}luvlh}jih~ fiu lbng if }gl~l fi|u nb}laiujl~( Lbnglwbc{dl ~|ccbujl~ }gl jhvl~}jab}jvl fjhmjha$ }gl bn}jih }b`lh ez }gl Ice|m~cbh }i bmmul~~ }gl{uiedlc$ bhm }gl i|}nicl( ]gl fjhmjha~ bul iuabhjlm ez }gl `lz j~~|l jhvidvlm jh }gl fjhmjha(


41/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH =2t[ B A L

ICE\M^CBHJHBN]JIH? JHM\NJHA NIUULN]JVL BN]JIH

@lz J~~|l Jhvl~}jab}jvl Fjhmjha Ice|m~cbh Bn}jih I|}nicl

Fbjd|ul }i {uivjmlulb~ihbedlbnniccimb}jih~}i mj~bedlm ndjlh}~

N[^ fbjdlm }i {uivjml dl}}lu~ulabumjha }gl fjhmjha~ if b N[^jhvl~}jab}jih }i }qi vj~|bddzjc{bjulm {bulh}~ jh bh bd}luhb}lfiucb} ~|ng b~ Eubjddl(

]gl Ice|m~cbh b~`lm}gb} }gl dl}}lu~ el ul~lh}jh Eubjddl(

N[^ ~lh} Eubjddl}ubh~nuj{}jih~ if}gl dl}}lu~ }i }gl{bulh}~(

Fbjd|ul }i fiddiqNgjdm [ui}ln}jih]lbc 'N[]*ulnicclhmb}jih~

NFQ^ b|}giujlm b }ubh~j}jih giclqj}g bh jhnulb~jha ~nglm|dl ifivluhjag} vj~j}~ el}qllh }qiml{lhmlh} ngjdmulh$ bal~ ~jw bhm}gull$ bhm b {bulh} ml~{j}l b ulnlh}ulnicclhmb}jih ez }gl N[] }gb}}gl ngjdmulh ulcbjh jh i|}#if#gicl

nbul qj}g nih}jh|jha mbz vj~j}~ |h}jdf|u}glu {uiaul~~ qb~ mlcih~}ub}lm(]gl Ice|m~cbh fi|hm }gb} }glN[] ulnicclhmb}jih~ qlululb~ihbedz eb~lm |{ih nihnluh~ fiu}gl ngjdmulh~ ~bfl}z bhm qldd#eljha(

]gl Ice|m~cbhnih}bn}lm }gl BulbBmcjhj~}ub}iu }ir|l~}jih }gj~ {dbh jh djag}if }gl N[]~ nihnluhbei|} }gl ngjdmulh~~bfl}z bhm qldd#eljha jh

}gl ivluhjag} nbul if }gl{bulh}(

]gl vj~j}b}jih~nglm|dl qb~ ~nbdlmebn` }i ihlivluhjag} vj~j} bqll` |h}jd f|u}gluni|u} iumlu(

\hulb~ihbedl~nullhjhamlnj~jih~ ez N[^jh}b`l

N[^ jh}b`l ~nullhlm i|} }gullulfluubd~ bddlajha {gz~jnbd be|~l bhmhladln} if b fi|u}llh zlbu idm hih#ml{lhmlh} zi|}g( ]gl Ice|m~cbhfi|hm }gb} }gl ulfluubd~ qlul cbml

ez clh}bd glbd}g {uifl~~jihbd~ul{iu}jha ihaijha ~bfl}z nihnluh~$bhm qbuubh}lm ulvjlq if }gl jhj}jbd~nullhjha mlnj~jih~(

]gl Ice|m~cbhnih}bn}lm }gl jh}b`l{uiaubc cbhbalu bhmulr|l~}lm b ulvjlq if }gl~nullhjha mlnj~jih~(

]gl }gjum ulfluubdqb~ ~nullhlm jh fiujhvl~}jab}jihfiddiqjha b ulvjlqez }gl {uiaubc

cbhbalu( ]gljhvl~}jab}jihul~|d}lm jh bml{lhmlhnz{l}j}jih$ bhm }glzi|}g qb~ {dbnlm jhi|}#if#gicl nbul(

\hulb~ihbedlN[^ fjhmjha

N[^ cbml b fjhmjha if hladln}babjh~} b {bulh} }gb} qb~ hi}~|{{iu}lm ez }gl lvjmlhnl ab}glulmm|ujha }gl jhvl~}jab}jih(F|u}gluciul$ }gl {bulh} bddlalm }gb}hi hi}jfjnb}jih if }gj~ fjhmjha gbmellh ulnljvlm( ]gl {bulh} di~}lc{dizclh} b~ b ul~|d} if }glfjhmjha(

]gl Ice|m~cbhnih}bn}lm }gl BulbBmcjhj~}ub}iu bhmulr|l~}lm b ulvjlq if }glfjhmjha(

]gl BulbBmcjhj~}ub}iubaullm }gb} }glulqb~ b dbn` iflvjmlhnl }i ~|{{iu}b fjhmjha if hladln}$bhm }gl fjhmjha qb~ivlu}|uhlm(


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ICE\M^CBHJHBN]JIH? FBNJDJ]B]JHA UL^ID\]JIH

@lz J~~|l Jhvl~}jab}jvl Fjhmjha Ice|m~cbh Bn}jih I|}nicl

Jhb{{ui{ujb}l{dbnlclh} ifml{lhmlh}ngjdmLWBC[DL B

NFQ^ {dbnlm b }lh zlbu idm ngjdm jh bfi~}lu gicl fuic qgjng }gl ngjdm gbmellh ulcivlm }gull zlbu~ {ujiu$m|ujha b N[^ jhvl~}jab}jih if }glfi~}lu gicl( Bd}gi|ag }gl ul~|d}~ if}gb} jhvl~}jab}jih qlul jhnihnd|~jvlbhm }gl gicl qb~ ~}jdd djnlh~lm$ }glIce|m~cbh fi|hm }gb} }gl fi~}lu{bulh}~ gbm ~{i`lh hlab}jvldz }i bhmbei|} }gl ngjdm jh }gl {b~}$ bhm mjmhi} gbvl b {i~j}jvl uldb}jih~gj{ qj}g

}gl ngjdm(

]gl Ice|m~cbhnih}bn}lm }gl NFQ^~|{luvj~iu }i mj~n|~~}gl~l nihnluh~(

]gl ~|{luvj~iu qb~|hbqbul if }gl {b~}j~~|l~ qj}g }gj~fi~}lu gicl bhmqldniclm }gljhfiucb}jih( ]glbalhnz civlm }glngjdm }i b mjfflulh}fi~}lu gicl qj}gjh}lh mbz~(

Jhbmlr|b}ln|~}iclu~luvjnl ez N[^jh}b`lLWBC[DL E

N[^ jh}b`l {dbnlm b cbhmb}lmul{iu}lu ih gidm fiu bdci~} bh gi|uqglh }gl nbddlu qb~ b}}lc{}jha }iul{iu} ngjdm be|~l( ]gj~ inn|uulm{ujiu }i }gl lhm if }gl ~ngiid mbzbhm }gl ~}bu} }i b diha gidjmbzqll`lhm(

]gl Ice|m~cbhnih}bn}lm bh jh}b`l~|{luvj~iu }i ul{iu} }gl{uiedlc(

]gl jh}b`l~|{luvj~iu baullm }igbvl }gl~|{luvj~iu~ mjuln}djhl {uivjmlm }i }glcbhmb}lm ul{iu}lu~i }gl ul{iu} ni|dmel jcclmjb}ldz}b`lh(

Dlha}gz mldbz

jh {uivjmjha{|edjnmj~ndi~|ul

NB fbjdlm }i {uivjml balhnz ulnium~

}i fiuclu fi~}lu zi|}g qgi gbm~|ecj}}lm b ulnium~ ulr|l~} ciul}gbh b zlbu {ujiu(

]gl Ice|m~cbh

nih}bn}lm }gl ulajihbdFiuc~ bhm Ulnium~Bhbdz~} }i jmlh}jfz }glulb~ih fiu }gl dlha}gzmldbz(

]gl bhbdz~} ul{iu}lm

}gb} }glul qb~ bdbual ebn`dia ifulnium~ ulr|l~}~ m|l}i e|mal} bhm ~}bffn|}~( ]gl~l{bu}jn|dbu ulr|l~}~qlul ~}jdd jh {uinl~~$e|} }gl bhbdz~}ifflulm }i gbvl }glzi|}g~ nih}bn} glumjuln}dz jh b cih}gjf }gl ulnium~ gbmhi} zl} ellhulnljvlm(


43/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH =>t[ B A L

Fbjd|ul }i~|{{iu} vj~j}~qj}g uldb}jvl~

NFQ^ ulf|~lm }i bddiq vj~j}~ el}qllh}gull ml{lhmlh} ngjdmulh$ bal~ }qi$~lvlh bhm ljag}$ bhm }gljuaubhm{bulh}~ qj}g qgic }glz qlul{ulvji|~dz {dbnlm diha#}luc( ]gl

Ice|m~cbh fi|hm }gb} bd}gi|ag }glngjdmulh~ ni|h~ldiu gbmulnicclhmlm babjh~} vj~j}~ m|l }i}glju bhm }gl aubhm{bulh}~ mj~}ul~~ivlu }gl ulcivbd$ }gl ngjdmulh qlul~}uihadz eihmlm }i }glju uldb}jvl~ bhmqlul ulr|l~}jha vj~j}~( Vj~j}~ qlulbd~i ~|{{iu}lm ez }gl ngjdmulh~NB^B(

]gl Ice|m~cbhnih}bn}lm NFQ^ }iulr|l~} }gb} b }ujbd}ldl{gihl nbdd elnih~jmlulm fiddiqlm ez b

ulnih~jmlub}jih if vj~j}~ jf}gl nbdd qlh} ~cii}gdz(

NFQ^ fbnjdj}b}lm b}ldl{gihl nbddfiddiqlm ez {lujimjnvj~j}~ qgjdl }glngjdmulh qlul jh

fi~}lu nbul$ |h}jd bciul fiucbdvj~j}b}jih {dbh ni|dmel l~}bedj~glm qj}g}gl ngjdmulh~ hlquldb}jvl bmi{}jvl{dbnlclh}(

Fbjd|ul }i~luvl zi|}gqj}g

ml{lhmlhnz{l}j}jih

N[^ fbjdlm }i ~luvl }gl ~|eoln} zi|}gjh b ml{lhmlhnz {l}j}jih 'bal ~jw}llh*qj}g }gl {l}j}jih bhm hi}jnl if }gl

ni|u} glbujha( ]gl zi|}g qb~ bvjn}jc if {gz~jnbd be|~l bhm qbh}lm}i jhfiuc }gl ni|u} if glu flbu if }gl{bulh}( M|l }i }gl dbn` if hi}jnl$ }glzi|}g cj~~lm }gl i{{iu}|hj}z }ib}}lhm }gl ~gld}lu nbul glbujha$ bhmqb~ |hbqbul if glu ujag} }i elul{ul~lh}lm ez bh b}}iuhlz(

]gl Ice|m~cbhnih}bn}lm N[^ bhmulr|l~}lm }gb} }gj~

jhfiucb}jih el {uivjmlmb~ ~iih b~ {i~~jedl(

N[^ jhfiuclm }glzi|}g bei|} }gl{l}j}jih bhm glu

ujag}~ }gl fiddiqjhambz(

Mldbz jhie}bjhjha{ul~nujelm

clmjnb}jihfiu ml{lhmlh}zi|}g

M^G^ mldbzlm jh b|}giujjha |ualh}dzhllmlm {~zngi}ui{jn clmjnb}jih fiu b~lvlh}llh zlbu idm zi|}g jh fi~}lu

nbul$ ml~{j}l b {ujvb}l balhnz nb~lcbhbalu jh}lh~jvldz qiu`jha }iul~idvl }gl j~~|l fiu ~lvlubd gi|u~(]gl zi|}g gbm cj~~lm ihl mi~l ifclmjnb}jih bdulbmz m|l }i b{dbnlclh} mj~u|{}jih bhm {ul~lh}lm bmbhalu }i ~ldf bhm i}glu~(

]gl Ice|m~cbhnih}bn}lm NFQ^$ qgi mjmhi} gbvl b {dbh fiu

ul~idvjha }gl ~j}|b}jih(]gl Ice|m~cbhnih}bn}lm M^G^ Glbd}gbhm Ulgbejdj}b}jih^luvjnl~ Bmcjhj~}ub}jih'GU^B* }i |ual ~{llmzb|}giujb}jih }i }gl{gbucbnz }i lh~|ul }glzi|}g~ {ul~nuj{}jih ni|dmel fjddlm ez }gl lhm if }glmbz(

M^G^)GU^B{uivjmlmb|}giujb}jih fiu }gl

clmjnb}jih db}lu }gb}mbz(


44/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH ==t[ B A L

ICE\M^CBH JH BN]JIH? B^^J^]JHA ]GL BALHNZ JH BVIJMJHA LUUIU^ BHM

NIHM\N]JHA EL]]LU [UBN]JNL

@lz J~~|l Jhvl~}jab}jvl Fjhmjha Ice|m~cbh

Bn}jih

I|}nicl

Fbjd|ul }i~|{{iu} vj~j}~qj}g uldb}jvl~

NFQ^ qb~ ~|{{iu}jha b NB^B~ni|u} ci}jih }i ~|~{lhmvj~j}b}jih el}qllh b }gull zlbuidm ml{lhmlh} ngjdm bhm }glaubhm{bulh}~( ]gl aubhm{bulh}~gbm {l}j}jihlm }gl ni|u} }i bmi{}}gl ngjdm$ bhm bh bmi{}jih }ujbdqb~ {lhmjha( ]gl Ice|m~cbhfi|hm hi lvjmlhnl }gb} }gl vj~j}~qlul gbucjha }gl ngjdm(

]gl Ice|m~cbhnih}bn}lm NFQ^ bhmulr|l~}lm }gb} }glbalhnz ulnih~jmlu j}~~|{{iu} if }glci}jih }i ~|~{lhmvj~j}b}jih(

]gl balhnz baullm }i~|{{iu} ulm|nlm vj~j}b}jihub}glu }gbh ~|~{lhmlmvj~j}b}jih(

\hjh}lhmlmnih~lr|lhnlif {idjnzngbhalulabumjhavid|h}buz{dbnlclh}baullclh}~'V[B~*

NFQ^ abvl }qi qll`~ hi}jnl}gb} b V[B fiu b hjhl}llh zlbuidm zi|}g qi|dm el }lucjhb}lm(]gj~ qb~ m|l }i b ngbhal jh{idjnz mj~bddiqjha V[B~ lwnl{}|hmlu ~{lnjbd njun|c~}bhnl~$ b~qldd b~ ~}ujn}lu lhfiunlclh} if bhlwj~}jha {idjnz mj~bddiqjha zi|}g~jh ml{lhmlhnz a|bumjbh~gj{~ }ilh}lu V[B~ bf}lu bal ljag}llh(]gl Ice|m~cbh fi|hm }glbeu|{} }lucjhb}jih if }gl V[B

qi|dm ul~|d} jh gbuc }i }glzi|}g(

]gl Ice|m~cbhnih}bn}lm }glJhml{lhmlh} Djvjha[uiaubc Cbhbalu }iulr|l~} }gb} ciulhi}jnl el {uivjmlm }ibddiq fiu bh bmlr|b}l}ubh~j}jih if }glzi|}g }i bm|d}~luvjnl~ bhm ^^Jf|hmjha(

]gl {uiaubc cbhbalubaullm }i lw}lhm }gl V[Bfiu bh bmmj}jihbd cih}g }ibddiq fiu ~gbulm {dbhhjha}i inn|u( B ~|j}bedl}ubh~j}jih {dbh qb~mlvldi{lm bhmjc{dlclh}lm }i bddiq fiu}gl zi|}g }i nih}jh|lulnljvjha hllmlm ~luvjnl~bhm ~ngiidjha(

Jhbmlr|b}l}ubh~j}jih {dbhjh civl iffi~}lu ngjdmulh

NFQ^ fbjdlm }i nulb}l bclbhjhaf|d }ubh~j}jih {dbh fiu}qi dlabddz full ngjdmulh$ bal~}gull bhm fi|u$ qgi qlul eljhacivlm fuic }glju fi~}lu gicl }ib uldb}jvl {dbnlclh}( ]glngjdmulh gbm hlvlu cl} }gluldb}jvl~$ bhm }gl {dbh bddiqlmfiu ihdz ihl ivluhjag} vj~j} {ujiu

}i }gl civl( B Fi~}lu NbulB~~l~~clh} [uiaubc lvbd|b}jihgbm ulnicclhmlm }gb} bhz{dbhhlm civl fiu }gl fi|u zlbuidm el ~diq bhm {dbhhlm( Hi~gbulm {dbhhjha cll}jha qb~gldm }i mj~n|~~ }gl {dbh(

]gl Ice|m~cbhnih}bn}lm }gl NFQ^~|{luvj~iu bhm bulbbmcjhj~}ub}iu }iulr|l~} }gb} b ciulb{{ui{ujb}l }ubh~j}jih{dbh el nih~jmlulm$qj}g jh{|} fuic }glfi~}lu {bulh}~ bhm

{uifl~~jihbd~jhvidvlm qj}g }glngjdmulh(

B ~gbulm {dbhhjha cll}jhaqb~ gldm bhm {uifl~~jihbd~$}gl fi~}lu {bulh}~$ bhmuldb}jvl~ {uivjmlm jh{|}(]gl }ubh~j}jih {dbh qb~lw}lhmlm ~lvlubd qll`~fuic }gl iujajhbd {dbh(


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IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH =


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ICE\M^CBH^ BMVLU^L FJHMJHA^

Bf}lu jhvl~}jab}jha b nic{dbjh}$ jf }gl Ice|m~cbh nihnd|ml~ }gb} }gl balhnz~ bn}jih~ bul lj}glu jhvjidb}jih if dbq$ {idjnz$ iu balhnz {uinlm|ul$ i|}~jml if }gl balhnz~ b|}giuj}z$ iu ndlbudz

|hulb~ihbedl |hmlu }gl njun|c~}bhnl~$ }gl Ice|m~cbh cb`l~ bh bmvlu~l fjhmjha babjh~} }glbalhnz(

Bmvlu~l fjhmjha~ fbdd jh}i }gull euibm nb}laiujl~?

}gl balhnz vjidb}lm b dbq$ {idjnz iu {uinlm|ul0 }gl balhnz~ bn}jih iu jhbn}jih qb~ ndlbudz|hulb~ihbedl |hmlu }gl njun|c~}bhnl~0 iu hi vjidb}jih iu ndlbudz|hulb~ihbedl bn}jih qb~ fi|hm$ e|} {iiu {ubn}jnl ih }gl {bu} if }gl

balhnz ul~|d}lm jh bn}|bd iu {i}lh}jbd gbuc }i b ngjdm iu fbcjdz(

Jf }gl~l nuj}lujb bul cl} bhm }gl Ice|m~cbh eldjlvl~ }gb} }gl balhnz~ bn}jih iu jhbn}jih ni|dmnb|~l fiul~llbedl gbuc }i b ngjdm iu {bulh}$ }gl Ice|m~cbh jh}luvlhl~ }i {lu~|bml }gl balhnz }i

niuuln} }gl {uiedlc( ]gl Ice|m~cbh ~gbul~ }gl bmvlu~l fjhmjha qj}g ~|{luvj~iu~ iu gjaglu dlvldbalhnz iffjnjbd~$ bhm cbz ulnicclhm b mjfflulh} ni|u~l if bn}jih$ iu ulr|l~} b ulvjlq if }gl nb~l ezgjaglu dlvld mlnj~jih cb`lu~( Jf }gl Ice|m~cbh~ fjhmjha jhvidvlm {iiu {ubn}jnl ez }gl balhnzub}glu }gbh b vjidb}jih iu ndlbudz |hulb~ihbedl bn}jih$ jf }gl nic{dbjh} jhvidvl~ b n|uulh} bn}jih$ }glIce|m~cbh jh}luvlhl~ qglul {i~~jedl }i b~~|ul el}}lu {ubn}jnl( Qglh j} jhvidvl~ b {b~} bn}jih$ }glIce|m~cbh min|clh}~ }gl j~~|l bhm eujha~ j} }i }gl b}}lh}jih if balhnz iffjnjbd~( Qglh bnic{dbjh} iu ~lvlubd nic{dbjh}~ ubj~l b ~z~}lcjn j~~|l$ }gl Ice|m~cbh cbz i{lh b ~z~}lcjnjhvl~}jab}jih$ bhm)iu cb`l b ~z~}lcjn fjhmjha( Bh lwbc{dl if b ~z~}lcjn fjhmjha j~ {ul~lh}lm ih{bal 6;(

NICC\HJNB]JIH IF BMVLU^L FJHMJHA^ ]I M^G^

B~ ~l} fiu}g jh }gl Hivlcelu 5;;: jh}lubalhnz baullclh} lh}lulm jh}i el}qllh IFNI bhmM^G^>7$ IFNI {uivjml~ quj}}lh hi}jnl }i NB if bhz bmvlu~l fjhmjha'~* cbml ih b nic{dbjh}jhvl~}jab}jih( NB j~ jhvj}lm }i fiucbddz ul~{ihm }i }gl fjhmjha$ bhm cbz {ul~lh} bmmj}jihbdjhfiucb}jih bhm ulr|l~} b ulvj~jih if }gl fjhmjha( Jh cbhz nb~l~$ NB {uivjmlm b ml}bjdlm ul~{ih~l$~icl}jcl~ qj}g b ulr|l~} fiu b cimjfjnb}jih if IFNI~ fjhmjha(

]gl fiddiqjha }bedl ~giq~ }gl vbuji|~ nb}laiujl~ if j~~|l~ jh qgjng bmvlu~l fjhmjha~ qlul cbml(^icl nic{dbjh}~ gbm ~lvlubd fjhmjha~ uldb}lm }i ciul }gbh ihl j~~|l }gb} qb~ lj}glu ubj~lm ez }glnic{dbjhbh} iu mj~nivlulm ez }gl Ice|m~cbh jh }gl ni|u~l if jhvl~}jab}jha }gl nic{dbjh}(

>7 ]gl jh}lu#balhnz baullclh} j~ bvbjdbedl ih IFNI~ qle~j}l b} g}}{?))qqq(aivluhiu(qb(aiv)ifni)jh}lubalhnzYifniYm~g~({mfIFNI nih}jh|l~ }i qiu` qj}g NB ih ulfjhjha }gl ci~} lffln}jvl {uinl~~ fiu nicc|hjnb}jha bmvlu~l fjhmjha~ if mjfflulh} }z{l~$ jh b

}jcldz bhm gld{f|d cbhhlu(


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BMVLU^L FJHMJHA^ EZ J^^\L FIU IFNIUL[IU]JHA ZLBU 5;2;#5;22>:

J~~|l H|celu if Bmvlu~l Fjhmjha~

5;2; 5;22

Ngjdm ^bfl}z 2< 25

Fbjd|ul ez NFQ^ }i lh~|ul)cihj}iu ml{lhmlh} ngjdm~ ~bfl}z 1

fjhmjha~ ulabumjha glbd}g bhm ~bfl}z vj~j}~ > fbjd|ul }i jhfiuc a|bumjbh bm dj}lc if N[^ ulfluubd ih

ml{lhmlh} ngjdm

2

|h~bfl {dbnlclh} if ml{lhmlh} ngjdm qj}g ~{lnjbdhllm~

2

Fbjd|ul ez N[^)FV^=; }i lh~|ul)cihj}iu hih#ml{lhmlh}ngjdm~ ~bfl}z

> 2

Jhbmlr|b}l N[^ jhvl~}jab}jih)nb~l cbhbalclh} 5 >Fbjd|ul }i ~nullh jh N[^ ulfluubd fiu jhvl~}jab}jih)i}glu~nullhjha luuiu~

2 5

Fbjd|ul }i ~}bff nb~l qj}g Ngjdm [ui}ln}jih ]lbc {ujiu }iul}|uh gicl

2

Fbjd|ul ez MDU }i lh~|ul ~bfl}z if fi~}lu gicl)fbnjdj}z 2

Jhb{{ui{ujb}l MDU)N[^ fjhmjha '|hfi|hmlm* 2

Fbcjdz ^l{bub}jih bhm Ul|hjfjnb}jih < 6

Fbjd|ul }i ul|hjfz fbcjdz 2

Fbjd|ul }i {uivjml b{{ui{ujb}l nih}bn} el}qllh {bulh} bhmngjdm

2 2

Fbjd|ul }i {uivjml ~jedjha vj~j}~ 2

Fbjd|ul }i {uivjml nih}bn} qj}g uldb}jvl)fjn}jvl `jh 2

\hulb~ihbedl ulcivbd if hih#ml{lhmlh} ngjdm fuic gicl 2 2

\hulb~ihbedl ulcivbd if ml{lhmlh} ngjdm fuic uldb}jvlnbulajvlu

5

Fbjd|ul }i {dbnl ngjdm qj}g uldb}jvl 2

Fbjd|ul }i {dbnl ngjdm qj}g hih#n|~}imjbd {bulh} 2

>: Fjhmjha~ jh ~icl if }gl cboiu nb}laiujl~ bul eui`lh miqh ciul ~{lnjfjnbddz jh 5;22 }gbh jh 5;2;(=; Fbcjdz Vid|h}buz ^luvjnl~(


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Ml{lhmlh} Ngjdm Glbd}g bhm Qldd#Eljha 7

[dbnlclh} j~~|l~ 'jhnd( {dbnlclh} mldbz~$ jhbmlr|bnjl~$|hbvbjdbejdj}z*

|hhlnl~~buz)c|d}j{dl civl~ jhbmlr|b}l }ubh~j}jih {dbh |hulb~ihbedl {dbh }i civl ngjdm eb~lm ih hih#~bfl}z

uldb}lm djnlh~jha j~~|l~

=

5

2

2

Fbjd|ul }i {uivjml NGL] ~nullh jh b }jcldz cbhhlu 2

Ml{lhmlh} Ngjdm [lucbhlhnz 7 6

Mldbz jh {lucbhlhnz 7 5

Dbn` if b}}iuhlz iu a|bumjbh bm dj}lc fiu ml{lhmlh} ngjdm 2

Vjidb}jih~ if Jhmjbh Ngjdm Qldfbul Bn} 5

Fbjd|ul }i hi}jfz zi|}g if ujag} }i ulr|l~} ni|h~ld 2

Fbjd|ul }i ~luvl zi|}g qj}g ml{lhmlhnz {l}j}jih bhm hi}jnl ifglbujha 2

[iiu Nb~lqiu` [ubn}jnl Ul~|d}jha jh Gbuc }i Ngjdm iu

Fbcjdz22 7

Jhbmlr|b}l bmi{}jih gicl ~}|mz 2

Fbjd|ul }i fiddiq N[^ ngjdm jh}luvjlq {ui}inid 2

Fbjd|ul }i nihm|n} ~|{luvj~iuz ulvjlq~ 2

Nicc|hjnb}jih fbjd|ul~ 5

Gjag nb~lqiu`lu)~|{luvj~iu }|uhivlu bffln}jha nih}jh|j}z ifnb~l 5

Jhbnn|ub}l$ jhnic{dl}l iu mldbzlm min|clh}b}jih = 2

I}glu {iiu {ubn}jnl 5 2 2 2

I}glu Fjhmjha~ > 5

Dbn` if niiumjhb}jih el}qllh M^G^ mjvj~jih~ ul~|d}jha jhgbuc }i ngjdm)fbcjdz

> 2

Jhbmlr|b}l ngjdm fb}bdj}z ulvjlq 2

]I]BD H\CELU IF FJHMJHA^ 75 6 î|}g

Ulajih > Hiu}g

Ulajih 5 î|}g

Ulajih 5 Hiu}g

Ulajih 2 î|}g

Ulajih 2 Hiu}g

Nic{dbjh}~ qj}g Bmvlu~l Fjhmjha~ ez Ulajih/

5;2; 'h365*

5;22 'h36;*


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IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH


52/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH (>=(;>;'2*'e*'jj*( [uici}jha b ngjdm~ djfl#diha nihhln}jih~ }i }glju fbcjdjl~ fi~}lu~ b ~lh~l ifjmlh}j}z bhm qldd#eljha( IFNI~ bmvlu~l fjhmjha fin|~l~ ih MNF^ bn}jih~ jh O|hl bhm O|dz 5;2;qglh$ lvlh bf}lu j} qb~ ndlbu }gb} }gl uldb}jvl~ JN[N gicl ~}|mz qb~ aijha }i el b{{uivlm$ MNF^}ii` }gl {i~j}jih }gb} ZN ~gi|dm hi} el civlm }i b uldb}jvl {dbnlclh}( B~ lbudz b~ Mlnlcelu 5;;:$ZN~ ~j}|b}jih ~gi|dm gbvl ellh nih~jmlulm ~l{bub}ldz fuic glu idmlu ~jedjha~$ ajvlh glu bal$ ~giu}ludlha}g if }jcl jh glu n|uulh} {dbnlclh}$ }gl fbn} }gb} ~gl qb~ hi} bdulbmz {dbnlm qj}g b uldb}jvl iu b

~jedjha$ bhm }gl fbn} }gb} qb~ hi} gbvjha }gl ~bcl dlvld if ihaijha ~jedjha nih}bn} b~ glu idmlu~jedjha~(

NBUL^[IH^L

Lwnlu{}~ fuic NB~ quj}}lh ul~{ih~l }i IFNI?

]gbh` zi| fiu zi|u fllmebn` ulabumjha }gl dbn` if }jcldz {|u~|j} if uldb}jvl {dbnlclh} fiu fjvlml{lhmlh} ngjdmulh jh vjidb}jih if UNQ 2>(>=(;>; '2*'e*'jj*( Ql mi hi} mj~baull iu ulr|l~}cimjfjnb}jih if zi|u fjhmjha(

Lffln}jvl jcclmjb}ldz NFQ^ ~|{luvj~iu~ bul ulvjlqjha bdd i|} if gicl nb~l~ }i lh~|ul nic{dl}jih if b

uldb}jvl ~lbung bhm b~~l~~clh} if bdd ~|j}bedl uldb}jvl~(

]gl lw{ln}b}jih j~ }gb} bdd NFQ^ nb~l~ qjdd ulnljvl b }giui|ag uldb}jvl ~lbung ez }gl uldb}jvl ~lbung~{lnjbdj~} qj}gjh }gl {idjnz }jcldjhl( ]gl NFQ^ ~injbd qiu`lu~ bhm)iu ~|{luvj~iu qjdd fiddiq |{ qj}g}gl ~|j}bedl uldb}jvl~ ul{iu}lm ez }gl uldb}jvl ~lbung ~{lnjbdj~} qj}gjh }qi qll`~ if }gl ulnlj{} if }glul{iu}(

NFQ^ ~injbd qiu`lu~ bhm)iu ~|{luvj~iu qjdd ulflu b ~|j}bedl uldb}jvl fiu b uldb}jvl gicl ~}|mz qj}gjh}gl {idjnz }jcldjhl( ]gl NFQ^ ~|{luvj~iu~ qjdd b~~l~~ }gl {dbnlclh} if ml{lhmlh} ngjdmulh m|ujha }glcih}gdz nb~l ulvjlq qj}g }gl ~injbd qiu`lu~ }i lh~|ul bmglulhnl }i }gl uldb}jvl {dbnlclh} {idjnz(

Jf j} j~ b{{ui{ujb}l$ bh b~~jahlm NFQ^ ~injbd qiu`lu qjdd nicclhnl }gl JN[N {uinl~~ jh }jcldzcbhhlu( Jf }glul j~ b ulb~ih hi} }i fiddiq }gui|ag qj}g }gl JN[N fiu b ~|j}bedl uldb}jvl$ }gl b~~jahlmNFQ^ ~injbd qiu`lu bhm ~|{luvj~iu qjdd ~}bff nb~l jcclmjb}ldz qj}g }gl Bulb Bmcjhj~}ub}iu(

NFQ^ ~|{luvj~iu~ qjdd ~}bff nb~l~ qj}g }gl Bulb Bmcjhj~}ub}iu qglul }glul j~ b {dbnlclh}mj~baullclh} el}qllh }gl ml{bu}clh} bhm }gl ni|u} bhm)iu VABD(


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IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH t[ B A L

NBMJ^BAULLCLH]$IFNICIMJFJNB]JIH IF BH BMVLU^L FJHMJHA

^\CCBUZ IF IFNI^ IUJAJHBD FJHMJHA

MNF^)NFQ^ fbjdlm }i {uivjml ni|u} iumlulm vj~j}b}jih }i {bulh}~ if b ~jw zlbu idm

ml{lhmlh} ngjdm m|ujha b {lujim if }ubh~j}jih if o|uj~mjn}jih if }gl nb~l el}qllh }qiulajih~( ]gl ni|u} iumlu {uivjmlm ~jw gi|u~ {lu qll` if {bulh}#ngjdm vj~j}b}jih( Nb~l {dbhhjha qb~nic{djnb}lm ez }gl fbn} }gb} }gl ml{lhmlhnz qb~ fjdlm ez Ulajih B MNF^ qgjdl }gl fbcjdz qb~ jh}gl {uinl~~ if civjha bnui~~ }gl ^}b}l( ]gl ~jw zlbu idm ngjdm qb~ {dbnlm qj}g b uldb}jvl jh Ulajih Ejh Cbz 5;2;( ]gl {bulh}~ qlul bd~i djvjha jh Ulajih E bhm jh B|a|~} 5;2; }gl ni|u} iumlulm }gl}ubh~flu if o|uj~mjn}jih }i Ulajih E( [ujiu }i }gl fiucbd }ubh~flu if o|uj~mjn}jih$ Ulajih B MNF^b}}lc{}lm }i buubhal vj~j}b}jih bhm cb`l |{ vj~j}~ }gui|ag Ulajih E bf}lu }gl nih}ubn}lm vj~j}b}jih~|{luvj~iu qb~ hi dihalu bvbjdbedl$ e|} lhni|h}lulm mjffjn|d}jl~ jh ie}bjhjha b ul~{ih~l fuic UlajihE MNF^$ jhnd|mjha nihf|~jih b~ }i qgi qb~ b~~jahlm }i }gl nb~l$ jf bhzihl$ jh Ulajih E( B} ihl{ijh} qglh IFNI nih}bn}lm Ulajih E$ ql dlbuhlm }gb} }gl nb~l gbm ellh b~~jahlm }i b ~injbdqiu`lu qgi qb~ i|} ih lw}lhmlm dlbvl(

B~ if B|a|~} 5;$ 5;2;$ }gl NFQ^ nb~l gbm ellh b~~jahlm jh Ulajih E bhm IFNI nih}bn}lm }glb~~jahlm NFQ^ ^|{luvj~iu }i b~` qgl}glu vj~j}b}jih bhm cb`l#|{ vj~j}~ fiu }gj~ fbcjdz ni|dm el{ujiuj}jlm ajvlh }gb} }glul gbm bdulbmz ellh b ab{ jh vj~j}~ m|ujha }gl nb~l }ubh~flu( ]gl ^|{luvj~iulw{dbjhlm }gb} b hlq vj~j}b}jih ulfluubd gbm ellh cbml e|} }gb} hi {uivjmlu gbm ellh jmlh}jfjlm(Bd~i$ IFNI qb~ jhfiuclm }gb} bf}lu jhj}jbd ulvjlq if }gl nb~l$ }gl MNF^ ~injbd qiu`lu mjm hi}eldjlvl }gb} ~|{luvj~jih if }gl vj~j}~ qb~ hlnl~~buz(

]glulbf}lu$ Ulajih E MNF^ nihvlhlm b ~gbulm {dbhhjha cll}jha bhm }gl {bulh}~ elabh gbvjhavj~j}b}jih }gui|ag }gl uldb}jvl {dbnlclh}( Giqlvlu$ }gl db~} min|clh}lm vj~j} }gui|ag }gl uldb}jvl{dbnlclh} inn|uulm }gl qll`lhm if l{}lcelu 27#2:$ 5;2;( J} b{{lbu~ fuic }gl nb~l hi}l~ }gb} }gl

uldb}jvl qb~ hi dihalu qjddjha }i ~|{luvj~l vj~j}~$ }gb} bhi}glu vj~j} ~|{luvj~iu gbm hi} ellhjmlh}jfjlm$ bhm }gb} }gl ~injbd qiu`lu qb~ qiu`jha ih bh baullm iumlu }i bddiq |h~|{luvj~lm vj~j}~(B~ b ul~|d}$ }gl {bulh}~ bhm ngjdm qlul hi} {uivjmlm ni|u} iumlulm vj~j}b}jih fiu b {lujim if ivlu ihlcih}g$ qj}g }gl lwnl{}jih if ihl vj~j} ~|{luvj~lm ez }gl ~injbd qiu`lu ih ^l{}lcelu >;$ 5;2; bhm b}gull gi|u vj~j} ~|{luvj~lm ez }gl NFQ^ ^|{luvj~iu ih In}ielu 26$ 5;2;( ]gj~ j~ b vjidb}jih ifUNQ 2>(>=(26


54/123

IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH 2(E$ qgjng ~}b}l~ }ubh~flu if o|uj~mjn}jih c|~} jhnd|ml }gl fiddiqjha? ]gl ~lhmjha iffjnl ~|{luvj~iuc|~} nih}bn} }gl ulnljvjha iffjnl ~|{luvj~iu }i ulr|l~} }ubh~flu( ]gl ~lhmjha iffjnl c|~} nih~|d} qj}g }glBBA jh }gl ulnljvjha iffjnl }i mj~n|~~ }ubh~flu if o|uj~mjn}jih0 ihnl }gj~ inn|u~ bh iffjnjbd ulr|l~} nbh elcbml( Qglh }gl ni|u} jh }gl ~lhmjha iffjnl iumlu~ dlabd }ubh~flu if o|uj~mjn}jih }gl nb~l c|~} el}ubh~fluulm jh fjvl qiu`jha mbz~( ]gl ni|u} jh PUlajih BS iumlulm }gl }ubh~flu ih 7)26)5;2; bhm}gl nb~l qb~ }ubh~fluulm ih 7)26)5;2; }i PUlajih ES( [ujiu }i }gl o|uj~mjn}jih eljha }ubh~fluulm$ b

~lnihmbuz b~~jahclh} qb~ cbml }i PhbclS$ b NFQ^ ~injbd qiu`lu jh }gl PUlajih E2S iffjnl$ ih;1)>;)5;2;( P]gl b~~jahlm qiu luS qb~ lw{ln}lm }i ul}|uh fuic clmjnbd dlbvl ih 1)>;)5;2;0giqlvlu$ mjm hi} ul}|uh |h}jd 7)5)2;( J} qb~ }gj~ ~|{luvj~iu~ luuiu }i b~~jah P}gj~ qiu`luS }i }gl nb~l{ujiu }i }ubh~flu bhm bd~i {ujiu }i P}gl qiu`luS ul}|uhjha fuic dlbvl(

]gl nb~l qb~ iffjnjbddz }ubh~fluulm }i }gl PUlajih E2S iffjnl ih ;7)26)2; b} qgjng }jcl PQiu`lu 5Sqb~ b~~jahlm( ]glul qb~ b dbn` if nicc|hjnb}jih ulabumjha }gl vj~j}b}jih m|l }i ei}g }gl PUlajih BS~|{luvj~iu bhm }gl PUlajih E2S ~|{luvj~iu eljha aihl ih vbnb}jih( ]gl PUlajih BS ~|{luvj~iu qb~ ihvbnb}jih fuic 1)>;)5;2; }i 7)2>)5;2; bhm }gj~ ~|{luvj~iu qb~ ih vbnb}jih fuic 1)>;)5;2; }i7)26)5;2;( ]gl nb~l qb~ cbjh}bjhlm }gui|ag PUlajih BS ni|u}~ |h}jd ;7)26)5;2;( PQiu`lu 5Smj~nivlulm ih ;7)21)2; }gb} }gl vj~j}b}jih {uivjmlu qb~ hi dihalu lc{dizlm bhm vj~j}b}jih hllmlm }iel jcclmjb}ldz bmmul~~lm( ]gl ~injbd qiu`lu {uivjmlm b vj~j} ih ;7)5=)2; '~ll b}}bngclh} B$ Nb~l

hi}l JM$ P.S*(

Jh ulabum~ }i vj~j}b}jih$ }gl ml{bu}clh} mjm {uivjml ni|u} iumlulm vj~j}b}jih }i }gl {bulh}~( [ujiu }iPUlajih ES ulnljvjha }gj~ nb~l$ PUlajih BS {uivjmlm vj~j}b}jih |h}jd 1)5:)5;2; b~ min|clh}lm jh }glnb~l ulnium( ]gl PUlajih ES iffjnl qb~ hi} bqbul if bh j~~|l qj}g vj~j}b}jih |h}jd }gj~ ~|{luvj~iuul}|uhlm fuic vbnb}jih bhm ul~{ihmlm }i bh lcbjd ~lh} ih 7)22)5;2; fuic PUlajih BS ~|{luvj~iu$PhbclS$ qgi qb~ }gl ~|{luvj~iu nivlujha fiu }gl P~lhmjha ~|{luvj~iuS qgjdl ~gl qb~ ih vbnb}jih( P]glnivlujha ~|{luvj~iuS ul{iu}lm }gb} }gl PUlajih BS iffjnl gbm ulnljvlm b {gihl nbdd fuic }gl {bulh}~~}b}jha }gl vj~j}b}jih ~|{luvj~iu gbm di~} gj~ oie bhm vj~j}b}jih fiu 7)1)5;2; qb~ nbhnlddlm0 ~gl gbm{dbnlm nbdd~ }i }gl balhnz qj}g hi ul}|uh nbdd( Ih ;7)21)2;$ }gl b~~jahlm ~injbd qiu`lu PQiu`lu 5Snih}bn}lm {bulh}~ bhm uldb}jvl~ bhm ~l} |{ vj~j}b}jih fiu ;7)5=)2;(

Ihnl PUlajih ES }ii` ivlu ~|{luvj~jih bhm nb~l cbhbalclh} ul~{ih~jejdj}jl~$ ~|{luvj~lm vj~j}b}jihinn|uulm ih }gl fiddiqjha mb}l~?

Ih 7)5=)2;$ }gl uldb}jvl ~|{luvj~lm b vj~j} fiu }gl ci}glu bhm fb}glu }gb} qll` '~llb}}bngclh} B$ Nb~l Hi}l JM$ P.S*(

Ih 7)>2)2;$ }gl {bulh}~ nbhnlddlm }gl vj~j} ih 7)56)2;( Bnniumjha }i }gl uldb}jvl }gl fb}glumjm hi} nbdd }i nihfjuc$ uldb}jvl nih}bn}lm }gl fb}glu qgi ul{iu}lm }gl vj~j} ni|dm hi} inn|uelnb|~l$ gl gbm b cjddjih }gjha~ }i mi( Uldb}jvl~ ul{iu}lm }gl {bulh}~ bhm ngjdm vj~j}lm b} }glnjun|~ }gb} qll` '~ll b}}bngclh} E$ Nb~l Hi}l JM$ P.S*(


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IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH


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IFFJNL IF ]GL FBCJDZ BHM NGJDMULH^ ICE\M^CBH )2; {gihl nbdd }i Pnivlujha ~|{luvj~iuS jh PUlajih ES( P]gl ~|{luvj~iuS lw{ul~~lm

nihf|~jih b~ }i giq b ~injbd qiu`lu gbm ellh b~~jahlm qj}gi|} glu `hiqdlmal$ b~ ~gl gbm ellhqb}ngjha fiu }gl b~~jahclh} ulr|l~} }i nicl }gui|ag( ^gl jhmjnb}lm }gb} }gl b~~jahlm ~injbdqiu`lu qb~ i|} ih lw}lhmlm dlbvl( P]gl ~|{luvj~iuS ~}b}lm }gb} ~gl qi|dm dii` jh}i }gl cb}}lubhm ul{dz }i P}gl Ulajih B nivlujha ~|{luvj~iuS~ lcbjd qj}g bh |{mb}l(

7)5;)2; {gihl nbdd }i Pb~~jahlm ~|{luvj~iu Ulajih ES$ hi}lm jh iujajhbd fjhmjha~ dl}}lu( 2;)5;)2; dlf} vijnl cl~~bal fiu Pb~~jahlm ~|{luvj~iu Ulajih ES$ bf}lu IFNI ulnljvlm

jhfiucb}jih }gb} }gl fbcjdz gbm ihdz gbm ihl vj~j} jh }gl {b~} cih}g$ ih }gl ngjdm~ eju}gmbz( Hiul}|uh nbdd qb~ ulnljvlm(

2;)55)2; ~lnihm vijnlcbjd cl~~bal fiu Pb~~jahlm ~|{luvj~iu Ulajih ES( Hi ul}|uh nbdd qb~ulnljvlm( B}}lc{}lm {gihl nbdd }i }gl b~~jahlm ~injbd qiu`lu$ qgi~l i|}aijha cl~~baljhmjnb}lm ~gl qb~ i|} if }gl iffjnl ih Fujmbz~(

2;)57)2; {gihl nbdd }i ~injbd qiu`lu$ qgi jhfiuclm IFNI }gb} }gl baullm iumlu qb~ ~jahlmbhm |h~|{luvj~lm vj~j}~ qlul ~l} }i elajh( IFNI nih~jmlulm }gl nic{dbjh} j~~|l ul~idvlm b} }gj~}jcl(

IFNI~ nbdd~ }i }gl ^|{luvj~iu ih 2;)5; bhm 2;)55 qlul cbml jh bh b}}lc{} }i ml}lucjhl qgl}gluiu hi} vj~j}~ i}glu }gbh }gl Pvj~j}S gbm ellh {uivjmlm ~jhnl :)2:( Qglh }gl ^|{luvj~iu mjm hi}ul}|uh i|u nbdd~$ ql uldjlm ih }gl nb~l hi}l~ fiu }gl jhfiucb}jih$ qgjng jhmjnb}lm }gb} ihdz }qi vj~j}~gbm inn|uulm$ b~ hi}lm jh i|u fjhmjha~ dl}}lu(

Babjh$ ql ulj}lub}l }gb} IFNI~ cbjh aibd jh eujhajha }gl~l j~~|l~ }i zi|u b}}lh}jih j~ }i lhni|ubaljc{uivlclh} jh nicc|hjnb}jih bhm niiumjhb}jih qglh nb~l~ bul }ubh~fluulm el}qllh Ulajih~$ bhml~{lnjbddz }i lh~|ul }gb} {bulh}~ bhm ngjdmulh bul {uivjmlm qj}g }gl vj~j}b}jih }glz bul lh}j}dlm }i|hmlu ni|u} iumlu~( Ql dii` fiuqbum }i nih}jh|jha }i qiu` qj}g zi| jh }gl f|}|ul(

7/31/2019 WA, Office of the

WA, Office of the Family and Children’s Ombudsman, 2011 Annual Report

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Transcript of WA, Office of the Family and Children’s Ombudsman, 2011 Annual Report