W. M. Keck Observatory Adaptive Optics

Science Capabilities

W. M. Keck ObservatoryW. M. Keck Observatory Adaptive Optics Adaptive Optics

Science CapabilitiesScience CapabilitiesPeter Wizinowich

Randy Campbell

AASJune 9, 2009

Peter WizinowichPeter Wizinowich Randy CampbellRandy Campbell

AASAASJune 9, 2009June 9, 2009

AAS June, 20092

Presentation SequencePresentation Sequence

•

Science Product•

Science Instruments & Usage

•

Performance•

Future Capabilities

AAS June, 20093

Science ProductScience Product

AAS June, 20094

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Year

Num

ber o

f Pap

ers

(per

yea

r)

InterferometerLGSNGS

0

5

10

15

20

25

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Year

Num

ber o

f Ref

eree

d Pu

blic

atio

ns

Solar SystemGalacticExtra-galactic

Keck AO Science ProductKeck AO Science Product217 refereed science papers (thru May/09)

29%52%19%

M. Liu

10%26%64%

Area Sub-TopicNumber of

PapersBrown dwarfs & low mass stars 15

Galactic Center 10Compact objects 2

Star formation 1High redshift galaxies 11Gravitational lensing 5Stellar populations 3

Supernovae 5Kuiper Belt 4Asteroids 1

Galactic

Extra-galacticSolar

System

AAS June 2009 5

Solar System ScienceSolar System Science

Nix and Hydra

Io NEO

AAS June 2009 6

Galactic ScienceGalactic Science

Crab NebulaAU Mic

Methane brown dwarfs

BipolarJet

Galactic Center

UltracoolBinary

AAS June 2009 7

Interferometer Galactic ScienceInterferometer Galactic Science

Extended Br emission

Continuum

E, RA

N, Dec

Baseline(41.5m,52.0m)

PA = 116°

PA =

38.6°

Polarization Angle

12.6

°

Disk Major Axis

AAS June 2009 8

Extragalactic ScienceExtragalactic Science

Merging galaxies

IC 10 Irregular dwarf galaxy

AAS June 2009 9

AO Science InstrumentsAO Science Instruments

NIRC2 (K2)

OSIRIS (K2->K1)NIRSPEC (K2)or InterferometerModule (K1&2)

ElevationRing

Enclosure withroof removed

ElectronicsRacks

AO Optics Bench

Rails to deck

NasmythPlatform

AAS June 2009 10

AO Science InstrumentsAO Science InstrumentsInstrument (μm) Plate

Scale (")Image

FOV (")Spectral

ResolutionOther

NIRC2 1.0 - 4.8 0.01 or 0.04

10 or 40 500 - 9000 ImagerCoronagraph

Aperture MasksSlit + Grisms

OSIRIS 1.0 - 2.5 0.02 - 0.10

0.3x1.3 - 4.8x6.4

3800 Integral Field Spectrograph

+ ImagerNIRSPAO 1.0 - 2.5 0.018 4.6 25000 Echelle

Slit ImagerInterfer-ometer

H, K, L, N-bands

0.002 - 0.012

0.05 - 0.2 30 - 1800 VisibilityNulling

AAS June 2009 11

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Num

ber

of N

ight

s

NG

S

LGS

NG

S

LGS

NG

S

LGS

NG

S

LGS

NG

S

LGS

NG

S

LGS

NG

S

LGS

06B 07A 07B 08A 08B 09A 09B

Keck TAC-Allocated Science Nights

NullerV2NIRSPECOSIRISNIRC2

Keck AO Science UsageKeck AO Science Usage

49% of K2science nights

AAS June 2009 12

Community Access to Keck (& Keck AO)Community Access to Keck (& Keck AO)

•

Broad US community has peer-reviewed access via the NASA and NOAO TACs–

NASA has a 14.5% share in Keck •

~90 nights/year

•

Represents ~25% of US community open access time available on 6.5-10m telescopes

•

Note: science scope greatly expanded–

NSF/NOAO TSIP program has ~24 nights/year

•

Caltech, UC, UH, Yale & Swinburne have direct access

AAS June 2009 13

NGSPerformance

AO PerformanceAO Performance

K, SR=0.62H, SR=0.41J, SR=0.22

AAS June 2009 14

NGSPerformance

AO PerformanceAO Performance

K, SR=0.62H, SR=0.41J, SR=0.22

NGS

LGS

AAS June 2009 15

Sky CoverageSky Coverage

NGS LGS

AAS June 2009 16

LGS AO Performance VariabilityLGS AO Performance Variability2005-07 Survey of field brown dwarfs (Liu et al.)•

No data censored. Mix of seeing conditions, off-axis tip-tilt properties & technical performance

•

~2/3 sky coverage with 60”

off-axis radius & Strehl >~ 0.2

AAS June 2009 17

LGS AO PerformanceLGS AO PerformanceGalactic Center:•

Measuring distance & properties of supermassive

black hole with stellar orbits (Ghez et al.)

•

Proper motion uncertainties of 0.07 mas/yr (3 km/s) for young stars < 3.5”

(0.14 pc) of black hole (Lu et al.)

0.17 mas

17 km/s

R = 13.7 NGS 19”

off-axis50

zenith angle

AAS June, 200918

Future CapabilitiesFuture CapabilitiesKeck AO First TAC-allocated Science Milestones

0

1

Jan-

99

Jan-

00

Jan-

01

Jan-

02

Jan-

03

Jan-

04

Jan-

05

Jan-

06

Jan-

07

Jan-

08

Jan-

09

Jan-

10

Jan-

11

Jan-

12

Jan-

13

Jan-

14

Jan-

15

Date

K2

NG

S

K2

LGS

K2

NIR

SP

AO

K2

NIR

C2

K1&

2 N

GS

Inte

rfero

met

er

K2

OS

IRIS

K1&

2 W

FC U

pgra

de

K1

LGS

+ O

SIR

IS +

In

terfe

rom

eter

K2

NG

AO

+ C

amer

a

K2

Cen

ter L

aunc

h

Future

AAS June 2009 19

Keck I LGS AOKeck I LGS AO

•

LGS AO for Keck I telescope (2010)–

Higher performance than Keck II LGS AO

•

Higher power laser + center launch telescope–

OSIRIS at fixed location with 1 less reflection

–

LGS AO for Keck Interferometer & redundancy of key science capability

AAS June 2009 20

Center versus Side LaunchCenter versus Side Launch Predicted Performance for T Dwarf Binary CasePredicted Performance for T Dwarf Binary Case

Relative Positional Error

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Strehl Ratio (K band)

Rela

tive P

osi

tion

al Err

or

(mas)

Performance, Existing Launch Telescope

Performance, New Launch Telescope

Relative Magnitude Error

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Strehl Ratio (Ks band)

Rela

tive E

rro

r (

mag

)

Performance, Existing Launch Telescope

Performance, New Launch Telescope

Factor of 2x improvement 6x in dynamical mass determination

R = 16.2 NGS 31” off-axis50

zenith angle

1% photometry

AAS June 2009 21

NGAO NGAO --

Next Generation AONext Generation AO

Key New Science Capabilities

Near Diffraction-Limited in Near-IR (K-Strehl ~80%)AO correction at Red Wavelengths (0.65-1.0 m)

Increased Sky Coverage Improved Angular Resolution, Sensitivity and Contrast

Improved Photometric and Astrometric

Accuracy Imaging and Integral Field Spectroscopy

Key Science GoalsUnderstanding the Formation and Evolution of Today’s Galaxies since z=3

Measuring Dark Matter in our Galaxy and BeyondTesting the Theory of General Relativity in the Galactic Center

Understanding the Formation of Planetary Systems around Nearby StarsExploring the Origins of Our Solar System

AAS June 2009 22

How is NGAO different from KeckHow is NGAO different from Keck’’s AO today?s AO today?

AAS June 2009 23

NGAO System ArchitectureNGAO System Architecture

Key Features:1. Fixed narrow field laser tomography2. AO corrected NIR TT sensors3. Cooled AO enclosure smaller4. Cascaded relay5. Combined imager/IFU instrument

AAS June, 2009

In ClosingIn Closing

• Keck AO has been a tremendous success so far

•

We will continue to improve our AO capabilities to ensure cutting edge high angular resolution science for the US community

http://www2.keck.hawaii.edu/inst/index.php