VPHJ Issue 1/2014

VetPubHealth Journal ISSUE 1 The Standing Committee on One Health February 2014

One Health Workshop in UK

Explore SCOH’s first VPHJ

An alternative approach to control Rabies

The One Health Students’ Association of Kenya

How dogs help blind people

Food Safety & Food-borne

diseases in Bangladesh

Public Health conditions

in Turkey


Katerina Ntemka

My name is Katerina Ntemka. I am from Greece and I repre-sent IVSA Thessaloniki. I am on the last year of my degree. I am very happy about our first edition on One Health and I hope you embrace our effort.

Enjoy your reading!!

Mangesh Nakade

My Name is Mangesh Nakade. I am from India and I am the President of IVSA India . I am graduate student. I am very happy about our first edition on One Health and I hope One

Health (formerly called One Medicine) is dedicated to improve the lives of all species- human and animal-through the integration of human medicine, veteri-nary medicine and environmental science. Enjoy your reading!!

Ilana Yablonovich

My name is Ilana Yablonovich and I am a second year stu-dent at the University of Pennsylvania, United States SAVMA. I’m very excited to be working with IVSA and the SCOH to promote One Health. The Veterinary Public Health

Journal is the perfect way to introduce important global health issues to a large audience, and I encourage your involvement!

Editorial...

Sirjan Bastola

I am Sirjan Bastola, studying B.V.Sc & A.H-9th semester at IAAS,Nepal. I am the Exchange Officer 2013-14 at IVSA Nepal. It is a matter of great pleasure to be a part of the first SCOH and also the 1st issue of the journal. I hope it will benefit everyone in understanding and appreciating One Health issues.

The VetPubHealth Journal (VPHJ) Edition

Editors Team: Bastola Sirjan, Nakade Mangesh, Ntemka Katerina, Yablonovich Ilana Designer & Chief Editor: Liatis Theofanis

A publication of the Standing Committee on One Health (SCOH) of International Veterinary Students’ Association (IVSA)

https://www.facebook.com/thescoh [email protected] ©2014

My name is Theofanis Liatis and I am a final year undergraduate student of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece), former Secretary General 2011/2012 and Vice-President (with debts Scientific Events Director) 2012/2013 of IVSA Thessaloniki.

I am very glad to present to IVSA members our new project; The newborn Veterinary Public Health Journal or VetPub-HealthJournal (VPHJ) is a publication of SCOH where vets or other public health related students from all over the world can write articles dedicated to One Health, Public Health or Healthcare.

Some of the major sections of interest for the VPHJ are:

Zoonoses

Food Safety, Food-borne Diseases &Water-borne Diseases

Vector-borne Diseases

Wildlife Diseases and Environmental health

Interdisciplinary collaboration between vets and other public health related scientists

Our goal is to make an interesting magazine for vet students worldwide, which will provide innovative information for new activities on one health, info about science, events reports and give every student the opportunity to write and share articles on one health on a global level.

Please entertain yourself and let us know if you liked it!

Theofanis Liatis

Chief Editor of VPHJ 2013/2014

Veterinary Public Health Director, IVSA ExCo 2013/2014

Chairman of the Standing Committee on One Health (SCOH) 2013/2014


On Thursday 13th of June 2013, Tilly Ethuin and myself, Alice

Whittle, organised and hosted a Disease Outbreak Work-

shop, for Veterinary, Medical and Pharmaceutical stu-

dents of Bristol University. It was entitled: What do Doctors,

Pharmacists and Veterinarians have in common with

Drugs, Chickens and Humans? The event happened simul-

taneously with an IVSA group exchange between Bristol

and Berlin Vet School, allowing the visiting students to take

part.

The aim of the workshop was to simulate a Sudanese out-

break of Avian Influenza and get students to work with

others from different disciplines, in small groups, represent-

ing parties such as the media, Sudanese Government,

international pharmaceutical companies, NGOs etc. In

this way, considering different ideas for tackling the out-

break and thinking about the interests of each group -

which were not always harmonious!

We were inspired to organize a workshop like this at the

“Vet Students as Global Citizens” Symposium, held at RVC

last November. There, we attended a workshop where

Nick Short, Jenny Maud and Nicole Blum hosted discus-sions on the project. They had, in fact held a “Disease

Outbreak Workshop” with Medical, Pharmaceutical and

Veterinary students from London Universities, as

part of the project. Nicole Blum kindly sent us her tem-

plates/notes for this, which became the foundations for

our very own Disease Outbreak Symposium.

We discussed the idea long and hard with Dr. Ed Van

Klink, who was on board from day one, and is always very

enthusiastic with all things ‘Veterinary Public Health’. After

many meetings we finally formed a group with other staff:

Dr. Jo Murrell and Prof. Mark Eisler from the Vet School and

Dr. Mark Evans, the Local Health Protection Director from

Public Health England. Our intention was that there would

be a representative from each of the medical, veterinary

and pharmaceutical professions. As a bonus, most had

also worked some time in Africa or in the realm of veteri-

nary public health, which brought the session to life and

made it feel more relevant to us!

In the large meeting room, in the geography department,

dynamic discussions took place. In each group there were

5 students, appointed different roles such as: a chairper-

son to coordinate group discussion, a spokesperson to

report group discussions to the plenary session and a

scribe to document major decisions being made. All this

happened under the watchful eye of their facilitator, of

course! Throughout, facilitators handed out inserts at vari-

ous times to stimulate specific questions and debate. Stu-dents had guideline questions to provoke thought, but

these questions never had just one correct answer!

As the students quickly found out, there was no single solu-

tion to solve the Avian Influenza outbreak in Sudan. The

scenarios and problems produced varying viewpoints and

opened interesting discussions. The purpose of the exer-

cise was not to come up with ‘the right answers’, but to

explore complex issues involving communication, emer-

gency response coordination, resource integration, prob-

lem identification and resolution, and inter-professional

working.

One German exchange student, Sandra Stelzer, com-

mented: “ The workshop was a great way to think about a

topic like this, especially because each group had a facili-

tator with them, who had actually worked in Africa and

knew about the situation there.”

Most importantly, the students who attended had fun; I

think this made our first Disease Outbreak Workshop a

great success!

Tilly and I were so happy to organize the workshop and we

hope that we will be able to organize a similar event in the

future. Big thanks to all the students that took part! And of

course, thank you Ed Van Klink, Jo Murrell, Mark Eisler and

Mark Evans; it would have been impossible without all your

help, support and enthusiasm.

ONE HEALTH WORKSHOP : DISEASE OUT-BREAK

“What do Doctors, Pharmacists and Veterinarians have in common with Drugs, Chickens and Humans?”

Alice Whittle

IVSA UK & Ireland (Bristol)

Events


Rabies is an acute and fatal en-

cephalomyelitis, caused by rabies

virus or other lyssaviruses of the

family Rhabdoviridae. The disease

has the highest case-fatality ratio

and is almost 100% fatal, following

the onset of clinical symptoms.

Although rabies occurs worldwide,

in developing countries such as Asia and Africa, the

disease is endemic. Transmission occurs when virus-

laden saliva penetrates the mucous membranes

and open wounds, usually through the bite of rabid

animals, most frequently stray dogs. Rabies virus

spreads by centripetal movement towards the cen-

tral nervous system and replicates in neurons. This is

followed by centrifugal spread to the salivary

glands. The average incubation period varies from 1

to 3 months. Clinical manifestations mainly include

altered mental disposition, followed by paralytic sei-

zures. Approximately 55,000 human deaths occur

each year worldwide, about 56% of them in Asian

countries. Rabies has been endemic in Nepal since

time immemorial. In Nepal, 94% of the human cases

occur due to contact with rabid dogs. National sta-

tistics show that 30,000 people receive post expo-

sure prophylaxis annually and the number increases

every year. Most of the cases have been reported in

rural and semi-urban areas of the country. Hence, a

suitable approach to control this fatal disease,

should be sought at a national level. One important

strategy could be the control of the stray dog popu-

lation by castration.

Surgical castration is the oldest method to control

the male dog population. However, this method

could prove inappropriate, expensive and time con-

suming when it applied to a large population. In

such a situation, chemical sterilization might be the

most effective method.

Chemical sterilization is a non surgical method of

castration. Various chemicals, such as sliver nitrate,

formalin, chlorhexidine, 95% ethanol and quinacrine

have all been tried. In 2003, FDA approved a prod-

uct called NeutersolR (Zinc Gluconate) for chemo-

sterilization via intratesticular injection in male pup-

pies (Kutzler, 2006). However, reactions to zinc glu-

conate proved quite severe and required surgical

intervention.

Another chemical, calcium chloride, which was re-

ported in the U.S. veterinary literature as early as ear-

ly as 1978, has also been tested regularly. Based on

different reports and on its chemistry, calcium chlo-

ride was found to be safer, more effective and less

toxic than other chemicals. Moreover, it carries less

risk for skin necrosis and injection site reaction than

previously-tested compounds, including zinc glu-

conate. Thus, this simple technique fulfils the criteria

of a method for nonsurgical sterilization in male stray

dogs.

How and where to administer?

Calcium chloride is given as a bilateral intratesticular

injection, with or without a local anaesthetic injec-

tion, using a sterile 27-28 gauge 1/2 in. needle or a

tuberculin syringe directed from the ventral aspect

of each testis, approximately 0.5 cm from the epi-

didymal tail towards the cranial aspect of that testis.

How much to administer?

Sterility can be rendered when calcium chloride is

administered at the dosage of 10-20mg/kg per tes-

tis.

How does it sterilize male dogs?

Calcium chloride causes degeneration of the germ

cells and Leydig cells, leading to testicular atrophy.

Testicular enzymes, such as ∆5,3h-hydroxysteroid de-

hydrogenase (∆5,3h-HSD) and 17h-hydroxysteroid

dehydrogenase (17h-HSD) are reduced, and there is

a large reduction in sperm count, eventually leading

to azoospermia (permanent sterility).

Conclusion

In conclusion, chemical sterilization using calcium

chloride could be an effective and economical ap-

proach to mass sterilization of male stray dogs as a

measure of rabies control. It is free from pain and

chronic stress and will be a simple and alternative

method to surgical castration.

CHEMICAL STERILIZATION OF STRAY DOGS; AN AP-PROACH TO CONTROL RABIES

Manoj Kumar Mahato

IVSA Nepal (Rampur)

Zoonoses


The One Health Students Association of the University

of Nairobi collaborates with four Universities

(Colorado State University, Moi University, the Agha

Khan University and Sokoine University of Agriculture)

and three colleges within the University of Nairobi

(College of Health Sciences, College of Agriculture

and Veterinary Sciences and College of Humanities

and Social Sciences) bringing together veterinary

students, medical students, environmental science

students and social science students in one plat-

form, in a collaborative effort to advance the under-

standing of interactions between humans, animals

and the environment so as to sustainably improve

public health, animals health and environmental

health.

The association has a diverse network locally, re-

gionally and internationally. Locally (in Kenya), the

association’s networks are Zoonotic Disease Unit

(ZDU), Centres for Disease Control (CDC) and Cen-

tre for Sustainable Dryland Ecosystem Societies

(CSDES), while regionally its networks are One Health

Central and Eastern Africa, Southern Africa Centre

for Infectious Disease Surveillance and international-

ly with HESONA-VetNet and International Livestock

Research Institute.

The association employs several strategies in ensur-

ing that opinions, attitudes and peoples’ practices

are positively changed towards embracing the One

Health Concept and Initiative. This is achieved

through a variety of mechanisms:

a. Workshops

Various speakers are invited to train and empower

the students on various aspects of the animal-

human interphase (e.g. Prof. Bowen and Prof. Sue

from Colorado State University presenting to the as-

sociation members).

b. Community Outreach programs

Programs geared towards community outreach are

delivered, as are services such as tree planting, vac-

cination programs, deworming programs, public

health education, visitations to children homes, sani-

tation programs, etc.

c. Mentorship sessions

Weekly sessions are held during which various speak-

ers of different areas of specialization related to One

Health are invited to give key presentations.

d. Educational presentations in primary and second-

ary schools in Nairobi municipality

Presentations are provided by the members of the

association to selected schools within the municipal-

ity.

The success trends of the associations are as follows:

Under the HESONA-VetNet, four members of

the association underwent an intensive train-

ing titled “From Farm to Table” in Tanzania.

During the training, the participants were

trained on the entire production system with

emphasis on potential areas of contamination

in Kenya, Tanzania and Finland

Participation in organized tree planting ses-

sions at Kibwezi, Kanyariri farm and Ngong for-

est within Kenya in collaboration with various

students groups such as Upper Kabete Environ-

mental Forum, Runaway Environmentalists,

and Scouts club-UoN

Submission of a joint project proposal between

Colorado State University and University of Nai-

robi under the One Health theme of the Bill

and Melinda Gates Foundation funding

Establishment of a student exchange program

between the One Health Club of Colorado

State University and the One Health Student

Association of the University of Nairobi.

The future planned activities for the One Health Stu-

dents Association are as follows:

Develop a virtual inter-learning network be-

tween universities in its network

Develop inter-institutional and interdisciplinary

short-term academic and training programs in

the One Health platform for its members

Initiate joint teaching arrangements and/or

supervision of undergraduate and postgradu-

ate programs within its network

Initiate joint application for funding including

donor funds, research grants, contributions or

subscriptions

.

An update of the One Health Students

Association (OHSA) interinstitutional and interdisciplinary activi-

ties and future trends of the University of Nairobi

Momanyi Kelvin Nyariaro

IVSA Kenya

Interdisciplinary Collaboration


Guide dogs help blind people in many ways, beginning

with giving unsighted people independence. Many blind

people can't get around without the help of a well-trained

guide dog. Guide dogs go through extensive training. It

takes between 2 and 5 years for a guide dog to be ready

to be matched with a disabled person. Training includes

basic obedience and service dog training. Providing pro-

tection and companionship are other ways these dogs

help blind people.

Training

Service dog training takes a minimum of 2 years to com-

plete. The dog learns how to move forward and to turn

right and left on command. More advanced commands

include learning how to stop before crossing a street,

leading its blindfolded handler around overhangs or other

obstacles safely, and retrieving dropped objects. Also,

during this time the dog learns only to guard its handler.

After successful completion of training, the dog is

matched with a blind person.

Certification

Not all states require dogs to be certified. But a certified dog has completed a state-approved course and is highly

trained, giving the blind person and his dog access to air-

ports, restaurants, hotels and other public places. Certifi-

cation eliminates hassles with officials. This allows a blind

person independence so he can go places without the

help of another human being.

Types

Any well-trained dog can become a guide dog, although

Labrador retrievers and German shepherds are the most

popular breeds. This is mainly because they have a strong

instinct to assist their owners. The most important require-

ment for a guide dog is that it be large enough to be fit-

ted with a harness and leash. The blind person must be

able to reach the harness comfortably.

Good Human Candidates

Blind people too must be trained. Much to the surprise of

many of them, they have to learn how to walk again, as

oftentimes, blind persons will shuffle along and not move

at a speed that a dog can comfortably walk. Blind people

sometimes don't walk enough to keep their dog happy

and healthy initially. They must attend a training school as

well and pass competency tests.

History

Writers from the mid-16th century wrote about guide dogs.

Elizabeth Barrett Browning in "Aurora Leigh" relates a con-

versation saying, "The blind man walks wherever the dog

pulls / And so I answered."

Germany established the first guide dog schools during

World War I to assist returning veterans. In 1929, the United

States followed with The Seeing Eye in Nashville, Tenn.

(now in Morristown, N.J.). Founder Morris Frank was trained

in Switzerland with his German shepherd, Buddy.

Instructions

Understand that seeing eye dogs are specially bred for

qualifying characteristics. Three types of dogs are usually

chosen to be seeing eye dogs: German shepherds, Labra-

dor retrievers and golden retrievers. Volunteer "puppy rais-

ers" care for and provide obedience training and sociali-

zation for the dogs until they are 18 months old.

Know that formal training for the dog begins after 18

months old. A sighted instructor works with the seeing eye

dog candidate, teaching him to follow three basic com-

mands: forward, right and left. Using a harness with a lease

and handle as a guide, the dog's instinct to pull the har-

ness forward automatically kicks in. Teaching the dog to

move "right" and "left" is accomplished by saying the word

while gently pulling the leash in the desired direction. With

praise and repetition, the dog learns the commands and

moves forward with additional training.

Realize that once the dog grasps the three basic com-

mands, he is taught how to maneuver curbs, clearance

and traffic. Curbs are vital to master for two reasons: the

safety of the blind individual and orientation--counting

curbs is the way blind people know where they are and

how close they are to their destination. Dogs are led to a

curb and taught to sit down with their paws resting on the

curb. Clearance deals with the dog's ability to maneuver

between objects while walking. Objects are placed in the

dog's path and he is shown how to safely move between

them. Traffic safety is taught through simulation exercises.

The dog learns to be cautious in traffic situations without

being afraid of the activity and noise. Ample praise and

practice are key to mastering curb, clearance and traffic.

Pair a seeing eye dog with a blind individual to create a

working relationship. Under the tutelage of a sighted in-

structor, the seeing eye dog and new master are taught

how to work together using the dog's knowledge of basic

commands and maneuverability.

Realize that seeing eye dogs are trained to guide the

blind in many different environments. If the blind person

gives a command and the dog knows it's not safe to fol-

low that command, the dog won't comply. This is referred

to as "intelligent disobedience."

Meet the qualifications to be a see-

ing eye dog trainer. Trainers must be

physically, mentally and emotionally

fit. You must complete an average of

three years of hands-on training and

pass a written exam.

Giridhar Vaidya

IVSA India (Nagpur)

Pet Therapy


Food borne diseases are one of the most wide spread

health problems in the world. The epidemiology of food

borne diseases has evolved and can arise from various

sources such as improper handling, preparation, or food

storage. The action of monitoring food to ensure that it

will not cause food borne diseases is known as food safe-

ty. Veterinary services may provide livestock procedures

detailing information, advice and training on how to

avoid , eliminate or control food safety hazards (e.g. drug

and pesticide residues, mycotoxins, and environmental

contaminations ) in primary production. Animal feed pro-

ducer organizations , particularly those with veterinary

advisors , are in a good position to provide awareness

and training as they are regularly in contact with farmers

and are well placed to understand their priorities. Veteri-

nary services also play a central role in ensuring the re-

sponsible and prudent use of biological products and veterinary drugs , including antimicrobials , in animal hus-

bandry. This helps to minimize the risks of developing anti

microbial resistance and unsafe levels of veterinary drug

residues in foods of animal origin.

There is no accurate estimate of the burden of food

borne illness in Bangladesh because of limited surveil-

lance. The country has in the recent past experienced an

unprecedented and widespread outbreak of Salmonella

and anthrax which significantly damaged the booming

poultry industry and livestock sector. Salmonellosis in

poultry resulted in a significant economic loss in Bangla-

desh. In the present world, antimicrobial resistant strain of

Salmonella is a significant issue for human health. There is

also evidences of Anthrax illnesses due to consumption of

meat. Outbreaks occur throughout the year but more

frequent on or after the religious festival of Eid-Ul-Azha.

The entry of new bulls into the herd is the most important

factor for spreading the disease both in rural and urban

area. Additionally, Cryptosporidium and Giardia are ma-

jor causes of diarrheal diseases in humans worldwide and

are highly prevalent in Bangladesh. Both of them are zo-

onotic and have life cycles suited to water borne and

food borne transmission. Raw food consumption is report-

ed to have increased as consumers are turning towards

uncooked and unprocessed food in the erroneous belief

that they provide greater health benefits and safety.

To combat the increase in food born illnesses, state level

disaster management teams need to be established.

Food security and safety control may be achieved

through implementation of the “one house one farm”

concept of the present government. About 40% of our

people live below poverty line. Reduction of poverty and

hunger therefore is a top agenda of the nation. Veteri-

narians may contribute significantly to ensure safe food

as well as to secure food safety through ensuring animal

health and production.

Food Safety and Food-borne Diseases in Bang-ladesh

Food Safety

Kushik Das

IVSA Bangladesh

Public Health Bulletin

Dear IVSA members; Within

this paper I would like to in-

form you about Public

Health issues in Turkey.

The government offices of

Turkey which are interested

in public health are Ankara

Etlik Veterinary Control La-

boratory, Foot and Mouth

Disease Institute, Pendik Vet-

erinary Research Institute

and ministry’s city laborato-

ries. Ankara Etlik Veterinary

Control Laboratory is ac-

credited by EU. Foot and

Mouth Disease Institute

founded in 1950. Pendik Vet-

erinary Research Institute

produces vaccines. Foot

and Mouth Disease Institute make researches in Foot and

Mouth Disease and produc-

es vaccines. They are also

recording the vaccinations

nationally.

Foot and Mouth Disease still

exists in Turkey, however it

has been eradicated from

Thracia region. Unfortunately

illegal animal movements

into the country from eastern

borders cannot been

blocked. The animals who

come illegally are not exam-

ined.

Consequently sick animals

can enter the country and

this situation makes the erad-

ication of contagious diseas-

es harder.

Tuberculosis, Brucella, Salmo-

nella, Listeria and Campylo-

bacter infections are often

seen in Thracia region. We

have got many stray dogs

and cats. Rabies is often

seen in dogs but not in cats.

Many people are Toxoplas-

ma gondii positive.

Escherichia coli contamina-

tion is usual at humans due

to food hygiene. Swine flu,

avian flu, Crimean-Congo

Hemorrogic Fever Virus are

seen also in Turkey. Rinder-pest In ton usual in Turkey

anymore.

Stray dog & cat vaccina-

tions, parasites treatments

and sterilizations are made

by municipality's Vet Clinic.

That animals identified by

their earring numbers (for

dogs) or ear notches (for

cats). Consequently, they

are not threatening for pub-

lic health.

Kömürcü Deniz

IVSA Istanbul

VPHJ Issue 1/2014

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