Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today:...
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Transcript of Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today:...
![Page 1: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Vowel Acoustics, part 2
November 14, 2012
![Page 2: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Master Plan• Acoustics Homeworks are due!
• Today:
• Source/Filter Theory
• On Friday:
• Transcription of Quantity/More Vowels of the World
• There’s also another production exercise due next Wednesday!
• Production of exotic vowels
• Measure your own vowel formants!
![Page 3: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Vowel Acoustics• Vowels are primarily distinguished by their first two formant frequencies: F1 and F2
• F1 corresponds to vowel height:
• lower F1 = higher vowel
• higher F1 = lower vowel
• F2 corresponds to front/backness:
• higher F2 = fronter vowel
• lower F2 = backer vowel
• Also: lip rounding tends to lower both formants.
• A caveat: rounded vowels (like [u] and [o]) are often fronted in modern English.
![Page 4: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
“Normalcy”
“booed” “bode”
![Page 5: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Feeling Minnesota
“booed” “bode”
![Page 6: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Looking California
“booed” “bode”
![Page 7: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Vowel Diacritics• The IPA contains a few diacritics which are especially relevant to vowels.
• The most important of these is the diacritic for nasalization.
• Ex: = nasalized [e]
• Nasalized vowels are produced by lowering the velum during the production of a vowel
• air flows through both the nose and the mouth
• Contrastive nasal vowels are found in 20% of the world’s languages
![Page 8: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Back to French
![Page 9: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Nasal Vowel Acoustics• The acoustics of nasal vowels are very complex.
• One general pattern: nasalization expands bandwidths.
• this smears formants
Chinantec Examples
![Page 10: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Nasal Vowel Acoustics• Nasalization smears vowel bandwidths, which can obscure F1 (vowel height) differences
• high vowels sound low
• low vowels sound high
• Note: American English “pen” vs. “pin”
• French: [le] vs.
[lo] vs.
![Page 11: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Nasal Spreading• Nasalization often spreads from consonants to vowels
• Sundanese (spoken in Indonesia) has a famous pattern of nasal spreading, which is blocked by certain consonants.
![Page 12: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Nasometer• A tool which has been developed for studying the nasalization of vowels (and other segments) is the Nasometer.
• The Nasometer uses two microphones to measure airflow through both the mouth and nose at the same time.
http://www.kayelemetrics.com/Product%20Info/6400/6400.htm
![Page 13: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
More Nasometer• The Nasometer spits out readings of the amount of air flowing out of the nose and the mouth at the same time.
• nasal vowels: concomitant airflow through both mouth and nose
• nasal stops: airflow only through nose
![Page 14: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Source/Filter Theory: The Source
• Developed by Gunnar Fant (1960)
• For speech, the source of sound = complex waves created by periodic opening and closing of the vocal folds
![Page 15: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Source Differences
adult male voice
(F0 = 150 Hz)
child voice
(F0 = 300 Hz)
![Page 16: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Just So You Know• Voicing, on its own, would sound like a low-pitched buzz.
• Check out the sawtooth wave spectrum:
• Vowels don’t sound like this because the source wave gets “filtered” by the vocal tract.
![Page 17: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
“Filters”• For any particular vocal tract configuration, certain frequencies will resonate, while others will be damped.
• analogy: natural variation/environmental selection
• This graph represents how much the vocal tract would resonate for sinewaves at every possible frequency.
![Page 18: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Source + Filter = Output
+
=
![Page 19: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
A Vowel Spectrum
Note:
F0 160 Hz
F1
F2
F3 F4
![Page 20: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Output Example: [i]
• Different vowels are characterized by different formant frequencies.
• These reflect changes in the shape of the sound filter.
• (the vocal tract)
![Page 21: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Vowel Spectrum #2: [i]
F0 = 185 Hz
F1
F2 F3
![Page 22: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
at different pitches
100 Hz 120 Hz
150 Hz
![Page 23: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Narrow-Band Spectrogram• A “narrow-band spectrogram” clearly shows the harmonics of speech sounds.
• …but the formants are less distinct.
harmonics
![Page 24: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Wide-Band Spectrogram• By changing the parameters of the Fourier analysis, we can get a “wide-band spectrogram”
• This shows the formants better than the harmonics.
formants
![Page 25: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Wide-Band Spectrogram• By changing the parameters of the Fourier analysis, we can get a “wide-band spectrogram”
• This shows the formants better than the harmonics.
formants
F1
F2
F3
![Page 26: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Wide-Band Spectrogram• By changing the parameters of the Fourier analysis, we can get a “wide-band spectrogram”
• This shows the formants better than the harmonics.
formants
F1
F2
F3
voice bars (glottal pulses)
![Page 27: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Spectrographically• This is what it looks like when you change the source independently of the filter.
• The formants stay the same, but the F0 and harmonics change.
![Page 28: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Flip Side• This is what it looks like when you change the filter independently of the source.
• The resonating frequencies change, but the F0 and harmonics stay the same.
![Page 29: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
More Relevantly• In diphthongs, the filter changes while the source can remain at the same F0.
“Boyd”
• Check out the narrow-band spectrogram…
![Page 30: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Women and Men• The acoustics of male and female vowels differ
reliably along two different dimensions:
1. Sound Source
2. Sound Filter
• Source--F0: depends on length of vocal folds
shorter in women higher average F0
longer in men lower average F0
• Filter--Formants: depend on length of vocal tract
shorter in women higher formant frequencies
longer in men lower formant frequencies
![Page 31: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Male Formant Averages
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
10001500200025003000
F2
F1
[i][u]
[æ]
![Page 32: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Female Formant Averages
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
10001500200025003000
F2
F1
[i] [u]
[æ]
![Page 33: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Combined Formant Averages
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
10001500200025003000
F2
F1
![Page 34: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Prototypical Voices• Andre the Giant: (very) low F0, low formant frequencies
• Goldie Hawn: high F0, high formant frequencies
![Page 35: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
F0/Formant mismatches• The fact that source and filter characteristics are independent of each other…
• means that there can sometimes be source and filter “mismatches” in men and women.
• What would high F0 combined with low formant frequencies sound like?
• Answer: Julia Child.
![Page 36: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
F0/Formant mismatches• Another high F0, low formants example:
Roy Forbes, of Roy’s Record Room (on CKUA 93.7 FM)
• The opposite mis-match =
Popeye: low F0, high formant frequencies
![Page 37: Vowel Acoustics, part 2 November 14, 2012 The Master Plan Acoustics Homeworks are due! Today: Source/Filter Theory On Friday: Transcription of Quantity/More.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cfe5503460f949ce1c7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
In Conclusion• Everybody’s vowel space is different.
• A vowel space is defined by a speaker’s range of first formant (F1) and second formant (F2) frequencies.
• We identify vowels on the basis of the patterns formed by their formants within that acoustic space.
• F1 determines the height of vowels.
• F2 determines the front/backness of vowels.
• Questions?