• Vote on Tuesday, November 4th (TODAY)!• Plan your schedule and make time to vote!• Polls are open from 6:00am until 6:00 pm. • Anybody who is in line by 6:00pm WILL BE

ALLOWED TO VOTE!• All you need to vote is your IU student ID or

an Indiana or Federal ID (such as an Indiana Drivers License or a passport).

• To find out your polling location, go to indianavoters.com.

http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/images/Erb/components2.gif

Spectrum of Solar radiation at the Earth’s surface

H&K fig 6.2

Absorption bands due to gasses like CO2, H2O, CH4 etc. These are the so-called green-house gasses.

O3

In the stratosphere

Absorption by the Atmosphere

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Atmospheric_Transmission.png

Green House gases• Contributions to green house effect

depend on IR absorption, concentration and lifetime in the atmosphere.

GAS Sources GWP

Lifetime (yr)

2003 conc.

ppmCO2

(5500 MT/y)Burning organics/

deforestration1 100 373

CH4

(600 MT/y)

Rice fields, landfills, animals

21 10 1.7

NOx

(16 MT/y)

Fetilizer/defor-estration, vehicles

310 170 0.31

CFC’s

(1MT/y)

Aerosol sprays, refrigerators, ACs’

1300-12000

70-100 0.003

NF3

(<2-3kT/y)

Plasma cleaning FP displays etc.

17000 550-750 0.00045

GWP: “Global Warming Potential”: the ability of the gas to trap IR light (heat).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas These number differ slightlyFrom those in your text

Carbon Cycle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle

http://www.whrc.org/carbon/ (Woods Hole Research Center)

Sediments and sedimentaryRocks could account for another6x107 Petagrams! (www.physicalgeography.net/9r.html)

1 petagram = 1.1x109 tons

CO2 emissions are some 65 times the CO emissions!!

http://www.whrc.org/carbon/ (Woods Hole Research Center)

H&K Fig. 9.6:

Feedback(positive

and Negative)

“Butterfly effect” in complex systems

COCO22 Concentrations and Temperature Change Concentrations and Temperature Change

Note that total temperature change across several ice ages was only about 12oC or about 22oF.

Carbon Sequestration (“Clean coal” as of ~ 2000)

Research and Creative Activity, Oct 2008, IU OVPR publication

Note that “clean coal” is a term that has been around for a long time, but ithas only recently morphed into this incarnation. Originally it referred simply to using low-sulfur coal, then to including emission control measures, and finally to include limits on CO2 emissions. It’s true meaning in the mind of the useris therefore to be taken with some appropriate degree of skepticism!

Another way to look at it:

Robinson et al. J. Phys. Surg. 12, 79-90 (2007)

These doctors say yes the warming is there, but claim that there is no evidence that the warming is anthropogenic.

Why might you be skeptical of this article?

Green House gases• Contributions to green house effect

depend on IR absorption, concentration and lifetime in the atmosphere.

GAS Sources GWP

Lifetime (yr)

2003 conc.

ppmCO2

(5500 MT/y)Burning organics/

deforestration1 100 373

CH4

(600 MT/y)

Rice fields, landfills, animals

21 10 1.7

NOx

(16 MT/y)

Fetilizer/defor-estration, vehicles

310 170 0.31

CFC’s

(1MT/y)

Aerosol sprays, refrigerators, ACs’

1300-12000

70-100 0.003

NF3

(<2-3kT/y)

Plasma cleaning FP displays etc.

17000 550-750 0.00045

GWP: “Global Warming Potential”: the ability of the gas to trap IR light (heat).

http://www.mardiros.net/atmosphere/atmosphere_structure.html

10 ppm ozone at ~ 50 km compared to40 ppb ozone in the troposphere!

http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part2.html

Ozone levels at Halley Bay station (Antarctica)

TOMS Satellite movie(Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer)

http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/anim_toms.html

TOMS Satellite movie(Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer)

http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part2.html

Exam II Review• 115 points (translated to 100 for course total)• 23 questions (~2-3 from each lecture’s material)• 4-6 have numeric answers. Bring a calculator!• Covers Heat Pumps through global warming and

biofuels.– Chapters 5E-5H, 6, 17, 7, 8, 9 (thru 9.C).

• Cover sheet is up on ONCOURSE (blue font identifies additions since the first exam; red identifies changes since first posting).

• OFFICE HOURS: M: 3:00-4:30; T: 11:00-12:00; 1:00-2:30; W: 1:30 to 3:30; Thurs: 8:00 to 9:00

Heat Pumps

• What is the relationship between a refrigerator, a heat pump, and a heat engine?

• How does a heat pump work and when/why would you want to use one?

Solar Energy

• Active/passive systems: basics of design• Direct, indirect, diffuse components• Basic system design (components,

features)• Solar constant and insolation• Flat panel vs. focusing systems• How much energy is available• Advantages/disadvantages

Fossil Fuels• Resources vs. reserves (proven, inferred…)• Attractive features vs. problems associated

with them.• Exploration, refining, production,…• Natural gas: what is it? Where is it?• Alternative sources: oil sands/shale,

clathrates, etc.• Coal: Impurities, types• Societal use, sector use• Physical differences between grades

Biomass• What is it?

• Landfill design

• Sources of various types (ethanol, biogas, methanol, municipal waste)

• Anaerobic digestion (input and output)

• Energy/carbon balance

• Wood

• Societal distribution

• Advantages/disadvantages

Air Pollution• Pascal’s and Archemedes’ principles• What is pollution (sources, types, regulations)

• Effects of CO, SOx, NOx, VOC, TSP, O3

• Interactions between various types (SMOG)• Acid rain (sources, consequences)• Emission controls:

– Precipitators/collectors vs. scrubbers for power plants– PCV, EGR valves, catalytic converters etc. for cars

• Profiles for various sources (power plants vs. cars, coal vs. natural gas etc.) and societies.

Climate Change• What is the greenhouse effect?

• What are some common green house gases, and what do they actually do?

• Where is the carbon and how much gets exchanged per year?

• Why do we not have a definitive answer about how hot we will get?

• Behaviour of complex systems (tipping points etc.)

Sample Questions• Explain the difference between insolation and

insulation?• What is the physical property of hydrocarbons that

is used to separate them in an oil refinery, and what is the molecular difference between different hydrocarbons?

• What does it mean to say that a fuel such as ethanol is “carbon neutral”?

• Identify and describe the function of two devices used to reduce air pollution emissions from cars or power plants. Identify the pollutant(s) each controls.