7Volume One · The Essays

contents

Volume One: Essays

Editorial note 13Foreword · David Crystal 15Introduction · Jon A. Lindseth 21

Preliminary Essays Warren Weaver’s Alice in Many Tongues: A Critical Appraisal · Emer O’Sullivan 29Alice and Global Bibliography: Reading the Whole Book · Michael F. Suarez, SJ 42The Universal Child · Warren Weaver 47Lewis Carroll as He Was · Morton N. Cohen 51Alice Liddell as She Was · Morton N. Cohen 65The Alice Books: English Classics · Morton N. Cohen 71Translations of Alice during the Lifetime of Lewis Carroll · Edward Wakeling 80The Real Flood of Translations · Selwyn Goodacre 99

A Selection of Covers in Color

LanguagesAfrikaans · Lelanie de Roubaix and Ilse Feinauer 127Albanian (Gheg and Tosk) · Merita Bajraktari McCormack 130Arabic · Nadia El Kholy 134Aragonese · Antonio Chusé Gil Ereza 137Armenian (Eastern) · Zoya Pirzad 139Aromanian · Mariana Bara 141Assamese · Pradipta Borgohain 144Asturian · Xilberto Llano 147Azerbaijani · Sheyda Souleymanova 150Basque · Manu López Gaseni 152Belarusian · Max Ščur 155Bengali · Nivedita Sen 159Bosnian · Sandra Novkinić 164Brazilian Portuguese · Lauro Maia Amorim 166Brazilian Sign Language · Clélia Regina Ramos 168Breton · Hervé Le Bihan 171Bulgarian · Ivan Derzhanski 174Catalan · Francesc Parcerisas 178Cebuano · Marina P. Hamoy 181Chinese · Zongxin Feng 187Cornish · Nicholas J. A. Williams 199Croatian · Smiljana Narančić Kovač 201

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8Alice in a World of Wonderlandscontents

Czech · Jiří Rambousek 207Danish · Viggo Hjørnager Pedersen 211Dari and Pashto · Rahman A. Arman 214Dutch · Lenny de Rooy 218Estonian · Risto Järv 223Ewondo · Stéphanie Engola 227Faroese · Bergljót av Skarði and Kristinbjørg Høgnesen 230Fijian · Apolonia Tamata 232Filipino · Marina P. Hamoy 235Finnish · Markus Lång 236French · Isabelle Nières-Chevrel 239Frisian (West) · Jant van der Weg-Laverman 249Galician · Teresa Barro 252Georgian · Giorgi Gokieli 255German · Emer O’Sullivan 259Gothic · David A. Carlton 270Greek · Deborah Brown Kazazis 273Gujarati · Taarū Mēghānee Kajāāriā 276Hawaiian · Keao NeSmith 282Hebrew · Rachel Weissbrod 286Hindi · Sumanyu Satpathy and Lalit Kumar 289Hungarian · Anna Kérchy 294Icelandic · Gauti Kristmannsson, Aleksandra Maria Cieślińska, and Magnea J. Matthíasdóttir 299Indonesian · Harry Aveling, Riris K. Toha-Sarumpaet, and Issy Yuliasri 302Irish · Alan Titley 307Italian · Adele Cammarata 310Japanese · Yoshiyuki Momma 316Jèrriais · Geraint Jennings 320Kannada · Vijayakumar M. Boratti 324Kazakh · Fatima Moldashova 326Konkani · Padma Baliga 329Korean · Kang-hoon Lee 331Korean (Sewell version) · Victoria Jon Sewell 333Kurdish (Sorani) · Kaveh Tagharobi 335Ladino · Avner Perez 338Lao · Gregory H. Green 341Latgalian · Ilga Šuplinska 343Latin · August A. Imholtz, Jr. 346Latvian · Kristīne Baiža and Gunta Ločmele 349Lithuanian · Agnė Zolubienė 352Low German · Reinhard F. Hahn 355Macedonian · Rumena Bužarovska 358

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9Volume One · The Essays

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Malay · Zubaidah Ibrahim-Bell 361Malayalam · Anto Thomas Chakramakkil and Alida Allison 364Maltese · Ġorġ Mallia 368Manlam Ngy · Gina Chiu Chang 372Manx · Alan Titley 375Māori · Tom Roa 377Marathi · Swati Jaideep Raje 381Medieval Irish · Elizabeth Boyle 384Mennonite Low German · Jack Thiessen 387Middle Breton · Hervé Le Bihan 389Middle Welsh · Silva Nurmio 392Moldavian · Elena Suff 395Mongolian · G. Mend-Ooyo 401Montenegrin · Gordana Kustudić 404Ndebele (Zimbabwean) · Dion Nkomo 406Neapolitan · Stefania Tondo 411Nepali · C. M. Bandhu 417Norwegian · Kristin Ørjasæter 419Occitan (Provençal) · Philippe Blanchet 422Old Norse · Victoria Condie, Alexis Lansbury, and Richard Munro 425Oriya · Sumanyu Satpathy and Animesh Mohapatra 429Palatine German (Vorderpälzisch) · Franz Schlosser 433Papiamento · Angiolina Henriquez 436Pashto and Dari · Rahman A. Arman 438Persian · Farideh Pourgiv 439Picard (Borain) · André Capron 442Pitjantjatjara · Nancy Sheppard 445Pitjantjatjara Illustrations · Byron W. Sewell 447Pitjantjatjara Illustrations · Donna Leslie 449Polish · Monika Adamczyk-Garbowska 451Portuguese · Conceição Pereira, Margarida Vale de Gato, and Patricia Anne Odber de Baubeta 454Romanian · Claudia Elena Stoian 457Russian · Liudmyla I. Skuratovska and Maria L. Isakova 461Rusyn · Mihajlo Fejsa 467Samoan · Luafata Simanu-Klutz 469Sasak · Harry Aveling, Muhammad Rifqi, and Hariro Zamzam 473Scots Languages: Overview · Derrick McClure 476Scots (Borders) · Cameron Halfpenny 486Scots (Caithness) · James Miller 490Scots (East Angus and Kincardine) · Raymond Vettese 493Scots (Glaswegian) · Thomas Clark 496Scots (Northeast) · Derrick McClure 499

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10Alice in a World of Wonderlandscontents

Scots (Orkney) · Donna Heddle 504Scots (Shetlandic) · Laureen Johnson 507Scots (Southeast Central) · Sandy Fleming 510Scots (Synthetic Literary) · Andrew McCallum 513Scots (Ulster) · Anne Morrison-Smyth and Michael Everson 516Scots (West Central Ayrshire) · James Begg 518Scottish Gaelic (Mid-Argyll) · Àdhamh Ó Broin 522Scottish Gaelic (Non-Dialectal) · Moray Watson 526Scottish Gaelic (South Uist) · Gilbert MacMillan 529Serbian · Tijana Tropin 531Seychelles Creole · Penda Choppy 534Shangani · Peniah Mabaso 537Shona · Shumirai Nyota and Tsitsi Nyoni 539Sinhala · Sugath Mahinda Senarath 542Slovak · Juraj Vojtek 546Slovenian · Mihajlo Mohor 550Spanish (and Other Languages of Spain): Overview · Juan Gabriel López Guix 554Swahili · Ida Hadjivayanis 567Swedish · Björn Sundmark 573Tagalog and Filipino · Marina P. Hamoy 581Tajiki · Bahridin Aliev-Alizoda 586Tamil · R. Azhagarasan 588Telugu · K. Suneetha Rani 591Thai · Chris Baker and Pasuk Phongpaichit 595Tongan · Telesia Kalavite 598Turkish · Alev Balcı Tison 601Turoyo · Shabo Talay 605Ukrainian · Oleg Lipchenko 608Urdu · Sumanyu Satpathy and Haris Qadeer 611Uyghur · Umarjan Hujahmet, Feng Liu, Abidan Yibulayin, and Barharguly Yunussy 615Viennese · Hans Werner Sokop 619Vietnamese · Hoàng-Thư Dương and John Celli 621Võro · Sulev Iva 624Walloon · Jean-Luc Fauconnier 628Welsh · Sioned Davies 632Xhosa · Nosisi Mpolweni 635Yiddish · Adina Bar-El 638Zulu · Bhekinkosi Ntuli 642

English DialectsAppalachian · Byron W. Sewell 646Cockney · Charlie Lovett 648

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11Volume One · The Essays

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Cornish-English · Alan M. Kent 651Middle English · Brian S. Lee 655Old English · Peter S. Baker 658Scouse · Patrick Honeybone 661Sussex · Richard Coates 665

English in Other AlphabetsAlice in Unusual Orthographies · Michael Everson 668 Deseret Ewellic International Phonetic Alphabet Nyctographic Square Alphabet QR Barcode Shaw UnifonAlphagram · Adam Tauman Kalai 672Braille · Clare Imholtz 674Ciphers and Codes · Edward Wakeling 676Ñspel · Francis K. Johnson 678Shorthand · Catherine M. Parisian 681

Constructed LanguagesInvented Languages: Overview · Sarah L. Higley 690Blissymbols · Michael Everson 695Esperanto · Patrick H. Wynne 697Lingua Franca Nova · Simon Davies 700Lingwa de Planeta · Dmitry Ivanov 702Lojban · Mark Shoulson 705Neo · Ralph Midgley 707Sambahsa · Olivier Simon 709Volapük · Michael Everson 711

IllustrationsThe Illustrations of Alice: Overview · Jon A. Lindseth and Stephanie Lovett 714Alice Illustrations as Translation · Nilce M. Pereira 716Alice: Illustrated by a World of Artists · Adriana Peliano 720Fashions of Alice · Kiera Vaclavik 723

additional EssaysCarrollian Comics Worldwide · Byron W. Sewell and Mark Burstein 728Disney’s Alice in Other Languages and Lands · Matt Crandall 730Zumorigénflit: A Parody of This Project · Byron W. Sewell 733

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Alice in a World of Wonderlandscontents12

Appendices and Back MatterAppendix 1. Alice: Languages Listed by First Publication Date 739Appendix 2. Alice: First Publication Date Listed Alphabetically by Language 741Appendix 3. Alice: Languages Listed by Number of Editions 743Appendix 4. Alice: Number of Editions Listed Alphabetically by Language 745Appendix 5. Through the Looking-Glass: Languages Listed by First Publication Date 747Appendix 6. Through the Looking-Glass: First Publication Date Listed Alphabetically by Language 748Appendix 7. Through the Looking-Glass: Languages Listed by Number of Editions 749Appendix 8. Through the Looking-Glass: Number of Editions Listed Alphabetically by Language 750Appendix 9. Additional Languages at the Press or in Translation 751Appendix 10. The Most Translated English Novel · Jon A. Lindseth and Stephanie Lovett 752Appendix 11. On ISO and Ethnologue · Jon A. Lindseth 755Appendix 12. On the Alice 125 Celebration in Australia in 1990 · Jon A. Lindseth 756Appendix 13. Translations from the Library of Alice Hargreaves · Jon A. Lindseth 757Appendix 14. The Languages of Scotland: The Haves versus the Have-Nots · Jon A. Lindseth 759Appendix 15. Alice Translation Articles from Around the World · Lila Marz Harper 761Appendix 16. Material Not Covered in This Book · Jon A. Lindseth 775Appendix 17. Titles of the Alice Translations when Back-Translated into English · Jon A. Lindseth 776

Technical Editor’s Note · Alan Tannenbaum 778Acknowledgments · Jon A. Lindseth 779Notes on Contributors 790Lewis Carroll Societies of the World · Mark Burstein 826

Index 828

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7Volume Two · Back-Translations

contents

Volume Two: Back-Translations

introduction · Jon A. Lindseth and Alan Tannenbaum 15

The Back-TranslationsAfrikaans 1965 · Lelanie de Roubaix and Ilse Feinauer 25Albanian (Tosk dialect) 1985 · Merita Bajraktari McCormack 29Albanian (Tosk dialect) 2006 · Merita Bajraktari McCormack 32Appalachian Dialect 2012 · Byron W. Sewell 36Arabic 1946 · Nadia El Kholy 40Arabic 2013 · Nadia El Kholy 43Aragonese 1995 · Antonio Chusé Gil Ereza 47Armenian (Eastern dialect) 1971 · Zoya Pirzad 51Aromanian · Mariana Bara 54Assamese 2008 · Pradipta Borgohain 58Asturian 1989 · Xilberto Llano 62Azerbaijani 1974 · Sheyda Souleymanova 66Basque 1979 · Manu López Gaseni 70Basque 1989 · Manu López Gaseni 73Belarusian 2013 · Max Ščur 76Bengali 1955 · Nivedita Sen 80Bengali 2004 · Nivedita Sen 83Blissymbols · Michael Everson 87Bosnian 1980 · Sandra Novkinić 91Brazilian Portuguese 1933 · Lauro Maia Amorim 95Brazilian Portuguese 1997 · Lauro Maia Amorim 98Breton 1995 · Hervé Le Bihan 101Bulgarian 1933 · Ivan A. Derzhanski 104Bulgarian 2006 · Ivan A. Derzhanski 108Catalan 1927 · Francesc Parcerisas, Jacqueline Minett, and Juan Gabriel López Guix 112Catalan 2011 · Francesc Parcerisas, Jacqueline Minett, and Juan Gabriel López Guix 115Cebuano 2012 · Marina P. Hamoy 118Chinese 1922 · Zongxin Feng 122Chinese 2010 · Bikang Huang 128Cornish 1990 · Nicholas J. A. Williams 132Cornish 2009 · Nicholas J. A. Williams 135Cornish-English · Alan M. Kent 138Croatian 1944 · Smiljana Narančić Kovač 142Croatian 2001 · Smiljana Narančić Kovač 146Czech [1904] · Jiří Rambousek 151

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8Alice in a World of Wonderlandscontents

Czech 1961 · Jiří Rambousek 154Danish 1875 · Viggo Hjørnager Pedersen 157Danish 2000 · Viggo Hjørnager Pedersen 160Dari (Kabuli dialect) · Rahman A. Arman 163Dutch ca. 1887 · Lenny de Rooy 166Dutch 2009 · Lenny de Rooy 169Esperanto 1910 · Patrick H. Wynne 173Esperanto 2004 · Patrick H. Wynne 177Estonian 1940 · Ene-Reet Soovik and Risto Järv 180Estonian 2008 · Ene-Reet Soovik and Risto Järv 183Ewondo · Stephanie Engola 186Faroese 1988 · Bergljót av Skarði 189Fijian · Apolonia Tamata 192Filipino 2000 · Marina P. Hamoy 195Finish 1906 · Markus Lång 198Finish 1995 · Markus Lång 201French 1869 · Isabelle Nières-Chevrel 204French 1961 · Isabelle Nières-Chevrel 207Frisian (West) 1964 · Jant van der Weg-Laverman 210Galician 1984 · Teresa Barro 213Georgian 1969 · Giorgi Gokieli 217Georgian 1997 · Giorgi Gokieli 220German 1869 · Emer O’Sullivan and Beatrice Brodesser 224German 1963 · Emer O’Sullivan and Beatrice Brodesser 228Gothic · David A. Carlton 232Greek 1973 · Deborah Brown Kazazis 236Greek 2003 · Deborah Brown Kazazis 240Gujarati 1917 · Taarū Mēghānee Kajāāriā 243Gujarati 1991 · Taarū Mēghānee Kajāāriā 247Hawaiian 2012 · Keao NeSmith 250Hebrew 1923 · Miriam Shlesinger and Rachel Weissbrod 254Hebrew 1997 · Miriam Shlesinger and Rachel Weissbrod 258Hindi 1961 · Sumanyu Satpathy and Lalit Kumar 262Hindi 1997 · Sumanyu Satpathy and Lalit Kumar 264Hungarian 1927 · Anna Kérchy 268Hungarian 2009 · Anna Kérchy 272Icelandic 1937 · Aleksandra M. Cieślińska and Magnea J. Matthíasdóttir 276Icelandic 1996 · Magnea J. Matthíasdóttir and Aleksandra M. Cieślińska 279Indonesian 1978 · Issy Yuliasri and Harry Aveling 283Indonesian 2009 · Harry Aveling and Issy Yuliasri 287Irish 1922 · Nicholas J. A. Williams and Alan Titley 291Irish 2003 · Alan Titley 295

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9Volume Two · Back-Translations

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Italian 1872 · Adele Cammarata 298Italian 1993 · Adele Cammarata 301Japanese 1910 · Kimie Kusumoto 304Japanese 2006 · Kimie Kusumoto 308Jèrriais 2012 · Geraint Jennings 312Kannada 2007 · Vijayakumar M. Boratti 316Kazakh 1993 · Fatima Moldashova 318Konkani 1970 · Augusto Pinto 322Korean 1960 · Kang-hoon Lee and Heidi Terlinden 325Korean 2005 · Kang-hoon Lee and Heidi Terlinden 329Kurdish Sorani 2012 · Kaveh Tagharobi 332Ladino · Avner Perez 336Lao · Gregory H. Green 339Latgalian · Iveta Senkāne 342Latin 1964 · August A. Imholtz, Jr. 346Latvian 1937 · Kristīne Baiža and Gunta Ločmele 350Latvian 1990 · Indra Āboliņa, Guna Logina, Carla Caseti, Eva Šteinberga, Kristīne Baiža,

and Gunta Ločmele 353Lingua Franca Nova 2012 · Simon Davies 356Lingwa de Planeta 2014 · Dmitry Ivanov and Michael Everson 360Lithuanian 1957 · Agnė Zolubienė 363Lithuanian 2000 · Agnė Zolubienė 366Lojban · Mark Shoulson 370Low German 2010 · Reinhard F. Hahn 373Macedonian 1957 · Rumena Bužarovska 376Macedonian 1987 · Rumena Bužarovska 380Malay 2014 · Zubaidah Ibrahim-Bell 384Malayalam 1955 · Anto Thomas Chakramakkil and Alida Allison 388Malayalam 2000 · Anto Thomas Chakramakkil and Alida Allison 391Maltese 1998 · Ġorġ Mallia 395Maltese 2003 · Ġorġ Mallia 399Manlam Ngy (Taiwanese variety of Min Nan) 2006 · Gina Chiu Chang 403Manx 2010 · Alan Titley 404Māori · Tom Roa 407Marathi 1952 · Swati Jaideep Raje 411Medieval Irish · Elizabeth Boyle 414Mennonite Low German 2012 · Jack Thiessen 418Middle Breton · Hervé Le Bihan 421Middle English 2013 · Brian S. Lee 425Middle Welsh · Silva Nurmio 430Moldavian (variety of Romanian) 1968 · Elena Suff 434Moldavian (variety of Romanian) 1982 · Elena Suff 438Mongolian 1972 · G. Mend-Ooyo and S. Soyolbold 442

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10Alice in a World of Wonderlandscontents

Montenegrin 1976 · Gordana Kustudić 445Ndebele (Zimbabwean) · Dion Nkomo 449Neapolitan 2002 · Stefania Tondo 453Neo 2013 · Michael Everson 457Nepali 1992 · C. M. Bandhu 460Norwegian (Bokmål dialect) 1903 · Hilde Hagerup and Kristin Ørjasæter 463Norwegian (Bokmål dialect) 2003 · Hilde Hagerup and Kristin Ørjasæter 466Norwegian (Nynorsk dialect) 2003 · Hilde Hagerup and Kristin Ørjasæter 469Occitan (Provençal dialect) 1998 · Philippe Blanchet 473Old English (West Saxon dialect) · Peter S. Baker 477Old Norse · Victoria Condie, Alexis Lansbury, and Richard Munro 481Oriya 2005 · Sumanyu Satpathy and Animesh Mohapatra 484Palatine German (Vorderpälzisch dialect) 2013 · Franz Schlosser 486Pashto · Rahman Arman 490Persian 1959 · Farideh Pourgiv 493Persian 2012 · Zoya Pirzad and Farideh Pourgiv 498Picard (Borain dialect) 2012 · André Capron 501Pitjantjatjara 1975 · Nancy Sheppard 505Polish 1910 · Monika Adamczyk-Garbowska 508Polish 1972 · Monika Adamczyk-Garbowska 510Portuguese 1943 · Patricia Anne Odber de Baubeta 513Portuguese 2000 · Patricia Anne Odber de Baubeta 518Romanian 1946 · Claudia E. Stoian 523Romanian 2012 · Claudia E. Stoian 527Russian 1879 · Maria L. Isakova 531Russian 1923 · Maria L. Isakova 533Russian 1978 · Maria L. Isakova 537Rusyn 1988 · Mihajlo Fejsa 541Sambahsa 2013 · Olivier Simon 545Samoan 2013 · Luafata Simanu-Klutz 548Sasak 1990 · Hariro Zamzam, Muhammad Rifqi, and Harry Aveling 552Scots (Borders dialect) · Cameron Halfpenny 556Scots (Caithness dialect) · James Miller 559Scots (East Angus & Kincardine dialect) · Raymond Vettese 562Scots (Glaswegian dialect) 2014 · Thomas Clark 565Scots (Northeast dialect) 2012 · Derrick McClure 569Scots (Orkney dialect) · Donna Heddle 572Scots (Shetlandic dialect) 2012 · Laureen Johnson 575Scots (Southeast Central dialect) 2011 · Sandy Fleming 579Scots (Synthetic Literary) 2013 · Andrew McCallum 582Scots (Ulster dialect) 2011 · Michael Everson and Anne Morrison-Smyth 585Scots (West Central Ayrshire dialect) · James Begg 588

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11Volume Two · Back-Translations

contents

Scottish Gaelic (Mid-Argyll dialect) · Àdhamh Ó Broin 591Scottish Gaelic (Non-Dialectal form) 2012 · Moray Watson 595Scottish Gaelic (South Uist dialect) · Gilbert MacMillan 599Scouse (Dialect of Liverpool English) · Patrick Honeybone 602Serbian 1923 · Tijana Tropin 606Serbian 1998 · Tijana Tropin 610Seychelles Creole [1989] · Penda Choppy 613Shangani · Peniah Mabaso 616Shona · Shumirai Nyota and Tsitsi Nyoni 619Sinhala 1963 · Sugath Mahinda Senarath 622Sinhala 2007 · Sugath Mahinda Senarath 625Slovak 1959 · Juraj Vojtek 628Slovak 1996 · Jan George Frajkor and Juraj Vojtek 632Slovenian 1951 · Mihajlo Mohor 635Slovenian 1990 · Mihajlo Mohor 639Spanish 1927 · Jacqueline Minett and Juan Gabriel López Guix 642Spanish 2002 · Jacqueline Minett and Juan Gabriel López Guix 646Swahili 1940 · Ida Hadjivayanis 650Swedish 1870 · Björn Sundmark 653Swedish 2009 · Björn Sundmark 656Tagalog 2014 · Marina P. Hamoy 659Tajiki 1985 · Bahridin Aliev-Alizoda 664Tamil 1971 · R. Azhagarasan 667Tamil 2008 · R. Azhagarasan 669Telugu 2013 · K. Suneetha Rani 672Thai 1959 · Chris Baker and Pasuk Phongpaichit 675Thai 2009 · Chris Baker and Pasuk Phongpaichit 678Tongan · Telesia Kalavite 681Turkish 1944 · Alev Balcı Tison 685Turkish 1992 · Alev Balcı Tison 687Turoyo · Abdulmesih BarAbraham and Jan Bet-Şawoce 690Ukrainian 1960 · Oleg Lipchenko 694Ukrainian 2001 · Oleg Lipchenko 697Urdu 1968 · Raees Ahmed Mughal 701Urdu 1981 · Raees Ahmed Mughal 705Uyghur 1983 · Umarjan Hujiahmet 708Viennese 2012 · Hans Werner Sokop 711Vietnamese 2009 · Đỗ Bá [James] Phước and Thúy D. Tranviet 715Volapük · Michael Everson 719Võro · Sulev Iva 722Walloon 2012 · Jean-Luc Fauconnier 725Welsh 1982 · Sioned Davies 729

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12Alice in a World of Wonderlandscontents

Yiddish 2012 · Adina Bar-El 733Yiddish · Joan Braman 737Zulu · Bhekinkosi Ntuli 741Zumorigénflit (Łĭźġ dialect) 1919 · Byron W. Sewell 745

Appendix Analysis of the Back-Translations · Alison Tannenbaum and Alan Tannenbaum Table 1. The “Twinkle” Verse 749Table 2. The “Milk-Jug” Phrase 769Table 3. The “M” Words 776Table 4. The Characters at the Mad Tea-Party 782

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7Volume Three · Checklists

contents

Volume Three: Checklists

Introduction · Jon A. Lindseth and Joel Birenbaum 13

The ChecklistsAfrikaans · Lelanie de Roubaix and Ilse Feinauer 21Albanian (Gheg) · Merita Bajraktari McCormack and Lindita Komani 23Albanian (Tosk) · Merita Bajraktari McCormack and Lindita Komani 24Alphagram · Jon A. Lindseth 27American Sign Language · Jon A. Lindseth 27Appalachian · Jon A. Lindseth 27Arabic · Nadia El Kholy and Fatma Said 28Aragonese · Juan Gabriel López Guix 33Armenian (Eastern) · Zoya Pirzad 33Aromanian · Jon A. Lindseth 35Assamese · Pradipta Borgohain 35Asturian · Xilberto Llano 36Azerbaijani · Sheyda Souleymanova 36Basque · Manu López Gaseni 37Belarusian · Max Ščur 39Bengali · Nivedita Sen 40Blissymbols · Michael Everson 44Bosnian · Sandra Novkinić 44Braille and other tactile reading systems · Clare Imholtz 48Brazilian Portuguese · Lauro Maia Amorim and Adriana Peliano 57Brazilian Sign Language · Jon A. Lindseth 114Breton · Michael Everson 114Bulgarian · Ivan Derzhanski 115Catalan · Alexis Llobet and Francesc Parcerisas 123Catalan (Valencian) · Alexis Llobet and Francesc Parcerisas 129Cebuano · Marina P. Hamoy 129Chinese · Zongxin Feng, Yizhen Wei, Howard Chang, and Gina Chiu Chang 130Cipher · Edward Wakeling 197Cockney · Michael Everson 197Cornish · Michael Everson 197Cornish-English · Jon A. Lindseth 198Croatian · Smiljana Narančić Kovač 198Czech · Jiří Rambousek 211Danish · Betina Lindhoff Skou and Viggo Hjørnager Pedersen 219Dari (Kabuli) · Jon A. Lindseth 227

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8Alice in a World of Wonderlandscontents

Deseret · Michael Everson 227Dutch · Henri Ruizenaar 227Esperanto · Patrick H. Wynne 260Estonian · Risto Järv 261Ewellic alphabet · Jon A. Lindseth 264Ewondo · Jon A. Lindseth 265Faroese · Bergljót av Skarði and Kristinbjørg Høgnesen 265Fijian · Jon A. Lindseth 266Filipino · Marina P. Hamoy 266Finnish · Markus Lång 266French · Isabelle Nières-Chevrel, Justine Houyaux, Christine Collière-Whiteside 277Frisian (West) · Jant van der Weg-Laverman 333Galician · Teresa Barro and Juan Gabriel López Guix 333Georgian · Giorgi Gokieli 335German · Alise G. Wagner, Günther Flemming, Lila Harper, and Angelika Zirker 336Gothic · Jon A. Lindseth 408Greek · Dominique Sandis 408Gujarati · Taarū Mēghānee Kajāāriā 423Hawaiian · Keao NeSmith 423Hebrew · Rachel Weissbrod and Nachum Zitter 424Hindi · Sumanyu Satpathy, Lalit Kumar, and Joel Birenbaum 433Hungarian · Anna Kérchy 435Icelandic · Magnea J. Matthíasdóttir, Aleksandra M. Cieślińska, and Gauti Kristmannsson 443Indonesian · Riris K. Toha-Sarumpaet, Issy Yuliasri, and Harry Aveling 445International Phonetic Alphabet · Jon A. Lindseth 451Irish · Alan Titley and Michael Everson 451Italian · Adele Cammarata 452Japanese · Yoshiyuki Momma and Shun-ichi Obara 511Jèrriais · Geraint Jennings 559Kannada · Vijayakumar M. Boratti 560Kazakh · Fatima Moldashova 561Konkani · Augusto Pinto 561Korean · Kang-hoon Lee 562Kurdish Sorani · Farideh Pourgiv 596Ladino · Jon A. Lindseth 596Lao · Gregory H. Green 597Latgalian · Jon A. Lindseth 597Latin · August A. Imholtz, Jr. 597Latvian · Elfrīda Melbārzde 599Limburgish · Jon A. Lindseth 601Lingua Franca Nova · Jon A. Lindseth 601Lingwa de Planeta · Jon A. Lindseth 601

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Volume Three · Checklistscontents 9

Lithuanian · Agnė Zolubienė 602Lojban · Michael Everson and Mark Shoulson 606Low German · Reinhard F. Hahn 606Macedonian · Nadica Firfova 607Malay · Zubaidah Ibrahim-Bell 609Malayalam · Anto Thomas Chakramakkil 610Maltese · Ġorġ Mallia 612Manlam Ngy · Howard Chang 613Manx · Alan Titley and Michael Everson 613Māori · Jon A. Lindseth 614Marathi · Swati Jaideep Raje and Jon A. Lindseth 614Medieval Irish · Jon A. Lindseth 615Mennonite Low German · Michael Everson 615Middle Breton · Jon A. Lindseth 616Middle English · Michael Everson 616Middle Welsh · Jon A. Lindseth 616Mirandese · Helena A. F. Mourão 616Moldavian · Elena Suff 617Mongolian · G. Mend-Ooyo, J. Begzsuren, Saruul Khishigsuren, and Jon A. Lindseth 618Montenegrin · Gordana Kustudić 619Ndebele (Zimbabwean) · Jon A. Lindseth 620Neapolitan · Stefania Tondo 620Neo · Michael Everson 620Nepali · C. M. Bandhu 621Norwegian (Bokmål) · Anne Kristin Lande 621Norwegian (Nynorsk) · Anne Kristin Lande 626Ñspel · Jon A. Lindseth 626Nyctographic Square Alphabet · Alan Tannenbaum 627Occitan (Provençal) · Philippe Blanchet 627Old English (West Saxon) · Jon A. Lindseth 627Old Norse · Jon A. Lindseth 628Oriya · Sumanyu Satpathy and Animesh Mohapatra 628Palatine German (Vorderpälzisch) · Jon A. Lindseth 629Papiamento · Jon A. Lindseth 629Pashto · Jon A. Lindseth 629Persian · Zoya Pirzad and Farideh Pourgiv 630Picard (Borain) · André Capron 643Pitjantjatjara · Nancy Sheppard 643Polish · Monika Adamczyk-Garbowska 643Portuguese · Conceição Pereira 653QR Barcode · Alan Tannenbaum 671Romanian · Elena Suff and Claudia E. Stoian 671

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10Alice in a World of Wonderlandscontents

Russian · Maria L. Isakova 687Rusyn · Mihajlo Fejsa 729Sambahsa · Jon A. Lindseth 729Samoan · Jon A. Lindseth 729Sasak · Hariro Zamzam and Harry Aveling 730Scots (Borders) · Jon A. Lindseth 730Scots (Caithness) · Jon A. Lindseth 730Scots (East Angus & Kincardine) · Jon A. Lindseth 731Scots (Glaswegian) · Jon A. Lindseth 731Scots (Northeast) · Jon A. Lindseth 731Scots (Orkney) · Jon A. Lindseth 731Scots (Shetlandic) · Jon A. Lindseth 732Scots (Southeast Central) · Sandy Fleming 732Scots (Synthetic Literary) · Jon A. Lindseth 732Scots (Ulster) · Michael Everson and Anne Morrison-Smyth 733Scots (West Central-Ayrshire) · Jon A. Lindseth 733Scottish Gaelic (Mid-Argyll) · Jon A. Lindseth 733Scottish Gaelic (Non-Dialectal) · Jon A. Lindseth 734Scottish Gaelic (South Uist) · Jon A. Lindseth 734 Scouse · Michael Everson 734Serbian · Tijana Tropin 735Seychelles Creole · Penda Choppy 750Shangani · Jon A. Lindseth 751Shaw alphabet · Jon A. Lindseth 751Shona · Jon A. Lindseth 751Shorthand · Catherine M. Parisian 752Sinhala · Sugath Mahinda Senarath 755Slovak · Juraj Vojtek 756Slovenian · Mihajlo Mohor 760Spanish · Juan Gabriel López Guix, María Ponce de León, Danae Vera Caballero,

Vanessa Saura Taurà, Paula Valdebenito Salinas, Elizabeth Magali Alberco Cuya, and Robert Falcó 764Sussex · Richard Coates 935Swahili · Ida Hadjivayanis 935Swedish · Björn Sundmark 937Tagalog · Marina P. Hamoy 949Tajiki · Bahridin Aliev-Alizoda and Jon A. Lindseth 950Tamil · R. Azhagarasan 950Telugu · K. Suneetha Rani 953Thai · Chris Baker and Pasuk Phongpaichit 953Tongan · Jon A. Lindseth 956Turkish · Alev Balcı Tison 956Turoyo · Jon A. Lindseth 966Ukrainian · Oleg Lipchenko and Maria Isakova 966

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11Volume Three · Checklists

contents

Unifon Alphabet · Jon A. Lindseth 971Urdu · Raees Ahmed Mughal 971Uyghur · Umarjan Hujiahmet 972Viennese · Jon A. Lindseth 973Vietnamese · Hoàng-Thư Dương and Hang Nguyen 973Volapük · Jon A. Lindseth 977Võro · Jon A. Lindseth 978Walloon · Michael Everson 978Welsh · Sioned Davies 978Xhosa · Nosisi Mpolweni 979Yiddish · Adina Bar-El and Jon A. Lindseth 979Zulu · Jon A. Lindseth 980Zumorigénflit (Łǐźġ) · Byron W. Sewell 980

AppendicesAppendix 1. Abbreviations for Holdings 983Appendix 2. Illustrators · Alan Tannenbaum and Clare Imholtz 995

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