Volume 6, Issue 2 April 2018 R&D Newsletter - iitk.ac.in · the discovery of the Raman effect by...
Transcript of Volume 6, Issue 2 April 2018 R&D Newsletter - iitk.ac.in · the discovery of the Raman effect by...
R&D NewsletterIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur
April 2018Volume 6, Issue 2
www.iitk.ac.in/dord
Science &
Technology
for
Sustainable
Future
Highlight of the Issue
Advanced SPICE Model for Gan HEMT
Handover of SIIC
National Science Day Celebration
Success Stories
Page 2 - 6
National Science Day Celebration
ationalScienceDayiscelebratedinIndiaeveryyeartomarkNthe discovery of the Raman effect by Sir CV Raman.IITKanpurcelebratedNationalScienceDayonFebruary
28, 2018. A thematic workshop on ‘Science and technology for aSustainable Future’ had been organised by the Centre forEnvironmental Science and Engineering (CESE). Facultymembersfromthethematicareawereinvitedtogivepopulartalkontherelatedresearchareas.Highlightsofthosepresentationsarepresentedhere.
Linkage between Indian Summer Monsoon and Melting Himalayan GlaciersSoumita Baral and Indra Sekhar Sen
Department of Earth Sciences and
A Conceptual overview of the glacier body during pre-monsoon, after the rainfall impact during ISM
Himalayanglaciermeltwater,combinedwithIndianSummerMonsoon(ISM)precipitation,feedsmanylargeriversystemsthatprovidewatersecurityto~750millionpeopleinSouthAsia.However,the
role of the ISM rainfall on Himalayan deglaciation, and itseffectonstreamhydrologyispoorlyconstrained.Inthisstudy,
we use oxygen and hydrogen isotope fingerprintingtechniquetocharacterizethewatersourcesinthenineheadwatertributariesoftheGangesRiver.Riverwatersampleswerecollectedinthreeseasons(pre-monsoon,monsoon, post-monsoon) over various stages of theannual hydrologic cycle between 2014 and 2016. Inadditiontoriverwater,groundwater,snow,andglaciericesampleswerealsocollected.Isotopefingerprintingtechnique revealed that post-monsoon (October andNovember)dischargeconsistentlydeliversthehighestglaciermeltwaterproportionscompared todischarge
duringpre-monsoon(AprilandMay).
Thisobservationiscontrarytothenotionthatglaciermeltproportionsarehighestduringthepre-monsoonorsummermonths due to elevated temperatures leading to higherglaciermeltrunoff.ToexplaintheobservedhighglaciermeltproportionsinalltheheadwatertributariesofGangesduringpost-monsoon months, we propose that monsoon rainfallactsasatriggerforenhancedmeltingandhelpsdevelopinganefficientenglacialdrainagenetworkformeltwatertransport.The heat released by rainfall cooling and freezing withinglaciers causes enhanced melting, while opening of theenglacial conduits creates an efficient englacial drainagenetwork.Weestimatethatheatreleasedbyrainfallcoolingandfreezingcouldproduce3-12%oftotaldischargeattheglacier snout. Our findings indicate that ISM rainfall is animportant,yetunrecognizeddriverofelevatedglaciermeltrunoffintheHimalayanRivers.
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Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering
Topographic map of Ganges headwater basin (outlined in black). Sampling locations: white triangles and yellow circles are riverwater samples, red squares are ground water samples andgreen stars are glacier samples
Noble Photocatalytic Systems for Degradation of Organic Compounds towards Wastewater Treatment Applications
Waterpollutionisanemergingproblemacrosstheworldduetorapidpopulationgrowthandmodernindustrialization.Itnotonly affects human health, but also causes problems for
aquaticlifeandanimals.Wastewatercontainsorganic(suchasphenolicderivatives, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons etc.) and inorganiccompounds which can cause serious disorder. Photocatalysis is aprominentprocessforwaterpurificationutilizingsolarenergy.ZnOandTiO arewellknownphotocatalysts todegradeorganicand inorganic2
pollutants. However, these materials still require modifications withother nanomaterials because thesematerials absorb only ultravioletpartofsunlightduetowidebandgapandtheexcitonscreatedundertheUV lightrapidlyrecombine. Inourgroup,wehavedevelopedvariousnanostructured TiO based photocatalysts such as nanoparticles,2
nanofibers etc. and further enhanced theirphotocatalytic activity fordegradationoforganiccompoundsthroughsensitizationwithcarbondots/quantumdots,dopingwithtransitionmetalsandfunctionalizationwithcore-shellmetalnanoparticles.Enhancementinvisiblelightabsorptionaswellasinchargeseparationattheinterfacewasobtainedthroughthesemodifications.Thesemateri-alsarereusableandtheirnanostructuresdonotchangeafterrepetitiveusage.Thecurrentresearchfocusofthegroupistodevelopvisiblelightactivatedlow-costandscalablephotocatalyststotreateffluentwaterfromindustriesinparticular,pharma-ceuticalandtannery.
The d eve l opmen t a nd l a bperformanceofahighvolume(Q=950LPM),multipleslitnozzle-
based PM (particle aerodynamic2.5
diameter < 2.5 µm) inertial impactorwas highlighted in the presentation.Lab experiments were performed onvarious slit-based nozzle impactorsusingpolydispersedolomitepowderastestaerosol.Aftercarryingoutrigorousparametricevaluation,theoptimumslitnozzle-based impactor configurationselected had cutoff size of 2.51 µm(aerodynamicdiameter)at anoperat-ingflowrateof215LPM(mediumflow)withapressuredropof0.35kPaacrosstheimpactorstage.Thelengthoftheslitofthisoptimummediumflowimpactorwasextrapolatedtoaflowrateof950LPMtoobtainthehighvolumemultiple
slitnozzle-basedPM inertialimpactor2.5
assembly. This novel impactor assem-bly was fabricated from brass andchrome-platedandthenretrofittedinahighvolumedustsampler(ModelAAS217NL, Ecotech Instruments, India)downstream of the PM cyclone10
separator.Highvacuumsiliconegreasewasusedastheimpactionsubstrate.Afield study was performed as part ofM.Tech. (EEM) thesis of Mr. AnandKumar with co-located novel highvolumeimpactorassembly(HVIA)andsingle stage low flow rate PM 2 . 5
impactor,tonotonlycomparethePM 2.5
mass concentrations but elemental,anionandwatersolubleorganiccarbon(WSOC)/water soluble inorganiccarbon (WSIC) concentrations aswellinordertovalidatetheHVIAdeveloped
in the present study. This study wasfundedbyBRNSandaftercompletionthreesuchhighvolumeretrofittedPM 2.5
samplers were installed at BARC andthis technology was successfullytransferredtoBARC,Mumbai.
Development and Performance Evaluation of a HighVolume Indigenous Fine Particle Sampler
Raju Kumar Gupta,
Department of Chemical Engineering and
Tarun Gupta and Anand Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering and
Figure 1. Indian Patent filed for Multiple Slit Nozzle-based High Volume PM2.5 Impactor Assembly developed in this study
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Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering
Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering
National Science Day Celebration
Theageoffossilfuelsisslowlycomingtoanendandresearchonalternateenergysourceshastakencentrestage.Entire"hydrogeneconomies"havebeenenvisagedandstorageofhydrogenisanimportantcomponenttowardstheuseofhydro-genasanalternate"cleanfuel".Storageofhydrogeninmaterialshasreceivedtremendousthrustinthepastfewdecades,
givenitsadvantageslikesafetyandhighenergydensity.
Ahydrogenstoragesystemhasthreeimportantcomponents: Material, Storage&Retrieval, Safetyfeatures.
Importantclassesofmaterialsdevelopedforhydrogenstorageinclude:(i)metalsandalloys(intermetallics),(ii)carbonaceousmaterials,(iii)metalorganicframeworks,(iv)zeolites&(v)clatherates.Intheresearchworkinprogress,thehorizonsofthesematerialsarebeingenhancedviaconceptslike"microstructurallyengineerednano-hybrids"and"multi-modehydrogenstorage".Oneofthethrustareasunderthethemeisgreenrefrigerationtechnology;whereinwasteheatofanICengineisusedtodriveametalhydridebasedhydrogenstoragesystem.
AsapartoftheNationalScienceDaycelebrationsthehydrogenenergyrelatedactivitiesattheHydrogenEnergySystemLab,CentreforEnvironmentalSciences(CESE)washighlighted.I.I.T.Kanpur(coordinatedbyDeanResearch&Development)wasthenodalagencyforthenationwideTechnologySystemsDevelopmentprogramofDST.Tenorganizationsacrossthecountryparticipatedintheresearchproject,whichnotonlyestablishedIITKasamajorplayerintheareaofhydrogenresearch,butalsogaveconsiderableimpetustothefieldinthecountry.Theseinitiativesareexpectedtocontributetoenvironmentalandenergysustainability.
Green Energy: Hydrogen Storage Systems Anandh Subramaniam
Materials Sciences & Engineering and
Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering
home.iitk.ac.in/~anandh
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National Science Day Celebration
Restoring National Air Resources: Challenges to Solutions
Airpollutionposesamajorrisktohuman
health,andbyreducingairpollution,we
can significantly reduce the burden of
manydiseasessuchasstroke,heartdisease,lung
cancer and respiratory diseases. Many Indian
citiesshowextremepollutionlevels,attimes,5to
7 times higher than the national air quality
standards. The first twoweeks of November in
2016 and 2017 witnessed high air pollution
episodesintheCityofDelhiandmanyothercities
in north India; most of the Indo-Gangetic Plain
looked hazy, and people complained burning
sensationineyes.Ordinarycitizensarepuzzledas
towhatisbeingdonetomitigateairpollutionand
where are the results? The problem is multi-
dimensional, where scientists and decision-
makers will have to work in tandem. Solutions
require soundscientificbasis, rightpoliciesand
financialresources.Thereareanthropogenicand
natural causes for bad air quality; large-scale
urbanization,industrialization,landusechanges,biomassandfossilfuelburning,constraineddispersionduetogeographical
featureslikevalleysandlackofyear-roundrains.Thecomplicatedlarge-scalephenomenamaketheproblemchallenging.Before
onedecidesonengineeringsolutions,thefundamentaltaskistodevelopacausallinkagebetweenemittingsourcesandtheir
relativeimpactsonairqualityatareceptor.
Emission reduction at source is fundamental as pollutants once in the atmosphere; there is very little that one can do.
Mathematicalmodels,on-fieldmeasurementsandchemicalcompositionofpollutantsarefrequentlyusedtoidentifyandto
adopttheemissionreductionstrategies.Therearetwomodelingapproaches:(i)dispersionand(ii)receptor-source.While
dispersionmodelingsolvestheadvection-diffusionmassbalanceequation,receptormodelingstartswithobservedambient
airbornepollutantconcentrationsatareceptor.Thereceptormodelseekstoapportiontheobservedconcentrationsamong
severalsourcesbasedontheknowledgeofthechemicalandphysicalcompositionoftheemissions,andbycomparingitwiththe
chemicalcompositionobtainedatareceptor.Thereceptor-sourcemodel,employingChemicalMassBalance(CMB)approach
(e.g.USEPACMBv8.2),hasbeenappliedtomanyairqualityproblems,whichdelineatesthecontributionofvarioussourcesata
receptor.
Toprovidetechnicalsupporttopolicymakers,aframeworkincludingairqualitymonitoring,detailedpollutantcharacteriza-
tion,identificationofsourcesandtheircontributionstoambientairpollutionwasdevelopedandimplementedfortheCityof
Delhi.ThefigureaboveshowschemicalcompositionandaverageCMB-computedsourcecontributionstoPM (particlesofa2.5
sizeoflessthanorequalto2.5micron-meter)attworeceptorlocations.Thereareexcitingfindings;inadditiontovehicles,
secondary inorganicaerosol (SIA;aerosol formed in theatmosphere through the interactionofprecursorgases),biomass
burning(BMBincludingcropresidue),municipalsolidwaste(MSW)burning,dustandconstructionactivitiesareimportant
sources.Thesesourcesoftengetignored,andemissionreductionsonpre-perceivedsourcesdonotnecessarilytranslatein
improvedairquality.TheabovefindingsandinputsfromotherinstitutionswereseminalindrawingtheactionplansforCleanTransport,CleanFuel,
andBiomassManagementunderCII-NITIAayog-led,'CleanerAirBetterLifeInitiative'.Theimplementationoftheseplanswill
ensurecleanandhealthyairformanyyearstocome.Thisresearchisaprimeexampleofhowsoundscience-basedinvestigations
couldimpactpolicyinameaningfulway.
Mukesh Sharma,
Department of Civil Engineering and
EC: elemental carbon, OM: organic matter
Chemical composition and source contributions to PM in Delhi at Rohini and Dwarka 2.5
(numbers in parenthesis show PM concentration; National standard: 60 µg/m3)2.5
1. Rohini (380 g/m³) 2. Dwarka (297 g/m³)
Boundary
Roads
Rail Line
Settlement
Agriculture
Airport
Forest
Open
Sand
Water Body
Legend
Centre for Environmental Science & Engineering
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National Science Day Celebration
Processes Governing the Fate and Transport of Inorganic Pollutants in Groundwater and their Remediation
Groundwater is currently the largest source of
freshwater for the rural (~80%) and urban (~50%)
Indian population. The availability and purity of
this resource has been limited by past anthropogenic
activities such as mining, processing, and waste disposal
that have left a legacy of severely contaminated ground-
water and soil. Research at the Environmental
Geochemistry Lab (EGL) in the Centre for Environmental
Science and Engineering (CESE) involves quantifying the
extent and forms of hazardous pollutants like arsenic,
chromium, fluoride or uranium in typical groundwater of
Indo-Gangetic basin and identifying the likely sources of
pollution – chromium has industrial origin while fluoride
has geogenic origin. This knowledge is helpful to under-
stand the contaminant fate and transport of these
materials and develop in situ methodologies to remediate
the contaminated zones. A part of this remediation effort
also involves characterization and stabilization of hazard-
ous wastes to find ways to recycle and reuse them gain-
fully in Civil Engineering applications.
Broadly, the research focuses on developing meaningful
interfaces between fundamental science and applied
research and engineering to develop solutions that
ultimately could be translated to the field. At a fundamen-
tal level, we are interested in investigating the physical and
chemical processes occurring at the mineral-water
interfaces such as adsorption, precipitation, and reduc-
tion-oxidation (Figure below), to gain a clear understand-
ing of the geochemical factors for contaminant uptake,
their stability and conditions for remobilization.
Specifically, experimental and associated modelling
approaches for remediation of excessive fluoride, chro-
mium and other heavy metals in Indo-Gangetic groundwa-
ter are being attempted.
Abhas Singh,
Department of Civil Engineering and
Immobilization mechanisms and remobilization processes for a divalent contaminant, M. 1) Adsorption as monodentate, bidentate, and ternary surface complexes; 2) Precipitation of discrete phases at the surface, which may become occluded within the substrate; 3) Co-precipitation to form a solid solution or occluded phases; 4) Bulk precipitation. Chemical and physical remobilization processes are determined by the immobilization mechanism.
ironoxyhydroxide
Dissolved Species
RemobilizationProcess
desorption
3) Co- Precipitation
2) SurfacePrecipitation
Solid
So
luti
on
BulkPrecipitation
M-pptM-ppt
metal ion andhydrolysis species
Fe(OH)3(s)
M(OH)2(s)
Occlusion
FePO4(s)
M (PO )3 4 2(s)
{ {
{
{
+Fe - 0 - M
Fe - 0
Fe - 0
Fe - 0 - MC03
Fe 0 - M
M
1) Absorption
dessolution
M-p
pt
Surface- or transportcontrolled dissolution
iron oxyhydroxide dissolutionor solid-state diffusion
2+ +M , M0H ,M(0H) ,...2(aq)
inorganic complexes
M C02 3(aq),
M P0 , ...4
organic complexes
M - EDTA,M - citrate, ...
-
-0- P - 0H0H
0
-
Centre for Environmental Science Engineering
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National Science Day Celebration
he SPICE model (Titled: ASM-THEMT) developed by Prof.
Yogesh Chauhan, Department
of Electrical Engineering and his
collaborator has been selected as the
world's first industry standardmodel
for Gallium Nitride High Electron
Mobility Transistor (GaN HEMT) by
SiliconIntegrationInitiative'sCompact
Model Coalition (CMC). Industry
standard models are selected after
rigorous evaluation and validation on
multipletechnologiesbythesemicon-
ductor industry. This work is an
outcomeofthelastsixyears'effortof
Prof.Chauhan'sgroup.Themodelwill
nowbe available in ElectronicDesign
Automationsoftwareanditwillbeused
by major semiconductor and EDA
companies worldwide. GaN HEMT is
widelyusedinRFpoweramplifiersand
power electronics applications. GaN
HEMTs will be key to design power
amplifiersforfuture5Gtechnology.
TheGaNHEMTtechnologyisofspecial
significance to India. Government of
India is considering to setup a GaN
foundry near Bengaluru. DRDO and
ISRO are also actively working on
developingthistechnologyfordefence
andspaceapplications.Prof.Chauhan
isworkingwithbothoftheseagencies
indevelopingSPICEmodelsforcircuit
designusingGaNHEMTs.
ASM-HEMT: Advanced SPICE Model for Gan HEMTs
Success News
Prof. Sathesh Mariappan, Department of Aerospace Engineering has been jointly awarded anInternational Exchanges award by the Royal Society as overseas collaborator with his principlecollaboratorandInvestigatorProf.MariaHeckl,KeeleUniversityUK.ThisisenvisagedtoenhanceUK-Indiaresearchcollaboration.
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Dean, Research & Development
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur 208016
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O n e i n c u b a t e es t a r t u p De lmo sResearch have beenchosen winners inAgri sector of theVillgroiPitchcontesta t a n e v e n t i nHyderabad today.Delmosaremanufac-tures of fabric stripsfortestingadulterationinmilk.Theywereselectedafterseveralroundsofpitchingandduediligence.
The incubation and innovation ecosystem at IIT Kanpur goes for a majormakeover.Anot-for-profitcompany,F.I.R.S.T.,FoundationforInnovationandResearch in Science and Technology, has been created to run the SIDBI
InnovationandIncubationCenterfromApril01,2018.
F.I.R.S.T.isenvisionedasabridgebetweentechnologystart-ups&Micro,SmallandMediumEnterprises(MSME)andtheincubationecosystematIITKanpurcomprisingof around eleven incubators and five prototype and testing labs. The Board ofDirectorsconsistsofnotedentrepreneurs,industrialists,industryleadersandtwoInstituteNominees.TherewillalsobeahighlyqualifiedBoardofMentors,identifiedbytheBoardofDirectors,andthe ChiefOperatingOfficer(COO),whowillactasabridgetoconnecteachentrepreneurialventurewiththesuitablementor(s)fromthisgroup.Mr.RajarshiMukhopadhyay,analumnusofIITKanpur,hasbeenappointedastheCOOofF.I.R.S.T.
S IDB I I nnova t i on andIncubation Centre , I ITKanpu r won t h e I SGFInnovation Award 2018underthecategorypfSmartIncubator of the Year. Theaward was given by IndiaSmart Grid Forum (ISGF).
ISGGF is a Public Private Partnership initiative ofMinistry ofPower(MoP),GovernmentofIndiaforaccelerateddevelopmentofsmartgridtechnologiesintheIndianpowersector.
IITKanpur inpartnershipwiththeofficeofDistrict InspectorofSchools(DIOS),KanpurorganizedanopenhouseattheInstitute’sFlightLabforsecondaryschoolstudentsofKanpurNagaronMarch24,2018.Prof.SGanesh,DeanofResearchand
Development,andMr.VipulMathur,ChiefEngineer,FlightLab,IITKanpurcoordinatedtheevent.Variousdemonstrationsweregiventothestudents,explainingtheworkingmechanismofaircrafts,UnmannedAerialVehiclesandtheracecarbySAEClubofIITK.Around650studentsfromdifferentschools,alongwiththeirprincipalsandteachershadbeenpresentatthisevent.
Open House Organized by IIT Kanpur for Secondary School Students in Kanpur
Foundation for Innovation and Research in Science and Technology (F.I.R.S.T.)