Precept. Volume 1, number 1. May 1972. Pilot publication ...
Volume 4, No. 1, 1972
18
- 36 - BORNEO RESEARCH BULLET] However, this policy of no-charge areas is a sound one, it seems to me, as otherwise many who now receive the BRB, and who are Vol. 4, No. 1 June, intimately involved in Borneo research, wouldnot be able to continue receiving it on a subscription basis because of the high cost of foreign exchange. To help meet this aspect of the pro- Report from the Editor: The Financial Status of the BRB jected deficit, the BRC will consequently have to seek other financial support. Therefore, if any readers of the BRB know of a source of financial support for the activities of FFE BRB and BRC e i t h e r Research Notes through foundation sources, corporations, or inEiduals, the ............... editor would be deeply appreciative of hearing of them. I t seems The Belaga District of Sarawak J6r6me Rousseai ..... rather clear that the BRC will have to turn to such sources if it Pioneer Settlement in Southern and East Kalimantan .... ........................................ is to continue its activities of furthering research in the social, D e n P. Fitzgeralc biological, and medical sciences in Borneo. Otherwise i t s Report of Linguistic Field Work Undertaken in Sarawak ...... activities will have to be curtailed. ........................................... Robe A. Blusl .............. A Study of Snakebite in Sarawak... Yoshio Sawa: One of the implications of the continuing deficit in the BRB is A Select Bibliography of Published Works in English With ............... . that in addition to reducing costs there will also have t o e a Relevance to Bornean History Colin Crisswel; reduction in coverage of the BRB and the number of pages that can Melanau Studies ........................... I. F. C. S. Clyarf be printed per issue. We areholding the size of this issue to 36 pages and hope to reduce all further issues to 32 pages. To enable us to do this, we are considering eliminating the list of Brief Communications Fellows, listings of current publications, abstracts of disser- ....... tations, and book reviews. I frankly need guidance in these matters Conference on the Peoples of the Southern Philippines .............................................. and would welcome suggestions from the readers as to which of Carol Molon) these are the most.usefu1 to them and should therefore not be elim- Research on the Natural History of Sabah by the Sabah Museur anf~ed. These actlons, however, will not completely eliminate the .................................. e ~clt. Henry C. Tsen Khin Sionl Again, let me u r g ~ all of you who know of any possible source of financial support for the BRB and the BRC to please contact me in News and Announcements this regard so that we maytake the appropriate action. And finally, let me again this year express our deepest thanks and Anthropologists Interested in Bornean Research To Meet In appreciation fof those who have made contributions to the costs Toronto at the American Anthropological Association of the E. Meetings .................................................. Research on Islamicization and Malayization and a Request for Information... ........................................ Contributions Received: G. N. Appell, Dr. J. R. Audy, I. D. Black, News and Publications of the Malaysian Branch Royal Asiatic ................................................. J. D. Boles, R. Inger, Margaret Roff, R. Russell, J. 0. Sutter, Society.. Wang Gung-wu, and .J. R. Wortmann. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang , Announces Academic I- Appoints Vacant in the School of Comparative Social .................................................. Sciences DELINQUENT OR UNRETURNED SUBSCRIPTION AND FELLOWSHIP NOTICES Part of the deficit of the BRB is attributable to the costs of carrying on our distributionTist those individuals who are delin- quent in returning their subscription or Fellowship notices. We are therefore unable to eliminate those from the distribution list who are not interested in receiving the BRB and who as a conse- quence do not bother to return the notices. To eliminate the costs of sending the BRB to those who do not wish to receive it any longer or to adzsses that are faulty ar out-of-date, we are sending a final notice with this issue to all those who have not as yet returned their notices. Let me urge all who wish to con- tinue receiving the BRB, particularly those in the no-charge areas, to return thisfinal notice as soon as possible. Borneo News -4 Book Reviews, Abstracts, and Bibliography Wilson: Wright: Budu , The Or or Twenty Years i n Sarawak (Cobbe) ........... igins of British Borneo (Pringle) ............ The Rori DeceG inquiric - .. neo Research Bulletin is published twice yearly (Junr r) by the Borneo Research Council. Please address a1 es and contributions for publication to G. N. Appell, Ldltor, Borneo Research Bulletin ,Phillips, Maine 04966, U.5 Single i - ~$2 . 50 .
Transcript of Volume 4, No. 1, 1972
- 36 - BORNEO RESEARCH BULLET] However, t h i s p o l i c y of no-charge a r e a s i s a sound one, i t seems t o me, a s o therwise many who now r e c e i v e t h e BRB, and who a r e Vol. 4 , No. 1 June, i n t i m a t e l y involved i n Borneo r e s e a r c h , w o u l d n o t be a b l e t o cont inue r e c e i v i n g i t on a s u b s c r i p t i o n b a s i s because of t h e h igh c o s t of f o r e i g n exchange. To h e l p meet t h i s a s p e c t o f t h e p r o - Report from t h e E d i t o r : The F i n a n c i a l S t a t u s of t h e BRB jec ted d e f i c i t , t h e BRC w i l l consequent ly have t o seek o t h e r f i n a n c i a l support . Therefore , i f any r e a d e r s of t h e BRB know of a source of f i n a n c i a l suppor t f o r t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f FFE BRB and BRC e i t h e r Research Notes through foundat ion s o u r c e s , c o r p o r a t i o n s , o r i n E i d u a l s , t h e ............... e d i t o r would be deeply a p p r e c i a t i v e of h e a r i n g of them. I t seems The Belaga D i s t r i c t of Sarawak J6r6me Rousseai ..... r a t h e r c l e a r t h a t t h e BRC w i l l have t o t u r n t o such s o u r c e s i f i t Pioneer S e t t l e m e n t i n Southern and E a s t Kal imantan. . . . ........................................ i s t o cont inue i t s a c t i v i t i e s of f u r t h e r i n g r e s e a r c h i n t h e s o c i a l , D e n P. F i t z g e r a l c b i o l o g i c a l , and medical s c i e n c e s i n Borneo. Otherwise i t s Report of L i n g u i s t i c F i e l d Work Undertaken i n Sarawak. . . . . . a c t i v i t i e s w i l l have t o be c u r t a i l e d . ........................................... R o b e A . Blusl .............. A Study o f S n a k e b i t e i n Sarawak... Yoshio Sawa: One of t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s of t h e c o n t i n u i n g d e f i c i t i n t h e BRB i s A S e l e c t Bib l iography o f Publ i shed Works i n E n g l i s h With ............... . t h a t i n a d d i t i o n t o reduc ing c o s t s t h e r e w i l l a l s o have t o e a Relevance t o Bornean H i s t o r y Col in Cr i sswel ; reduc t ion i n coverage of t h e BRB and t h e number of pages t h a t can Melanau S t u d i e s ........................... I . F. C. S. Clyarf be p r i n t e d p e r i s s u e . We a r e h o l d i n g t h e s i z e of t h i s i s s u e t o 36 pages and hope t o reduce a l l f u r t h e r i s s u e s t o 32 pages. To enable us t o do t h i s , we a r e c o n s i d e r i n g e l i m i n a t i n g t h e l i s t of B r i e f Communications Fellows, l i s t i n g s of c u r r e n t p u b l i c a t i o n s , a b s t r a c t s of d i s s e r - ....... t a t i o n s , and book reviews. I f r a n k l y need guidance i n t h e s e m a t t e r s Conference on t h e Peoples o f t h e Southern P h i l i p p i n e s .............................................. and would welcome s u g g e s t i o n s from t h e r e a d e r s a s t o which of Caro l Molon) these a r e t h e mos t .usefu1 t o them and should t h e r e f o r e n o t be e l im- Research on t h e N a t u r a l H i s t o r y o f Sabah by t h e Sabah Museur a n f ~ e d . These a c t l o n s , however, w i l l no t comple te ly e l i m i n a t e t h e ..................................
e ~ c l t . Henry C. Tsen Khin Sionl
Again, l e t me u r g ~ a l l o f you who know o f any p o s s i b l e source of f i n a n c i a l suppor t f o r t h e BRB and t h e BRC t o p l e a s e c o n t a c t me i n News and Announcements t h i s regard s o t h a t we m a y t a k e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e a c t i o n . And f i n a l l y , l e t me aga in t h i s y e a r e x p r e s s our d e e p e s t thanks and A n t h r o p o l o g i s t s I n t e r e s t e d i n Bornean Research To Meet I n a p p r e c i a t i o n f o f those who have made c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e c o s t s Toronto a t t h e American Anthropolog ica l A s s o c i a t i o n of the E. Meetings ..................................................
Research on I s l a m i c i z a t i o n and M a l a y i z a t i o n and a Request f o r In format ion . . . ........................................
C o n t r i b u t i o n s Rece ived : G . N. Appe l l , D r . J. R. Audy, I . D. Black, News and P u b l i c a t i o n s o f t h e Malaysian Branch Royal A s i a t i c ................................................. J. D. Boles , R. I n g e r , Margaret Rof f , R. R u s s e l l , J. 0 . S u t t e r , S o c i e t y . . Wang Gung-wu, and .J. R. Wortmann. U n i v e r s i t i S a i n s Malays ia , Penang , Announces Academic
I- Appoints Vacant i n t h e School o f Comparative S o c i a l .................................................. S c i e n c e s
DELINQUENT OR UNRETURNED SUBSCRIPTION AND FELLOWSHIP NOTICES
P a r t of the d e f i c i t of t h e BRB i s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e c o s t s o f ca r ry ing on our d i s t r i b u t i o n T i s t t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s who a r e d e l i n - quent i n r e t u r n i n g t h e i r s u b s c r i p t i o n o r Fe l lowship n o t i c e s . We a r e t h e r e f o r e unable t o e l i m i n a t e t h o s e from t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n l i s t who a r e n o t i n t e r e s t e d i n r e c e i v i n g t h e BRB and who a s a conse- quence do not b o t h e r t o r e t u r n t h e n o t i c e s . To e l i m i n a t e t h e c o s t s of sending t h e BRB t o t h o s e who do n o t wish t o r e c e i v e it any longer o r t o a d z s s e s t h a t a r e f a u l t y ar o u t - o f - d a t e , we a r e sending a f i n a l n o t i c e w i t h t h i s i s s u e t o a l l t h o s e who have n o t a s y e t r e t u r n e d t h e i r n o t i c e s . Let me urge a l l who wish t o con- t i n u e r e c e i v i n g t h e BRB, p a r t i c u l a r l y t h o s e i n t h e no-charge a r e a s , t o r e t u r n t h i s f i n a l n o t i c e a s soon a s p o s s i b l e .
Borneo News
-4
Book Reviews, A b s t r a c t s , and B i b l i o g r a p h y
Wilson: Wright:
Budu , The Or
o r Twenty Years i n Sarawak (Cobbe) ........... i g i n s of B r i t i s h Borneo ( P r i n g l e ) ............
The Rori D e c e G inqui r ic - ..
neo Research B u l l e t i n i s p u b l i s h e d t w i c e y e a r l y (Junr r) by t h e Borneo Research Counc i l . P l e a s e a d d r e s s a1 es and c o n t r i b u t i o n s f o r p u b l i c a t i o n t o G . N . Appe l l ,
L d l t o r , Borneo Research B u l l e t i n , P h i l l i p s , Maine 04966, U . 5 S i n g l e i-~$2.50.
Warren: The North Borneo Char te red Company's Adminis t ra t ion of t h e Bajau, 1878-1909: The P a c i f i c a t i o n o f a Mari t ime, Nomadic People (Sa ther ) ............................................... 33
Pol la rd : The Assoc ia t ion of Southeas t A s i a (ASA), 1961-1967; Regionalism, Ideology, and D e c l a r a t o r y Fore ign P o l i c y .................................................... (Abs t rac t ) 34
REPORT FROM THE EDITOR: THE FINANCIAL STATUS OF THE BRB B
The new format of t h i s i s s u e r e f l e c t s t h e d i f f i c u l t f i n a n c i a l s t a t u s I
1 of t h e BRB. For Volume 3 (1971) we i n c u r r e d a d e f i c i t o f $520.22. This d e E i t was met by a one- t ime-only , anonymous c o n t r i b u t i o n , which w i l l no t be r e p e a t e d f o r Volume 4. Consequently, we have taken d r a s t i c s t e p s t o c u t t h e c o s t s o f t h e BRB i n o r d e r t o minimize t h i s p r o j e c t e d d e f i c i t . Before d e t a i l i n g t h e s e , however, l e t me f i r s t review t h e f i n a n c i a l s i t u a t i o n .
For the 1971 volume, income was a s f o l l o w s ( a l l i n U.S. d o l l a r s ) : Fellowships, $511.94; S u b s c r i p t i o n s , $375.94; and C o n t r i b u t i o n s , $112.49. Expenses were: P r i n t i n g . $633.74; S e c r e t a r i a l S e r v i c e s . $565.20; a n d m # a i l i n g ( i n c l u d i n g enve lopes , p o s t a l c h a r g e s , e t c . ) , $321.65. This r e s u l t e d i n a d e f i c i t o f $520.22.
Mailing and p r i n t i n g c o s t s a r e t h e o n l y ones t h a t a r e amenable t o c o n t r o l and r e d u c t i o n , a s s e c r e t a r i a l c o s t s r e f l e c t s p r i m a r i l y t h e amount of correspqndence t h a t t h i s o f f i c e h a s t o d e a l w i t h , keeping t h e mail ing l i s t s u p - t o - d a t e , handl ing s u b s c r i p t i o n s , and bookkeep- ing. To reduce mai l ing c o s t s , we have chosen t h e l i g h t e r paper on whlch t h i s i s s u e is p r i n t e d , which w i l l r e s u l t i n an e s t i m a t e d savings of $150 p e r y e a r . By reduc ing t h e s i z e of o u r p r i n t b about one t h i r d and moving t o t h e new page s i z e , we e s t i m a t e t l a t we can a l s o save about $150 i n p r i n t i n g c o s t s (con t inued on p. 35)
*"
THE BORNEO RESEARCH COUNCIL L
I The Borneo Research Counci l was founded i n 1968 and i t s membership i s composed o f Fel lows, an i n t e r n a t i o n a l group o f s c h o l a r s p ro- f e s s i o n a l l y engaged i n r e s e a r c h i n Borneo. The g o a l s o f t h e Council a r e (1) t o promote s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h i n t h e s o c i a l , b i o - 1 l o g i c a l , and medical s c i e n c e s i n Borneo; (2) t o p e r m i t t h e r e s e a r c h community, i n t e r e s t e d Borneo government depar tments , and o t h e r s t o keep a b r e a s t of ongoing r e s e a r c h and i t s r e s u l t s ; (3) t o s e r v e a s a veh ic le f o r drawing a t t e n t i o n t o u r g e n t r e s e a r c h problems; (4 ) t o coordinate t h e flow of i n f o r m a t i o n on Borneo r e s e a r c h a r i s i n g from many d i v e r s e sources ; (5) t o disseminat* r a p i d l y t h e i n i t i a l r e s u l t s of r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t y ; and (6) t o f a c i l i t a t e r e s e a r c h by r e p o r t i n g on c u r r e n t c o n d i t i o n s . I n a d d i t i o n t o p u b l i s h i n g t h e Borneo Research B u l l e t i n t h e f u n c t i o n s o f t h e Counci l a l s o i n c l u d e providing counsel and a s s i s t a n c e t o r e s e a r c h endeavors , c o n s e r v a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s , and t h e p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f r e s e a r c h r e s u l t s . i
I
R E S E A R C H N O T E S
THE BELAGA DISTRICT OF SARAWAK
J6r6me Rousseau Cambridge U n i v e r s i t y
With 7400 square m i l e s (19000 kmz), t h e Belaga d i s t r i c t i s t h e l a r g e s t i n Sarawak, b u t it i s s p a r s e l y popula ted w i t h approximately 9300 persons . Most o f t h e a r e a i s over t h e a l t i t u d e of 1000 f t . , bu t t h e p o p u l a i i o n l i v e s l a r g e l y i n t h e v a l l e y s under t h i s a l t i t u d e . Mountains l i m i t s t r o n g l y communications w i t h o t h e r a r e a s , excep t t o t h e e a s t by t h e Rejang-Baluy r i v e r and th rough t h e h i l l s between t h e Belaga and Tubau a r e a s . To t h e n o r t h i s a r a t h e r arduous r o u t e t o t h e Baram. I n s i d e t h e a r e a communications a r e d i f f i c u l t a s t h e r i v e r s a r e c u t by many r a p i d s , and, d e s p i t e t h e s m a l l po u l a t i o n , t h e r e i s a l a r g e number of e t h n i c g roups , who c u l t i v a t e Rill p a d i and l i v e i n long-houses. I n t h e h i g h l a n d s , l i v e t h e nomadic Punan.
I n t h e Belaga d i s t r i c t , t h e name "Baluyt' i s g i v e n t o t h e Rejang r i v e r . A s e r i e s of r a p i d s , t h e b e s t known o f which i s c a l l e d "Bakun," d i v i d e s t h e r i v e r i n t o two p a t t s . I t i s p r a c t i c a l t o d i v i d e t h i s s t r e t c h over t h e Bakun i n t o two p a r t s a g a i n , t h e middle Baluy, and t h e h i g h e r Baluy. The s e t t l e d p o p u l a t i o n i s formed by t h r e e main groups: t h e Kayan, t h e Kenyah, and t h e Kajang ( s e e Map 1 ) .
The Kayan (pop. 2508) a r e t h e l a r g e s t u n i t a r y group, s h a r i n g t h e same language and c u l t u r e , w i t h s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e s from one long-house t o t h e n e x t . They form 9 long-houses i n t h e middle Baluy and 5 long- houses i n t h e lower Baluy. They came t o t h e Baluy and Baram v a l l e y s from t h e Kayan r i v e r , i n what i s now Indones ian Bornec) 150-200 y e a r s ago. They a r e s t i l l numerous i n Kalimantan.
The Kenyah (pop. 3734) a r e l i n g u i s t i c a l l y and c u l t u r a l l y d i v i d e d i n t o s e v e r a l groups b u t recognize themselves and a r e recognized by o t h e r s a s having some k ind o f u n i t y , a l t h o u g h n o t i n t h e same degree a s t h e Kayan. They a r e a l s o much more s c a t t e r e d and migra ted t o Sarawak a t v a r i o u s p e r i o d s , some o f them a t t h e same t ime a s t h e Kayan, o t h e r s much l a t e r . There a r e i n t h e Belaga r i v e r t w o b n g - houses speak ing t h e same language (Sambup), w i t h a few d i a l e c t a l d i f f e r e n c e s . They have c l o s e r e l a t i v e s i n t h e Baram. I n t h e middle Baluy i s Uma Kelap, t h e o n l y example h e r e of a group r e p r e s e n t e d a l s o i n t h e Baram and Kalimantan (Uma Pawa, Uma Timei) . I n ' f h e upper Baluy a r e two l a r g e v i l l a g e s , speak ing d i f f e r e n t d i a l e c t s : Uma Baka (pop. 458) and Uma K u l i t (pop 745). The Uma K u l i t migrated t o Sarawak i n 1941; t h e Uma Baka i n 1945. There a r e s t i l l i n Kalimantan long-houses belonging t o t h e s e groups. Both v i l l a g e s a r e formed by s e v e r a l long-houses w i t h one c h i e f f o r t h e whole v i l l a g e , a s i t u a t i o n which i s v e r y r a r e among Kayan and Kajang.
Two l a r g e v i l l a g e s , one i n t h e Linau r i v e r (pop. 801) , t h e o t h e r i n t h e upper reaches of t h e Baluy (pop. 1120) , belong t o t h e Badang
group. The Badang o f t h e Linau have been i n t h e a r e a f o r a long time; those o f the upper Baluy moved i n t o Sarawak j u s t a few y e a r s ago. Very few Badang a r e l e f t i n Kalimantan (probably l e s s than 100).
Except f o r Uma Kelap, a l l t h e Kenyah v i l l a g e s a r e f a r u p r i v e r o r 1 i n r i v e r s d i f f i c u l t of a c c e s s and have few c o n t a c t s w i t h each o ther . There a r e l a r g e numbers o f v a r i o u s groups of Kenyah i n the Baram and i n Kalimantan.
.? The Kajang (pap. 2062) a r e e a r l i e r occupants of t h e Belaga D i s t r i c t and were pushed downriver by t h e immigrat ing Kayan. T h e i r name i comes from t h e Kajang River , a t r i b u t a r y o f t h e Linau. They a r e d iv ided i n t o 4 c u l t u r a l groups. The Kejaman, Sekapan and Lahanan speak d i f f e r e n t d i a l e c t s of t h e same language, Sekapan and Kejaman being more c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o each o t h e r . The s o - c a l l e d Punan Ba speak a completely d i f f e r e n t language and have no r e l a t i o n w i t h the nomadic Punan. I t i s s imply a m a t t e r o f co inc idence t h a t bo th groups have the same name. T h i s i n c l u s i o n of t h e Punan Ba i n t h e Kajang ca tegory makes it a somewhat a r t i f i c a l grouping w i t h t h e Kajang being those who a r e n e i t h e r Kayan n o r Kenyah b u t who s t i l l belong t o t h e super-group c a l l e d Kayan-Kenyah-Kajang (KKK) by Leach. Some in formants i n c l u d e a l s o t h e S ihan and t h e Seping i n the Kajang, b u t most do n o t , and, when t h e y a r e inc luded . t h i s i s merely because they a r e m i n o r i t y groups. There used t o be a Seping long-house i n t h e Belaga River , b u t it moved i n t o t h e Baram, and only 6 i n d i v i d u a l s a r e l e f t he re . Some in formants i n c l u d e them i n t h e Kenyah. (For t h e S ihan , s e e below.)
Except f o r thefmajor Lahanan long-house, which i s i n t h e middle Baluy and has been much i n f l u e n c e d by t h e Kayan, a l l t h e Kajang l i v e i n t h e lower Baluy, where t h e r e a r e 3 Punan Ba, 2 Sekapan, 1 Lahanan, and 2 Kejaman long-houses. Among t h e Kajang, o n l y t h e Punan Ba a r e r e p r e s e n t e d i n a n o t h e r a r e a ; they form 4 long-houses i n t h e Tubau-Kakus a r e a (accord ing t o Needham).
The Kajang ( I d o n ! know i f t h i s a p p l i e s t o t h e Punan Ba) were i n t h e p a s t sago c u l t i v a t o r s , b u t f o r a long t ime t h e i r main c r o p has been r i c e , a l though they s t i l l c u l t i v a t e some sago.
The Sihan and t h e Uki t a r e two smal l groups, each r e p r e s e n t e d by one v i l l a g e (Sihan, pop. 77 ; Uki t , pop. 125) . who were fo rmer ly nomadic. The S ihan s e t t l e d v e r y long ago, and t h e Uki t a f t e r t h e beginning of t h i s cen tury . The S ihan a r e i n t h e lower Baluy a r e a . . but on a smal l non-navigable r i v e r . They formed f o u r v i l l a g e s i n 1882 b u t were decimated by headhunting and epidemics. I t i s d i f f i - c u l t t o p r e d i c t t h e i r f u t u r e . They might be a s s i m i l a t e d by t h e ex-nomadic Punan, w i t h whom t h e y have. most a f f i n i t i e s and contac t s . . i - The Ukit belong t o t h e same group a s t h e Baketan, on t h e Rejang a t
1
Nanga Merit. They used t o l i v e i n t h e Baleh b u t r a n away from I
headhunting Iban. They w i l l p robably be a s s i m i l a t e d by t h e Kayan. 1 They a r e cons idered i n f e r i o r by t h e Kayan and Kenyah. I
- 5 -
THE BELAGA DISTRICT
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8 Kayan
A Kenyah
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The Kenyah and Kayan ho ld t h e same a t t i t u d e towards t h e nomadic Punan, who i n t h e Belaga D i s t r i c t a r e d i v i d e d i n two groups, one' of them, t h e Punan Busang (pop. 120) , forms a s i n g l e band. This group i s a l s o r e p r e s e n t e d i n Kalimantan. Most Punan a r e s e t t l i n g now, t h e f i r s t of them d i d s o more than 10 y e a r s ago. Some o f them c u l t i v a t e only manioc, b u t most of them make h i l l p a d i , and t h e government encourages them i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n . Besides t h e Punan Busang, t h e r e a r e approximately 600 o t h e r Punan, most o f whom l i v e f a r in land i n a r e a s d i f f i c u l t o f access . They l i v e i n s m a l l e r groups and b u i l d long-houses o f l e s s d u r a b l e m a t e r i a l t h a n theCKKK.
The Kayan, Kenyah and Kajang s h a r e much o f t h e same s o c i a l organ- i z a t i o n , and they r e a d i l y recognize t h e i r u n i t y i n o p p o s i t i o n t o , f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e Iban. The Kayan and Kenyah f e e l c l o s e r c u l t u r a l l y t h e r e a r e l i n g u i s t i c s i m i l a r i t i e s , a community of o r i g i n ( t h e Kayan River a r e a ) , and many r i t u a l s i m i l a r i t i e s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , because many Kenyah groups a r e l a t e r immigrants and l i v e f a r u p r i v e r , r e l a t i o n s between Kayan and Kajang have been much c l o s e r and extended over a l o n g e r p e r i o d . The e x c e p t i o n is Uma Kelap, s i t u a t e d i n a Kayan a r e a , which has been much Kayanized.
According t o de M a r t i n o i r , t h e Kayan imposed Kayan wives on Kajang c h i e f s , and t h e r e f o r e , t h e Kajang a r i s t o c r a c y h a s been much Kayanized a l s o .
In t h e whole a r e a , Kayan and Kajang c h i e f s a r e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d by l i n k s of kinshi!p and marr iage , and t h i s has much i n f l u e n c e on i n t e r v i l l a g e r e l a t i o n s h i p s . Of course , t h e communities be ing u s u a l l y r a t h e r i s o l a t e d , t h e y w i l l n o t have s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n - s h i p s wi th more than 3 t o 5 long-houses.
Before Brooke r u l e , t h e r e were no i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d paramount c h i e f s , b u t a few long-houses wie lded much power, and i f one o f them had a c h i e f w i t h t h e proper p e r s o n a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , ' he could e a s i l y become a de f a c t o paramount c h i e f . These n a j o r long- houses have s t i l l much i n f l u e n c e nowadays. There a r e now two reg iona l c h i e f s , one f o r t h e lower Baluy. and t h e o t h e r f o r t h e middle and h i g h e r ~ a l u y , appoin ted by t h e government i n c o n s u l t a - t i o n with t h e long-house c h i e f s . But t h e y have l o s t much of t h e i r importance i n t h e l a s t few y e a r s .
The Kayan, Kenyah and Kajang a r e d i v i d e d i n t o two c l a s s e s o f a r i s t o c r a t s , one o f commoners, and one o f s l a v e s . T h i s l a s t c l a s s has almost e n t i r e l y d i sappeared , be ing now a s s i m i l a t e d among t h e commoners. Only t h e h i g h e r a r i s t o c r a t s had s l a v e s , and t h e c h i e f i s always chosen from amongst t h e i r rank. I f a c h i e f l y f a m i l y d i e s o u t , a long-house w i l l s e e k a h i g h e r a r i s t o c r a t from a n o t h e r long-house,even a d i f f e r e n t c u l t u r a l . group, t o become c h i e f . Women a r i s t o c r a t s have much i n f l u e n c e , a n d among t h e Kayan, some o f them acceded t o c h i e f t a d h i p . In o t h e r c l a s s e s , women have an i n f e r i o r s t a t u s and p a r t i c i p a t e l i t t l e i n community d e c i s i o n s .
The lower a r i s t o c r a t s and commoners c u l t i v a t e t h e farms of t h e c h i e f l y group and do most of t h e o t h e r hard work f o r them. The
Kayan, and a t l e a s t some o f t h e Kenyah, c o o p e r a t e i n farm work, bu t amonst t h e Kajang each f a m i l y works independent ly a t t h e i r farm. Each f a m i l y u s u a l l y h a s two o r more f i e l d s . A f i e l d i s sometimes used two y e a r s i n s u c c e s s i o n , b u t i t i s u s u a l l y al lowed t o r e s t s e v e r a l y e a r s b e f o r e be ing r e u s e d . Except i n t h e lower Baluy, t h e l and i s p l e n t i f u l , and a f a m i l y may e a s i l y r e l i n g u i s h t h e i r r i g h t s t o l and t h e y had used p r e v i o u s l y . On t h e o t h e r hand, t h e v i l l a g e t e r r i t o r y i s c l e a r l y d e f i n e d , and in f r ingement from a n p t h e r v i l l a g e w i l l l e a d t o c o n f l i c t . I n t h e p a s t , long- house cpmmunities s t a y e d l e s s t h a n a g e n e r a t i o n i n a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a , and q u e s t i o n s of l and t e n u r e were t h u s un impor tan t . With t h e p r e s e n t s e d e n t a r i z a t i o n and demographic expans ion , t h e s i t u a t i o n w i l l . c h a n g e , and h a s a l r e a d y changed i n t h e lower Baluy.
Among t h e Kayan and Kajang, u x o r i l o c a l i t y i s dominant (approx. 75% of c a s e s ) , excep t among t h e c h i e f l y c l a s s . T h i s i s due t o t h e p resence of a b r i d e - p r i c e i n t h e c a s e o f v i r i l o c a l i t y and i t s absence o therwise . I n a l l mar r iages t h e r e i s a t l e a s t a p e r i o d of one y e a r of u x o r i l o c a l i t y ; on ly t h e n , and u s u a l l y much l a t e r , can one pay t h e b r i d e - p r i c e and b r i n g back h i s w i f e t o h i s room. V i r i l o c a l i t y i s a more p r e s t i g i o u s form o f r e s i d e n c e and i s u s u a l amongst c h i e f l y f a m i l i e s . For them t h e b r i d e - p r i c e i s very h igh , and t h e whole community h e l p s t o pay i t .
Marriage between c l a s s e s i s p o s s i b l e , and t h e c h i l d r e n belong t o t h e c l a s s o f t h e room i n which they l i v e . Marr iage i s p r o h i b i t e d wi th r e l a t i v e s up t o second c o u s i n s f o r Kayan (and t h i r d c o u s i n s f o r Kejaman and Sekapan accord ing to ' de M a r t i n o i r ) . About two- t h i r d s of a l l t h e mar r iages a r e between members o f t h e same v i l l a g e . The m a j o r i t y of i n t e r v i l l a g e mar r iages end i n d i v o r c e ( a t l e a s t f o r t h e Kayan), sometimes a f t e r s e v e r a l y e a r s of mar r iage and t h e b i r t h of s e v e r a l c h i l d r e n . Divorce is e a s y and f r e q u e n t . Only t h e h i g h e r a r i s t o c r a t s have l a r g e f i n e s t o pay i n t h a t c a s e . Never the less , i t i s among them t h a t t h e i n c i d e n c e o f d i v o r c e i s high'est.
The Kenyah have no b r i d e - p r i c e , and t h e r e seems t o be a ba lance between u x o r i - and v i r i l o c a l i t y , b u t t h e r e a r e no d a t a on t h i s . I n t h e t h r e e groups t h e k i n s h i p o r g a n i z a t i o n i s b i l a t e r a l and t h e r e a r e no d e s c e n t groups. The "room" (cor responding t o t h e Iban b i l e k ) i s a j u r a l e n t i t y w i t h a c o n t i n u i t y i n t ime , a s peopl-n i t by b i r t h , adopt ion , mar r iage o r o t h e r w i s e . I t i s t h e room which has v i r t u a l l y a l l p r o p e r t y and ownership r i g h t s , and t h e s e a r e l o s t by an i n d i v i d u a l who m a r r i e s away. A f f i n e s l i v i n g i n t h e room have e q u a l r i g h t s i n i t , even i f t h e i r spouses have d ied .
The Kayan, Kenyah and Kajang r e l i g i o n s a r e complex w i t h a l a r g e number of r i t u a l s . U n t i l t h e Bungan r e l i g i o u s reform about 25 y e a r s ago, t aboos and a u g u r i e s had much i n f l u e n c e on everyday l i f e , and t h e main impor t of t h e re form,was t h e i r d i s p e r s i o n . U n t i l i t was s topped by t h e Brookes, headhunt ing was impor tan t and p r a c t i c e d f o r r i t u a l r e a s o n s . Headhunting r i t u a l s a r e s t i l l performed nowadays.
Outside i n f l u e n c e has i n c r e a s e d much r e c e n t l y . A t t h e end of t h e l a s t cen tury , t h e two most impor tan t changes were t h e pro- h i b i t i o n of headhunting and t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of t h e Belaga bazaar . Otherwise, they were l e f t much t o themselves u n t i l t h e Japanese invas ion i n 1941. A f t e r t h e war t h e changes came f a s t e r , with schools , d i s p e n s a r i e s , and a more d i r e c t government involve- ment. The popula t ion s t a r t e d t o expand i n t h e l a t e f i f t i e s . The v i l l a g e s o f t h e lower Baluy, n e a r t h e Belaga bazaar , were most in f luenced , a l though t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f ou tboard motors reduced a l s o t h e i s o l a t i o n of t h e u p r i v e r groups. They bought these , and o t h e r implements ( sho tguns , sewing machines, e t c . ) with s u r p l u s r i c e , v a r i o u s j u n g l e p roduces , and o c c a s i o n a l work f o r t imber companies. This has brought more a f f l u e n c e , b u t few changes i n t h e ways of l i f e . They s t i l l p r a c t i c e a sub- s i s t e n c e economy, and t h e ou t look i s s t i l l t r a d i t i o n a l . For - - - - - - - - - - - i n s t a n c e , a l though each fami ly has a shotgun, t h e s p e a r i s s t i l l p r e f e r r e d .
Schools have n o t had much i n f l u e n c e y e t ; a few c h i l d r e n a r e j u s t s t a r t i n g t o go t o secondary school . M i s s i o n a r i e s have had more success wi th t h e Kenyah t h a n t h e Kayan and Kajang, among which on ly a smal l m i n o r i t y h a s been conver ted , w i t h t h e except ion of two long-houses. Transformat ions w i l l p robably go on tak ing p l a c e a t an a c c l e r a t e d pace, w i t h t h e development of a secondary cash economy and t h e probable appearance o f i r r i g a t e d r i c e under demographic p r e s s u r e . But a s u b s i s t e n c e economy i s l i k e l y t o dominate f o r a long t ime , and t h e long-house mode of res idence and t h t power of a r i s t o c r a t i c c h i e f s show no s i g n o f changing. On t h e o t h e r hand, t h e t r a d i t i o n a l r e l i g i o n has probably j u s t a few y e a r s of e x i s t e n c e l e f t .
With regard t o # t h e c u r r e n t s t a t u s of r e s e a r c h , t h e r e a r e numerous d a t a on t h e Kayan and Kenyah groups of t h e Baram and Kalimantan i n t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s of e a r l y a n t h r o p o l o g i s t s (Nieuwenhuis, Furness , Hose and McDougall, E l shout , e t c . ) , b u t many more d a t a a r e needed basea on modern t h e o r i e s and techniques . One impor tan t reason f o r s tudying t h e s e groups now i s t h a t t h e y s t i l l l a r g e l y f u n c t i o n i n ways l i t t l e i n f l u e n c e d by t h e o u t s i d e . I n 1961-63, M r . Br ian de M a r t i n o i r made 9' s o c i o - a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l s t u d y o f t h e Kejaman and Sekapan of t h e lower Baluy, b u t h i s r e p o r t has n o t been published y e t . I am p r e s e n t l y doing f i e l d work i n a Kayan v i l l a g e of t h e middle Baluy, making a s t u d y o f t h e s o c i a l organ- i z a t i o n and r e l i g i o n . An h i s t o r i a n , Mr. Kazuhiro Fuse, i n t e n d s t o spend one y e a r among t h e nomadic ( o r ex-nomadic) Punan. The groups among which r e s e a r c h i s most needed and would be most rewarding a r e : downriver , t h e s o - c a l l e d Punan Ba; and u p r i v e r , the Badang and t h e Kenyah Urna K u l i t and Urna Baka. Because o f t h e much l a r g e r s i z e o f t h e i r s e t t l e m e n t s , t h e r e a r e p robably s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e i r s o c i z l o r g a n i z a t i o n . The most i n t e r e s t i n g group of t h e s e w o u l d g r o b a b l y be t h e Badang.
PIONEER SETTLEMENT IN SOUTHERN AND EAST KALIMANTAN
Denis P. F i t z g e r a l d C a r l e t o n U n i v e r s i t y
I n s o u t h e r n and e a s t Kalimantan s i n c e t h e end o f World War 11, most t r a n s m i g r a t i o n o r p i o n e e r i n g a c t i v i t y i s t a k i n g p l a c e e i t h e r on, o r c l o s e t o , t h e t i d a l swamp l a n d s o f t h e B a r i t o River Basin of Kalimantan S e l e t a n and Tengah and, more r e c e n t l y , i n Kalimantan Timur e i t h e r a d j a c e n t t o o r n o t f a r removed from t h a t s t r e t c h of t h e ~ a h b k a m River between Samarinda and Tenggarong and, f u r t h e r upstream i n t h e Longiram a r e a . Some minor a c t i v i t y i s a l s o found along t h e Kedang Rantau and Kedang Kapala r i v e r s and t h e i r t r i b - u t a r i e s a s w e l l a s i n t h e Bal ikpapan a r e a . E i g h t c a t e g o r i e s of p i o n e e r i n g may be d i s t i n g u i s h e d , a l l of them a s s o c i a t e d w i t h v e r y c o n s i d e r a b l e , i f n o t t o t a l , government commitments. Three t y p e s involve t h e movement of t r a n s m i g r a n t s from v a r i o u s p a r t s of J a v a , whi le t h e o t h e r s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h m i g r a t i o n p r o c e s s e s t a k i n g p l a c e e s p e c i a l l y w i t h i n Kalimantan Timur. The r o l e o f t h e army and navy i n some of t h e s e movements i s s i g n i f i c a n t . I n e a s t Kal- imantan t h e ranks of p i o n e e r fa rmers a r e b e i n g augmented by t h e m i g r a t i o n o f v a r i o u s i n t e r i o r p e o p l e s , p r i n c i p a l l y Land Dayak and some Kenyah and Kayan, t o permanent homes, e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e middle Mahakam Basin. Although t r a n s m i g r a t i o n under Dutch a u s p i c e s h a s been f a i r l y w e l l documented ( P e l z e r , 1945) , a p a r t from a few b r i e f government r e p o r t s developments o v e r t h e p a s t two decades o r s o remain l a r g e l y unrecorded.
My c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h i n Kalimantan i s p a r t o f a wider s t u d y a t t e m p t - i n g t o ana lyze p i o n e e r s e t t l e m e n t p r o c e s s e s i n c a r e f u l l y s e l e c t e d s t u d y a r e a s i n A s i a i n which envi ronmenta l and c u l t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s and approaches t o s e t t l e m e n t c o n t r a s t s t r o n g l y w i t h one another . S e t t l e m e n t advances, and r e t r e a t s i f t h e s e have o c c u r r e d , w i l l be t r a c e d and mapped. The n a t u r a l env i ronmenta l and t h e c u l t u r a l , s o c i a l , economic and p o l i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s under which s e t t l e m e n t i s proceed ing i s being examined i n d e t a i l . I t i s n e c e s s a r y t o ana lyze c l o s e l y t h e development of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of marke ts , e d u c a t i o n a l and h e a l t h s e r v i c e s , and t h e r o l e o f l o c a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s . The c h a r a c t e r , e x t e n t , and t y p e o f p r e - c o l o n i z a t i o n occupance needs c o n s i d e r a t i o n . I t i s hoped t o demons t ra te , a t l e a s t i n an Asian c o n t e x t , t h a t many a t t r i b u t e s and problems of newly s e t t l e d l a n d s a r e v e r y s i m i l a r . P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n i s be ing p a i d t o t h e g o a l s of i n d i v i d u a l p i o n e e r s o r c o l o n i z e r s i n each a r e a . As Bowman (1931) s o f r e q u e n t l y s t r e s s e d , and a s F i t z g e r a l d (1967) h a s shown, s u c c e s s o r f a i l u r e i n a new ho,me i s i n t i m a t e l y l i n k e d w i t h an i n d i v i d u a l ' s r e a s o n s f o r coming an/d h i s thoughts , hopes and ambi t ions d u r i n g t h e f i r s t y e a r s of s e t t l e m e n t .
I n Kalimantan i t i s , o f c o u r s e , d i f f i c u l t t o o b t a i n r e l i a b l e s t a t - i s t i c a l d a t a . The Department of Transmigra t ion keeps f a i r l y a c c u r a t e r e c o r d s o f t h e p i o n e e r f a m i l i e s which p a s s th rough i t s hands, b u t t h e numbers involved i n "spontaneous" t y p e s o f t r a n s m i g r a t i o n a r e d i f f i c u l t t o a s s e s s . Much r e l i a n c e h a s been p l a c e d on t h e h e l p o f
v i l l a g e c h i e f s and sometimes, where t h e r e was no a l t e r n a t i v e , o r f o r purposes of double-checking, on such i n d i v i d u a l s a s t h e l o c a l member o f t h e p r o v i n c i a l l e g i s l a t u r e , school t e a c h e r s , o r h a d j i s .
Some land-use maps have been p u b l i s h e d f o r t h e immediate Bal ikpapan a r e a of Eas t Kalimantan and s c a t t e r e d s h e e t s f o r South Kalimantan.. Apart from t h e s e , and some some s h e e t s r e l a t i n g t o s o i l s and water problems i n s o u t h e r n Kalimantan, p repared dur ing t h e DutcK, per iod , t o g e t h e r w i t h a few sketch-maps o f t h e s o i l s of Kalimantan Timur, no good maps a r e a v a i l a b l e t o a s s i s t i n any d e t a i l e d a s q e s s - ment of t h e n a t u r a l environment. The s o i l s o f Kalimantan remain poorly known and understood. I n o r d e r t o overcome t h i s problem, t h e one o r more p h y s i c a l problems a s seen through t h e eyes o f s e t t l e r s themselves have been mapped. Sometimes, of c o u r s e , con- s i d e r a b l e misconcept ions occur . T h i s approach, however, does much t o add t o a p i o n e e r ' s own a p p r e c i a t i o n o f h i s a c t i v i t i e s .
The o r i g i n a l f i e l d i n t e r v i e w p l a n c a l l e d f o r a 25% sample o f a l l p ioneer heads o f f a m i l i e s i n e a c h a r e a and t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f a f l e x i b l e and open-ended i n t e r v i e w schedule , p r i m a r i l y r e q u e s t i n g some account of p e r s o n a l backgrounds and a r e a s of o r i g i n , i n i t i a l problems on a r r i v a l , r a t e o f l a n d c l e a r a n c e , in format ion on land t i t l e s , v i l l a g e p l a n s , r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h government o f f i c e r s and neighbors , c u r r e n t endeavors , e x t e n t o f innova t ions and o t h e r p e r t i n e n t d a t a . A r a t h e r heavy emphasis was p laced on t h e views, op in ions , and a s p i r a t i o n s o f p i o n e e r s themselves. Sometimes i t was p o s s i b l e t o d i r e c t q u e s t i o n s t o an i n d i v i d u a l , b u t more f r e q u e n t l y a v i l l a g e meeting was c a l l e d ; i n a s e n s e t h i s made p o s s i b l e more rap id p r o g r e s s and t ime l o s t due t o t r a n s p o r t a t i o n d i f f i c u l t i e s could be recovered. Under t h e guidance o f an e n e r g e t i c v i l l a g e c h i e f much d a t a was ga thered . Although t h i s method may be thought n o t t o r e v e a l Gnpopular o p i n i o n s and m i n o r i t y views o f a s e t t l e m e n t , it was p o s s i b l e , e i t h e r i n t h e even ing , o r on a Fr iday , t o d i s c u s s mat te r s f u r t h e r .
From a p r e l i m i n a r y examinat ion o f t h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d i t i s apparen t t h a t t h e p ioneer ing p o p u l a t i o n s o f t h r e e o f t h e f o u r Kalimantan provinces r e p r e s e n t on ly a s m a l l p a r t o f t h e t o t a l o f each. F r o n t i e r a g r i c u l t u * may, t h e r e f o r e , appear unimportant . However, i n Kalimantan Timur, f o r example, such endeavors i n c l u d e a h i g h percentage of a l l t h e a c t i v e l y f a m e d l a n d from which p r o d u c t s a r e r e g u l a r l y s o l d , a p a r t from t i n y garden p l o t s . I n Kalimantan Tengah t h e o n l y land c o n t i n u o u s l y worked on a commercial s c a l e i s found i n t h e t i d a l sawah o f t h e s o u t h e a s t and o p e r a t e d l a r g e l y by p ioneer farmers .
The c o n t r i b u t i o n s of r i c e , cassava , and o t h e r c r o p s t o t h e t o t a l a g r i c u l t u r a l p roduc t ion o f Kalimantan S e l e t a n from t i d a l swamp lands , p r i n c i p a l l y rec la imed s i n c e World War 11, a r e s m a l l , no more than 10% a t t h e most. I n t h e view,'.however, of many e x p e r t s , these lands have t h e h i g h e s t p o t e n t i a r o f any i n t h e p rov ince and probably Kalimantan a s a whole. Success h e r e , which h a s s o f a r been r a t h e r d i s a p p o i n t i n g . would perhaps pave t h e way t o t h e r a p i d development of t h e Kapuas Basin and t i d a l swamplands i n s o u t h e r n
Kalimantan. he r e l a t i v e l y g r e a t e r remoteness o f t h e s e l a s t a r e a s from J a v a , Sulawesi and o t h e r s o u r c e s o f m i g r a t i o n h a s up u n t i l t h e p r e s e n t d i scouraged even spontaneous t r a n s m i g r a n t s .
F r o n t i e r s e t t l e m e n t i n Kalimantan, a t l e a s t o v e r t h e p a s t two decades, v e r y c o n s i d e r a b l y i n v o l v e s c e n t r a l and p r o v i n c i a l govern- ment p a r t i c i p a t i o n . F i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s remain meager and l i t t l e a s s i s t a n c e can be g iven s e t t l e r s . With o n l y s imple t o o l s a v a i l - a b l e most p i o n e e r s can s u c c e s s f u l l y o p e r a t e no more t h a n two hecta ,res of l and . Most t r a n s m i g r a n t s a r e l a n d l e s s and u s u a l l y regard Kalimantan a s a second choice i n t h e i r s e a r c h f o r a new home; many a r e d i s a p p o i n t e d t h a t they d i d n o t r e a c h Sumatra. Government- sponsored s e t t l e r s u s u a l l y l e a v e J a v a o r B a l i persuaded by propagand of v a r i o u s t y p e s , w h i l e t h e spontaneous m i g r a n t is much encouraged i n i t i a l l y by v i s i t s back t o t h e o l d home a r e a by r e l a t i v e s o r o t h e r s who have been s u c c e s s f u l i n t h e i r new home. Local m i g r a t i o n move- ments r e s u l t s p r i n c i p a l l y from government a t t e m p t s t o p r e v e n t t h e development of f r o n t i e r slum c o n d i t i o n s , o r f o r p o l i t i c a l reasons such a s t h e s e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e movement of people from t h e I n t e r i o r o r , i n t h e p a s t , from r a t h e r a r b i t r a r y m i l i t a r y d e c i s i o n s .
There i s l i t t l e doubt t h a t s e t t l e r s n o t o n l y a t t e m p t t o b r i n g t h e i r v a r i e d c u l t u r a l and s o c i a l ways w i t h them, whether from B a l i , a p a r t i c u l a r p a r t of J a v a o r e l sewhere , b u t they a l s o c l i n g t o t h e s e f o r many y e a r s , however a n a c h r o n i s t i c . Adjustments t o bo th t h e p h y s i c a l environment and t o a f u l l y , o r p a r t l y a l i e n c u l t u r a l m i l i e u , a r e v e r y slow. Most Javanese p i o n e e r s f i n d l i f e i n t h e t i d a l sawah ex t remely hard . Some have l e f t , f o r example, f o r t h e more f a m i l i a r , d r i e r and h i l l i e r , b u t a g r i c u l t u r a l l y p o o r e r l a n d s , s o u t h of Martapura. R e l i g i o u s and c u l t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e s between peoples p l a c e d i n t h e same a r e a have caused many problems, a s w e l l a s between army m i g r a n t s and c i v i l i a n s , and Dyak and o t h e r indigenou p e o p l e s , and t h e Javanese . O f f i c i a l d e c l a r a t i o n s t h a t l adang unun i s n o t p a r t of t h e developmental program f o r a p a r t i c u l a r area- t h e r e f o r e , p i o n e e r s should be e x p e l l e d , have l e a d t o c o n f r o n t a t i o n s wi th p r o v i n c i a l governments. An i n s i s t e n c e by f o r e i g n o r g a n i z a t i o n s and c o u n t r i e s t h a t t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e be used i n a p a r t i c u l a r way, perhaps involv ing machinery which i s t o t a l l y u n s u i t a b l e , has a l s o provoked s e t t l e r s . Land d i s p u t e s between p i o n e e r s and l o n g e r - s e t t l e d f a m i l i e s , and w i t h t h e Department of F o r e s t r y , have caused f u r t h e r d i f f i c u l t i e s . M i l i t a r y d i c t a t e s have r e s u l t e d i n t h e placement of s e t t l e r s i n i s o l a t e d i n t e r i o r a r e a s , f o r example t h e Longiram I reg ion , w i t h l i t t l e o r no concern f o r t h e i r s o c i a l well-being and economic development.
F i e l d ev idence s u g g e s t s v e r y s t r o n g l y t h a t t h e most s u c c e s s f u l s e t t l e r s a r e t h o s e p i o n e e r i n g l a r g e l y a s a r e s u l t of t h e i r own i n i t i a t i v e and i n d i v i d u a l d e c i s i o n s , and who moved i n t o a r e a s which o f f e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o p r a c t i c e a v e r y b r o a d l y based type of a g r i c u l t u r e , i n c l u d i n g bush and t r e e c r o p s . A l l advantages must be s e i z e d very e a r l y i n a g r i c u l t u r a l development. The l e a s t s u c c e s s f u l p i o n e e r s would seem t o be government-sponsored, t h o s e who e x p e c t t o r e l y almost e n t i r e l y on r i c e p r o d u c t i o n , f o l l o w i n g t h e Javanese p a t t e r n f o r t h e i r w e l l - b e i n g , and who a l s o expec t
continued government he lp . Many o t h e r f a c t o r s , some c o n t r a d i c t o r y , documented i n f i e l d d a t a , have c o n t r i b u t e d t o f a i l u r e o r success . There i s l i t t l e doubt t h a t Kal imantan 's b e s t fa rmlands , whether t i d a l sawah, reclaimed al;;ga;uigf, r i v e r bank o r i n t e r i o r f o r e s t c l e a r i n g s , p r e s e n t a t o t a y e r e n t p h y s i c a l environment t o t h e s e t t l e r from J a v a , s t i l l t h e s o u r c e o f t h e l a r g e s t number of pioneers .
Pioneering i n Kalimantan s i n c e World War I1 h a s been t a k i n g p l a c e on a haphazard b a s i s d e s p i t e t h e e f f o r t s o f t h e c e n t r a l governpent and a minimum of f i n a n c i a l , h e a l t h o r e d u c a t i o n a l a s s i s t a n c e and s c i e n t i f i c guidance. S e t t l e r s have been l e f t l a r g e l y t o t h e i r own dev ices . Only r e c e n t l y h a s a c o n c e r t e d e f f o r t been made t o i n c o r p o r a t e them i n t o t h e l i f e o f t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e p r o v i n c e s and, through t h e i r a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s , t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e economic well-being of Indones ia , p r i n c i p a l l y by sending r i c e t o t h e r i c e - d e f i c i e n t p a r t s of t h e count ry , u s u a l l y Java . The o u t e r i s l a n d s of Indonesia r a r e l y regarded today a s a p r i n c i p a l s o l u t i o n t o the popula t ion problems of Java . Many mis takes have c e r t a i n l y been made i n s e t t l i n g p i o n e e r s , and it i s s u r p r i s i n g , u n l e s s viewed a g a i n s t t h e r a t h e r d e s p e r a t e a l t e r n a t i v e l i f e a v a i l a b l e e s p e c i a l l y on Java, t h a t more s e t t l e r s have n o t g iven up. Attempts t o l i s t e n t o p ioneers by government, t o work w i t h them a t t h e g r a s s r o o t s l e v e l , and even i n t h e absence of funds f o r r e s e a r c h t o experiment a t a very modest s c a l e , t o encourage t h e use of o t h e r r e s o u r c e s , t o develop h a n d i c r a f t i n d u s t r i e s and f i s h i n g , a r e a l l beginning t o pay d iv idends , whi le a l s o r e f l e c t i n g of course t h e vary ing a b i l - i t i e s of l o c a l b f f i c i a l s . The exper iences of Kalimantan p i o n e e r s suggest t h a t much can be achieved i n a g r i c u l t u r e w i t h t h e parang and changkul i n t h e f i r s t p e r i o d of s e t t l e m e n t b u t i n subsequent years more s o p h i s t i c a t e d approaches a r e n e c e s s a r y i f p r o g r e s s i s t o con t inue beyond a mediocre, o r even s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t , l e v e l .
Bibliography: Bowman, I s a i a h , 1931, The P ioneer F r i n g e , New York; P e l z e r , Kar l , 1945, P ioneer S e t t l e m e n t i n t h e A s i a t i c T r o p i c s , New York; F i t z g e r a l d , Denis P., 1967, P ioneer S e t t l e m e n t i n Canada, Toronto.
REPORT OF LINGUISTIC FIELD WORK UNDERTAKEN I N SARAWAK
Robert A. B l u s t U n i v e r s i t y o f Hawaii
GENERAL BACKGROUND: A number o f languages i n n o r t h e r n Sarawak and ad jacen t a r e a s i n Brunei and Kalimantan e x h i b i t two s e t s o f r e f l e x e s f o r PAN (Proto-Austronesian) *b, *d, *D, *j and *Z. I n one o f these languages, t h e Bar io d i a l e c t o f ' K e l a b i t , t h e d i s c r e p a n t r e f l e x it always a member of a s e r i e s o f ~ h o n e m i c vo iced a s p i r a t e s bh, dh, g . A t t e n t i o n h a s been drawn t o t h e s e f a c t s r e c e n t l y (Blus tT 19b9), and a hypothes i s c a l e d t h e "vowel d e l e t i o n hypothes iS1expresses a claim t h a t B.K. b i , dh, gh (and t h e cor responding d i s c r e p a n t ' segment i n cognate-worzs i n o t h e r languages) a r o s e a s t h e r e s u l t of a s e r i e s of changes t h a t commenced when t h e f i r s t o f l i k e vowels
f l a n k i n g t h e r e f l e x of PAN *S was r e g u l a r l y l o s t i f i t s t o o d b e f o r e t h e r e f l e x of PAN *b, *d, *D, *j o r *Z. Because o f i t s complexi ty, it i s more r e a s o n a b l e t o assume t h a t t h e vowel d e l e t i o n r u l e was added o n l y once r a t h e r t h a n on s e v e r a l o c c a s i o n s independent ly i n t h e e a r l i e r s t a g e s of t h e s e languages . I t f o l l o w s t h a t a l l languages which r e v e a l t h e e f f e c t s o f t h i s change a r e descended from a p r o t o - language a n c e s t r a l t o them b u t . n o t t o c e r t a i n o t h e r Aus t rones ian
: I languages t h a t do n o t e x h i b i t cor responding d i s c r e p a n c i e s .
1 P U R P O S ~ OF THE FIELDWORK: A s t h e vowel d e l e t i o n h y p o t h e s i s was con- s t r u c t e d on t h e b a s i s of f i r s t - h a n d work w i t h o n l y one language ( t h e
: Bar io d i a l e c t of K e l a b i t ) , t h e r e was a need t o supplement o r r e p l a c e t h e second-hdnd m a t e r i a l s a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e o t h e r l anguages w i t h f i r s t - h a n d d a t a r e l e v a n t t o t e s t i n g t h e s p e c i f i c c l a i m s t h a t had been advanced. Thus, f i e l d work was under taken i n t h e Miri and Baram D i s t r i c t s , Four th D i v i s i o n , Sarawak, from A p r i l t o November, 1971. The purpose of t h i s f i e l d work was t o c o l l e c t d a t a f o r t h e s e o t h e r languages and, through t h i s m a t e r i a l , t o t e s t t h e adequacy of t h e o r i g i n a l h y p o t h e s i s . Toward t h i s end my w i f e and I s p e n t t h r e e months i n Miri, where I worked l a r g e l y w i t h s t u d e n t s a t t h e Kolej Tun Datu Tuanku H a j i Bujang, and s u b s e q u e n t l y f o u r months i n Marudi, where I worked f o r t h e most p a r t w i t h s t u d e n t s a t t h e Marudi Government Secondary School and a t S t . Mark's School . Language coverage i n c l u d e s 3 Kayan d i a l e c : ~ , Murik, 7 speech communities u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d t o a s "Melanau, 10 Kenyah d i a l e c t s , 3 Penan d i a l e c t s , 4 K e l a b i t d i a l e c . t s , 1 Lun Bawang ("Southern Murut") d i a l e c t , Saban, 3 Berawan d i a l e c t s , Kipu t , Narum, Miri and 2 d i a - l e c t s of Bisaya.
I RESULTS OF THE FIELD WORK: I t i s now p o s s i b l e t o say w i t h a h igh degree of c e r t a i n t y t h a t a l l of t h e c o a s t a l languages between B i n t u l u i n t h e sou th and Tutong i n t h e n o r t h , and a l l of t h e non-Kayan languages of t h e Baram a r e descended from a language i n which t h e f i r s t of l i k e vowels f l a n k i n g t h e r e f l e x of PAN *S was r e g u l a r l y l o s t i f i t fol lowed t h e r e f l e x of PAN *b, *d , *D, *J o r *Z. I use t h e term "North Sarawak" f o r t h i s proposed subgroup. The North Sarawak subgroup i n t u r n d i v i d e s i n t o f o u r major subgroups ( t h e c o n ~ p l e t e membership o f c e r t a i n subgroups i n c l u d e s a c o n s i d e r a b l y l a r g e r number of speech communities t h a n i n d i c a t e d h e r e ; i n g e n e r a l names l i s t e d r e f e r o n l y t o t h o s e groups f o r which I was a b l e t o
I a c q u i r e d a t a ) : (1) K e l a b i t - Lun Bawang - Saban; ( 2 ) Kenyah; (3) Lower Baram; and (4) B i n t u l u .
I The Kenyah subgroup f u r t h e r s u b d i v i d e s i n t o a t . l e a s t t h r e e major subgroups a s fo l lows: (1) Long Wat. Sebop, Long Labid (Peri-an), Long Lamai (Penan) and Long Merigam (Penan); (2) Long Nawang, Long Jeeh , Long Anap, Long Atun; and (3) Long S e l a ' a n , Long San, Long Ikang and Long Dunin. I n c o n f l i c t w i t h most t r a d i t i o n a l o p i n i o n (wi th t h e n o t a b l e e x c e p t i o n o f U r q u h a r t ) , it was d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e r e a r e no l i n g u i s t i c grounds f o r r e g a r d i n g Penan d i a l e c t s a s d i s t i n c t from Kenyah.
-
The Lower Baram Subgroup comprises t h e Berawan d i a l e c t s (Long Terawan, Batu Belah, Long Teru and Long J e g a n ) , Kipu t , Narum (spoken
i n Kampung Narum, j u s t below Marudi) , Lelak and Lemeting, D a l i ' (spoken on t h e Bakong t r i b u t a r y of t h e Baram), Miri (spoken i n t h e kampungs ne ighbor ing M i r i - - i n P u j u t , Luak Bay and Bakam), B e l a i t (spoken i n t h e kampung a r e a s of Kuala B e l a i t ) , and Tutong ( i n Brunei).
While t h e r e appears t o be s l i g h t , b u t d e f i n i t e ev idence t h a t t h e Melanau- -Kaj ang languages ( t h e c o a s t a l languages from Bal ing ian i n t h e n o r t h t o Rejang v i l l a g e i n t h e s o u t h , Kanowit and Kajang com- ! plex i n the Ba lu i ) a r e n o t members of t h e proposed North Saraw.ak subgroup, t h e p o s i t i o n of Kayan--Murik ( a subgroup composed of a t l e a s t t h e Kayan d i a l e c t s and Murik) remains u n c l e a r . For some- 1 what d i f f e r e n t r e a s o n s , t h e r e i s a l s o s t i l l some u n c e r t a i n t y w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e languages o f Sabah. I was a b l e t o c o l l e c t f i r s t - h a n d d a t a f o r two d i a l e c t s o f Bisaya (Bisaya Buki t and the Limbang d i a l e c t ) . These d a t a , t o g e t h e r w i t h publ i shed m a t e r i a l s a v a i l a b l e f o r Kadazan (Antonissen) , Rungus Dusun (Appel l) and Timugon Murut ( P r e n t i c e ) l e a v e no doubt t h a t some, perhaps
i most of the languages of Sabah show ev idence of d e s c e n t from a language i n which t h e p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d vowel d e l e t i o n took p lace . I t i s n o t c l e a r how t h e s e f a c t s a r e t o be most reasonably i n t e r p r e t e d . Taken a t f a c e v a l u e , however, they sugges t t h a t t h e North Sarawak subgroup a s a l r e a d y d e f i n e d i s o n l y one of two coord ina te branches o f a l a r g e r subgroup t h a t a l s o i n c l u d e s many
I I
of t h e languages of Sabah. I
; ~ Z i o q ~ a p h y : & t o n i s s e n , A . , 1958, Kadazan-English and Engl i sh- a azan Dictionary, Canberra , Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e ; AppeIT,
George N . and Laura W. R. Appe l l , 1961, A P r o v i s i o n a l F i e l d Dic t ionary o f t h e Rungus Dusun Language of North Borneo, Mimeo- graphed; Blus't, Robert A . , 1969, Some New Pro to-Aus t rones ian T r i s y l l a b l e s , Oceanic L i n g u i s t i c s 8:85-104; P r e n t i c e , D. J . , n.d., The Murut Lan uages of Sabah, unpubl i shed d o c t o r a l d i s s e r - t a t i o n . Canberra. A E s t r a l i a n N a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y ; Urquhar t , I . A. 1959, Nomadic ~ u n a n s and Pennans, in Tom t ta r r i skon (ed.) , The Peoples of Sarawak, Kuching, The Sarawak Museum. I
.-
A STUDY OW SNAKEBITE IN SARAWAK
Yoshio Sawai Div is ion o f T r o p i c a l Epidemiology.
I n s t i t u t e o f Medical s c i e n c e , u n i v e r s i t y - of Tokyo
This r e p o r t i s a p a r t o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f s n a k e b i t e i n South- e a s t Asia , i n c l u d i n g Taiwan, t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , Tha i land and Malaysia, which has been c a r r i e d o u t , from January through March, 1971, by t h e s c i e n t i s t s o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Tokyo under t h e s p o n s o r s h i p of t h e Japanese governmeht.
Hai le (1968) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e r e a r e cobra , k i n g cobra , k r a i t , Wagler's p i t v i p e r and s e a snakes i n Borneo.
I
I n February. 19711 , two of t h e members of t h e p a r t y v i s i t e d t h e genera l h o s p i t a l s o f Kuching and S ibu and i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e snake- b i t e p a t i e n t s w i t h t h e a i d o f D r . Chong, C . H . , Medical Headquar te rs , Kuching, and D r . T. C. Whitlam, Medical Department, S ibu . Seventy- n i n e p a t i e n t s w i t h s n a k e b i t e were a d m i t t e d t o t h e g e n e r a l h o s p i t a l i n Kuching dur ing t h e y e a r s from 1966-70, and f i v e p a t i e n t s (one e v e n t u a l l y d i e d ) were found i n t h e Lau King Howe h o s p i t a l , S i b u , i n 1969. These inc luded 30 Chinese, 25 Malay, 24 yak, 3 Melanau, and 2 Javanese. F i f t y p e r c e n t of b i t e s o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e months from Mqrch t o June . F i f t y o u t of 84 c a s e s were male. S n a k e b i t e s i n t h e 'lower e x t r e m i t i e s were f o u r t imes a s f r e q u e n t a s t h o s e i n upper e x t r e m i t i e s . I n lower e x t r e m i t i e s , f i f t y p e r c e n t of b i t e s occur red i n t h e f o o t .
Most of t h e snakes were n o t i d e n t i f i e d e x c e p t t h r e e c a s e s of snake- b i t e by s s a snake and one c a s e by a k i n g cobra . F i f t y - s i x c a s e s (66.7 p e r c e n t of c a s e s ) showed l o c a l s w e l l i n g o f which seven c a s e s were no ted of c e l l u l i t i s and n e c r o s i s a t t h e l o c u s of b i t e . However, i t i s noteworthy t h a t t h r e e c a s e s o f s n a k e b i t e by s e a snakes and one l e t h a l c a s e o f b i t e by an u n i d e n t i f i e d snake showed no s i g n of s w e l l i n g a t t h e l o c u s of b i t e .
Two f ishermen were b i t t e n by a s e a snake w h i l e f i s h i n g i n sha l low water i n Goebi l t . Severe p a r a l y t i c symptoms such a s d i f f i c u l t y of speak ing and movement o r semiconsciousness appeared a few hours a f t e r t h e b i t e . a l t h o u e h thev recovered from t h e i n t o x i c a t i o n a f t e r t r e a t m e n t i n t 6 e h o s p i r a l . ?he e s t a b l i s h m e n t of e d u c a t i o n a l t echniques f o r t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f snakes and more d e t a i l e d o b s e r v a t i o n o f t h e s n a k e b i t e s need f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
Bibliography: N a i l e , N. S . , 1958, The Snakes o f Borneo, w i t h a Key t o t h e S p e c i e s , Sarawak Museum J o u r n a l 8:741-771.
A SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PUBLISHED WORKS I N ENGLISH
C o l i n C r i s s w e l l
INTRODUCTION: This b i b l i o g r a p h y , which s o f a r a s I know i s t h e on ly one of i t s k ind , was compiled i n connec t ion w i t h t h e r e s e a r c h which I d i d on my Ph,D. t h e s i s , "The Es tab l i shment o f a R e s i d e n c y j n Borneo 1881-1905." The m a t e r i a l d i v i d e s i t s e l f b r o a d l y i n t o p r i - mary works, t h a t i s eye w i t n e s s a c c o u n t s , memoirs and commentaries by p e r s o n a l i t i e s involved i n Bornean h i s t o r y , and i n t o a r t i c l e s and books drawing upon t h e s e p r i n t e d s o u r c e s and upon t h e mass of unpublished m a t e r i a l , much o f which i s t o be found i n t h e P u b l i c Record O f f i c e , London. Consequently, t l i e r e i s v e r y l i t t l e b e f o r e Lord S t a n l e y ' s e d i t i o n of P i g a f e t t a ' s d e s c r i p t i o n of h i s v i s i t t o Brunei i n 1521 and t h e bulk i s concerned w i t h t h e mid-e igh teen th cen tury t o t h e p r e s e n t day. However, I have i n c l u d e d one o r two
i tems d e a l i n g w i t h t h e p e r i o d b e f o r e w r i t t e n s o u r c e s commence, such a s Tom H a r r i s s o n ' s "Kota Batu i n Brunei," which I cons idered usefu l i n e s t a b l i s h i n g a l i n k w i t h what might be c a l l e d Bornean p r e h i s t o r y . S ince I have conf ined myself t o works i n E n g l i s h , most of t h e m a t e r i a l h e r e i s concerned w i t h n o r t h e r n Borneo.
I have endeavored t o i n c l u d e a l l t h e e s s e n t i a l pr imary works, such a s those w r i t t e n by t h e Brooke fami ly , Crawfurd, Darlrympie, Keppel, Be lcher , Mundy, Treacher and Spenser S t . John, many o f which repay read ing even by t h o s e f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e modern commentaries. The b o r d e r l i n e between h i s t o r y and o t h e r d i s c i b l i n e s i s no t a c l e a r one, b u t a l l t h e works h e r e seemed t o me t o have some bear ing on Bornean h i s t o r y . Thus E v e r e t t ' s "Notes on t h e D i s t r i b u t i o n of Useful Minera l s i n Sarawak" i s inc luded because of t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e which t h e s e a r c h f o r minera l s by E v e r e t t and o t h e r s had upon t h e a t t i t u d e of i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s t o n o r t h e r n Borneo i n t h e l a t e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y . Some a r e even l e s s obvious. Owen R u t t e r l s Triumphant P i l g r i m q e would perhaps seem t o have l i t t l e o r no r e l e v a n c e it one d i d n o t know t h a t t h e t h i n l v f i c t i o n a l i z e d "hero" was based c l o s e l y on an i n f l u e n t i a l 3 r i e n d of Rajah Vyner Brooke. With r e g a r d t o t h e secondary works I have s e l e c t e d those which I cons idered had some o r i g i n a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o make. I have made a few e x c e p t i o n s t o t h i s r u l e i n t h e c a s e of reasonably sound b u t u n o r i g i n a l books which a r e . however, r e l a t i v e l y e a s i l y o b t a i n a b l e , e.g. Emily Hahn's James Brooke of Sarawak. Works l i k e Baring-Gould 's H i s t o r of Sarawa publ i shed m, a r e n p w somewhat d a t e d b u t s t i l l :emain of b?sic impor- tance a s much f o r t h e a t t i t u d e s of t h e a u t h o r s a s f o r t h e f a c t u a l m a t e r i a l . I n r e c e n t y e a r s a l o t of v a l u a b l e new m a t e r i a l has been publ i shed and I have t r i e d t o i n c l u d e a l l t h e impor tan t a r t i c l e s by Contemporary h i s t o r i a n s l i k e Leigh Wright, T a r l i n g , Tregonning, and Brown. A number o f t h e s e a r e i n f a i r l y obscure publ ica t ions , and I may have i n a d v e r t e n t l y o m i t t e d one o r two i tems bu t none, I t h i n k , of major importance. No s e r i o u s s t u d e n t could omit t o read ~ r i n g l e ' s Centur Borneo, Leigh d a i n , t h e publ i shed i n r e n t y e a r s . Tregonning ' s f r e q u e n t l y r e p r i n t e d (and r e t i t l e d ) under- Char te red Company Rule I have- found t o be n o t very r e l i a b l e .
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MELANAU STUDIES - I . F. C . S. Clayre
U n i v e r s i t y o f Edinburgh
Under the g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n of D r . H . S. Morr i s , of t h e Department of Anthropology, London School o f Economics, an i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y
s t u d y of Melanau r e l i g i o n , s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e , and language has been pursued over t h e l a s t two y e a r s . Morr i s ' aim i s t h e comple- t i o n of two major works on t h i s people who have been t h e s u b j e c t of h i s s t u d i e s f o r twenty y e a r s . C l a y r e f s is more modest: a d e s c r i p t i o n o f language a t a l l l e v e l s (phonology, morphology, syn tax , semant ics and s t y l e ) which w i l l l e a d t o a d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n .
I n t h e course of my work, I have produced a number of smal l a r t - i c l e s on v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of t h e language i n t h e Sarawak Museum J o u r n a l , and i n p r e s s f o r Anthropolog ica l Lingui-uage. The phonolog ica l s t r u c t u r e i s s e t o u t i n t h e SMJ; AL c a r r i e s a note .on t h e system of s p a t i a l d e i x i s which i s t i e d i n a most i n t e r e s t i n g way t o t h e Likou, t h e r i v e r which forms t h e main f e a t u r e of t h e h a b i t a t o f a l l Melanau groups , w h i l e i n Language t h e no te d e a l s w i t h t h e o p e r a t i o n of f o c u s and emphasis i n t h e language. Appearing i n Sarawak G a z e t t e s i n c e October 1970 has a l s o been a s e t i e s o f e t h n o g r a p h i c n o t e s on t h e customs and b e l i e f 5
The Melanau verb s t r u c t u r e i s p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t i n g i n t h a t i t s t r a n s i t i v e v e r b c l a s s i s d i v i d e d i n t o two comple te ly d i f f e r e n t types of verb s tem, t a k i n g d i f f e r e n t i n f l e c t i o n . I n b r i e f , t h e r e i s a l a r g e s e t of stems which a r e p r e f i x e d w i t h me-, n e ; , E- p r e f i x e s (a l lowing o f some m e t a t h e s i s t o -em- a n r - e n - i n f i x e s , b u t never * - e ~ - ) denot ing b r o a d l y S u b j e c t E c u s Dynamic (SFDyn), 0 b j e c t . F o c u s Dynamic (OFDyn), and S u b j e c t Focus S t a t i c ( S F S t a t ) . The s a m e ' t h r e e f o c a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s a r e s i g n a l l e d on t h e o t h e r s e t of stems by verb a b l a u t , such t h a t -u- s i g n a l s SFDyn, -i- OFDyn and - e - SFSta t . There a r e many f l o u i i s h e s t o t h i s b a s i c system, but tFie paradigms w i l l make i t s o p e r a t i o n c l e a r :
t i n o u "burn o f f " (a farm): meninou, t e n i n o u , p e t i n o u .
1 - l o u "wait f o r " : l u l o u , l i l o u , l e l o u .
Much confus ion a r i s e s from a homophonous p r e f i x pe: o f r e f l e x i v e a c t i o n which can a t t a c h t o UIE s tems , b u t s u b s t i t u t e i n MNP, thus :
emu1 " k i s s i n g each o t h e r , " p e l e l o u " w a i t i n g f o r each o t h e r . " p r e f i x i s a problem i n many Rornean languages . )
I A s we l l a s t h i s work of a major n a t u r e , Morris and Clayre p l a n an encyc lopaedic d i c t i o n a r y of t h e Melanau language, and I am under
I o b l i g a t i o n t o produce a book o f Melanau f o l k l o r e i n t h e d i a l e c t s I from which I o b t a i n e d t h e m a t e r i a l , an or thography having been
dev ised t o r e p r e s e n t a d e q u a t e l y each of t h o s e s t u d i e d . '/
Rela ted t o t h e s e s t u d i e s , Clayre and C l a y r e p l a n , funds and a s u i t a b l e base be ing made a v a i l a b l e , t o pursue a f u r t h e r r e l a t e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o t h e Punan B a t , Sekapan, Kejaman and Lahanan
I languages, and i n v e s t i g a t e t h e h i s t o r y and p r e s e n t s t a t e of t h e i r e x t e n s i v e monumental c u l t u r e . T h i s h a s had t h e o v e r a l l approval of t h e Museum i n Kuching, bu t a t p r e s e n t t h e r e i s no movement I on t h e n e c e s s a r y l o g i s t i c s .
B R I E F C O M M U N I C A T I O N S
CONFERENCE ON THE PEOPLES OF THE SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
From Caro l Molony S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y
The Coordinated I n v e s t i g a t i o n of Su lu C u l t u r e (CISC) hos ted an i'n- formal conference on c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h on t h e peoples o f t h e southern P h i l i p p i n e s a t Notre Dame o f J o l o Col lege , S u l u , August 15-18, 1971. Twenty-four a n t h r o p o l o g i s t s , l i n g u i s t s , and s o c i o - l o g i s t s who were engaged i n r e s e a r c h i n t h e a r e a a t t e n d e d t h e meetings organized by Gerard M. Rixhon, O . M . I . , D i r e c t o r o f t h e CISC, and sponsored by Notre Dame and t h e Asia Foundation.
The p a r t i c i p a n t s (from t h e P h i l i p p i n e s u n l e s s o therwise s t a t e d ) included: Wilgredo F. Arce, Ateneo de Manila , Quezon C i t y ; David Baradas, Mindanao S t a t e U . , Marawi C i t y ; Die t lende Behrens, Summer I n s t i t u t e of L i n g u i s t i c s (SIL), B a s i l a n C i t y ; Franc isco Demetrio, S . J . , Xavier U., Cagayan de Oro C i t y ; Car los Fernadez 11, Ateneo de Manila, Quezon C i t y ; Char les 0. Frake, S t a n f o r d U . , U.S.A.; Samuel Gaabucayan, De La S a l l e C o l l e g e , Manila; W i l l i a m Geoghegan, U. of C a l i f o r n i a a t Berke ley , U.S.A.; Karen Larson, U. o f C a l i f o r n i a a t Berkeley, U.S.A.; Frank Lynch, S . J . , Ateneo de Manila , Quezon City; Charles Macponald, U . of t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , Diliman; Nicole MacDonald, U. of t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , Diliman; Marcel ino Maceda, U. of San Car los , Cebu C i t y ; Carol Molony, S t a n f o r d U . , U.S.A.; J a n e t Pack, SIL, Bas i lan C i t y ; Kemp P a l l e s o n , SIL, S i a s i , Su lu ; Robert Randall, U. of k 'a l i fornia a t Berke ley , U.S.A.; Nancy Randa l l , U. of C a l i f o r n i a a t Berkeley, U.S.A.; H a r r i e t Reynolds, S i l iman U . , Dumaguete Ci ty ; Hubert Reynolds, S i l l i m a n U . , Dumaguete C i t y ; Gerard Rixhon, Notre Dame of J o l o Col lege , Su lu ; S t u a r t A. S c h l e g e l , U. of C a l i f o r n i a a t S a n t a Cruz, U.S.A.; John P. Thorp, C.S.C., Notre Dame Col lege , Dacca, P a k i s t a n ; and John Wolff, C o r n e l l U . , U.S.A. .- A s i n g l e morning d i s c u s s i o n meet ing was h e l d each day of t h e conference. The f i r s t d a y ' s meet ing, c h a i r e d by Char les Frake, b
was about the Samalan-speaking peoples o f t h e P h i l i p p i n e s and i t s v i c i n i t y . The second, c h a i r e d by David Baradas, was on concepts I
of law and j u s t i c e among s e l e c t e d peoples of S u l u , Mindanao, and Palawan. Frank Lynch c h a i r e d t h e f i n a l s e s s i o n , which f e a t u r e d a review of a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h underway i n P h i l i p p i n e I i n s t i t u t i o n s and a d i s c u s s i o n o f ways i n which v i s i t i n g s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t s could p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e development of t h e s e i n s t i t - u t ions .
The s e s s i o n on Samalan languages provi&d' an o p p o r t u n i t y t o 1 reassess problems of t h e o r i g i n , d i s t r i b u t i o n and u n i t y of Samalan-speaking peoples by b r i n g i n g t o g e t h e r a number of i n v e s - t i g a t o r s who have made r e c e n t independent s t u d i e s o f t h e s e languages. i
Kemp P a l l e s o n of t h e Summer I n s t i t u t e o f L i n g u i s t i c s r e p o r t e d on a r e c e n t l y completed survey o f Samalan languages i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s . The survey had two aims: f i r s t , t o a s s e s s r e l a t i v e mutual i n t e l l - i g i b i l i t y o f Samalan languages ; and second , t o i n v e s t i g a t e problems of l i n g u i s t i c d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n u s i n g cogna te c o u n t s and t e x t a n a l y s i s Among t h e f i n d i n g s of g r e a t i n t e r e s t was t h a t t h e peoples commonly termed Badjao i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s (Sama D i l a u t ) speak a s i n g l e language th roughout Su lu and Zamboanga d e l S u r . T h i s language most c l o s e l y a f f i l i a t e d w i t h Samal of t h e S i a s i a r e a . P a l l e s o n sugges ted t h a t :the S i a s i a r e a appeared t o t h e d i s p e r s a l p o i n t o f Samalan languages i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s . P a l l e s o n a l s o r e p o r t e d t h e e x i s t e n c e of a Samal-speaking upland a g r i c u l t u r a l p e o p l e , d i s t i n c t from t h e Yakan,. i n t h e Sibuku a r e a of Zamboanga d e l Norte . Both P a l l e s o n and John Wolff had i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e Samal spoken on Kapul I s l a n d , o f f Samar, by C h r i s t i a n s .
William Geoghegan r e p o r t e d on work i n p r o g r e s s on B a l i n g i n g i Samal by h imse l f and t h r e e s t u d e n t s p r e s e n t a t t h e conference : Bob Randa l l , Nancy Randa l l , and Karen Larson.
Carol Molony and C h a r l e s Frake r e p o r t e d on a Samal language spoken on Kajoa I s l a n d , n e a r T e r n a t e i n t h e Northern Moluccas, Indones ia . The Samal language of t h i s a r e a e x h i b i t s a r e d u c t i o n o f f i n a l consonants c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f Celebes l anguages and a l e s s complex i n f l e c t i o n a l system t h a n P h i l i p p i n e Samal languages.
The r e p o r t s of t h i s s e s s i o n make i t c l e a r t h a t Samalan i s a c l o s e l y r e l a t e d group of languages and d i a l e c t s w i t h a u n i q u e l y widespread and s c a t t e r e d d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e s o u t h e r n P h i l i p p i n e s , North Borneo E a s t e r n Celebes , and North Moluccas. None of t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s had r e l i a b l e in format ion on t h e e x i s t e n c e o f Samal l anguages i n Malaya o r Western Indones ia , b u t what i s known s o f a r p o i n t s t o a Su lu o r i g i n f o r t h e Samalan group. I t i s i n Su lu t h a t we f i n d t h e g r e a t e s t l i n g u i s t i c d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n and t h e l a r g e s t con t iguous b lock o f speakers . There is no s u p p o r t f o r l o c a l t r a d i t i o n s t h a t have t h e Samal coming e n masse from J o h o r e i n r e l a t i v e l y r e c e n t t imes. C e r t a i n l y i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e Taw Sug r e p r e s e n t a r e c e n t i n t r u s i o n from t h e Bisayas i n t o a Samal-speaking a r e a .
The p a r t i c i p a n t s no ted t h e need f o r f u r t h e r l i n g u i s t i c work i n a r e a s no t y e t i n v e s t i g a t e d i n o r d e r t o de te rmine t h e f u l l range of Samalan languages arid t o de te rmine t h e p l a c e of Samalan a s a whole wi th r e s p e c t t o c o o r d i n a t e sub-groups of A u s t r o n e s i a n languages . Samalan-speaking p e o p l e s , be ing of common l i n g u i s t i c o r i g i n , y e t e x h i b i t i n g a wide v a r i e t y o f e c o l o g i c a l a d a p t a t i o n s , a lsor-provide a n i c e c o n t e x t f o r c o n t r o l l e d comparison s t u d i e s i n c u l t u r a l anthropology.
This s e s s i o n c l e a r l y r e v e a l e d t h a t we a r e on t h e b r i n k o f a major reassessment of t h e r o l e of Samalan-speaking p e o p l e s i n Su lu c u l t u r a l h i s t o r y .
During t h e second s e s s i o n s e v e r a l a n t h r o p o l o g i s t s d i s c u s s e d r e c e n t r e s e a r c h on law and j u s t i c e . Gerard Rixhon read p o r t i o n s o f
Thomas K i e f e r ' s for thcoming book on t h e Tausug l e g a l system, David,Baradas r e p o r t e d a t l e n g t h on t h e s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e of t h e Maranao and t h e manner i n which it i s mani fes ted by j u d i c i a l d e c i s i o n s , and Char les MacDonald d i s c u s s e d t h e i d e a s o f law and j u s t i c e among t h e Palawan. Some of t h e p o i n t s brought o u t - - p a r - t i c u l a r l y t h e symbolic c h a r a c t e r of f i n e s , t h e c o e x i s t e n c e of dua l t h e o r i e s of j u s t i c e i n t h e s e s o c i e t i e s , and t h e absence of i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d power i n s e v e r a l groups from t h e s o u t h e r n Phi l ipp ines - -were summarized by S t u a r t S c h l e g e l , and i l l u s t r a t e d by r e f e r e n c e t o t h e T i r u r a y . 1
The f i n a l s e s s i o n began w i t h a r e p o r t on c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h and teaching a t each of t h e P h i l i p p i n e i n s t i t u t i o n s r e p r e s e n t e d a t t h e conference. C a t e g o r i e s sugges ted f o r t h e extemporaneous r e p o r t s were (a) s t a f f , (b) d e g r e e s o f f e r e d , (c ) number and l e v e l of s t u d e n t s c o n t a c t e d , (d) p r o j e c t , and (e) p u b l i c a t i o n s . The p i c t u r e which emerged from t h e n l n e l o c a l i n s t i t u t i o n s r e p o r t e d on was one of small s t a f f s working on l a r g e numbers of r e l a t i v e l y p r a c t i c a l p r o j e c t s . With t h e e x c e p t i o n of t h o s e of t h e I n s t i t u t e of P h i l i p p i n e C u l t u r e (Ateneo de Mani la ) , which i s n a t i o n a l l y involved as w e l l , the p r o j e c t s t e n d t o be r e g i o n a l o r l o c a l - p a r t o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n ' s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o i t s community.
Af te r t h e s e p r e s e n t a t i o n s , comments were s o l i c i t e d from t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s of t h e f i r s t 12 recommendations found i n Richard N. Adams' " R e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t h e Foreign S c h o l a r t o t h e Local Schola r ly Community" (Cur ren t Anthropology 12:335-39) . There seemed t o be agreement t h a t Aaams' f i r s t 12 recommendations and commen- t a r i e s , though prepared f o r t h e L a t i n American c o n t e x t , were r e l e v a n t and u s e f u l f o r t h e P h i l i p p i n e s . The p o s s i b l e r o l e of the newly i n c o ~ p o r a t e d (1968) S o c i a l Sc ience Counci l and t h e P h i l i p i n e S o c i o l o g i c a l Review ( s i n c e 1953 t h e q u a r t e r l y review of Phi!ippine soc io logy and an thropology) was d i s c u s s e d , p a r - t i c u l a r l y i n r e g a r d t o t h e v i s i t i n g s c h o l a r ' s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o r e p o r t l o c a l 1 on h i s r e s e a r c h p r o g r e s s and conc lus ions . I f t h e v i s i t i n d a r s coopera te r e g u l a r l y i n t h i s manner, and i n o t h e r ways recommended by Adams, i t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e P h i l i p p i n e S o c i a l Science Council-=a._nons t o c k , n o n p r o f i t , p r i v a t e a s s o c i a t i o n of p r o f e s s i o n a l s o c i a l s c i e n c e a s s o c i a t i o n s - - w i l l r e s i s t w i t h v i g o r any at tempt of government e n t i t i e s t o impose t h e k ind o f mandatory r e g i s t r a t i o n and r e p o r t i n g found i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s i n s o u t h e a s t Asia. S o c i a l s c i e n t i s t s i n t e r e s t e d i n doing r e s e a r c h i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , o r i n r e p o r t i n g l o c a l l y on r e s e a r c h i n p r o g r e s s o r completed, a r e encouraged t o w r i t e t o D r . Mercedes B. Concepcion. Chairman of t h e Execut ive Board, P h i l i p p i n e S o c i a l Sc ience Counc i l , P. 0. Box 479, Manila, D-406.
Henry C. Tsen Khin Siong A s s i s t a n t C u r a t o r
Sabah Museum
Gunong Alab (6,4'00 f t ) . Gunong Alab can be reached from Kota Kinabalu i n one hour onagood g r a v e l road . I t i s almost u n d i s - tu rbed excep t f o r t h e new Road t o t h e I n t e r i o r , w i t h no major a g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t , p a r k , o r kampong a c t i v i t i e s .
The aims of t h e f i e l d s t a t i o n i s f o u r - f o l d , namely:
1. To c o l l e c t sub-montane n a t u r a l h i s t o r y specimens from a t o t a l l y new and u n c o l l e c t e d a r e a f o r r e f e r e n c e c o l l e c t i o n s ;
'<medical r e s e a r c h (wi th IMR) and t h e Medical Department; 'exchange w i t h o t h e r museums, e t c . ; send ing f o r taxonomy purposes (BMNH); school s e r v i c e ; c o n t r i b u t i o n s towards i n t e r - e s t e d b o d i e s , e .g . F o r e s t Department and Kinabalu N a t i o n a l Park, e t c .
2 . To . s tudy some of t h e animals i n c a p t i v i t y , cages w i l l be b u i l t i n t h e n a t u r a l h a b i t a t of t h e animals . This i n t u r n w i l l make l i v e photography a l o t e a s i e r .
3: To s t u d y and observe t h e b e h a v i o r , e t c . , o f t h e an imals i n an a r e a u n d i s t u r b e d and u n s t u d i e d b e f o r e .
4. To prov ide a p l a c e where v i s i t i n g s c i e n t i s t s o r i n t e r e s t e d i n t e l l e c t u a l s cou ld go up f o r a day o r two o r l o n g e r t o observe sub-montane s p e c i e s o f some o f Sabah ' s r i c h f a u n a and f l o r a .
5. To h e l p t o conserve t h e Gunong Alab F o r e s t Reserve.
However, because o f t h e l a c k of funds , I have t o be c o n t e n t w i t h a s imple b u i l d i n g t o work i n and t h e b a r e n e c e s s i t i e s t o s t a r t t h e r e s e a r c h under way. However, I would be v e r y g l a d t o h e l p i n any way i n s t i t u t i o n s i n t e r e s t e d i n o b t a i n i n g n a t u r a l h i s t o r y m a t e r i a l s from Sabah.
N E W S A N D A N N O U N C E M E N T S
ANTHROPOLOGISTS INTERESTED IN BORNEAN RESEARCH TO MEET IN
TORONTO AT THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS :.--
The Borneo Research Counci l i s sponsor ing a meet ing of a l l a n t h r o - p o l o g i s t s i n t e r e s t e d i n r e s e a r c h i n Borneo a t t h e annua l meet ings of t h e American Anthropolog ica l A s s o c i a t i o n which w i l l be h e l d i n Toronto. The g a t h e r i n g w i l l be h e l d on F r i d a y , December 1, a t 8 p.m., i n t h e P r i n c e Edward I s l a n d Room o f t h e Royal York Hote l . The meet ing i s open t o a l l i n t e r e s t e d i n r e s e a r c h i n Borneo.
A t p r e s e n t I am s e t t i n g up a n a t u r a l h i s t o r y f i e l d s t a t i o n a t Mile 29 Penampang-Sunsuron Road a t about 4,000 f t . on t h e s l o p e of
RESEARCH ON ISLAMICIZATION AND MALAYIZATION
AND A REQUEST FOR INFORMATION
P e t e r Linde, Im Fischpfad 5 , 69 Heide lberg H'heim, Germany, i s wr i t ing a d i s s e r t a t i o n on t h e Malay iza t ion and I s l a m i c i z a t i o n of the Dayak of Borneo, e s p e c i a l l y o f Kalimantan. He w r i t e s t h a t information on t h e c o a s t a l Malays o f Borneo i s ex t remely l i m i t e d and he i s looking f o r r e f e r e n c e s , m a t e r i a l , and in format ion on the c u l t u r e and s o c i e t y o f t h e s e p e o p l e s and qn t h e process o f I s l a m i c i z a t i o n and Malay iza t ion . Any s u g g e s t i o n s o r c o r r e s - '! pondence on t h e s e problems would be v e r y g r e a t l y a p p r e c i a t e d .
NEWS AND PUBLICATIONS OF THE MALAYSIAN
BRANCH ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY
Brian Peacock h a s r e c e n t l y r e s i g n e d from t h e p o s t o f lion. S e c r e t a r y of t h e S o c i e t y , and Tan S r i Dato Mubin Sheppard has been appoin ted by t h e Council t o r e p l a c e him. Dato Sheppard a l s o s e r v e s a s Hon. E d i t o r t o t h e S o c i e t y and has brought t h e p u b l i c a t i o n backlog up- to -da te . Volume 43, P a r t s One and Two ( f o r 1970). and Volume 4 4 , P a r t Two (1971), a r e c u r r e n t l y ready f o r p u b l i c a t i o n . M a t e r i a l f o r Volume 45, P a r t 1 ( t h e f i r s t p a r t f o r 1972) , has a l s o been s e n t t o the p r i n t e r .
4
UNIVERSITI SAWS MALAYS'IA, PENANG, ANNOUNCES ACADEMIC APPOINTS
VACANT IN THE SCHOOL OF COMPARATIVE SOCIAL SCIENCES
Appl ica t ions a r e i n v i t e d f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g p o s t s : S e n i o r L e c t u r e r s o r Lec ture rs i n t h e f i e l d s of Economics, Soc io logy , S o c i a l Psycho- logy, P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , and S o c i a l Anthropology. S e n i o r L e c t u r e r s must have a d o c t o r a t e from a recognized u n i v e r s i t y w i t h s e v e r a l years exper ience i n ' y e s e a r c h and t e a c h i n g a t t h e u n i v e r s i t y l e v e l , t o g e t h e r wi th p u b l i c a t i o n s . L e c t u r e r s should have a t l e a s t a Masters degree. S a l a r y range f o r S e n i o r L e c t u r e r is from US$7,932 I
t o US$10,680; f o r L e c t u r e r s US$5,964 t o US$9,420. The medium of i n s t r u c t i o n i s e i t h e r Engl i sh o r Bahasa Malaysia , and t h e t e a c h i n g load i s approximately e q u a l t o o t h e r Malaysian u n i v e r s i t i e s . Research o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r a n t h r o p o l o g i s t s a r e f a i r l y abundant. I
The c l o s i n g d a t e o f a p p l i c a t i o n s i s 1 5 December 1972 a l though i n c e r t a i n c a s e s t h i s may be ex tended . F u r t h e r in format ion may be obtained from: The R e g i s t r a r , U n i v e r s i t i S a i n s Malaysia , Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
Y
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B O R N E O N E W S
JAY B. CRAIN i s now A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r o f Medical Anthropology, Department of Psychology, U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a , D a v i s , and i s a l s o A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s o r o f Anthropology, a t C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e Uni- v e r s i t y , Sacramento.
GALE DIXON r e t u r n e d from h i s r e s e a r c h i n Sarawak and Kalimantan Bara t t o t h e Department of Geography, U n i v e r s i t y o f Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, f o r t h e academic year of 1971-72. During h i s r e s e a r c h he was a l s o a b l e t o c o l l e c t a word l i s t from t h e Lara i n Kalimantan Bara t .
'F. L. DUNN, Vice-Chairman o f t h e Department o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l H e a l t h , and Chairman, Graduate Group i n Anthropology, U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i San Franc isco , i s c u r r e n t l y engaged i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f a Borneo biomedical and h e a l t h - b e h a v i o r a l b i b l i o g r a p h y . During t h e academic y e a r of 1972-73, D r . Dunn w i l l be on s a b b a t h i c a l l e a v e , d u r i n g which t ime he w i l l be a t t h e School o f P u b l i c Hea l th , U n i v e r s i t y o f Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822.
SIN-FONG HAN i s A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r i n t h e Department o f Geography, C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e Col lege , Los Angeles , C a l i f o r n i a . He w r i t e s t h a t he i s conduct ing r e s e a r c h on t h e Hai lan Chinese i n Sabah and i s i n t h e p rocess of c o l l e c t i n g d a t a on t h e s e Chinese communities i n Brunei , Sarawak, S ingapore and west Malaysian s t a t e s . He h a s r e c e n t l y d e l i v e r e d a paper e n t i t l e d "A Conceptual Model f o r E t h n i c Group Study" a t t h e 1972 annual meet ings of t h e C a l i f o r n i a Counci l f o r Geographic Educat ion, which was h e l d i n Pasadena on May 5-6 , 1972 In t h e paper Han d e t a i l s t h e conceptua l model f o r e t h n i c group s t u d y t h a t he employed a s an a n a l y t i c a l framework i n h i s s t u d y o f Overseas Chinese i n Malaysia .
BARBARA HARRISSON h a s been appoin ted a S e n i o r Research A s s o c i a t e i n t h e Southeas t Asia Program a t C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y f o r a f u r t h e r p e r i o d of t h r e e y e a r s (1972-75).
._r
MARGARET ROFF r e c e n t l y r e t u r n e d from an ex tended t r i p t o Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei .
C. A. SATHER'S new a d d r e s s i s c /o t h c M i r i - B i n t u l u S tudy , PWD Depot, P u j u t Road, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia .
RICHARD SHUTLER, J R . , fo rmer ly o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f V i c t o r i a , h a s moved t o t h e Department of Anthropology, U n i v e r s i t y o f Iowa, Iowa C i t y , Iowa 52240, U.S.A.
R. 0. WHYTE w r i t e s t h a t i n t h e l a t t e r p a r t of 1971 he s p e n t two months working i n t h e L i b r a r y o f t h e Botan ic Gardens, Singapore, on t h e f i r s t d r a f t on an a r t i c l e f o r Asian P e r s p e c t i v e s on t h e archaeology, h i s t o r y and taxonomic geography o f t h e Gramineae, wild and c u l t i v a t e d , of S o u t h e a s t As ia . He was a l s o a b l e t o make a quick t r i p t o Kuching t o v i s i t t h e Research Branch of t h e Depart- ment of A g r i c u l t u r e and t h e i r farms a t Semongok and T a r a t , n e a r . Ser ian , and t h e pea t rec lamat ion p l o t s o u t s i d e Kuching i n accom- paniment with the Convervator o f F o r e s t s , D r . J . A. R. Anderson.
x JAMES WARREN, Department o f P a c i f i c H i s t o r y , A u s t r a l i a n Nat iona l Univers i ty , Canberra , A u s t r a l i a , i s w r i t i n g a d i s s e r t a t i o n e n t i t l e d "Slavery and t h e S lave Trade i n t h e Malay World: 1 9 t h Century Sulu A Case Study." The geographica l a r e a s t o be cons idered i n t h i s s tudy w i l l be J o l o , B r i t i s h North Borneo, and Dutch Borneo i n t h e 19 th cen tury . Warren's r e s e a r c h w i l l t a k e him t o Spa in , Holland and England r e s p e c t i v e l y , and subsequent ly t o Manila and J o l o as well a s J a k a r t a t o c o n s u l t a r c h i v a l m a t e r i a l s .
Kalirnantan News
FRANK L. COOLEY r e p o r t s t h a t FRIDOLIN UKUR p r e s e n t e d h i s d o c t o r a l a i s s e r t a t i o n e n t i t l e d "Tantang-Djawab Suku Dajak" t o t h e F a c u l t y of the Higher Theolog ica l School i n J a k a r t a and s u c c e s s f u l l y de- fended it on December 20, 1971. The d i s s e r t a t i o n i s s u b t i t l e d i n t r a n s l a t i o n : "A Research i n t o F a c t o r s Surrounding t h e R e j e c t i o n and the Reception of t h e Gospel Among E t h n i c Dajaks Within t h e Framework of t h e H i s t o r y o f t h e Church i n Kalimantan; 1835-1945." Cooley no tes t h a f i t i s t h e f i r s t d o c t o r a t e i n theo logy e v e r g ran ted i n Indonesia and t h a t t h e a u t h o r i s an o r d a i n e d m i n i s t e r o f t h e Evangel ical Church o f Kalimantan. Ukur i s a Maanjan and s e r v e d f o r more than t e n y e a r s a s r e c t o r of t h e T h e o l o g i c a l Academy of t h e Kalimantan Church i n Banjarmasin. He h a s r e c e n t l y been appoin ted Di rec tor of t h e Research and Study I n s t i t u t e , D j l . Salemba Raja 10 , J a k a r t a IV/3, Indopes ia , which h a s been e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e Counci l of Churches i n Indones ia and t o which Cooley h imse l f h a s been r e l a t e d f o r t h e p a s t f i v e y e a r s w h i l e i n i t s embryonic form.
DENIS P. FITZGERALD has r e c e n t l y r e t u r n e d from h i s r e s e a r c h i n S o u t h e a s t A s i a a l i m a n t a n t o t h e Department o f G e o ~ r a p h y . - - Carleton U n i v e r s i t y , Ottawa, Canada.
VICTOR T. (TERRY) KING has a new address : c /o Dja lan P a t t i m u r a 195 Pastoran Kato l ik , Pont ianak , Kalimantan B a r a t , Indones ia . He i s
: laming r e s e a r c h l i n t h e Sg. Emboloh r e g i q n o f t h e Kapuas Hulu a rea . His r e s e a r c h w i l l focus on t h e Maloh p e o p l e s , b u t he a l s o plans t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e Kantu p e o p l e s a s w e l l a s a few o f t h e Iban long-houses t h a t a r e i n t h e a r e a .
STEINER S ~ R E N S E N , Ethnographic Museum, U n i v e r s i t y o f Os lo , is working on t h e m a t e r i a l s t h e r e from t h e Lumholtz e x p e d i t i o n and
has r e c e n t l y p u b l i s h e d an a r t i c l e on t h e s e . He i s a l s o s t u d y i n g Lumholtz's d i a r i e s and n o t e s i n t h e view o f p u b l i s h i n g any r e l e - v a n t e thnographic i n f o r m a t i o n .
Brunei News
TOM HARRISSON w r i t e s t h a t t h e Museum a t Brunei was opened by Her majes ty t h e Queen on 29 th February i n t h e p resence . o f P r i n c e s s Anne and t h e Duke o f Edinburgh and H i s Highness t h e S u l t a n of Brune i , who were conducted by t h e C u r a t o r , P. M . S h a r i f f u d d i n , and Har r i s so : a s Museum Advisor . H a r r i s s o n a l s o n o t e s t h a t t h e Museum has excella r e s e a r c h akcomodations. H.H. t h e S u l t a n o f Brunei h a s c o n f e r r e d on H a r r i s s o n t h e honor o f Dato S e r i L a i l a J a s a f o r h i s s e r v i c e s t o t h e Brunei Museum and p r e h i s t o r i c s t u d i e s . H a r r i s s o n h a s a l s o been appointed S e n i o r Research A s s o c i a t e i n t h e S o u t h e a s t A s i a Program a t C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y f o r a term of t h r e e y e a r s (1972-75).
Sarawak News
CHRISTOPHER COURT w r i t e s t h a t he and Robert Na'en anak Jerman have c o l l a b o r a t e d t o produce an English-Bukar-Sadong Phrase Book f o r t h e Borneo L i t e r a t u r e Bureau. The book u s e s a m o d i f i c a t i o n of miss ion s p e l l i n g t o make i t phonemic, c o n t a i n s a grammatical i n t r o d u c t i o n , and shows a l l p r i n c i p a l p a r t s o f t h e verbs . I n September, 1971. Court a l s o c a r r i e d o u t a b r i e f survey i n t h e Pont ianak r e g i o n and r e p o r t s t h a t Land Dayak d i a l e c t s a r e spoken th roughout t h e Sakajam River a r e a a l though t h e term "Land Dayak" i s unknown on t h e Indonesian s i d e .
I. F. C. S. CLAYRE w r i t e s t h a t h i s w i f e h a s r e c e n t l y p repared a survey of f o c u s i n a dozen o r s o o f t h e Borneo languages ; and a l s o a comparison o f Murut (Sarawak), K e l a b i t and Sa 'ban v o c a b u l a r i e s t o show remarkable d e t a i l s i n an e f f o r t towards e s t a b l i s h i n g a p r o t o - language on o t h e r t h a n s p e c u l a t i o n . Such t r i p l e s a s t h e Sa 'ban seu "hand," " s a l t , " and "stop" a i e shown t o be e q u i v a l e n n t h r e e S e p a r a t e words i n a p ro to- language n o t f a r removed from p r e - s e n t day Murut, d e r i v e d by d i s c r e e t r u l e s of p h o n o l o g i c a l change t o t h e i r p r e s e n t Sa 'ban form. S i m i l a r r u l e s appear t o account reason- a b l y w e l l f o r t h e occur rence i n Sa 'ban o f t h e unusua l geminated s t o p s and v o i c e l e s s - v o i c e d p a i r s such a s nnoen " s t o o l " and hnoen "Penan t r i b e . "
Sabah New8
G. N . APPELL h a s r e c e n t l y r e t u r n e d t o t h e Department o f Anthropolog Brande is U n i v e r s i t y , Waltham, M a s s a c h u s e t t s , from a y e a r a s V i s i t i n P r o f e s s o r t o t h e Department o f Ethnography, Aarhus U n i v e r s i t y , Denmark, under t h e Fu lbr igh t -Hays Program. While i n Europe d u r i n g t h e academic y e a r 1971-72, Appel l was a l s o i n v i t e d t o l e c t u r e a t t h e Department of Anthropology, London School o f Economics; t h e
Department of S o c i a l Anthropology, Manchester U n i v e r s i t y ; t h e I n s t i t u t e f o r Ethnography, U n i v e r s i t y o f Oslo; t h e I n s t i t u t e of S o c i a l Anthropology, U n i v e r s i t y o f Bergen; t h e I n s t i t u t e f o r Ethnology and Anthropology and t h e I n s t i t u t e f o r C u l t u r a l Soc io- logy, both of t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Copenhagen; and t h e South-eas t Asia Centre, U n i v e r s i t y of Hul l . He a l s o v i s i t e d a number o f museums t o s e e what Borneo m a t e r i a l s and manuscr ip t s t h e y might have and gave an i l l u s t r a t e d t a l k on Borneo ethnography and research t o t h e Danish Ethnographica l S o c i e t y a t t h e Nat iona l Museum, Copenhagen.
JOHN E. D. FOX'S new a d d r e s s i s c/o Department o f F o r e s t s , P. 0. Box 5055, Boroko, P o r t Moresby, Papua, New Guinea. He w r i t e s t h a t h i s Ph.D. d i s s e r t a t i o n , "Natura l Vege ta t ion o f Sabah and Natural Regenerat ion o f t h e D i p t e r o c a r p Fores t , " h a s been accepted by t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Wales.
The Wall S t r e e t J o u r n a l (20 September 1972) , a U. S. f i n a n c i a l newspaper , r e c e n t l y c a r r i e d a news a r t i c l e on t h e Orang-utan R e h a b i l i t a t i o n Center founded by G. S. DE SILVA and l o c a t e d i n the Sepi lok F o r e s t Reserve. De S i l v a h a s r e c e n t l y r e p o r t e d on t h i s orang-utan p r o j e c t i n t h e Malay. Nat. J . 2 4 (1971).
I( B O O K R E V I E W S
r
Budu, o r , Twenty Years i n Saaawak. John K . Wilson. North Berwick, Scot land: T a n t a l l o n P r e s s , 1969. 280 pp.
Reviewed by James H. Cobbe Yale U n i v e r s i t y
Few Westerners who s p e n t much t ime i n Sarawak i n t h e 1950's o r 1960's can have f a i l e d t o have heard o f J. K. Wilson. He was a minor legend i n h i s own t ime , and most o f f i c i a l s i n e d u c a t i o n and o t h e r "development" departments had s t r o n g f e e l i n g s about him, h i s methods, and h i s views, e i t h e r one way o r t h e o t h e r . "JK" has now publ i shed h i s own v e r s i o n o f what he was t r y i n g t o do, what he achieved and why, and why he e v e n t u a l l y l e f t i n 1968. I t is a very persona l s t o r y , n o t w i t h o u t b i a s and s t r o n g o p i n i o n s , but a b s o l u t e l y f a s c i n a t i n g t o anyone i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e s o c i a l , economic and p o l i t i c a l development o f r u r a l Sarawak.
General iz ing from h i s own e x p e r i e n c e s , t h e a u t h o r makes many recommendations f o r t h e conduct o f community development schemes. Unfortunately, i n t e r e s t i n g though t h e y a r e , I doubt i f t h e y w i l l be o f much g e n e r a l a p p l i c a t i o n , s i n c e anyone who e v e r met J K , o r even perhaps who read t h i s book, w i l l be convinced t h a t t h e s u c c e s s of Budu and t h e o t h e r schemes w i t h which J K was a s s o c i a t e d was l a r g e l y a t t r i b u t a b l e t o JK ' s own remarkable p e r s o n a l i t y .
Never the less , t h e book does d e s c r i b e what c a n be done by community development, and g i v e s a v i a b l e , i f t e n d e n t i o u s , d e s c r i p t i o n and e x p l a n a t i o n of t h e development p o l i c i e s o f t h e S t a t e and F e d e r a l governments up t o 1968. The book is b e a u t i f u l l y i l l u s t r a t e d w i t h a l a r g e number o f l i n e drawings d e p i c t i n g Iban l i f e by A r t h u r Thwaites , who a l s o worked a t Budu and who c o n t r i b u t e s a d e s c r i p t i o n of t r a d i t i o n a l Iban l i f e . There a r e i n a d d i t i o n s h o r t p i e c e s on p a r t i c u l a r a s p e c t s o f t h e Budu scheme by f i v e o t h e r p e r s o n s who were connected w i t h it. I t is an ex t remely v a l u a b l e book, w e l l wor th t h e e f f o r t r e q u i r e d t o o b t a i n a copy, and much c r e d i t i s due t h e N u f f i e l d Foundat ion f o r making i t s w r i t i n g p o s s i b l e .
I I
1 The O r i g i n . of B r i t i e h Borneo. L. R. Wright. Hong Kong U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1970. x 237 pp., maps.
Reviewed by Robert P r i n g l e
Leigh Wright p i c k s up approximately where Graham I r w i n ' s Nine teen th Centur Borneo l e f t o f f , t r a c i n g t h e h i s t o r y of c o l o n i a l p o l i c y towardYwhat were t o become t h e B r i t i s h Borneo t e r r i t o r i e s from t h e - - - . . - . . e a r l y 1860 ' s down t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of p r o t e c t o r a t e s over Sarawak North Borneo,and Brunei i n 1888. The book r e f l e c t s a t r a d i t i o n a l B r i t i s h academic approach t o s t u d i e s o f c o l o n i a l p o l i c y . Based e n t i r e l y on wes te rn source m a t e r i a l , mos t ly o f f i c i a l f i l e s , i t emphasizes B r i t a i n ' s concern t o f o r e s t a l l a c q u i s a t i v e moves by r i v a l i m p e r i a l powers i n t h e s t r a t e g i c South China Sea a r e a . Dr. Wright does n o t c l a i m t o t a k e i n t o account l o c a l f a c t o r s , and t h e book i s unleavened by a t t e n t i o n t o s o c i o l o g i c a l o r e t h n o g r a p h i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s which were sometimes o f c r u c i a l importance i n d e t e r - mining t h e behavior of key f i g u r e s such a s Rajah Char les Brooke, i f n o t of t h e mandarins of Whi teha l l . But t h i s i s a v e r y s o l i d s tudy of d i p l o m a t i c developments. I t i s a l s o r e a d a b l e , w e l l o rgan- i z e d , and t i g h t l y w r i t t e n . Those who may be c u r i o u s about t h e h i s t o r y of t h e P h i l i p p i n e c l a i m t o Sabah, a s u b j e c t on which D r . Wright is b o t h l u c i d and e x p e r t , w i l l f i n d h e r e a u s e f u l s u c c i n c t review o f t h e s u b j e c t and some i n t e r e s t i n g comments on t h e s e v e r a l contemporary c o u n t e r c l a i m s t o t h a t o f t h e S u l t a n o f S u l u which could be a s s i g n e d e q u a l ( i f dub ious) v a l i d i t y .
The North Borneo Char tered Company's A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e Bajau, 2878-1 9 0 9 : The P a c i f i c a t i o n o f a Mari t ime, Nomadic Peop te . James F. Warren. Papers i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t u d i e s , . S o u t h e a s t Asia S e r i e s , No. 22. Athens, Ohio: Ohio U n i v e r s i t y Cente r f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t u d i e s , 1971. x i v 109 pp, appendix. $3.00.
Reviewed by C. A. S a t h e r
In t h i s b r i e f b u t impor tan t s t u d y Warren o u t l i n e s t h e measures t aken by t h e Char te red Company t o s e c u r e c o n t r o l o f t h e mari t ime Bajau o f s o u t h e a s t e r n Sabah and t h e consequences and l o c a l response
provoked by t h e s e measures w i t h i n Bajau s o c i e t y i t s e l f dur ing t h e f i r s t 30 years of Company r u l e .
P a r t of t h e importance of t h i s s t u d y r e s t s i n t h e f a c t t h a t it dea ls with t h e r e l a t i v e l y n e g l e c t e d e a s t c o a s t o f Sabah. In t h i s connection Warren draws a t t e n t i o n t o t h e r a d i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t s o c i o - p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e n o r t h e r n and s o u t h e r n h a l v e s of t h e . coas t and t r a c e s i t s e f f e c t s on t h e subsequent h i s t o r y of t h e two a reas . In g e n e r a l , t h e p o l i t i c a l o r d e r e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e Company c l o s e l y p a r a l l e l e d t h a t which a l r e a d y e x i s t e d among t h e c o a s t a l ! peoples wi th whom it came t o d e a l , w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t t h e y became, a t once, the Company's p r i n c i p a l r i v a l s and t h e c h i e f a g e n t s through whom aworkable system o f l o c a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n was developed. Along the c o a s t n o r t h of Tambesan t h e Sulu s t a t e main ta ined a r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e p o l i t i c a l system based on c o n t r o l of t h e l i t t o r a l and r i v e r i n e procurement t r a d e . By r e c r u i t i n g Tausug d a t u t o i t s s e r v i c e t h e Company was a b l e t o absorb t h i s s y s t e m a n d l e g i t i m i z e i t s presence. Within t h e Darvel Bay a r e a t o t h e s o u t h n o t h i n g s o simple was p o s s i b l e . Here mari t ime Bajau groups enjoyed c o n s i d e r - ab le independence owing t o t h e i r m o b i l i t y and d i s p e r s e d s e t t l e m e n t of the s c a t t e r e d i s l a n d s and broken c o a s t l i n e making up t h e r e g i o n . What Warren d e s c r i b e s a s " p a c i f i c a t i o n " r e f e r s e s s e n t i a l l y t o t h e process by which t h e Company brought t o an end t h e p o l i t i c a l autonomy of t h e s e groups.
The per iod d e s c r i b e d h e r e ends a p p r o p r i a t e l y w i t h t h e f i r , s t formal scheme t o c o n s o l i & t e Bajau s e t t l e m e n t ashore . I n a d d i t i o n , a system of boa t l i c e n s i n g was i n t r o d u c e d t o c u r t a i l t h e movement o f s e a f a r i n g groups and s e c u r e t h e i r r e c o g n i t i o n of Company s o v e r e i g n t y , t axes were imposed, and encouragement was g iven t o t h e development of a cash m a r k e f f o r l o c a l goods. These l a t t e r a c t s were aimed a t a l t e r i n g t r a d i t i o n a l a t t i t u d e s towards l a b o r and t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of goods so a s t o i n c r e a s e Company revenues and weaken t h e former p o l i t i c a l o r d e r by undermining t h e economic b a s i s on which i t was pred ica ted .
Together t h e s e measures s e t i n motion changes t h a t , i n a d v e r t e n t l y o r by des ign , con t inue t o t r a n s f o r m Bajau s o c i e t y down t o t h e p r e s e n t time. While Warren p o i n t s up t h e i r s i g n i f i c a n c e , he q u i t e r i g h t l y s t r e s s e s t h a t a f u l l unders tand ing of t h i s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n r e q u i r e s t h a t i t be viewed from t h e Bajau p e r s p e c t i v e through ethnographic and, i n p a r t i c u l a r , e t h n o h i s t o r . i c a 1 r e s e a r c h , i n c l u d - ing the c o l l e c t i o n of o r a l h i s t o r i e s . H i s s t u d y , though based e n t i r e l y on European documentat ion, p r o v i d e s a v a l u a b l e s t a r t i n g po in t f o r such an under tak ing .
A B S T R A C T S . The A s s o c i a t i o n o f S o u t h e a s t A s i a (ASAI, 1962-1967; RegionaZisrn,
IdeoZogy, and D e c l a r a t o r y Fore ign P o l i c y . Vincent Kel ly P o l l a r d . A d i s s e r t a t i o n submi t ted t o t h e F a c u l t y o f t h e D i v i s i o n o f t h e
S o c i a l science;, The U n i v e r s i t y o f Chicago, i n candidacy f o r t h e degree of Master o f A r t s (Committee on I n t e r n a t i o n a l R e l a t i o n s ) , December, 1968. i v 86 pp.
The economic and p o l i t i c a l ~ s o u r c e s and m o t i v a t i o n s f o r t h e Assoc- i a t i o n of S o u t h e a s t As ia (ASA) a r e deve loped , w i t h emphasis on t h e i r c o n t e x t i n Sino-American r e l a t i o n s s i n c e 1949. The i m p l i c i t and e x p l i c i t g o a l s of t h e ASA a r e r e l a t e d t o a t r e a t m e n t o f t h e ideo logy o r t h e s e o f " reg iona l i sm" i n i t s c o n t r a d i c t o r y forms. This "regional ism" was v a r i o u s l y unders tood , deve loped , and p r o - jectedl i n t h e d e c l a r a t o r y f o r e i g n p o l i c i e s of t h e former F e d e r a t i o n o f Malaya ( subsequent ly , Malays ia ) , t h e Republ ic o f t h e P h i l i p p i n e s .and ThailancP a s t h e s e s t a t e s a l i g n e d and i n t e r a c t e d i n t h e ASA i n 1961, and, a long w i t h Indones ia and S ingapore , i n t h e A s s o c i a t i o n of S o u t h e a s t Asian Nations (ASEAN) i n August o f 1967. The r e s p e c t i v e and c o l l e c t i v e p e r c e p t i o n s o f t h e ASA/ASEAN s t a t e s ( i n terms of t h e i r p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s ) a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e U. S. p e r c e p t i o n s o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s . One c e n t r a l frame o f r e f e r e n c e focuses on t h e c o n t i n u i n g d e s i r e s and u n d e r t a k i n g s o f U. S . policymakers t o "conta in1 ' t h e P e o p l e ' s Republ ic o f China. Chapte r I V l o c a t e s t h e renewal o f t h e P h i l i p p i n e c l a i m t o North Borneo (Sabah) i n t h e g e o p o l i t i c a l m a t r i x of B r i t i s h and U . S. p o l i c i e s i n S o u t h e a s t Asia , t h e b i r t h o f Maphil indo, and t h e Indones ian Konfron tas i p o l i c i e s . Observers o f ASA and ASEAN u s u a l l y misunder- s t o o d t h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s , p e r c e i v i n g them a s h a r b i n g e r s of meaningful economic and c u l t u r a l c o l l a b o r a t i o n t o t h e b e n e f i t of t h e peoples of t h e f i v e n a t i o n s involved i n s t e a d o f a s v e h i c l e s t h a t tended t o i n t e g r a t e t h e t h r u s t o f t h e s e s t a t e s ' f o r e i g n p o l i c i e s i n t o t h e o r b i t of U. S. f o r e i g n p o l i c y endeavors i n E a s t and S o u t h e a s t Asia .
A c l a s s i f i e d b i b l i o g r a p h y i s found a t pp. 7 5 - 8 6 . I n q u i r i e s con- ce rn ing Xerox (6" x 9" o r 8 1/2" x 11") o r m i c r o f i l m ( p o s t i v e ) cop ies of t h e t h e s i s (T-17304) may be d i r e c t e d t o : Photo- Dupl ica t ion . B-70, The Joseph Regens te in L i b r a r y , 1100 E a s t 57th S t r e e t , Chicago, I l l i n o i s 60637, U.S.A.
REPORT FROM THE EDITOR (Continued)
p e r y e a r . This t o t a l s a v i n g s of $300 s t i l l l e a v e s u s w i t h a p ro- j e c t e d d e f i c i t of approximate ly $ 2 2 0 f o r Volume 4 (1972) o f t h e %. One of t h e reasons t h a t t h e BRB i s o p e r a t i n g a t a d e f i c i t . 3 ~ t h e f a c t t h a t 2 6 4 c o p i e s a r e s e n t w i t h o u t charge t o i n d i v i d u a l s , un iver - s i t i e s and government depar tments i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e I s l a n d s , Malaysi: Indones ia , e t c . I should l i k e t o n o t e h e r e t h a t some o f t h e sub- s c r i b e r s i n t h e s e a r e a s have i n f a c t v e r y t h o u g h t f u l l y s e n t i n con t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e c o s t s of t h e E. And we s i n c e r e l y u rge t h o s e i n t h e s e a r e a s who can a f f o r d t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e c o s t s o f p u b l i s h i n g t h e BRB t o do s o . Any s u g g e s t i o n s w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e problem of cur rency exchange and exchange c o s t s would indeed be most g r a t e f u l l y r e c e i v e d by t h e e d i t o r .
