ISBN 81-85865-87-6

Almora Book Depot

Almora, Uttarakhand, India

Year 2014

2

eBook

Editor in ChiefProfessor Shekhar Chandra Joshi

Dean Faculty of Visual Art Kumaun University, S.S.J. Campus Almora,

Uttarakhand, India

Technical EditorDr. John Antoine Labadie

Professor of Visual ArtCoordinator of Digital Arts & Media Integration Studies

Art DepartmentUniversity of North Carolina Pembroke

Pembroke, North Carolina, USA

2014

3

Acknowledgement

It is my immense pleasure to publish the proceedings of the seminar in book form. I am thankful to Professor John Antoine Labadie for his assistance in launching the eBook of the same as he is the Technical Editor of that eBook. I must thank Professor S. A. Hamid, Dr Sonu Dwivedi, Dr Sanjeev Arya, who helped me in this task.

We have taken all the precautions in converting, proofing, typing and retyping the articles with the help of Mr. Prakash, Mr. Bhuwan, Ms Dipika Kandpal, Ms. Pooja, Mr. Kailash Bisht, Ms. Ruchi, Mr Lalit, Mr. Sagar and Mr Girish. I extend my sincere thanks to all these.

Besides, many other names that are mentioned in this book that through different committees have worked and gave their full cooperation and patronage to make the seminar a grand success. I extend my heartfelt thanks to all and who have given their kind help and cooperation directly or indirectly as a big support in bringing out this volume. It is true that it was impossible to publish this/these volume(s) without donation for that I am grateful to those who contributed for the same cause.

I hope you would appreciate our endeavors including the authors and reviewers. We all are working for the betterment of society including through art and its interrelated subjects. We would not stop our wish and remain in working action for the bright future ignoring our mistakes if occurred here due to a human or technical error after taking all the major precautions during this major task.

Finally, our thankful credit goes to its Publisher, Almora Book Depot.

I wish season’s greetings to all.

Almora, Day of Harela June 2014 Shekhar Chandra Joshi

Professor H. S. DhamiVice Chancellor

Kumaun University, Nainital

Message

I have been given to understand that the Faculty of Visual Arts, S.S.J.

Campus Almora of this University is organizing an International/National Seminar

on “Importance of Art and its Interrelationship with other Subjects” on

06th and 07thOctober 2013. A souvenir of this Seminar is also being published to

mark the occasion.

Congratulations and a hearty welcome to the panoramic locations of

central Himalaya extended to all the delegates, participating scholars, artists and

others related to with the field, students and art lovers a cross the world who have

contributed papers for this event.

The topic of the seminar is very interesting and relevant with each subject.

Art is a way of communication. It allows everybody to express themselves in any

way necessary. Art doesn't discriminate or stereotype or hate, it provides an outlet

for all emotions under the sun. Without art, the world would be without color,

design, literature, music, poetry, dance, everything. Art plays a vital role in

nurturing the inherent creativity. Art, science and technology are working

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altogether to raise public awareness that makes impressive contribution in the

global society.

Mathematics and art have a long relationship from the Egyptian age. All

the forms of Tantric art are based on the geometry, a part of mathematics. The

Islamic mathematician Al- Haytham, also known as Alhazen wrote early works on

optics as well as geometry and number theory. Mathematics and origami are both

considered to be ancient arts, but until the 1960's the two were considered to be as

different as night and day. Turns out they are not as different as everyone thought.

In fact, origami can be used to explain many mathematical concepts in fields such

as geometry, calculus, abstract algebra and others. The relationship between

mathematics and origami has yet to be fully explained. New folds and models are

being developed by artists, architects, mathematicians, and other origami

enthusiasts. A set of Postulates, similar to those of Euclidean geometry, have been

established and some origami folds can even solve quadratic and cubic equations.

An exploration of various techniques and models can give a true understanding of

how important origami is to the field of mathematics.

I believe the proceedings of the seminar will bring out overall fruitful

results for the benefit of further researchers and end users of the field.

I appreciate the endeavors of the organizers and wish every success for the

seminar.

H. S. Dhami

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Padama Bhusan Jatin Das Artist & Chairman

J D Centre of Art93 Bakhtawar Singh BlockAsiad Village, New Delhi

Message/KEY NOTE ADDRESS

Art of nature and manmade artAll creations of nature have everything that we can possibly imagine and much beyond. Art of nature is supreme, as the old saying goes nature is a great teacher.

Every aspect of life, art or science; all possible answers are there in nature. It is very unfortunate that in our colonial decadent academic system art and science have been segregated, whereas they have an inseparable relation. They are not like two sides of the same coin, but more like sugar and milk, one cannot do without the other. Here I refer to art as creativity.

Whether you are a scientist, architect or an artist all possible answers are there in nature. As a matter of fact I say, ‘If you study one tree or any element of nature for ten years it will make you an artist, scientist or an architect’. If you look at a pine tree, its 30ft long branches, cantilevers extended and swinging in the wind and yet it doesn’t break. Human beings have divorced themselves from nature for a long time hence there is a lot of discrepancy. I was doing a mural painting at a very important science institute - National Center for Plant Genome and Research- and I spoke to the scientists in their labs and they told me that more than 90% of the DNA in all species of nature is the same. In all seasons of nature we are programmed to adjust and adapt.

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In ancient times the learning took place in Gurukul ashrams, where one sat under a tree and learned. Even a prince had to go to a Gurukul to learn. In one such occasion a student wanted to learn painting, the Guru guided him to go learn sculpture, the sculpture guru sent him to go and learn mridangam, and so on. Eventually he had to work in the garden to look after plants and animals to get attuned to nature. First one has to understand nature and in the process various forms of art start coming naturally. Guru as a mentor is very important, as a pathfinder, but there is also example of Eklaavya.

Home is the best institution in holistic upbringing of a child and thereafter the schooling. The primary school is the most important center which has been neglected in the country. Today all the arts are segregated the performing arts, literary arts and visual arts, these divisions are western paradigms. In our country they are all interrelated, interdependent and one cannot do without the other. There is art of nature and man-made art; man-made art is derived and inspired from nature. As we mentioned earlier that art and science are inseparable, so the very premise of science and art as separate entity is a wrong approach. It’s unfortunate that science is restricted to the laboratory and art to the art class, whereas it should spill out into the corridors. There cannot be any art without the science of it; likewise there cannot be any scientific activity without its artistic endeavor. Every human being is creative. Every human being is special and born with original talent. These are destroyed in our artificial meandering. Somebody might want to pursue singing but due to parental or societal pressure is pushed to do engineering or IT and vice versa. While somebody who is very good in mathematics is pushed to do something else. Frankly, today ours is a confused nation. We have not cared for our traditional knowledge nor imbibed it for our contemporary living, hence, the dichotomy. We have blindly copied the western pattern and we are at a loss.

Everybody should draw and paint, sing and dance. Drawing makes a restless child calm. It is a therapy. Writing is drawing. A script is also architecture, mathematics and geometry. The universe has a rhythm and cyclic order, so does nature. Every human being has a rhythm of their own. It is this sense of art and aesthetics, musicality and poetics which elevates the soul and also balances form and space. Schools, colleges and universities should give emphasis to interactive, built up and open space in its architectural design. The educational institution should also be open ended. Quite often they concentrate only on buildings ignoring the play of light and air. To enhance the atmosphere of learning a school should have a congenial and vibrant atmosphere where a little child should feel like running to school, whereas today all our schools are dead space and have no feeling. Our

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academic institutions are like a factory without giving any emphasis to individual growth, journey and faculty.

Art is a way of life. The living itself embodies a sense of life.

Wishing this International Seminar 2013 of Kumaun University, Uttarakhand, a great success.

JATIN DAS

8

                                                 Ykksd laLd`fr laxzgky; Xkhrk/kke] Hkherky

MkW0 ;’kks/kj eBiky] in~eJh laLFkkid@lfpo

lans’k

izfr"Bk esa]

izks0 'ks[kj pUnz tks’kh th

ladk;k/;{k n`’; dyk

,l0 ,l0 ts0 ifjlj] vYeksM+k

lEekU; ,oa fiz; tks’kh th]

vkids fnukad 09&09&2013 ds i= ls Kkr gqvk gS fd vki n`’;

dyk ladk; esa dyk dh egRrk ,oa vU; fo"k;ksa ls bldk var%laca/k uked

vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxks"Bh fnukad 6 ,oa 7 vDVwcj 2013 dks vk;ksftr dj jgs gSa rFkk

bl ij ,d Lekfjdk izdk’ku dh Hkh ;kstuk gSA ;g ,d Lej.kh; laxks"Bh gksxh

,slh eq>s iw.kZ vk’kk gSA d`Ik;k bl egRoiw.kZ vk;kstu gsrq esjh 'kqHk dkeuk,a

Lohdkj djsaA

lknj lizse

Hkor~ ca/kq

;’kks/kj eBiky

9

mRrjk[k.M lsok fuf/k Ik;kZoj.k f’k{kk laLFkku tk[kunsoh] eky jksM] vYeksM+k & 263601

                                    MkW0 yfyr ik.Ms] in~eJh funs’kd

lans’k

fiz; izks0 'ks[kj th]

;g tkudj cgqr izlUurk gqbZ fd n`’; dyk ladk;] dqekÅ¡

fo’ofo|ky; ifjlj vYeksM+k }kjk vkxkeh 6&7 vDVwcj 2013 dks vYeksM+k

ifjlj esa ,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxks"Bh dk vk;kstu fd;k tk jgk gSA

,d rjg ls ns[kk tk; rks dyk gekjs thou ds izk;% gj ,d i{k o

rkSj&rjhdksa ls lacaf/kr gSA bl n`f"V ls yksxksa ds thou dks jpukRed cukus]

laokjus vkSj csgrj cukus esa dyk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA Hkkoukvksa dks izdV

djus ds fy, dyk ,d izeq[k o l’kDr ek/;e Hkh gSA bl rjg bldk {ks= vkSj

izHkko vR;Ur O;kid gSA eq>s vk’kk gS fd vkids Nk= vius Hkkoh thou esa bl

fn’kk esa dk;Z dj jgs gksaxsA

Ekq>s ftKklk gS fd mDr laxks"Bh eas fdu eqn~nksa ij foe’kZ gksxk vkSj

blls Nk=ksa o 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dks fdl rjg ekxZn’kZu feysxkA

Lakxks"Bh dh lQyrk ds fy, gkfnZd 'kqHkdkeuk,aA

Ykfyr ik.Ms

10

                                                                         Ikzks0 'ks[kj ikBd] in~eJh iwoZ v/;kid] dqekÅ¡ fo’ofo|ky;

laiknd & ^igkM+* ifjØek] rYyk MkaMk] rYyhrky] uSuhrky

lans’k

fofHkUUk dyk,as euq"; dh igpku gksrh gSaA dyk,sa gh laLd`fr dk vk/kkj gksrh

gSaA viuh fodkl ;k=k esa dykvksa ds dkj.k euq"; vU; tho iztkfr;ksa ls vyx gks ldk

gSA vkxs c<+us ds fy, vkSj lrr~ lfØ;rk ds fy, iquiZfjHkkf"kr djrk gSA dyk,sa izfrjks/k

vkSj ifjorZu dh dkjd Hkh jgh gSaA os lekt dh cspSuh mtkxj djrh gSa vkSj

psru&vopsru dh fdruh gh irksZa dks vfHkO;fDr nsrh gSaA

gj dyk dk ,d ^yksd :i* gksrk gS vkSj ogha ls mldh ^Dykfldy* gksus

dh ;k=k 'kq: gksrh gSA gj fodflr dyk dh tM+sa yksd dyk ds fdlh u fdlh :Ik rd

ys tkrh gSaA dyk dk gj fo"k; ls lEcU/k curk gSA dykvksa esa lkekftd fodkl vkSj

vUrfoZjks/kksa dk ,d lkFk izn’kZu gksrk gSA os fdlh ns’k ;k lekt ds feFkdksa ls ledkyhu

;FkkFkZ rd dks viuh rjg ls O;Dr djrh gSaA

dqekÅ¡ fo’ofo|ky; dk n`’; dyk ladk; ^^dyk vkSj mlds vU; fo"k;ksa ls

vUr%lEca/k** ij ,d vUrjk"Vªh; laxks"Bh dk vk;kstu dj jgk gSA ;g Lokxr ;ksX; gSA

izks0 'ks[kj tks’kh rFkk muds lkfFk;ksa dks c/kkbZ rFkk 'kqHkdkeuk,aA bl rjg ds dyk&laoknksa

ls gh f’k{kdksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds chp dyk ij ubZ cgl 'kq: gksrh gSA fQj ;g cgl

lekt esa tkrh gSA

;g laxks"Bh fo’ofo|ky; ds vYeksM+k ifjlj esa gks jgh gS] tgk¡ eq>s Hkh f’k{kk

izkIr djus dk lkSHkkX; feyk FkkA vo’; gh ;g ekSdk fo’ks"k :Ik ls vYeksM+k dh vkSj

lkekU;r;k mRrjk[k.M dh fofHkUu dyk izfrHkkvksa dks ;kn djus dk Hkh gksxkA

;g Øe pyrk jgs blh dkeuk ds lkFk

'ks[kj ikBd

 

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dqekÅ¡ fo’ofo|ky; uSuhrky

lq/khj cqM+kdksVh

dqylfpo

lans’k

;g tkudj [kq’kh gqbZ fd n`’; dyk ladk; ,l0 ,l0 ts0 ifjlj

vYeksM+k esa ^dyk dh egRrk ,oa vU; fo"k;ksa ls bldk var%laca/k* uked

vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxks"Bh fnukad 06 ,oa 07 vDVwcj 2013 dks gksuh gSA

bl volj ij laxks"Bh dh Lekfjdk dk eqnz.k ,oa izdk’ku fd;k

tkuk gSA ;g laxks"Bh Nk=&Nk=kvksa] fp=dkjksa rFkk lekt dks ,d ubZ fn’kk

iznku djsxhA eSa g"kZ ds lkFk bl Lekfjdk dk Lokxr djrk gw¡ rFkk vk’kk djrk

gw¡ fd bl Lekfjdk esa ladfyr lkjka’k dyk rFkk blls lacaf/kr vU; fo"k;ksa ds

'kks/k i= dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij viuh igpku cuk;s j[kus rFkk dyk dh

egRrk dks mtkxj djus esa l{ke gksaxsA

lq/khj cqM+kdksVh

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dqekÅ¡ fo’ofo|ky; uSuhrky

/keZ flag cksuky

foRr vf/kdkjh

lans’k

vR;Ur g"kZ dk fo"k; gS fd n`’; dyk ladk; lkscu flag thuk

ifjlj vYeksM+k esa ^dyk dh egRrk ,oa vU; fo"k;ksa ls bldk var%laca/k uked

vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxks"Bh dk vk;kstu fnukad 06 ,oa 07 vDVwcj 2013 dks fd;k tk

jgk gSA ftl gsrq ,d Lekfjdk dk eqnz.k ,oa izdk’ku fd;k tk jgk gSA tSlk fd

gesa voxr gqvk gSA

bl Lekfjdk ds izdk’ku ls dyk rFkk blls lacaf/kr vU; fo"k;ksa dk

dyk ls laca/k gksus dh leqfpr tkudkjh feysxhA esjk ;g Hkh fo’okl gS fd ;g

laxks"Bh vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij viuh igpku cuk;sxhA

eSa n`’; dyk ladk; ,l0 ,l0 ts0 ifjlj] vYeksM+k ds }kjk

izdkf’kr dh tkus okyh bl Lekfjdk ds lQy izdk’ku ,oa bl egRoiw.kZ

vk;kstu gsrq gkfnZd 'kqHkdkeuk,sa izsf"kr djrk gw¡A

/keZ flag cksuky

13

Kumaun University S.S.J. Campus, Almora

Professor R. S. PathaniCampus Director

MESSAGE It is a matter of great pleasure to learn that the Faculty of Visual Art Kumaun University S.S.J. Campus Almora is organizing a two day International level seminar on 06-07 October 2013 and on this occasion a souvenir is being published by the faculty. The theme of seminar is very important and relevant in the present scenario. I am sure that very practical recommendations will come out during the seminar which will specially focus on importance of Art and its relationship with other subjects. I extend my best wishes to the organizers for the grand success of the seminar.

Prof. R. S. Pathni

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Professor Shekhar Chandra JoshiDean Faculty of Visual Art

Kumaun University S.S.J. Campus, Almora

MESSAGEIt gives us immense pleasure to have been bestowed upon the opportunity to organize an International Seminar on “Importance of Art and its Interrelationship with other Subjects” in the Kumaun University, Faculty of Visual Art, Department of Drawing and Painting, SSJ Campus Almora, Uttarakhand, India on October 06 and 07, 2013.On this momentous occasion we are happy to release a souvenir of this event for wide circulation. We compliment our esteemed participants for their enlightening contribution. Art is an endearing, enduring, enchanting and comprehensive form of communication. Communication and art alike are basic needs of humans beings for their cultural, traditional, social, scientific, technological and emotional development . The role of fine arts; visual or performed is important towards achieving pleasure and fulfillment. The power of Traditional, Folk and Tribal arts has kept alive many a rich traditions and cultural aspects of the society. The folk traditions adapted creatively have worked wonders towards developing numerous contemporary masterpieces. Technology has taken the creative instinct of artists to greater heights and immensely influenced the modern day art scene. The relevance of Literature, Sociology, Science, and Mathematics etc. which have contributed a lot in the creation of Art in the history of Art cannot be over emphasised. History and art have been synonymous to each other as the historians have meticulously and intricately recorded and captured the psychology of man, nature and society since ages. In fact many eminent artists of the past and current times are historians

15

too or at least have interest in the subject. After all art, like all other subjects, has evolved to its present form through the ages.The proposed seminar aims to explore the importance of Art and it’s Inter-relationship with other subjects. I, on behalf of the Faculty of Visual Art and Department of Drawing and Painting, Kumaun University express my deep gratitude to all the concerned authorities for their valued blessings and messages for souvenir.I also thank the organizing committee members of the seminar and souvenir publication for their hard work and cooperation which has made this mega event a great success. The contribution of learned participants in forms of their papers/abstracts is deeply appreciated. Finally I must place on record the monetary support extended by the advertisers which gave us hope and motivated us to realize our dream. I also extend my special thanks to media and participants who contributed immensely towards the rich content, intellectual exchange and coverage to make this event a great success.

Shekhar Chandra Joshi

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Dr. John Antoine LabadieProfessor of Visual Art

Coordinator of Digital Arts & Media Integration StudiesArt Department

University of North Carolina Pembroke Pembroke, North Carolina,

USA&

Vice President Jumbo Arts International

(A federally recognized 501c3 nonprofit organization)Red Springs, North Carolina USA

MESSAGE

It is with great pleasure, humility and gratitude that this message is composed at the request of Dean Shekhar Joshi with whom I have had a wonderfully productive electronic collaboration that undergirds this entire volume. As “Technical Editor” of this volume of “Proceedings” I should explain my specific role in the editorial process behind of this electronic publication. First, my wife & creative/artistic collaborator Professor Margie Beth Labadie had our paper “Digital Technologies And The Arts: New Media Has Truly Arrived” accepted for the 2013 conference: The International Seminar on “Importance of Art and its Interrelationship with other Subjects” in the Kumaun University, Faculty of Visual Art, Department of Drawing and Painting, SSJ Campus Almora, Uttarakhand, India on 06 - 07 October 2013. Second, after submitting a “Abstract” for the “Souvenir” (Book of Abstracts)

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physical publication for this conference I contacted Dean Shekhar Chandra Joshi directly (by way of email) to inquire if there was a plan for a summary “Proceedings” publication as well. Our conversation evolved into a shared sense that we could indeed make such a publication happen electronically, as a simple eBook – more specifically as a Portable Document File (PDF). Our judiciously edited PDF could then be distributed as a carefully crafted electronic file and published online where it could be read and downloaded – free of charge. Dr. Joshi and I shared many emails and evolved a plan of action to move this “Proceedings” project forward. Third, after establishing a “cloud storage” archive for the exchange of data files related to the project we began the editorial process much as one would with a physical journal. Through almost daily emails Professor Joshi and I made adjustments to the “Proceedings” and then moved the project to a “draft #1” status PDF of more than 200 pages. Our “draft #1” was designed to serve as a model that could be reorganized and fine tuned before its release to the academic public. Much editing was required in both Hindi and English as literally hundreds of files and emails were exchanged between my office in the North Carolina, USA and Dr. Joshi’s in Almora, India. Fourth, as we enter the final stages of editing it is gratifying to see how much Dr. Joshi and I have been able to do using digital tools no more complicated than email (Google gmail), cloud storage (a free “dropbox” account), and (on my side) text editor programs (Apple “Pages 11” and Apache “Open Office 3.4”), Adobe Acrobat Pro X (for assembling the document) and, minimally, Adobe Photoshop CS6 (for image editing and graphics). Finally, after literally months of electronic collaborating, Professor Joshi and I are on the verge of making this electronic “Proceedings” available internationally. Clearly, this work is proof positive that the title of this conference rings true regarding the “Importance of Art and its Interrelationship with other Subjects.” Without the highly functional interrelationship of design arts and related digital tools this publication simply would not have happened. We hope this work will inspire others to follow our example to collaborate to make more academic works on the arts (and other subjects) available to the public through similar electronic publication procedures. Let the dialogue begin!

John Antoine LabadieApril 2014

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Importance of Art and Its Interrelationship with Other subjects

International Seminar

Organising Committee

Patron(s)Professor H.S. Dhami

Vice Chancellor

Mr Sudhir BudakotiRegistrar

Mr D.S. BonalFinance Officer

Chief ConvenerProfessor Shekhar Chandra Joshi

Dean Faculty of Visual Art & Editor IJVASC

Co-Convener(s)Dr. Sonu Dwivedi

Associate Professor & Coordinator Fine Arts (Teaching)

Dr Sanjeev AryaAssistant Professor

TreasurerMr Prakash Chandra Bhatt

MembersMr. Kailash Singh

Mr. Lalit Arya Miss Deepika Kandpal Miss Ruchi Kandpal

Teaching Personnel(s) Fine Arts

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Local Advisors Professor L. S. Bisht

Professor Hema Joshi Professor S. D. SharmaProfessor Rajnish Pande

Professor Navin DhaundiyalProfessor B. P. Singhal

Professor Aradhana ShuklaProfessor Jagat Singh Bisht

Mr. K. C. Chaturvedi

Academic CommitteeProfessor S. A. Hamid

Professor D. S. PokhariaProfessor B. D. Awasthi

Professor K. C. JoshiProfessor C. M. Agrawal

Professor J. S. RawatProfessor N. D. KandpalProfessor N. BhandariProfessor S. C. Joshi

Professor M. S. Mawari

Invitation & Publication CommitteeMiss. Deepika Kandpal

Mr. Lalit AryaMiss. Suneeta Bhauryal

Mr. Ravi Shankar

Registration CommitteeMr. Kailash Singh

Mr. Prakash Chandra BhattMs. Urvi Rastogi

Smt. Neelam BishtMiss. Pooja

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Reception CommitteeProfessor Daya Pant

Dr. Sonu DwivediDr. Rina singh Sah

Dr. A. NaveenMiss. Ruchi Kandpal

Mr. Kailash SingDr. Bimla Rana

Lodging, Boarding & Transport CommitteeDr Sanjeev AryaMr. Lalit Arya

Mr. Rajendra Singh BishtMr. Dinesh Tiwari

Mr Bhuwan ChandraMr Puran Singh Mehta

Session Conducting CommitteeProfessor M. C. Durgapal

Professor Vijay pantDr. Sonu DwidediDr. Sanjeev Arya

Miss Deepika Kandpal

Decoration CommitteeDr. Sanjeev Arya

Miss. Ruchi KandpalMiss Deepika Kandpal

Mr. Devesh AwasthiSmt. Manju Balmiki

Multimedia CommitteeMr. Sanjay Pant

Mr. S. D. KandpalMr. Lalit Arya

Mr. Jeevan Chandra JoshiMr. Lalit Chandra Joshi

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Finance CommitteeMr. Mahipal Singh Mehata

Mr. Kailash ChhimwalMr. Prakash Chandra Bhatt

Mr. Kailash SinghMiss. Deepika Kandpal

Photography CommitteeMiss. Ruchi KandpalMr. Girish Painuly

Mr. Himanshu BhattMr. Harsh Vardhan Shah

Miss. Jyotsana Singh

Inaugural Music CommitteeDr. Vandana JoshiMr. S. D. Kandpal

Mr. Lalit AryaMiss. Sweta Shah

Miss Kanak UpretiMiss Aprajita BishtMiss Neha Mishra

Miss Vineeta Kanyal

Cultural CommitteeDr. Sanjeev AryaDr. Bimla RanaMr. Sanjay Pant

Mr. Kailash SinghMiss Deepika Kandpal

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International SeminarImportance of Art and Its Interrelationship with Other subjects

6-7 October 2013

Chief GuestProfessor H.S. Dhami

Vice ChancellorKumaun University, Nainital

Special GuestsPadama Bhusan Jatin Das

Padama Shri Yashodhar MathpalPadama Shri Lalit Pande

Padama Shri Shekhar Pathak

Chief Person of the FunctionProfessor R. S. Pathani

Campus Director

Resource PersonsProfessor Purnima Pande, Professor Ram Viranjan

Professor Sadare Alam, Professor Sunil KumarProfessor Hemant Dwivedi, Professor A.K. Singh

Chief ConvenerProfessor Shekhar Chandra Joshi

Co-ConvenersDr. Sonu Dwivedi, Dr Sanjeev Arya

VenueSeminar Hall, Drawing & Painting Department

Soban Singh Jeena Campus, Almora Uttarakhand, India

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Proceedings of International Seminar 2013 at Kumaun University, Faculty of Visual Art, S.S.J. Campus, Almora

International seminar on 'Importance of Art and it's Inter-relationship with Other Subjects' was conducted in the SSJ Campus Almora under the aegis of Faculty of Visual Art of Kumaun University for two days i.e. 6 and 7 October 2013 in the Chief Convenership of Professor Shekhar Chandra Joshi, Dean Faculty of Visual Art. The co conveners of the seminar were Dr Sonu Dwivedi, Coordinator of Fine Art (Teaching) and Dr Sanjeev Arya, Faculty Member. In his welcome address Professor Shekhar Chandra Joshi said that art is an endearing, enduring, enchanting and comprehensive form of communication. Communication and art alike are basic needs of human beings for their cultural, traditional, social, scientific, technological and emotional development. The role of fine arts; visual or performed, is important towards achieving pleasure and fulfillment. The power of Traditional, Folk and Tribal arts has kept alive many a rich traditions and cultural aspects of the society. The folk traditions adapted creatively have worked wonders towards developing numerous contemporary masterpieces. Technology has taken the creative instinct of artists to greater heights and immensely influenced the modern day art scene. The relevance of Literature, Sociology, Science, and Mathematics etc. which have contributed a lot in the creation of Art in the history of Art cannot be over emphasised. History and art have been synonymous to each other as the historians have meticulously and intricately recorded and captured the psychology of man, nature and society since ages. In fact many eminent artists of the past and current times are historians too or at least have interest in the subject. After all art, like all other subjects, has evolved to its present form through the ages.Almora, the beautiful hill station, is the cultural centre of Uttarakhand. The town has been fortunate to have been associated with great personalities like Swami Vivekanand, Uday Shankar, Lama Govinda, Bruster and many other luminaries. A visit to the town, today, paints a gloomy picture of the fading sheen of this serene , beautiful cultural town which is full of history, art and culture; the buildings, traditions and art can be found in almost every nook and corner of this district headquarter. The faculty of Visual Art is a unique Faculty in Uttarakhand academic circles, the only one of its kind established first in the State in Kumaun University in 2011, although the process began in 2005. I would fail in my duty if I do not appreciate the contribution, efforts and services rendered by my predecessors to establish the

24

faculty out of the existing Department of Drawing and Painting especially, our previous HOD Dr Krishna Bairathi(retired) and Dr Purnima Pande former HOD Painting in Garhwal University worked a lot to establish the Department of Drawing and Painting in this campus. Of course, it is an honour to organize an International Seminar here in our campus at Almora for two days. The chief guest of the inaugural function of the seminar was Prof H S Dhami, Vice Chancellor Kumaun University and Prof R.S. Pathani, Campus Director of SSJ Campus was gracing the chair of the function. Padma Bhushan Prof Jatin Das, a painter of International fame, Padmashree Dr Yashodhar Mathpal, Padmashree Shri Lalit Pande were the special guests at the function. Delivering the inaugural address, the chief guest Professor H.S. Dhami said mathematics and art have a long relationship. Describing in detail about origami he mentioned mathematics and origami are both considered to be ancient arts. The relationship between mathematics and origami has yet to be fully explained. New folds and models are being developed by artists, architects, mathematicians, and other origami enthusiasts. A set of postulates, similar to those of Euclidean geometry, have been established and some original folds can even solve quadratic and cubic equations. In his key note address Padama Bhusan Jatin Das who was special guest, lectured on Art and Man-made Art. Every human being has a rhythm of his own. There is art of nature and man-made art; man made art is derived and inspired from nature. We should first understand Nature that is supreme. He appealed to every one to do the plantation of trees and also do creation of arts around you. Every aspect of life, art or science; all possible answers are there in nature.Padama Shree Yashodhar Mathpal, special guest, described in his address the importance of Folk Art on the Birkhams (hero Memorial Stones) in Kumaon Himalaya emphasizing the value of our prehistoric art. Special guest Padama Shree Lalit Pande focuses on environmental education and art in his address appreciating that art is a way that reflects in each corner of our life. Chairperson of the inaugural function Professor R.S. Pathani said there is no role of education without art. He added emphasizing the importance of art and its impact towards the development of value based education. A souvenir, book of abstracts of the seminar papers was released at the time of the inaugural function to mark the occasion. The scholars of USA, Canada, Fiji, Srilanka, Brazil, Iran and other countries including India contributed more than one hundred papers of their respective fields and interest on the topic of the seminar. Around more than one hundred fifty participants of different universities, institutions and organizations took part in the seminar from U.P. Rajasthan, Delhi,

25

Haryana, Punjab and other states of the country and also the countries of Spain, Italy and Ireland and the host university especially where it was held in the Soban Singh Jina Campus at Almora. The vote of thanks was given by Dr Sonu Dwivedi, Coordinator Fine Art (Teaching) and session conducted by Dr Sanjeev Arya, faculty member; both were the co convener of the seminar. Besides inaugural session and a cultural evening on inaugural day, the seminar concluded in seven sessions and sub sessions by organizing parallel sessions on both the two days in the Conference Hall of Visual Art in the Drawing and Painting department and also in the Conference Hall of Geography in the Forestry Department. First session of seminar was on Art- Craft, Folk Art and Tribal. The papers studied varieties of these arts, each art highlighted by the paper presenters. Professor Ram Viranjan was gracing the chair of the session. The theme of second session was Art, History and Architecture while third session was based on Art and Music. Professor Daya Pant was the chairperson of the second session. The papers show as to how historical developments take place in Art, History and Architecture. The deliberation given in Spanish language by a scholar was fascinating for all. The relationship of Art and Music was described in the third session in the Chairmanship of Professor T.Satyanath. Professor Ila Sah and Dr Rosalia Perez Gonzalez were nominated as chairpersons of the fourth session. Papers on Art and Social Sciences focused in this session. Unfortunately both of them could not be present and in their absence, Professor K.C. Joshi was the chairperson in the fourth as well as fifth session. In this session the seminar papers described the importance of Art and Science- Environment- Technology and Trade. The interrelationship of Art and Literature was taken up in the sixth session. Next was the Concluding/Valedictory session of the seminar chaired by Professor Shekhar Chandra Joshi. The seminar explored the theme of 'Importance of Art and it's Inter-relationship with Other Subjects' by deliberations of learned scholars in the field. Of course, this was a unique experience for the art lovers, intellectual population of Almora and nearby areas, research scholars and students and their interaction with the contemporary masters marked the occasion. The mega event had a huge audience, who thoroughly relished the intellectual discussions and research work of scholars and experts. Further, we are happy to arrange all the research papers according to seminar proceedings and with the help of a screening committee we plan to publish the selected articles in the many volumes covering all the genuine and relevant papers for the cause of the promotion of research, education and society through art.

26

Unfortunately some papers could not be selected for publication due to technical reasons which we could not sort out due to paucity of time. I offer my sincere apologies for this lapse. I am sure that the learned participants would appreciate and understand. I would like extend my heartfelt thanks to all: the Chief Guest, Special Guests, participants and media and committee members who have had joined us to share their research work, enrich our academic experience, invigourate our intellectual faculties and cover that event favourably to make the events successful. We have been able to make a volume on Art and its Inter relationship with other subjects.I am very thankful to the publisher of this volume who is nicely publishing it in the book form and others who are considering to publish the remaining volumes.Wishing you all the best and colourful seasons greeting.

Shekhar Chandra Joshi

27

Photographs of International Seminar 2013 at Kumaun University SSJ Campus Almora

Kindling the lamp by the Guests of the seminar

Welcome of the Delegates in the Seminar

28

Audience in the Seminar

Release of Souvenir (Book of Abstract) in the Seminar

29

Key Note Address by Padama Bhusan Jatin Das in The Seminar

Welcome by Song in the Seminar

30

Address by Professor Shekhar Joshi

Welcome of Chief Guest Prof H.S. Dhami

31

Audience in the Seminar

Audience in the Seminar

32

Ready to enter in the Seminar Hall

Coverage by Local Paper Amar Ujala

Coverage by Local Paper Dainik Jagaran

33

Coverage by Local Paper Dainik Jagaran

34

Art, Science, Environment and Trade

35

dqekÅ¡ dh /kkfeZd ijEijkvksa esa dyk ,oa ÁÑfr dk egRo

‘’kSytk vk;kZ

'kks/k Nk=k] fp=dyk foHkkx

Mh0,l0ch0ifjlj

dqekš fo'ofo|ky;]uSuhrky

 

ÞdqekÅ¡ dks lk/kq&laU;kfl;ksa ,oa _f"k&eqfu;ksa dh riksHkwfe dgk tkrk gSA ;g nsoHkwfe gS

tgk¡ nsorkvksa dk vf/kokl gSA dqekÅ¡ esa dR;wjh 'kkludky viuh dyk ds fy, fo[;kr

gSAßdqekÅ¡ vp¡y izkd`frd uSlfxZd lkSUn;Z ls ifjiw.kZ gSA ÁÑfr ls gh gesa ,d le`)

izkd`frd ifjos’k feyrk gSA euq"; pkjksa vksj ls ÁkÑfrd okrkoj.k ls f?kjk jgrk gSA og

thou ds xw<+ jgL;ksa dks izd`fr }kjk gh igpku ikrk gSA izd`fr gekjh laLd`fr dk ,d

egRoiw.kZ vax gSA dqek¡Å dh lkaLd`frd ijkEijkvksa esa izd`fr ls izkIr izrhdksa dk fp= :i

esa vadu fd;k x;k gSA Þekuo lH;rk ds vkfndky ls vkt rd mRrjk[k.M esa vkbZ] clh

vkSj fodflr gqbZ fofÒUu lLaÑfr;ksa dh bl laxe LFkyh dh laLd`fr dh viuh lcls cM+h

fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd blesa lÒh lLaÑfr;ksa dk lfEeJ.k gksrs gq, Òh fdlh Òh laLd`fr dks

blesa ls i`Fkd ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSßA 

_f"k&eqfu;ksa dh riksHkwfe o fgeky; dh xksn esa cls bl dqek¡Å dks ßnsoÒwfeÞ ds uke ls

tkuk tkrk gSA blh iq.; Hkwfe esa efUnjksa dh la[;k Hkh vf/kdka’kr% feyrh gSA efUnjksa esa Hkh

izd`fr ds izkd`frd Lo:i dks dyk ds }kjk lkaLd`frd ijEijkvksa esa fufgr fd;k x;k gSA

efUnjksa esa gh ugha Hkouksa] /kkrqvksa o feÍh ls cuh ewÆr;ksa esa Hkh ÁÑfr ls izkIr lqUnj iq"i

,oa ifÙk;ksa dks dykRed vyadkfjd vkys[kuksa ls cuk;k x;k gSA ßdqek¡Å dh dk"Bdyk ds

mRÑ"V uewus Hkh ;gk¡ ds ydM+h ds cus iqjkus ?kjksa o efUnjksa ds Áos'k }kjksa esa ns[kus dks

feyrs gSaA dqekÅ¡ ds [kksyhnkj edkuksa ds Áos'k }kj] NTts ¼>jks[ks½] iRFkjksa dh Nr ds uhps

dh >k¡i oxSjg rqu] phM+] nsonkj] ;k 'kh'ke dh ydM+h ls fofufeZr gSa] ftlesa rjg&rjg

dh uDdk'kh ,oa fp= mdsjs x, gSAÞ

tks gesa izd`fr ls gh ÁkIr gksrs gSA izd`fr ds fcuk ekuo thou ds vfLRro dh dYiuk

lEHko ugha gSaA dyk vkSj izd`fr dk ?kfu"V lEcUèk gSA dyk ds lqUnjre vyadkfjd uewus

gesa izd`fr ls ÁkIr ydM+h ds cus iqjkus Hkouksa esa vkt Hkh lqjf{kr feyrs gSA Hkouksa esa

vyaÑr ÁR;sd vkÑfr dk ,d viuk mÌs'; gksrk gSA ;s vyadj.k O;fDr ds thou ds

vkuUn ds L=ksr gSA ioZrh; {ks=ksa ds xzkeh.k ifjos'k esa vkt Hkh iqjkus njokts vkSj

36

f[kM+fd;k ftuds Åij eghu uDdk'kh dh x;h gS] ekStwn gSaA ioZrh; {ks=ksa ds iqjkus Hkouksa

dk fuekZ.k Hkh T;knkrj dk"B Á;ksx ls gh gqvk gSA

ßHkkjrh; dyk dh ,d fo'ks"krk mlesa vafdr lkaLd`frd thou dh oLrqr% mudk egRo

lcls vf/kd gS] muesa Hkkjrh; thou vkSj fopkjksa dh gh O;k[;k feyrh gSA Hkkjrh; thou

dh iwjh Nki dyk ij iM+h gSA ßdqek¡Å izkphu dyk ijEijk o laLd`fr dks latks, gS] ;gk¡

dk izkd`frd vkSj pkjksa vksj dk okrkoj.k tks vkt Hkh /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa vkSj

yksd&fo'oklksa dks thfor cuk, j[kus esa viuk vrqyuh; lg;ksx iznku djrk gSA ßlekt

dh vkd`fr ,oa izd`fr ds fo"k; esa ikjEifjd ,oa vk/kqfud n`f"V ds Hksn ls f}fo/k fopkj

foe'kZ dh Ja[kyk esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA

ßdqek¡Å izd`fr ds vuqie lkSUn;Z dks lesVs gq, gSA vius pkjksa vksj ds izkd`frd i;kZoj.k ls

Hkh euq"; izfr{k.k dqN u dqN lh[krk gSA lqUnj ifÙk;ksa] in~e] pzd] iq"i] dy’k bR;kfn

dks vyadkfjdrk ds lkFk dykdkjksa us mudk vdau mi;qZDr LFkkuksa esa djds dyk ds {ks=

esa ,d u;k lksiku tksM+k gSA bl rjg ds vyadj.k vkt Hkh izkphudky esa fufeZr Hkouksa esa

ns[kus dks feyrs gSA lÒh lkLaÑfrd o ijEijkxr] èkeksZ esa dyk dk fo’ks"k egRo jgk gSA

izd`fr esa ,sls vusd o`{k gS ftUgas efUnjksa esa Hkh LFkku fn;k x;k gSA ftudh iwtk&vpZuk

dh tkrh gSA vf/kdka'k efUnj ifjljksa esa o`{kkjksi.k dh izkphu ijEijk jgh gS] tks orZeku esa

Hkh fo|eku gSA ßdqek¡Å ds vf/kdka'k efUnjksa esa ihiy] ine~ ,oa dnyh o`{kksa dks ns[kk tkrk

gSA dnyh ds o`{k dks rks ?kjksa esa Hkh ns[kk tkrk gS] ftldh iwtk dh tkrh gSA uank

Áfrekvksa dks dnyh LrEÒksa ls gh fuÆer fd;k tkrk gSA dnyh ds o`{kksa ds ruksa ,ao iRrksa

ls gh ek¡ uUnk o lquUnk dh Áfrekvksa dks fuÆer djds lqlfTtr fd;k tkrk gSA LFkkuh;

f'kYih viuh ÁfrÒk vkSj ÁKk ls ijEijkuqlkj uank eq[kkÑÆr;k¡ fuÆer djrs gSA eq[kkÑÆr

dks lqUnjre Lo#i nsdj dnyh ds o`{k dks nk¡;s o ck¡;s LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS] ek¡ uank

vkSj lquUnk dh vkÑfr dks mÒkjk tkrk gS lkFk gh vkÒw’k.kksa ls ltk;k tkrk gSA bl

izdkj lqUnj vyadkfjd Lo:i iznku dj vkfxad Jaxkj vkSj vkHkw"k.kksa ls vyaÑr fd;k

tkrk gSA ek¡ uUnk nsoh esys esa bl dnyh ds o{k ls cukbZ xbZ ek¡ uUnk o lquUnk dh

vyaÑr vkd`fr dk iwtu fd;k tkrk gS o izk.k&izfr"Bk dh tkrh gSA ek¡ uUnk nsoh dk

HkO; esyk ßdqek¡Å ds egRoiw.kZ uxjksa esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA gSA bl izdkj izd`fr ls

izkIr isM+&ikS/kksa o o`{kksa dks izkphu ijEijkxr laLd`fr ls tksM+k x;k gSAßdqek¡Å esa vk;ksftr

fd;s tkus okys ek¡ uUnk nsoh ds esys esa dnyh ds o`{k ls fdl izdkj nsoh ds Lo:Ik dks

mHkkjk tkrk gS bldh ppkZ ns’k ,oa fons’kksa esa Hkh gksrh gSA dyk ekuo eu fd ftKklk dk

,d vkuUnnk;d L=ksr jgk gSA mDr esys ls tu ekul dks izd`fr ds Áfr Hkh tkx#d

37

fd;s tkus dk ladsr feyrk gSA izd`fr dk dyk o ijEijkxr laLd`fr ls xgjk ukrk

lnh;ksa iqjkuk gSA izd`fr lkSUn;Z ls lq’kksfHkr] izkd`frd lEink ls lqlEiUu ßdqek¡Å fgeky;

dh ;g nsoHkwfe _f"k eqfu;ksa dh riL;kLFkyh] vusd nsoh nsorkvksa dk vf/kokl RkFkk ije

'kkfUr ,oa rRo fparu dk izjs.kk L=ksr jgh gSA o`{k iwtk dk mn~Hko vR;Ur izkphu gS] tks

gesa izd`fr ls gh izkIr gksrs gS ftudk viuk ,d èkkfeZd egRo gSaaA tks gekjh Ákphu lH;rk

dks vkt Hkh thfor cuk;s gSA ftUgsa lajf{kr djus dh vko';drk gSA gekjh dyk vkSj

laLd`fr dks cuk;s j[kus esa izkd`frd ifjos’k dk fo’ks"k egRo gSA^,slk yksd&fo'okl izpfyr

gS fd eafUnj ds vkl&ikl ds o`{kksa dks dkVus ls nsork ukjkt gks tkrs gS rFkk ,slk djus

ls O;fDrxr vfu"V dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA ihiy] vke] uhe] tkequ] xwyj] v’kksd cjxn]

rqylh] csy] ine vkfn o`{kksa dks iwT; ekudj] mUgsa dkVuk iki rFkk yxkuk iq.; ekuk x;k

gS] ftu o`{kksa dh tM+ esa vFkok muds bnZ&fxnZ fdlh nsoh&nsork ds efUnj fLFkr gSa rFkk

ftUgsa /kkfeZd Hkkouk ds dkj.k iwtk tkrk gS vkSj dkVuk iki le>k tkrk gSa] muesa dYio`{k]

rqylh] nsonkj] ihiy] csy] oV o`{k ¼cjxn½ flyM] lsey vkrs gSA bl izdkj ftl laLd`fr

esa o`{k nsork rqY; o iq=or~ le>s tkrs gSA rFkk tgk¡ o`{kksa dh iwtk gksrh gks ogk¡ o`{k dkVs

tkus dh ckr dYiuk ls ijs gSA o`{kksa ds izfr ftruk vknj vkSj nsoRo dk Hkko gekjs ;gk¡

Ikk;k tkrk gSA mruk nqfu;k esa fdlh Hkh ns'k dh laLd`fr esa nqyZHk gSA ;gk¡ o`{k yxkuk

ges'kk ls iq.; deZ ekuk tkrk jgk gSA bu o{kksa ds ihNs dbZ rjg dh /kkfeZd ekU;rk,a vfr

izkphu gSA ftudk egRo o mi;ksx ijEijkxr dykvksa esa gksrk vk;k gSA^^dyk esa ftu :iksa

dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS os n'kZdksa dh le> esa rHkh vkrs gSaA tc igys ls izpfyr jgs gksA

bl izdkj ds :Ik ^ijEijkxr izrhd* dgs tkrs gSAÞ

ijEijk dk lEcU/k laLd`fr ls gSA gekjh ijEijk vkSj laLd`fr gh ,d le+) okrkoj.k dk

fuekZ.k djrh gSA Hkkjrh; dyk izrhd ;gk¡ dh /kkfeZd ,oa lkaaLd`frd Hkkoukvksa ds vk/kkj ij

ljyrk vkSj flf) ls cuk, x;s gSaA izrhdksa esa eNyh] Qwy] iRrh] dey] ine] LokfLrd]

x.ks’k] bR;kfn gesa izkphu Hkouksa esa dk"B ls fufeZr feyrs gSA ftuds ihNs dkj.k mudks

vkd"kZd cukuk jgk gSA bUgha ijEijkxr Hkkjrh; ekU;rkvksa ls fufeZr Hkouksa ds vyadj.k gS]

ftUgsa vR;Ur ckjhfd ls ml le; ds dykdkjksa esa cuk;kA vf/kdka’k Hkouksa dh f[kM+fd;ksa o

nhokjksa ij lk/kkj.k iq"iksa vkSj ifÙk;ksa dks vyadkfjdrk ls cuk;k x;k gSA dgha&dgha x.ks'k]

LokfLrd dk vadu izos'k }kjksa ij Hkh fd;k x;k gSA dqek¡Å ds izkphudky esa fufeZr Hkouksa

esa vyadkfjd cus izrhdksa dks vkt Hkh ogk¡ ds fuokfl;ksa us latks, j[kk gSA izkd`frd izrhdksa

ls lq'kksfHkr bu Hkouksa esa eq[; vkdZ"k.k jgrk gSA ÞfcrS.k uked o{k dh ydM+h Hkh Hkou

fuekZ.k esa ç;ksx dh tkrh gSAÞ  

38

Hkou fuekZ.k esa lqUnj uDdk’kh ds fy, dke rqu dh ydM+h ij gh gksrk gSA dgk tkrk

gS&fd Hkh ÞfcrS.k vkSj nsonkj dh ydM+h tYnh [kjkc ugha gksrh vkSj mlesa dhM+k Hkh ugha

yxrkA izd`fr ls izkIr bu ydM+h;ksa ls fufeZr Hkou dkQh vkd"kZd gksrs gSA ftUgsa ns[kus

nwj&nwj ls yksx vkrs gSA dykdkjksa dh ;g jpuk gekjh izkphu izkd`frd /kjksgjksa dks

lajf{kr o lqjf{kr j[krs vk;s gS ;gk¡ ds fuoklh ßdqek¡Å dk ;gh /kkfeZdrk ls ifjiw.kZ

izkd`frd ifjos’k i;ZVdksa dks vkdf’kZr djrk gSA ftlds fy, vkt ßdqek¡Å ds dykRed

lakLd`frd vkSj izkd`frd i;kZoj.k dks lajf{kr djuk furkUr vko';d gSA Þdyk dh izd`fr

ekuo LoHkko dh lgt fØ;k gSA izd`fr dh viuh O;kidrk gSA izd`fr us l`f"V ds lkFk gh

viuk Lo:i fu/kkZfjr fd;k izd`fr dk va’k tho ls ysdj futhZo oLrq esa lekfgr gSA*

izd`fr ds vuqie lkSUn;Z dks dyk ds }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA izd`fr dk gekjs thou]

dyk vkSj laLÑfr ls xgjk ukrk gSA izkd`frd ifjos'k ds fcuk ekuo thou dh dYiuk

lEHko ugha gSA ;g ,d LoPN tyok;q dk vko';d vax gSA ekuo thou esa 'kkfUr izd`fr

ls gh vkrh gSA dYiuk ds bl vykSfdd lalkj ds fcuk dyk dh dYiuk lEÒo ugha gS

blfy, ÁÑfr ds fcuk dyk jpuk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA

lanÒZ &

1& fc"V] 'ksjflag ßdqek¡Å fgeky; lekt vkSj laLÑfrÞ i`"B&23 Xkksis'k Ádk'ku fcyeiqj

Hkou phuk[kku vYeksM+k ¼1999½

2& HkÍ~~ fnok *^fgeky;h yksd thou**¼dqek¡Å ,oa x<+oky½ i`"B&13 izdk'ku vYeksM+k cqd

fMiks¼1999½

3& fc"V] 'ksjflag ßdqek¡Å fgeky; lekt vkSj laLÑfrÞ i`"B&70 Xkksis'k Ádk'ku fcyeiqj

Hkou phuk[kku vYeksM+k ¼1999½

4& mfu;ky] gsek ßdqek¡Å ds izfl) efUnj**] ¼/keZ laLd`fr ,oa okLrqf’kYi½ i`"B&20

r{kf’kyk izdk'ku fgUnh ikdZ nfj;kxat ubZ fnYyh ¼2005½

5& vxzoky] oklqnso”’kj.k *^Hkkjrh; dyk** ¼ÁkjfEHkd ;qx ls rhljh lnh bZloha rd½

i`fFkoh Ádk'ku okjk.klh ¼2007½ i`"B&5

6& JhokLro] ,y0 ,å *^Hkkjrh; dyk Árhd** mes'k izdk'ku] bykgkckn ¼1999½ i`"B&20

7& ik.Ms] fot; dqekj*^Òkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj dyk** lkfgR; laxe bykgkckn¼2003½i`"B&13

8& lDlSuk]dkS'ky fd'kksj ßdqek¡Å dyk] f'kYi vkSj laLd`fr** vYeksM+k cqdz fMiks ¼1998½

i`"B&130&131

9& ekoM+h] eksgu flag *^Hkkjrh; dyk lkSUn;Z** r{kf’kyk izdk’ku nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh

¼2008½ i`"B&53

39

dyk vkSj foKku ¼Nkikdyk esa jlk;u foKku dk egRo½

jhuk xkSre

bafnjkdyk laxhr fo0fo0

[kSjkx<+ ¼N0x0½

izd`fr esa nks oLrqvksa esa Hkh iw.kZ lekurk ,oa iw.kZ vlekurk ugha gks ldrh gSA Bhd mlh

izdkj dyk ,oa foKku nksuksa vyx&vyx gksrs gq, Hkh dgha u dgha ,d nwljs ls fey

tkrh gSA vk'k; ;g gS fd dqN va'k nksuksa esa lefUor gksrk gSA gekjs ns'k gh ugha oju

lalkj ij le; ds lkFk&lkFk dyk ,oa foKku nksuksa gh fodkl iFk ij vxzlj gSaA

ghxsy ds vuqlkj **dyk dk fodkl&dze ekuo ds fodkl&dze dk izrhd gSA**1

IkzkjEHk esa dyk izrhdkRed Fkh tSls izkphu felz dh fodflr gksrs&gksrs mlus 'kkL=h;

Lo:i ¼;wukuh½ xzg.k fd;k vkSj vkxs pydj og LoPNUn cudj fopj.k djus yxhA

ogha euq"; dh mRifRr ds lkFk gh foKku dh Hkh mRifRr gqbZA ftl dkj.k vfXu dk

vkfo"dkj ifg,] jsy] ok;q;ku vkSj varfj{k;ku tSls vkfo"dkj gq, tks foKku ds

fodklØe dk izrhd gSaA

xqQkvksa ls izkIr fp= ¼Lisu vkSj Qzkal½ yxHkx 30]000 ls 60]000 o"kZ iqjkus gSaA2 eq[;r%

xs:] dkfy[k vkfn ds iz;ksx }kjk cuk;s x;sA le; ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk dyk esa Hkh

ifjorZu gq,A euq"; us fQj dyk vkSj foKku dks vkil esa feykdj ,slh&,slh ;qfDr;ka

cuk;ha ftlls tu&thou lqxe gqvkA

ge flQZ dyk ,oa foKku dh ckr djsa rks dyk ,oa foKku ds leUo; ls gh dyk dh

vusdksa fo/kkvksa dk tUe gqvkA ftuesa yfyr dyk ds vUrxZr gh fp=dyk] ewfrZdyk]

Nkikfp=dyk] xk;u] oknu] u`R; vkfn esa rks foKku dh eq[;&eq[; fo/kkvksa HkkSfrdh

,oa jlk;u foKku dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA

;fn ge Nkikdyk dh ckr djsa rks Nkikdyk dk vfLrRo rks jlk;u foKku ds fcuk

lEHko gh ugha gSA Nkikfp=.k dk izek.k vkfne ds le;dky ls feyrs gSaA ijUrq mlds

ckn v{kjksa ds fodkl ,oa mn~xe] dk"B CykWd eqnz.k ftlds vUrxZr ghjd lw=

(DIAMOND SUTRA) fQj dkxt ds vkfo"dkj ds ckn Nkikdyk dk iz;ksx iqLrd

fuekZ.k vkSj fQj IysV mRdh.kZu ds lkFk gh jlk;u foKku ,oa Nkikdyk dk leUo;

'kq#vkr gqvkA

40

mlds ckn yhFkksxzkQh ds vkfo"dkj ,oa vU; fof/k;ksa tSls lSjhxzkQh tSlh vusdksa fof/k;ksa

dh [kkst ds lkFk Nkikdyk dks yfyr dyk vdknfe;ksa esa LFkku feyuk izkjaHk gks x;kA

igys ;g dyk dsoy mi;ksxh dyk ds :i esa iz;ksx dh tkrh Fkh vc blus viuk

LFkku vdkneh Lrj dks izkIr fd;kA

bl izdkj Nkikdyk vc dsoy mi;ksxh dyk ugha cfYd **vkt dyk] dyk ds fy, gS

vkSj fdlh ds fy, ughaA**3 ij [kjh mrjrh gSA ftl izdkj jlk;u foKku dk iz;ksx

cgqr iqjkus le; ls vkS"kf/k;ksa vkfn ds :i esas Fkk vc jlk;u foKku ds fofHkUu

jlk;uksa dk iz;ksx Nkikdyk ds fy, Hkh gksus yxk ftlls Nkikdyk fur u;s iz;ksxksa ds

lkFk fodkleku gSA

jlk;u foKku ,oa Nkikdyk ds leUo; dks crkus ds fy, Nkikdyk esa jlk;uksa dh

egRrk dks crkus ds fy, mu jlk;uksa dks fdl rjg Nkikdyk esa iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj

og dkSu&dkSu ls jlk;u gSa tks Nkikdyk esa mi;ksxh gSa rFkk ftuds fcuk Nkikdyk

dh dYiuk lEHko ugha gS muds xq.k&voxq.k izHkkoksa vkfn dks tkuuk ije vko';d gSA

D;ksafd Nkikdyk esa lY¶;wfjd ,flM ,oa dbZ ckj vEyjkt tSls [krjukd vEyksa dk

iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftuds Li'kZ ek= ,oa 'okl ek= ls gh gekjs 'kjhj ds vax Hkax dk

[krjk cuk jgrk gSA

ftl izdkj ,fpax esa eq[;r% ;fn yksgs ds Cykd ds fy, lY¶;wfjd ,flM dk iz;ksx

vEykadu gsrq djsaxs rFkk ftad /kkrq ds fy, ukfVªd ,flM dk iz;ksx djsaxsA nksuksa dh

,flM gSa ijUrq ;fn ge yksgs ds fy, ukfVªd ,oa ftad ds fy, lY¶;wfjd vEy dk

iz;ksx djsaxs rks ;k rks yksgs dh IysV /khjs&/khjs vEykafdr gksus ds dkj.k tax [kkdj

[kjkc gksrh jgsxh vkSj ftad lY¶;wfjd ds iz;ksx ls vfr'kh?kz lekIr bl dkj.k ,fpax

esa vEyksa ds xq.k mudk ikuh vkfn dk vuqikr dks /;ku esa j[kuk ije vko';d gSA

,fpax esa iz;qDr gksus okys vEyksa ds flok cSathu] dsjkslhu vkfn vusd jlk;u gSaA

fyFkksxzkQh fyFkks ¼pwuk iRFkj½ ij fofHkUu jklk;fud fdz;kvksa }kjk Nkikfp= izkIr fd;s

tkrs gSaA ftlesa rSyh; xq.k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rFkk dHkh&dHkh vEyksa] xksan vkfn

dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA bl fof/k esa pwuk&iRFkj ij vEyksa ds nq"ifj.kke dks /;ku

esa j[kuk ije vko';d gSA oju~ og iRFkj ges'kk viuh lsaflfoVh vFkkZr~ pSrU;rk dks

[kksrk tk,xk vkSj iz;ksx yk;d ugha jgsxkA

lSjhxzkQh vFkkZr~ oL= }kjk izkIr fd;k tkus okyk fp= blesa xksan ds ek/;e ls flYd

ds diM+ksa ij LVSfUly }kjk izkIr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa iz;ksx dh tkus okyh fofHkUu

L;kfg;k¡ Lo;a ,d jlk;u gSa rFkk bl fof/k esa iz;ksx gksus okys jlk;u ukbVªkscSathu]

41

dsjkslhu rsy vkfn gSa ftlesa ukbVªkscSathu LokLF; ds fy, cgqr gh [krjukd gS rFkk

ftldk iz;ksx 'okl ekLd ds fcuk oftZr gSA

blds flok vusdksa ,slh fof/k;ksa Nkikdyk ds vUrxZr vkrh gSa] ftuesa DyksjksQkeZ vkfn

vusdksa jlk;u iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSa ftuds iz;ksx ds iwoZ mudk iw.kZ Kku ,oa lko/kkuh

vfr vko';d gSA

bl izdkj jlk;u foKku ds fcuk Nkikdyk lEHko ugha ekuh tk ldrh rFkk muds

iz;ksx ds rqjUr ,oa nh?kZdkyhu nq"ikfj.kkeska dks Hkh ugha udkjk tk ldrkA ijUrq

jlk;u foKku ,oa dyk ds leUo; ds fcuk Nkikdyk ds ckjs esa lkspuk Hkh vlEHko gSA

lanHkZ xzaFk &

1- oktis;h] jktsUnz ¼1980&81½ ekMuZ vkVZ% lfeV ifCyds'ku] ist&2

2- dqekj] lquhy 2000¼Hkkjrh; Nkik fp=dyk½ vkfn ls vk/kqfud rd] Hkkjrh; dyk

izdk'ku ist&1

3- oktis;h] jktsUnz ¼1980&81½ ekMuZ vkVZ% lfeV ifCyds'ku] ist&3

  

42

dyk vkSj foKku dk vn~Hkqr laxe % QksVksxzkQh

jathrk lksudj] ts-vkj-,Q-

QSdYVh vkWQ Qkbu vkVZ

y[kuÅ fo’ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ

dyk vkSj foKku nksuksa ,d nwljs ls ,dne foijhr gSa ijUrq n`’; dyk esa Hkkoksa dh

vfHkO;fDRk djus dk ,d dykRed ek/;e ,slk Hkh gS tks bu nksuksa ¼dyk ,oa foKku½ dk

vn~Hkqr laxe gS ftls ge QksVksxzkQh ds uke ls tkurs gSaA ftl izdkj ,d isUVj cz’k vkSj

jaxksa dh lgk;rk ls dSuokl ij isafVax cukrk gS] ftl izdkj ,d ewfrZdkj Nsuh vkSj gFkkSM+h

dh lgk;rk ls iRFkjksa esa vkd`fr;kas dk x<+rk gS] Bhd mlh izdkj ,d QksVksxzkQj dSejs

dh lgk;rk ls dykRed QksVks dh jpuk djrk gSA QksVksxzkQh 'kCn xzhd Hkk"kk ls fy;k

x;k gS ftldk vFkZ gS ^^isfUVx fon ykbV**A n`’; dyk ds {ks= esa ’kk;n gh ,slk dksbZ

vU; ek/;e bruk rduhdh gksxk ftruk fd QksVksxzkQhA

QksVksxzkQh esa iz;ksx gksus okys dSejk vkCLD;wjk dk lcls igyk ftØ pkSFkh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ

vjLrw dh iqLrd ^izksCysesVk* esa feyrk gS] ftlesa ,d va/ksjs dejs ¼MkdZ:e½ esa ,d NksVs ls

Nsn }kjk ckgj ls vkus okyh izdk'k dh fdj.k ls cuh vkHkkfld best ds ckjs esa ppkZ dh

x;h gSA isafVax ds dbZ dykdkj rks QksVksxzkQh ds tUe ds igys ls gh dSejk vkWCLD;wjk dk

iz;ksx ,d midj.k ds rkSj ij viuh isafVx esa lgh o lVhd ilZisfDVo ds js[kkadu ds

fy, djrs FksA Mp o bVSfy;u isUVj tSls ojehj] fØLih o jsukWYM us bldk iz;ksx l=goha

o vV~Bkjoha 'krkCnh esa fd;kA

lu~ 1826 bZ0 ds yxHkx tkslsQ fulsQj uhIls us jlk;uksa dh lgk;rk ls mRiUu fo'o dh

igyh QksVksxzkfQd best dh jpuk dhA ;g QksVks mUgksaus dSejk vkWCLD;wjk ls yh Fkh vkSj

blds fy, mUgksaus 8 ?k.Vs dk ,Dlikst+j fn;k FkkA ;g QksVks mudh dk;Z'kkyk dh f[kM+dh

dk FkkA bl izfØ;k esa vkxs ,y0ts0,e0 MSxj vkSj uhIls us lu~ 1829 ls 1833 rd lkFk

feydj dkQh lq/kkj fd;kA lu~ 1839 esa ,y0ts0,e0 MSxj us izFke IkzSfDVdy QksVksxzkfQd

izkslsl ^MSxjVkbi* dh vkf/kdkfjd ?kks"k.kk dh ftlls QksVksxzkQh lHkh ds fy, lqyHk gks

ik;hA blh o"kZ gsujh QkWDl VSYckWV us isij fuxsfVo ds vkfo"dkj dh ?kks"k.kk dh] ftlls

,d gh fuxsfVo ls dbZ QksVks fizaV cukuk laHko gks ldkA VSYckWV ds bl vkfo"dkj dks lj

43

tkWu g'kZy us QksVksxzkQh uke fn;kA VSYckWV dk ;gh vkfo"dkj vkxs pydj vk/kqfud

QksVksxzkQh dk eq[; vk/kkj cukA

QksVksxzkQh ds {ks= esa fur u;s&u;s vkfo"dkjksa vkSj lq/kkjksa dk ;g nkSj vHkh [kRe gksus okyk

ugha Fkk cfYd ;g rks vHkh 'kq:vkr Hkj gh FkhA lu~ 1840 esa tkslQ isV~Tkoy us pkj

,yhesUV ;qDr ysal dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftlesa vf/kdre vipZj ,Q 3-6 Fkk tks fd ml oDr

ds lk/kkj.k ysal dh rqyuk esa 16 xquk rst FkkA bu jklk;fud vkSj vkWfIVdy lq/kkjksa us

iksVZspj dks vc dkQh vklku dj fn;k FkkA lu~ 1841 rd MSxjVkbi dk iz;ksx cM+s Lrj

ij gksus yxk FkkA

QksVksxzkQh esa QksVks [khapus ls ysdj fiazV cukus rd foKku ¼fQftDl vkSj dSfeLVªh ds :Ik

esa½ viuh cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA blds vUrxZr izdk'k ,oa mldh fo'ks"krk]

dSejk] dSejs dk lapkyu] ysUl ,oa mudk iz;ksx] fQYe] fQYe Msoyfiax dh izfØ;k] fizaV

esfdax izfØ;k] fofHkUu fQYVj ,oa mudk mi;ksx] CYkSd ,.M OgkbV QksVksxzkQh fQj dyj

QksVksxzkQh vkfn vkrs gSaA vc blesa fMthVy besftax Hkh 'kkfey gks pqdk gSA

'kq:vkr esa QksVksxzkQh dks dsoy ,d ;kaf=d izfØ;k ¼eSdsfudy izkslsl½ le>k x;k]

ftldk dk;Z dSejs }kjk fdlh n`'; dks T;ks dk R;ksa fjdkMZ djuk FkkA pwafd dbZ isUVj

viuh isafVax esa lVhd js[kkadu ds fy, dSejs dk iz;ksx igys ls gh djrs vk jgs Fks

blfy, bls isafVx esa ,d lgk;d midj.k dh Hkkafr gh ns[kk x;kA ,d vyx ek/;e gksus

ds ckn Hkh QksVksxzkQh dh vHkh viuh dksbZ igpku ugha FkhA ftu lkSUn;Z ekudksa dk

fu/kkZj.k isafVax ds fy, fd;k x;k Fkk mUgha dk vuqlj.k yxHkx vk/kh 'krkCnh rd

QksVksxzkQh esa Hkh fd;k x;kA blh otg ls foDVksfj;u ;qx ds dbZ cM+s QksVksxzkQj us bls

dyk ds ,d ek/;e ds :i esa ugha ns[kk vkSj os bldh fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj lhekvksa ls vufHkK

jgsA bl le; ds yS.MLdsi QksVksxzkQj dbZ fuxsfVo dks ,d lkFk feykdj ,d jpukRed

QksVks cukus okys lcls igys O;fDr FksA buesa iksVªsV isUVj vkWLdj jktyS.Mj o Mªkbax vkSj

isafVax esa izf'k{k.k izkIr gsujh ihp jkWfcUlu izeq[k QksVksxzkQj FksA ;|fi esfczt vkSj ,fdu

us QksVksxzkQh dk iz;ksx ekuo o i'kqvksa esa xfr lapkyu dk v/;;u djus esa fd;k fdUrq

mls Hkh bldk oSKkfud igyw le>k x;kA

lu~ 1880 ds nkSjku fiDVksfj;y ewoesUV dk fodkl 'kq: gks pqdk Fkk tks yxHkx lu 1930

rd pykA ;g foDVksfj;u ;qx dh gkbZ vkVZ QksVksxzkQh ls dkQh vyx FkkA blesa dyk ds

ijEijkxr fu;eksa dk ikyu djus ds ctk; dykdkjksa dh O;fDrxr lksp o n`f"Vdks.k dh

44

vfHkO;fDr ij T;knk tksj fn;k x;kA QksVksxzkQh ds foKku esa Hkh rjDdh tkjh FkhA vc

rd dSejk] ysal vkSj fizafVax izfØ;k esa dkQh lq/kkj gks pqdk FkkA bl le; izpfyr lkW¶V

Qksdl ysal dk fuekZ.k fo'ks"k rkSj ij iksVªsV QksVksxzkQh ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA fuxsfVo

dks eSuhiqysV djuk dkQh vklku gks x;k Fkk ftlls fo"k; oLrq ds vuqlkj mlesa Vfpax

dh tk ldrh Fkh vkSj eupkgk izHkko iSnk fd;k tk ldrk FkkA

19oha 'krkCnh ds vUr esa vesfjdu fQthf'k;u Mk0 ihVj gsujh bej'ku us ,d u;s

vkUnksyu dh 'kq:vkr ;g dgrs gq, dh fd] ^dSejs ds vius fu;e gSa vkSj mu fu;eksa dks

[kkstuk ,d QksVksxzkQj dk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA* ,d rjg ls ;g LVªsV QksVksxzkQh dh

'kq:vkr dh rjQ c<+k ,d dne FkkA lu~ 1892 esa bej'ku us ^n fyaDM fjax* uked ,d

vUrjkZ"Vªh; lewg dk xBu fd;k tks QksVksxzkQh dks dyk ds ek/;e ds :i esa iz;ksx djus

ds fy, lefiZr FkkA lu~ 1910 ls 1930 ds e/; QksVksxzkQh isafVax ds izHkkoksa ls iwjh rjg ls

vyx gks pqdh FkhA dyk ds ek/;e ds :i esa QksVksxzkQh ds egRo dks vc le>k tkus

yxk FkkA lu~ 1920 esa LVªsV QksVksxzkQh ij dkQh tksj fn;k x;kA vYÝsM LVhxysV~t us

QksVksxzkQh dks dykRed ek/;e ds :i esa LFkkfir djus dk vFkd iz;kl fd;k vkSj lQy

Hkh jgsA mUgksaus QksVksxzkQj dks fcuk fdlh fizafVax eSuhiqys'ku o fM¶;wt+ izHkko ds 'kq) o

dykRed QksVksxzkfQd xq.kksa okyh best dh jpuk djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA ;qok ihM+h ds

QksVksxzkQj us Hkh LVªsV QksVksxzkQh dk vuqlj.k fd;kA lu~ 1932 esa ,Uly ,Me us vius

vU; lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk feydj ^xzqi ,Q 64* dh LFkkiuk dhA dbZ i=&if=dkvksa dk

izdk'ku o izn'kZfu;ksa dk vk;kstu 'kq) o ljYk xq.kksa okyh QksVksxzkQh dks izksRlkgu nsus ds

fy, fd;k x;kA bl izdkj QksVksxzkQh iw.kZr% vkRefuHkZj o dykRed ek/;e ds :Ik esa

viuh uhao cukus esa lQy gks ldhA

gkykafd QksVksxzkQh dk bfrgkl T;knk iqjkuk ugha gS exj ftrus Hkh ¼rduhdh o ;kaf=d½

ifjorZu bl ek/;e esa vkt rd gq, gSa mrus ifjorZu 'kk;n gh fdlh vkSj ek/;e esa gq,

gksaxsA dSejk o rduhd fnuks fnu vkSj mUur gksrh pyh x;hA u;s&u;s vkfo"dkjksa ls

QksVksxzkQh Hkh igys ls dkQh vklku gks x;hA ,d ls c<+dj ,d yaslksa dk fuekZ.k gksus

yxk exj fQj Hkh dSejs ds ihNs tks vk¡[k dk;Z djrh gS mldk egRo blls dgha c<+dj

gSA blfy, ek= dSejs ds eSdsfuT+e dks lh[k ysus ls dksbZ vPNk QksVksxzkQj ugha cu

ldrkA dSejk rks flQZ QksVksxzkQ dks fjdkMZ djus dk ,d midj.k gSA egku QksVksxzkQj

,Uly ,Me us dgk gS& "You don’t take a photograph, you make it." QksVksxzkQ esa D;k

'kkfey djuk gS vkSj D;k ugha ;s iwjh rjg ls ,d QksVksxzkQj dk O;fDrxr fu.kZ; gksrk

gSA QksVksxzkQj dh lksp] thou ds izfr mldk n`f"Vdks.k vkSj lkSUn;Z dh le> ds n'kZu

45

mldh jpuk esa gksrs gSaA fo'o izfl) fjiksrktZ QksVksxzkQj gsujh dkfVZ;j cszlku us viuh

QksVksxzkQh esa *fu.kkZ;d {k.k* (Decisive Moment) dks egRo fn;k rks izd`fr izseh ,Uly

,Me us ;kslsekbV ?kkVh ds vuks[ks izkd`frd lkSUn;Z dks viuh QksVksxzkQh ds ek/;e ls lnk

ds fy, vej dj fn;kA ;wlqQ dk'kZ us tgka vius [kwclwjr iksVªsV esa yksxksa ds vkUrfjd

Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr dSejs ds ek/;e ls dSn dh rks ogha gsujh dkykgu us egRoghu vkSj

vLi"V phtksa esa lkSUn;Z dks <wa<k vkSj mUgsa viuk fo"k; cuk;kA ,MoMZ osLVuZ] ikWy LVªS.M

vkSj okdj bZoku us lkoZtfud LFkkuksa dh QksVksxzkQh dh vkSj lkSUn;Zghu fo"k;ksa dks Hkh

lkSUn;Z iznku fd;kA bZo vkjukWYM us efgykvksa dh eksgd vkSj vkn'kZoknh QksVks ysus ds

ctk; mUgsa muds LokHkkfod :i o okrkoj.k esa 'kwV fd;kA

bl izdkj QksVksxzkQh dks le>us ds fy, QkssVksxzkfQd foKku vkSj dyk nksuksa dks gh Bhd

ls le>uk csgn t:jh gSA ,d vPNh QksVks ds fy, vko';d gS fd mlesa dyk vkSj

foKku dk mfpr lUrqyu LFkkfir fd;k tk;sA ;fn QksVksxzkQ esa dksbZ ,d i{k gkoh gksxk

rks QksVks dyk dh n`f"V ls rks vPNh gksxh ijUrq rduhdh :Ik ls mlesa dqN dfe;ka gksxh

;k fQj QksVks rduhdh :i ls rks vPNh gksxh ijUrq dyk dh n`f"V ls detksj gksxhA

lu~ 1839 ls ysdj vkt rd 174 lkyksa esa QksVksxzkQh vufxur jklk;fud] ;kaf=d vkSj

rduhdh fodkl ds nkSj ls xqtjhA bl Ja[kyk esa vc fMthVy QksVksxzkQh Hkh tqM+ pqdh gS

tks QksVksxzkQh dks ,d ,sls ;qx esa ysdj tk jgh gS tgka jpukRedrk dh vlhe lEHkkouk,a

fc[kjh gSaA ns[kk tk;s rks ;g rduhdh fodkl vkSj ifjorZu vkxs Hkh ,sls tkjh jgsaxs vkSj

QksVksxzkQj dks jpukRedrk ds u;s f'k[kj ij ys tk;saxsA

References – 1. “The Complete Encyclopedia of Photography”, by Micheal Freeman, 1982

Published by Ebury Press, London 2. “Techniques of the World's Great Photographers”, QED Publishing House

1981, London 3. “Picture History of Photography”, by Peter Pollack, 1969 Published by Henry

N. Abrams, Incoporated, Newyork

46

dyk rFkk i;kZoj.k esa lEcU/k ¼izd`fr ds lUnHkZ esa½

Jherh eerk lq;ky

Lkafonk izoDrk&fp=dyk foHkkx

jktdh; egkfo|ky; didksV ¼ckxs’oj½

i;kZoj.k rFkk dyk nksuksa LorU= izkd`frd ,oa lkaLd`frd vo;o gSA tks lkSUn;Z dyk

esa fufgr gS ogh izd`fr esa gSA izfl} nk’kZfud gsxsy dk ekuuk Fkk fd izR;sd egku

dykd`fr vk/kkj ds fy, izd`fr ij voyfEcr jgrh gSA1 izd`fr dykdkj dh izsj.kk dk

lzksr gSA i;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k esa dyk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA izd`fr ds lkSUn;Z esa

mUeqDr gksdj dykdkj ,d Js"B d`fr dh jpuk djrk gSA og izd`fr ds lw{e vo;oksa

dk v/;;u dj dykd`fr esa izk.k Hkj nsrh gSA ckexkVZu ds vuqlkj *Js"Bre~ lkSUn;Z

izd`fr esa gSaA blfy, mldh n`f"V esa] dyk dk eq[; y{; izd`fr dh ;Fkk lEHko

vuqd`fr djuk gSA*2 dykdkj izd`fr ls foyx jgdj ,d v/kwjsiu dk vglkl djrk

gSA /kjrh ls vkdk’k rd fc[kjs izkd`frd jax&uhy vkdk’k] ân; ds fueZy foLrkj]

mxrs o`{k&mUur thou dk izrhd gSA

Hkkjrh; fp=dyk eas vkfn dky ls euq"; us xqQkvksa esa fofHkUu i'kq&if{k;ksa ds fp=.k

fd;sA vtUrk] ,syksjk] ,syhQsUVk tSls xqQk fp=ksa esa izd`fr fp=.k mÙke dksfV dk FkkA

eqxy ’kSyh] jktLFkkuh ’kSyh RkFkk igkM+h ’kSyh esa izd`fr fefu,pj ds :i esa fpf=r dh

x;hA eqxy ’kSyh esa o`{k dks ;FkkFkZ cuk;k x;kA Qwyksa dh ia[kqfM+;kW ckjhdh ls cuk;h

tkrh FkhA iq"iksa ds Åij eaMjkrs HkkSjSa] frrfy;ksa vkfn dks vafdr fd;k x;kA jktLFkkuh

’kSyh esa izd`fr dk vkyadkfjd :i fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA o`{kksa dks vf/kdka’kr% >q.M+ksa esa

cuk;k x;kA ty dks ygjnkj js[kkvksa }kjk fpf=r fd;k x;kA igkM+h ’kSyh esa izd`fr

ds izfr ,d xgu izse iznf’kZr fd;k x;kA fp=ksa dh i`"B Hkwfe dks euksje izkd`frd

n`’;ksa ls latks;k x;kA rkykcksa dks dey iq"i ls ;qDr vafdr fd;k x;kA caxky ’kSyh

ds vf/kdka’k dykdkjksa us izd`fr fp=.k esa ok’k rduhd }kjk izd`fr dks ikjn’khZ :i esa

izLrqr fd;kA fouksn fcgkjh eq[kthZ ds NksVs&NksVs izkd`frd n`’; n’kZdkas ds efLr"d ij

47

xgjh Nki NksM+rs gSA ledkyhu dyk esa dbZ ,sls dykdkj gS ftUgksaus izd`fr fp=.k

dks viuh fo’k; oLrq cuk;k gSA mudk dk;Z dsoy izkd`frd fp=.k gh ugha vfirq

vius fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls os n’kZdks dks izd`fr ls tksM+us dh dksf’k’k djrs gSA MkW0 js[kk

dDdM+ tSls dykdkjksa us viuh fp= Ja[kyk ¼iks;Vªh bu dylZ½ ds }kjk n’kZdksa esa

izd`fr ds izfr yxko vkSj tqM+ko dh Hkkouk mRiUu djkus dk iz;Ru fd;k gSA muds

vuqlkj ekuo esa i;kZoj.k dh fpUrk] izd`fr isze rFkk ln~fpr vkuUn dh [kkst djuk

gS A3 vk/kqfud dyk ds ifjis{; esa Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ls lEcfU/kr dyk dks

Vªkbcy vkVZ ds uke ls tkrk gSA dbZ dykdj bl vkVZ ls tqM+s gS rFkk viuh

dykd`fr;ksa ds ek/;e ls i;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa viuk ;ksxnku ns jgs gSA*

Ikk’pkR; dyk esa iquq:RFkku dky ds dykdkjksa us izd`fr dk lqUnj fp=.k fd;k A

fy;ksuknksZ Mk- foUlh] ekbdy ,atyks rFkk jSdsy tSls fo’o izfl} dykdkjksa ds fp=ksa

dh i`"BHkwfe esa izd`fr dk Js"B vadu fd;k x;kA rSy fp=ksa ds ek/k;e ls izd`fr ds

lw{e vo;oksa dks n’kkZ;k x;kA VuZj us izd`fr dh fo’kkyrk vkSj Hk;adjrk dk fp=.k

fd;kA4 dkLVsfcy ds fp=ksa esa ygygkrs [ksr] >qds gq, cknyksa dk lqUnj fp=.k gSA

vk/kqfud dky esa ekus rFkk eksus tSls dykdkjksa us izd`fr fp=.k dks viuh fo"k; oLrq]

cuk;kA bUgksus viuh lEiw.kZ dyk izd`fr dks lefiZr dj nh A eksus us fy[kk Fkk fd

*izd`fr dks fpf=r djus dk dk;Z vlEHko gSA*5 oku xks us *lwjteq[kh* ’kh"kZd fp= ds

}kjk fo’o ds dyktxr esa izflf} izkIr dh A blh Øe esa fidklksa us ?kuokn ds :i

esa izd`fr fp=.k djds vk/kqfud dyk esa izd`fr dks u;s :Ik esa latks;kA

lkSUn;Z ’kkL= esa izd`fr dks lkSUn;Z dk vk/kkj ekuk x;kA nk’kZfud F;ksjh ds vuqlkj

*izd`fr loksZPp dykdkj gS ftls lHkh vuqikr ds fl)kUr izkIr gSA* dyk izd`fr dh

ekuoh; vfHkO;atuk gSA baXyS.M ds lcls cM+s fp=dkj lj tks’kqvk jhukYM~l ds

vuqlkj *lkSUn;Z ,oa izd`fr ,d gh oLrq ds nks uke gSA* izd`fr }kjk mRiUu oLrq,a

mruh gh lqUnj gksrh gS ftruh dyk ds }kjkA ge izd`fr ls Js"B lkSUn;Z dh dYiuk

Hkh ugh dj ldrs gSA6

48

izd`fr dsoy dykdkj ds fy;s gh ugh vfirq dfo;ksa ds fy, Hkh iszj.kk dk lkzsr jgh

gSA lqfe=kuUnu iUr dh dfork;sa izd`fr izse o izd`fr fp=.k ls vksr&izksr gSA Lkqfe=k

uUnu iUr us viuh dforkvksa esa izd`fr ds ,d&,d d.k dks LifUnr fd;k gSA dfo

dk dguk Fkk &

**NksM+ nqeksa dh e`nq Nk;k

rksM+ izd`fr ls Hkh ek;k

ckysA rsjs cky] tky esa

dSls my>k g¡q ykspu

Hkwy vHkh ls bl tx dh**7

dkfynkl ds egkdkO;ksa esa Hkh izd`fr dh fofHkUu foy{k.k ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu gSA foy;e

o oMZLoFkZ dk MSQksfMr] dhV~l] ’kSyh vkfn dh dforkvkas esa izd`fr dk okl gSA8 izfl}

dfo rFkk dykdkj johUnzukFk VSxksj dh dforkvksa esa izd`fr dk lqUnj fp=.k jgk gSA

bUgh dforkvksa ls mudh dykfHkO;fDr us tUe fy;kA

vkt ds ;qx esa rsth ls c<+rs vkS|ksfxdhdj.k] vfu;ksftr ’kgjhdj.k] ouksa ds fouk’k]

fujUrj c<+rh gqbZ vkcknh ls i;kZoj.k ds iznw"k.k dk [krjk iSnk gks x;k gSA euq"; us

viuh vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, fujUrj izd`fr dks uqdlku igq¡pk;k gSA ;fn

le; jgrs i;kZoj.k laj{k.k u fd;k x;k rks u izd`fr jgsxh vkSj u gh izd`fr ls izsfjr

dykA dyk ,d ,slk ek/;e gS tks izd`fr ds lja{k.k esa lgk;d gks ldrh gSA izd`fr

ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu dykd`fr;ksa ds ek/;e ls tuekul esa izd`fr ds izfr izse dks

c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA dyk esa izd`fr egRo dks n’kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA

vkt dyk dk dk;Z dsoy dykd`fr dk fuekZ.k gh ugha vfirq dyk ds ek/;e ls

lekt dks i;kZoj.k ds izfr tkx:d djkuk Hkh gSA izd`fr gh gekjh thounkf;uh gSA

ekuo dh izR;sd vko’;drk izd`fr ds }kjk gh iw.kZ gksrh gSA pkgs ty gks] vUu gks ;k

oL= gksA vkt ekuo izd`fr dk fojks/kh gksrk tk jgk gSA vkt gekjh n`f"V tgk¡ tkrh

gS ogkW ,d daØhV dk taxy utj vkrk gSA Hkjs o`{kksa ds LFkku ij ;s daØhV ds taxy

izkd`frd lkSUn;Z dks lekIr dj nsaxsA ;fn bls u jksdk x;k rks ,slk le; vk;sxk tc

49

dykdkj dh izsj.kk lzksr izd`fr esa lkSUn;Z lekIr gks tk;sxkA blfy, dyk rFkk

dykdkj nksukas dk ;g drZO; gS fd og izd`fr laj{k.k esa lgk;rk djs rHkh dyk vkSj

izd`fr nksuksa gh lqjf{kr jg ldrh gSA

lUnHkZ &

1- jktsUnz oktis;h] lkSUn;Z] e/;izns’k fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] Hkksiky] 1998] i`"B 81A

2- ogh i`"B 76A

3- ledkyhu dyk] yfyr dyk vdkneh] Qjojh&ebZ 2002 vad &21 i`"B 49A

4- v’kksd] if’pe dh fp=dyk] yfyr dyk izdk’ku] vyhx<+ i`"B 226A

5- j-fo-lk[kydj] vk/kqfud fp=dyk dk bfrgkl] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh]

t;iqj] 2003 i`"B 60A

6- jktsUnz oktis;h] lkSUn;Z] e/;izns’k fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] Hkksiky] 1998] i`"B 23A

7- MkW- e`nqyk tqxjku] vokZphu fgUnh dkO;] vafdr izdk’ku gY}kuh] 2010 i`"B

59A

8- MkW- oh.kk ckuk] i;kZoj.k f’k{kk] fjlpZ ikfCyds’ku] t;iqj i`"B 23A

9- jke fcjatu] ledkyhu Hkkjrh; dyk] fueZy cqd ,stUlh] dq:{ks=] 2003

10- MkW- vfouk’k cgknqj oekZ] Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk bfrgkl] izdk’ku cqd fMiks]

cjsyh] 2003

11- Pran Nath Mago, Contemporary Art n India, National Book Trust , New

Delhi, 2001

50

O;olk; dk dyk i{k

izksQslj ds0 lh0 tks’kh

vkpk;Z] okf.kT; ,oa izcU/k v/;;u ladk;

,l-,l-ts- ifjlj] vYeksM+k ¼mÙkjk[k.M½

tc ge O;olk; ds dyk i{k ds ckjs esa ckr djrs gSa rks gesa bl rF; dks rks ekuuk gh

iM+sxk fd orZeku ifjizs{; esa O;kolkf;d fØ;k,a fur uwru vkfo"dkjksa ,oa lqfodflr

mUur fof/k;ksa ds lgkjs fujUrj vkxs c<+ jgh gSaA vkt ge fdlh oLrq ds mRikn ds ckjs esa

mldk Hkfo"; r; dj ikus esa dqN dg ldus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gSaA ,slk blfy, gS fd

oLrq ds mRikn esa dykRed i{k gkoh gks jgk gS tks ges'kk u;s&u;s :i esa gekjs lEeq[k

izLrqr gks jgk gSA ,slk ekuuk gS fd O;olk; ds dyk i{k esa gks jgk fujUrj cnyko

izfrLi/kkZ dk lkeuk djus ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkj esa /kkd tekus ds fy, vuqdwy okrkoj.k

nsus esa Qk;nsean fl) gksxkA

;g ckr ge izekf.kdrk ds lkFk dg ldrs gSa fd O;olk; dk izkjEHk pkgs og fdlh Hkh

:Ik esa gks cgqr izkphu dky ls gh gks x;k FkkA blh Ja[kyk esa ekuo thou;kiu gsrq

O;kolkf;d fØ;kdykiksa esa gkFk caVkrs jgk gSA O;olk; ds lanHkZ esa vkt ekuo dh

dk;Z'kSyh esa O;kid cnyko vk;s gSaA tgka rd O;olk; ds dyk i{k dks le>us dh ckr gS

bl ckjs esa dsoy ;gh dgk tk ldrk gS fd izkphu le; esa mRikn dh xq.koÙkk ij fo'ks"k

/;ku fn;k tkrk Fkk ,oa ml mRikn fo'ks"k dks [kklh izflf) feyrh FkhA mRikn dh ;gh

izflf) ,oa xq.koÙkk dks O;olk; dh /kjksgj ,oa dyk i{k ekuk x;kA vkt ds ;qx esa

fLFkfr;ka fHkUu gSa rFkk O;olk; ds dyk i{k dks fofo/k :iksa esa ns[kk tk jgk gSA

d`f"k] okf.kT;] m|ksx ,oa lsok {ks= igys Hkh Fkk vkt Hkh gSA vUrj dsoy bruk gh gS fd

igys ;s {ks= vf/kd mUur voLFkk esa ugha Fks ij vkt fLFkfr fHkUu gSA gj {ks= esa buds

egRo dks mPp Lrj dh igpku feyh gSA tgka bu {ks=ksa ij O;kid vuqla/kku gks jgs gSa]

ogha buds ek/;e ls O;olk; dk dyk i{k etcwr gqvk gSA ;g lc dq'ky iz'kklu] izcU/k

,oa laxBu ds cycwrs ij lEHko gqvk gSA

thou ;kiu gsrq ekuo viuh vko';d vko';drkvksa dk mi;ksx rks djrk gh gS blds

vykok og jgu&lgu ds Lrj ds vk/kkj ij vusdksa oLrqvksa dk mi;ksx djrk gSA og mls

mRikn ds :Ik esa O;olk; }kjk gh lqyHk gksrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa ;g dguk vko';d gksxk

fd O;olk; ds vUrxZr fdlh oLrq ds mRikn dks dykRed rHkh ekuk tk ldrk gS tc

og xzkgdksa ,oa miHkksDrkvksa dh ilanhnk oLrq cu tk;A

51

vxj ge fdlh Hkh oLrq ds mRiknu dh fofHkUu izfØ;kvksa dk v/;;u djsa rks ;g le>uk

vko';d gksxk fd mRikn dks fufeZr djus esa lcls igys dPps eky dh miyC/krk vkSj

mlds ckn dq'ky Jfedksa dh HkrhZ] fo'ks"kKksa dh lsok,a] rduhdh Kku] izcU/kdh; dkS'ky]

foÙkh; izcU/ku] foKkiu] foØ;dyk] iSfdax] cktkj O;oLFkk o vUr esa ifj.kke dks 'kkfey

fd;k tkrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks ge fuekZ.k ls ysdj foi.ku rd ds utfj;s ls ns[krs gSaA

bl lQj esa gesa fdlh u fdlh Lrj ij dyk i{k ds n'kZu vo'; gksrs gSaA

ge lHkh bl ckr ls Hkh foK gSa fd O;olk; dks ,d vkfFkZd fØ;k ekuk x;k gSA lkFk gh

O;olk; cgqr vf/kd {ks= esa QSyk gksrk gSA O;kolkf;d gypy dh n`f"V ls ge lekt esa

xzkgdh; n`f"Vdks.k o muds }kjk viuk;s x;s mRikn dh mi;ksfxrk dh ij[k dks /;ku esa

j[krs gq, ekax&iwfrZ dk vkdyu djrs gSaA fdlh Hkh mRikn dh ekax LFkkuh;] {ks=h;]

jkT;h;] jk"Vªh; o vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij tkuh tkrh gS] rHkh gesa cktkj losZ{k.k ds vk/kkj ij

fdlh Hkh mRikn ds vPNs ifj.kke izkIr gksrs gSaA bu lcds fy, O;olk; o rduhdh dyk

ds e/; mfpr lkeUtL; LFkkfir gksuk csgn t:jh gSA

;fn fdlh egRoiw.kZ oLrq ds mRikn dks jk"Vªh; o vUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkj esa lgh igpku o

txg fey tk; rks ;g ,d cM+h miyfC/k o lgh lw>&cw> dk ifjpk;d ekuh tkrh gSA

;g lc izcU/kdh; dkS'ky ds vUrxZr vlk/kkj.k fu.kZ;u {kerk dks mtkxj djus ds

QyLo:Ik lEHko gksrk gSA bl vk/kkj ij tgka ,d vksj oLrqvksa dh ekax esa o`f) gksrh gS

ogha nwljh vksj vf/kd fcØh o jkstxkj l`tu gksrk gSA vk; esa o`f) ,oa ykHkktZu {kerk

c<+rh gSA ;g lc ;ksX;rk] ifjJe] yxu] le> o vuqHko ds ne[ke ij gksrk gS vkSj

blls fuf'pr gh O;olk; dk dyk i{k vf/kd l`n`<+ gksrk gSA

O;olk; ds dyk i{k dk tqM+ko o ?kfu"Vrk fdlh Hkh oLrq ds mRiknu ds :i] jax] vkdkj

ij fuHkZj djrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa cgqr lkjs mnkgj.k fxuk;s tk ldrs gSaA n{k dykdkjksa

}kjk fufeZr eu&Hkkou ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k] rkez dyk] fofHkUu izdkj dh lkSUn;Z;qDr

dykRed ,oa ltkoVh oLrq,a] Ik;kZoj.k o izd`fr dh vkHkk ds fofo/k :iksa esa mdsjh x;h

dyk] csgrjhu oLrqvksa dk izn'kZu] izkd`frd cksUtkb fuekZ.k dyk] dykRed dk"B fufeZr

oLrq,a] jax&fcjaxh o fpf=r ltkoVh eksecfÙk;ka] ?kjsyw m|ksx ds rgr fofo/k fufeZr mRikn

tSls &vkd"kZd Vksdfj;ksa dk fuekZ.k] Mkyksa ,oa lwiksa dh yksdfiz;rk okLro esa O;olk; dk

dyk i{k gSA

gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk vf/kdka'kr% d`f"k ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl fygkt ls ekuo bl lekt esa

lfn;ksa ls gh d`f"k dk;Z djrk jgk gSA ekuo }kjk m|ksx&/kU/kksa dks Hkh viuk;k x;k] ftl

dkj.k og m|eh dgk x;k vkSj mlus vius vki dks m|ferk ls tksM+kA fofHkUu is'kksa o

52

iq'rSuh dk;ks± ls tqM+s yksx vkt Hkh viuh dyk dks latk;s gq, gSaA O;olk;h oxZ lekt esa

gekjh vko';drkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj mRiknd oxZ ls egRoiw.kZ mRikn ,oa oLrq,a

miyC/k djk jgk gSA blds fy, og vius O;kikj dks fofo/k lsokvksa ls tksM+ jgk gSA lp

rks ;g gS fd vc O;olk; ds dyk i{k dh egÙkk dks yksx Lohdkj djus yxs gSaA O;olk;

ds vUrxZr fofo/k mRiknksa dks dykRed :Ik ls laokjk tk jgk gSA dgus dk vk'k; ;g gS

fd O;olk; o dyk dk ,d nwljs dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksuk o cgqr vf/kd ?kqy&fey tkuk

,d 'kqHk ladsr ekuk tk ldrk gSA blfy, O;olk; dh lQyrk ds fy, O;olk; ds dyk

i{k dks lgh rjhds ls mtkxj djuk vkSj bls thoUrrk iznku djuk vko';d gS vkSj ;gh

le; dh ekax Hkh gSA

lUnHkZ&

• vkpk;Z cynso mik/;k;] oSfnd lkfgR; vkSj laLd`fr] 'kkjnk laLFkku 37 ch-

johUæiqjh] nqxkZdq.M] okjk.klh&5] prqFkZ laLdj.k 1973

• E.F. Schumacher, Small is beautiful, Radha Krishna 2, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi – 110002, June 1978.

• Timmons, Smollen, Dingu, New Venture Creation : A Guide to Small Business Development, Richard D Irwin, INC, Homewood Illinois, 1977.

• Dr. V. S. Mahajan, Economic Development of India, Deep & Deep Publications D-1/24, Rajouri Garden, New Delhi – 110027, 1983.

• B.N. Ahuja, Practical Business Management, Careers Digest Publications New Delhi – 110049

• William J. Stevenson, Production/Operations Management, IRWIN Homewood Illinois 2nd Edition 1986.

• Valarie A Zeithaml, Mary Jo Bitner, Dwayne D Gremler, Ajay Pandit, Services Marketing Integrating Customer Focus Across the Firm, Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, Fifth Edition, 2011.

• Chunawalla, Kumar, Sethia, Subramanian, Suchak, Advertising Theory & Practice, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai, 2002

• Francis Cherunilam, Business Environment Text & Cases Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai, 2010

• Pederson, Wright & Weitz, Selling Principles & Methods Richard D. Irwin, INC Homewood Illinois Eighth Edition 1984

53

• Sukul Lomash, P.K. Mishra, Business Policy & Strategic Management, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi – 110014, 2009

• S.A. Sherlekar, Marketing Management, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai, 2010

• Dr. K. Karunakaran, Marketing Management (Text & Cases in Indian Context), Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai, 2010

• K.S. Habeeb – ur – Rahman, Rural Marketing in India, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai, 2004

• U.C. Mathur, Corporate Governance & Business Ethics Text & Cases, Macmillan Publishers India Ltd. New Delhi – 110012, Second Edition 2012

54

dyk o rduhdh esa lEcU/k

gsek] ’kks/k Nk=k

jktuhfr foHkkx

Mhñ,lñchñ ifjlj] uSuhrky

*dyk 'kCn lkSUn;Z dh vfHkO;fDr dk izrhd gS] js[kk] ps"Vk] okd] vFkZ] vadyu] vkfn fdlh

Hkh izdkj ls ekuo }kjk lkSUn;Z dh vfHkO;fDr djus ij og dyk cu tkrh gSA dyk dk

l`tu drkZ Lo;a euq"; gh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd izÑfr Lo;a vn~Hkqr jpuk gksus ij Hkh

dyk ugha dgh tk ldrh] D;ksafd og nSoh gSA izÑfr dk lkSUn;Z ftruk vuqie vkSj

vn~Hkqr gSA dykdkj dh dyk oSlh ugha gk ldrh] fdUrq tc euq"; izÑfr d miknkukas esa

viuh dYiuk dk lekos'k djds mUgsa izLrqr djrk gS rc og dyk ds uke ls tkuh tkrh

gSA

dyk lH;rk ls Hkh iqjkuh 'kqnz ekuoh; fiaM dh es/kk ls lac) jgh gS] ftl dkj.k ls

lH;rk ds mn; ls iwoZ gh ekuo] x<+us] [khapus] dksjus] fljtus yxk FkkA vkajHk ls gh

euq"; l`f"V dh izfØ;k ls vkfo"V gS] fd mldh psruk dyk ds vfHkuo] vkys[; :i jpus

dks vkrqj gSA

rduhdh dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS f'kYi] tks xzhd Hkk"kk ds **VSDuhdkst** 'kCn ls fy;k x;k gS]

ftldk vFkZ gS ,d *dyk* rduhdh n{krk ,oa dkS'ky ls lEcfU/kr gS] vkSj ;g n{krk rFkk

dkS'ky ,d *dyk* gS] tks fodflr gksus ij rduhdh dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA vFkkZr~ rduhdh

dyk ds Kku ds iz;ksx ij vk/kkfjr gSaA

uoik"kk.k dkyhu fuekZrk dh dYiuk dj :i ,d *pDdk* ,d *e'khu* Fkk] vkSj vk/kqfud

dykdkj d rduhdh midj.kksa us blh *e'khu* dks viuh dYiuk dk mRÑ"V :i iznku

djds lokZsRÑ"V rduhdh esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k gS] vk/kqfud rduhdksa esa dyk ds mi;ksx

ls mldh xq.koRrk esa lq/kkj gqvk gSA

rduhdh dk dyk ls lEcU/k & Rkduhdh esa dyk ds iz;ksx }kjk e'khuksa] vk/kqfud

midj.kksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk gS] vkSj ;s midj.k o e'khusa pkgs nSfud vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ

djus esa lg;kd gks] f'k{kk esa] LokLF; esa ;k fQj euksajatu o le; dh cpr djus esa

lgk;d gksa] euq"; ds thou dk ,d vfHkUu vax rduhdh fodkl ds QyLo:i lEiw.kZ

fo'o ,d laxfBr o ,df=r ifjokj dj rjg fodflr gksrk pyk vk jgk gSA dyk ds

55

iz;ksx] o rduhdh izxfr ds ifj.kkeLo:i izxfr’khy lk/kuksa us izR;sd {ks= esa uohu

vuqla/kku rFkk iz;ksx fd;s gSA bl iz;ksx o vuqla/kkuksa esa dyk dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gS] tks

fd izR;sd euq"; dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djrh gSA

vk/kqfud ;qx iw.kZ :i ls rduhdh dk ;qx gS] rduhdh midj.k u dsoy vkfFkZd :Ik ls

ykHkdkjh gS] cfYd yksxksa dh jktsejkZ dh t:jrksa Hkh gS] vkt ds euq"; d fy, vius gkFkksa

ds iz;ksx ds eqdkcys e'khu dk iz;ksx vf/kd ljy o Li"V yxrk gS] vkSj ijLij

ifjorZuh; iqtksZa dk fuekZ.k] rFkk de ls de ifjJe }kjk bu iqtksZa dks tksM+ nsuk Hkh ,d

dyk gSA vkt dy rduhdh ds ftrus Hkh ØkfUrdkjh izHkko D;ksa u gks] fcuk dykRed

izfØ;k ds ;g fufeZr ugha fd;s tk ldrs gSa] ftls rduhdh dgk tkrk gSA

egku dykRed 'kfDr;kW foLr`r rduhdh fodkl dks tUe nsrh gSaA fcuk dyk ds

rduhdhdj.k loksZaRÑ"V izdkj ds ;U=ksa o e'khuksa dk fuekZ.k ugha dj ldrk ekuo

efLr"d Lo;a ,d e’khu gS tks fd *dYiuk* :ih ;U= }kjk lapkfyr gksrk gS] vkSj ;gh

dYiuk dh vfHkO;fDr dk ewrZ :i gh dyk gSA

,d Hkou fuekZ.k djus okys O;fDr viuh dyk ml Kku esa n’kkZrk gS fd Hkou fuekZ.k esa

fdl rjg ds midj.k o lkeku dk lgh <+x ls iz;ksx gks fd lqUnj Hkou dk fuekZ.k gks

ldsA vkSj dyk dh dksbZ jpuk fcuk fdlh ek=k esa rduhdh n{krk ds ugha cukbZ tk

ldrh] vkSj ;fn vU; ckrsa leku gks rks] ftruh vPNh rduhdh gksxh mruh gh vPNh

dyk dh jpuk gksxh] mPp dykRed ’kfDr;k viuh mfpr rFkk okLrfod vfHkO;fDr gsrq

murh gh vPNh izdkj dh rduhd dh vis{kk j[krh gSa ftruh vPNh os Lo;a gksrh gSA

dyk dk rduhdh ls lEcU/k & Ekuq"; us vius thou dks lq[ke; cukus ds fy,

le;&le; ij viuh dYiuk }kjk u;s & u;s mRiknkssa dks tUe fn;k gS] vkSj ;g fo’kky

mRiknu dh ubZ ;kaf=d i)fr dk urhtk gSA tks rduhdh izxfr ds dkj.k laHko gqvk gSA

lM+d ds fuekZ.k ls ysdj /kkjkokfgd] miU;kl bR;kfn rd fodkl ds y{k.k ftUgsa jsfM;ksa]

flusek rFkk if=dkvksa dh vksj mUeq[k gksuk gh Fkk] bUgksus dyk esa rduhdh ;qx dh

’kq:vkr dhA bl izdkj *dyk* esa rduhdh xq.k mruk gh iqjkuk gSA ftruh iqjkuh Lo;a

*dyk* gSA

,d rduhdhdkj dh n{krk ,d fuf’pr mn~ns’; dks izkIr djus ds fy, vko’;d lk/kuksa

ds Kku vkSj bu lk/kuksa esa n{k cuus esa gSA rFkk ,d bekjr ;k ;U= tks fd vkns’k izkIr

gksus ij ,d mn~~ns’; dh iwfrZ ds fy, cuk;k tkrk gS] tks fd blds lkFk gh ,d dykRed

Lo:i o jpuk dks Hkh n’kkZrk gSA

56

izR;sd dykRed vfHkO;fDr fdlh izfØ;k ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA izR;sd dyk rduhdh ;k

midj.k ewyd ;kaf=dh ls ca/kh gksrh gSA ;g midj.k pkgs vEy ys[kuh gks ;k fctyh dk

dj?kk dykRed :i dh varZoLrq Ikj fuHkZj djrh gS] rFkk vk/;kfRed lkexzh dks ,sfUnzd

:iksa es vuwfnr djus dh izfØ;k gSA

fu"d"kZ & dyk ds foLr`r mRiknu esa rduhdh i)fr dqN lq/kkjdj iz;ksx esa yk;h tkrh

gS] rduhdh ds izHkko ftrus Hkh ØkfUrdkjh D;kas u gks] fcuk dykRed izfØ;k ds ;g dksbZ

ubZ pht ugha gSA blh izdkj rduhdh esa fdlh izkÑfr dk ewY; bl ij fuHkZj ugha gksrk

fd dykdkj fdl rjg ds rduhdh lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx dj jgk gSA cfYd bl ij fuHkZj

gksrk gS fd og budk mi;ksx dSls dj jgk gSA tSls ;g mi;qDr ugha gS fd dksbZ O;fDr

vius gkFk ls dke djuk NksM+dj e’khu ls dke djus yxs rks blls dke djus okys dh

vk/;kfRed {kerkvksa esa vfuok;Z :i ls fxjkoV vk,xh] blh rjg ;g Hkh mfpr ugha gS fd

dyk esa vk/kqfud rduhdksa ds mi;ksx ls mldh xq.koRrk esa vfuok;Z :i ls fxjkoV

vk,xh] ,d rduhdh if=dk ds laiknd ds vuqlkj fdlh csyps dks pykus ds eqdkcys

e’khu dks pykus ds fy, vf/kd fnekxksa dh t:jr iM+rh gS] ;g lR; gS fd ’kkjhfjd Je

dh vis{kk dyk esa lk/kkj.k vkStkj o okLrfod e’khu ds chp FkksM+k vUrj gSA ijUrq fQj

Hkh vk/kqfud rduhdh esa dyk dk fo’ks"k egRo gS] vkSj fcuk rduhdh ds dyk ds Kku esa

lq/kkj ugha gks ldrk] vk/kqfud ;qx esa nksuksa dh vko’;drk ls gh mRre lk/kuksa o

midj.kksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk gS tks fd izR;sd O;fDr ds fy, vko’;d gSA

;wukuh nk’kZfud os O;fDr Fks] ftUgksaus f’kYi dk fopj iw.kZ:i ls fodflr fd;k FkkA ;wukuh

efLr"d dh jpuk, ¼lqdjkr ls ysdj vjLrw½ rd ftldh jpuk,sa lqjf{kr izrhr gksrh gS]

lcls cM+h izkfIr rduhdh n’kZu gS] vk/kqfud rduhdh ,slh gS] ftldh mn~ns’; ,d

fuf’pr izkdj dh e’khuksa ;a=ks dks mRiUu djuk gS] rFkk ekuo thou esa lq/kkj djuk gSA

dyk esa rduhdh dh lgHkkfxrk fdlh ls Nqih ugha gSA dyk ;fn gj {k.k rduhdh dh

vko’;drk gS rks rduhdh Hkh dyk d fcuk v/kwjh gSA dyk us rduhdh ls vius dk

O;Dr djus ds fy, u,&u, vfo"dkj] vkStkj] fofHkUu ek/;e ds jax bR;kfn dyk dk

izPej djus dk lk/ku] izlkj djus dk ek/;e dEI;wVj] eksckby] Qksu] fQYe vkfn] dsoy

dyk gh ugh] dyk dks dqN vyx izdkj ls izLrqr djus esa rduhdh fdlh Hkh n`f"V ls

de ljkguh; ugh gSaA okLro esa fofHkUu dykvksa dk Jaxkj rduhdh us gh fd;k gSA

lkFk gh dykdkjksa es Hkh viuh dkS’kyrk dk ifjp; Hkh rduhdh ds ek/;e ls gh fn;kA

ftlls fp=.k bR;kfn dh uohu rduhd iSnk gqbZZA dyk esa vk/kqfud dky lcls egRoiw.kZ

gS] D;ksafd vk/kqfud dky ds vfrfjDr vU; fdlh dky es brus iz;ksx ugha gq,A u;s&u;s

57

iz;ksxksa ls lkekftd :i ls Hkh ns’k dks le`) cuk;k gS ;|fi dyk esa vusd fo/kk,a gSA

vkSj gj fo/kk vius vki esa egRoiw.kZ gSA lEiw.kZ fo/kkvksa esa fuR; & izfr u, & u, iz;ksx

gksrs jgrs gSA cM+s ls cM+k dk;Z o NksVs ls NksVk dk;Z izfrfnu gksrk fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA Hkou

dh vkÑfr] fyfi] fp=.k] e’khuh vkVZ] ewfrZ vkfn vusd dyk,W gSA tks lHkh dks viuh vksj

vkdf"kZr djrh gSA

bl izdkj Li"V gS fd rduhdh ds dkj.k u;s iz;ksxksa ds lkFk dkyk izR;sd {ks= esa fn[kkbZ

iM+rh gS] vkSj dyk dk nk;jk Hkh O;kidrk ds lkFk tuekul dh t:jr curk tk jgk

gSA blfy, dyk vkSj rduhdh ,d nwljh ds iwjd gSA rFkk nksuksa dh leUo; dh

vko’;drk lQy gksrh fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA tks fd gj O;fDr dh gj {ks= esa vko’;d :i

ls lg;ksx djds viuh & viuh fo/kk dks thfor j[ks gq, gSA vkSj lnSo gh thoUr jgsxhA

lUnHkZ &

1- oekZ] ';ke] izkphu Hkkjrh; dyk] okLrqdyk ,oa ewfrZdyk] fjlpZ ifCyds'kUl t;iqj

2000] i`"B la01

2- gkmtj vkuZYM] dyk dk bfrgkl n'kZu] xzaFk f'kYih] ubZ fnYyh] 2001] i`0 la0 288

3- dfyaxoqM] vkj0th0 dkyk ds fl)kUr] jktLFkku xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj 1972] i`0 la0

16

4- mik/;k; Hkxor ’kj.k] Hkkjrh; dyk dk bfrgkl] fiiqYl ifCyf’kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh

1981] i`0 la01

58

izd`fr ,oa dyk dk lkeatL;

dq- xaxks=h 'kks/kkFkhZ

n`';dyk foHkkx

ouLFkyh fo|kihB ¼jkt-½

bZ'oj l`f"V dk loZJs"B dykdkj gSA ftlus izd`fr ds ek/;e ls bl vuqie lalkj dh

jpuk dh gS] okLro esa ;g lalkj izkd`frd vkSj d`f=e nksuksa izdkj dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls Hkjk

gqvk gSA bl l`f"V dk fuekZ.k djrs le; bZ'oj ds efLr"d esa fdruh dYiukvksa]

ltZukvksa vkSj :i lkSUn;Z dh vn~Hkqr jpukvksa us LFkku ik;k gksxkA

egkdfo johUnzukFk VSxksj us bZ'oj fojfpr cy'kkyh izkd`frd 'kfDr;ksa dh lÙkk dks

Lohdkj djrs gq, fy[kk gS & dyk euq"; dh ml vfHkO;fDr dk uke gS ftls og

cy'kkyh izkd`frd 'kfDr;ksa ls izkIr vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij izLrqr djrk gSA1

Hkkjrh; ijEijk esa izd`fr lkSUn;Z dh nsoh gSA dykdkj vkSj dfo blh ls izsj.kk izkIr

djrk gS & dyk] laxhr] lkfgR; dk ekSfyd lkSUn;Z izd`frxr lkSUn;Z dh vfHkO;fDr gh

gS] izkd`frd lkSUn;Z dh izsj.kk ls gh d`f=e lkSUn;Z dk fodkl gksrk gSA izd`fr esa izkIr

oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, euq"; fofHkUu izdkj dh lqUnj oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gS]

buesa ls dqN oLrq,¡ gekjh bfUnz;ksa dks dqN le; ds fy, gh lq[k nsrh gSa rks mUgsa f'kYi

dgk tkrk gSA nwljh vksj izd`fr ls izkIr lkexzh dk Js"B la;kstu ,sls :iksa esa fd;k

tkrk gS tks dykRed n`f"V ls vfHkO;atuh; gksrs gSa rks og dyk dgykrh gSA

dyk esa vuqHkwfr] vfHkO;fDr vkSj :i rhuksa rÙo foLr`r :i esa fo|eku jgrs gSa] dyk esa

vfHkO;fDr dks l`tu dgk tkrk gSA izd`fr dh jpukvksa o jaxksa ls vuqHkwfr izkIr gksrh gS]

59

vewrZ vuqHkwfr dks ewrZ :i iznku djuk dyk dh vfHkO;fDr gSA2 dykdkj ;fn fp=dyk

dk iqtkjh gS rks izd`fr&izsj.kk ls og fp= fuekZ.k djsxk] ewfrZdkj gS rks og iRFkj dks

rjk'kdj mlesa lkSUn;Z Hkjus dk iz;kl djsxkA

bl rF; dks lHkh Lohdkj djrs gSa fd izd`fr ds izsjd uSlfxZd Lo:i dks ns[kdj O;fDr

vkfndky ls gh l`tu ds fy, izsfjr gksrk jgk gS] izkxSfrgkfld dky esa ekuo }kjk cuk,

x, i'kq&if{k;ksa ds fp=ksa ds ihNs Hkh izd`fr gh dh izsj.kk FkhA izd`fr ds izfr viuh psruk

ds dkj.k gh mlus vius fuokl LFkyksa] ioZrksa vkSj xqQkvksa esa oU; thoksa ds fp= cuk,]

f'kdkj fp=ksa dh izsj.kk Hkh mls izd`fr ls gh izkIr gqbZA i'kqvksa dh vusd ewfrZ;ksa rFkk

[kqnkbZ ls izkIr eqgjksa esa oU; thoksa dh tks vkd`fr;k¡ cuh gSa os izd`fr esa ekuo ds rknkRE;

dh izrhd gaS] cq)dky dh lHkh dyk,W¡ izd`fr ds vuqie Lo:i ls lqlfTtr jghA vtark

ds xqQk fp=ksa esa ge izd`fr ds euksje lalkj dh >yd vusd fp=&Qydksa esa ns[k ldrs

gSaA3 izR;sd oLrq izkd`frd izsj.kkvksa ls vius Hkhrjh&la?k"kZ dks vkdkj nsrh gSA viuh

lkeF;Z vkSj ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj izR;sd inkFkZ dk vkdkj nwljs inkFkksZ ds la?k"kZ esa vkdj

lqUnj u tkrk gS] igkM+ksa ls ufn;ksa esa cgrs gq, Hkís iRFkj fdrus xksy fpdus vkdkj ds

cu tkrs gSa] rkRi;Z ;g gS fd izd`fr Lor% vkdkj cukrh gS vkSj dHkh&dHkh euq";

izkd`frd vkdkjksa esa Hkh ifjorZu dj viuh :fp ds vuqdwy vkdkj cukrk gSA4 izd`fr

dsoy l`tudkjh 'kfDr gh ugha cqf) rÙo iznkf;uh Hkh gSA izd`fr }kjk lkSUn;Z cks/k ds

lkFk&lkFk izkd`frd lkSUn;Z ds mikld ds eu esa euq"; vkSj izd`fr ds lkgp;Z ls mRiUu

vusd Hkko mRiUu gksrs gSaA bu Hkkoksa dh lÙkk euq"; ds eu esa gksxh] ftl xkspj oLrq ls

;s Hkko mfnr gksaxs mldh lÙkk rks izd`fr esa gh gSA

dykdkj ftl lkSUn;Z dks :ikf;r djrk gS mlesa nks izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gaSA ekuo

}kjk l`ftr gksus ds dkj.k mlesa ekuork vkSj ekfeZdrk jgrh gSA bl izdkj dykRed

d`fr lkaLd`frd ewY;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k rks djrh gS lkFk gh HkkokRed i{k dk Hkh izR;{khdj.k

60

djrh gSA5 bl izdkj euq"; dyk esa :iksa dh jpuk djrk gSA vr% og izk;% izd`r :iksa

dks Hkh fnO;'kfDr vFkok bZ'oj dh jpuk ekurk gS] izd`r vkSj euq";d`r nksuksa gh izdkj

ds :iksa esa lkSan;Z vfHkO;Dr gksrk gSA6 izd`fr ds Lo:i esa vkUrfjd ¼HkkSfrd½ xq.k ds lkFk

gh vkd"kZ.k rFkk lqxU/k tSls cká ¼vHkkSfrd½ xq.k Hkh lekfgr gksrs gSaA bUgha cká xq.kksa ls

izd`fr ds izfr laosnu'khy O;fDr dk n`f"Vdks.k izHkkfor gksrk gSA ;fn fp=dkj Lo;a

izd`fr ls izHkkfor gqvk gksrk gS rks og vius Hkkoksa dks fp=kadu esa LFkkukUrfjr dj nsrk

gSA dykdkj ds eu ds Hkkoksa dk izHkko n'kZd ds eu ij Hkh iM+rk gS vkSj n'kZd ;g

vuqHko djus yxrk gS fd og Lo;a ml LFkku ij mifLFkr gks x;k gS tgk¡ dk n`';kadu

fp=dkj us fd;k gSA vFkok phuh dyk bfrgkl ds ns[kus ls Kkr gksrk gS ;gk¡ ds

dykdkjksa us izd`fr ds vykSfdd] euksgkjh NVk us mRlqdrk vkSj ftKklk mRiUu dh] tks

dkykUrj esa mudh dykd`fr;ksa es izLQqfVr gks mBhA7

dyk ,d lkoZHkkSfed ekuoh; fØ;k gS tks gj ;qx] gj LFkku] gj le; esa ikbZ tkrh gS

pkgs og vfHkO;fDr ds :i esa gks] lEizs"k.k ds :i esa gks ;k euksjatu ds :i esa] dyk ds

ewY; ;|fi lkoZHkkSe gS ijUrq bldh tM+s ml lekt] ml laLd`fr esa jgrh gS tgk¡Wa ls og

mitrh gSA fdlh Hkh thfor vkSj thoUr lH;rk esa dyk ml lH;rk ds fodkl vkSj

iw.kZrk dk vfuok;Z ewyHkwr vax gSA8

dyk eu ds Hkkoksa dk :ikRed izLrqrhdj.k gS] vkdkjn dyk ;k n`'; dyk ekuo }kjk

ns[ks x;s izd`fr ds vo;oksa] fo'o esa ekuo fufeZr vFkok izd`fr ds :iksa dks dykdkj iqu%

l`ftr dj ,d uohu iVy ij vkdkjksa ds dkYifud /kjkry ij izLrqr djrk gSA ftls

ge n`';dyk dgrs gSa] dyk dk 'kqHkkjaHk izd`fr ls gksrk gS ,oa dykdkj dk vk/kkj Hkh

izd`fr gSA9 euq"; ftl izd`fr vkSj ekuo lekt ls f?kjk gqvk gS] mlds :i dk izHkko

ekuo eu ij fdlh u fdlh :i esa vo'; iM+rk gSA10 dyk ,d vkJ; iznku djrh gS]

bldk vFkZ ;g ugha fd dyk ;FkkFkZ ls iyk;u gS] ;g thou vkSj ;FkkFkZ dh gh

61

vfHkO;fDr gS ;g ml le; ds lkekftd okrkoj.k dk izfrfcEc gSA11 ^^blh izdkj izd`fr

ls izkIr gLrf'kYi dyk,¡ fHkUu&fHkUu gksus ds lkFk&lkFk mi;ksxh vkSj egRoiw.kZ Hkh gS]

budh :ikd`fr;ksa us dsoy cktkj dks gh c<+kok ugha fn;k cfYd ogk¡ viuh [kkl igpku

Hkh cukus esa lQyrk gkfly dh gSA gLrf'kYi dyk dk viuk ,d fof'k"V LFkku jgk

gSA** fdlh le; dh dyk O;fDr rFkk lekt dh EkkSfyd vko';drkvksa dk ewrZ:i gS]

D;ksafd blh esa fdlh fo'ks"k LFkku o dky esa fdlh fo'ks"k lkekftd lewg dh bPNk,¡]

vkdka{kk,¡] ewY; vkSj vuqHko lekfgr gaS] blfy, ftrus lkekftd lewg gksrs gSa mrus gh

dyk ds izdkj Hkh gksrs gSa] dqN laLd`fr;k¡ lekIr gks tkus ij Hkh viuh dyk lkexzh ds

:i esa thfor jgrh gSA12 ^^bl izdkj ls izd`fr ,oa dyk dk ijLij ?kfu"B lEcU/k gSA**

lUnHkZ&

1 MkW- izsepUnz xksLokeh % :iizn dyk ds ewyk/kkj] izdk'kd % vuUr ifCYd'ksUl] t;iqj]

izFke laLdj.k&2000] i`-la- 33 2 ujsUnz flag ;kno % xzkfQd fMtkbu] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] izFke

laLdj.k& 2006] i`-la- 2 3 MkW- izsepUnz xksLokeh % :iizn dyk ds ewyk/kkj] izdk'kd % vuUr ifCYds'kUl] t;iqj]

izFke laLdj.k&2000] i`-la- 34 4 j.kohj lDlsuk % vkdkj dYiuk] izdk'kd % js[kk izdk'ku dk;kZy;] nsgjknwu] izFke

laLdj.k& tuojh] 1958 bZ- i`-la- 5 5 MkW- ljkst HkkxZo % lkSUn;Z cks/k ,oa yfyr dyk;sa] dyk izdk'ku] okjk.klh]

laLdj.k& 1999] i`-la-29&30 6 MkW- jkekuUn frokjh ^HkkjrhuUnu* % lkfgR; dyk] Hkkjrh izdk'ku] Hkjriqj

¼jktLFkku½] izFke laLdj.k&1970] i`-la- 49

62

7 MkW- jhrk izrki % lqnwjiwoZ dh dyk ¼phu] tkiku ,oa Qkjl½] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk

vdkneh] t;iqj] izFke] laLdj.k&2008] i`-l-a70 8 MkW- izdk'k ohjs'oj] MkW- uqiwj 'kekZ % dyk n'kZu] d`".kk izdk'ku ehfM;k ¼izk-½ fy- esjB]

izFke laLdj.k&2005] pkSFkk laLdj.k&2011] i`-la- 3 9 fo|klkxj mik/;k; % Hkkjrh; dyk dh dgkuh] nh] izdk'kd LVwMsUV~l cqd dEiuh]

t;iqj] 1994 10 MkW- ,l-Vh- ujflagkpkjh % lkSan;Z rRo fu:i.k] ok.kh izdk'ku] fnYyh] }kjk

izdkf'kr izFke laLdj.k&1977] i-`la- 97

11 MkW- izdk'k ohjs'oj] MkW- uqiwj 'kekZ % dyk n'kZu] d`".kk izdk'ku ehfM;k ¼izk-½ fy- esjB]

izFke laLdj.k&2005] pkSFkk laLdj.k&2011] i`-la-5 12 ogh] i`-la-

63

dyk] dykRed ;ksX;rk esa cnyrs ifjisz{;

Mk- vkuUn dqekj ’kekZ

lgk;d izoDrk

jktdh; dyk egkfo|ky;

lsDVj 10] p.Mhx<

dyk vuqHko dh lw{erk izoh.krk vk Sj vUr% iz sj.kk ij vk/kkfjr dYiuk] :Ik

vk Sj jpukRed vfHkO;fDr }kjk ekuo dkS’ky ;k f’kYi dk s O;Dr djrh gSA

dykRed dk;Z gsr q dykdkj es a , slh ;k sX;rk gk suh pkfg, fd tks dqN mls

fn[kkb Z nsrk gS ;k mlds ekul iVy ij vafdr gk s mls og dkxt] dSuokl

ij ;k fdlh Hkh :Ik es a T;k s a dk R;k s a mrkj ldsA bl izdkj ls fdlh dykd`fr

dk Jhx.k s’k iz sj.kk vFkok fopkj ls gk srk gSA dyk ,oa dykRed ;k sX;rk ekuo

lH;rk ds izkjEHk ls vuojr fodflr gk srh tk jgh gSA ekuo ds izxfr ds

lkFk dyk o oSKkfudrk dk lekos’k fujUrj pyrk vk jgk gSA vkfndky ls

ysdj vkt rd bl /kjrh ij fdlh u fdlh :Ik es a dykRed ;k sX;rk dk

vfLrRo fo|eku jgk gSA ekuo] dykRed izxfr ls iw.k Zr% lar q"V ugh a jgk gS

blh dkj.k ih<+h nj ih<+h dykRedrk dk s mPp LFkku fnykus gsr q la?k"k Z fd;k

gS\ ;|fi ;g fodkl la?k"k Z yEck vk Sj mRlkfgr djus okyk FkkA iwo Z ik"kk.k

;qx es a ekuo us tk s igys viuh xqQkvk s a dh nhokjk s a ij tk s j s[kk, a [kh aph mls

gh vkt dh ,fues’ku dk izkjEHk dg ldrs gS aA cgq/kk j s[kkvk s a e s a lgtrk gk srh

gS tk s fd lgt Hkko qdrk vk Sj eu dh LokHkkfod iz sj.kkvk s a ds ifj.kkeLo#i

izdV gk srh gSA izkphu dky ls vk/k q fud dyk es a vUr% iz sj.kk dk LQqj.k

LokHkkfod vk Sj Lor% gk srk gS ftl ij psru bPNk ’kfDr ;k cká mŸk stuk dk

dk sb Z i zHkko ugh a gk srk gSA dyk vuqHko dh izoh.krk vk Sj vUr% iz sj.kk ij

vk/kkfjr gSA

dqN va’k rd dykRed ;ksX;rk uSlfxZd gksrh gS] vkSj dqN va’k rd ;g dykRed ;ksX;rk

lh[kh vkSj vftZr dh tkrh gSA dHkh&dHkh ,slk Hkh gksrk gS fd ;g ;ksX;rk iSnk Hkh dh

tkrh gSA dyk dh mRifŸk ekuo dh lkSan;Z&Hkkouk dk ifjpk;d gSA bl lkSan;Z Hkkouk dh

r`fIr ds fy, vkSj ekufld fodkl gsrq dykvksa dk mn; gqvk FkkA dyk ds fodkl o

O;okgkfjd dyk ds mRFkku gsrq dfed] vfojy iz;kl fd;s tk jgs gSaA vkt dbZ n’kdksa ls

dyk dk Lo:Ik vusd :iksa eas izLQqfVr gksrk tk jgk gSA ftl dkj.k og i`Foh dk Js"B

64

tho cu x;k gSA vko’;drk vfo"dkj dh tuuh gS ftlesa dyk dh Hkkxhnkjh vuojr gSA

dyk dk cnyrk ifjizs{; gj bUlku ds thou ls vkRelkr gksrk tk jgk gSA ;fn fdlh

O;fDr dks Mªkbax] fp=dyk] ewfrZdyk] u`R; vkfn dk ’kkSd ugha gS rks og u rks dyk dh

iz’kalk gh dj ldrk gS vkSj u gh dyk leh{kd gks ldrk gSA dkykUrj esa *dyk^

vfHkO;fDr] euksjatu] O;olk; ;k ’kkSd ds ek/;e ds :Ik eas fodflr gqvk Fkk tks vkt

vfuok;Z lk/ku cu pqdk gSA izkjEHk esa dyk vius lans’k ;k vfHkO;fDr izdV djus dk

lk/ku FkkA f’kYidyk fHkfŸk&fp=ksa dks pV~Vkuksa ij mRdh.kZ dj rFkk eqnzkvksa o vfHkys[kksa ds

dyk }kjk lEizsf"kr djus ds lk/ku cuk, x, Fks] ftuessa /kkfeZd Hkkouka, izeq[k FkhA ckn essa

izse izlax vkSj vU; lkgfld ?kVukvksa ls lacaf/kr izlaxksa dks dyk }kjk izpkj gsrq fo"k;

cuk;k x;kA cgqr ls dykdkj bl ckr ij Bhd gh cy nsrs gSa fd dyk var% izsj.kk dh

vis{kk Je lk/; ¼lpsru iz;kl½ vf/kd gSA ysfdu cgq/kk ,slk gksrk fd lQy dykRed

d`fr izsj.kk vksj iz;Ru nksuksa dh vfUre ifj.kfr gSA vkS|kSfxd Økafr ds mn; ds lkFk dyk

us ubZ fn’kk esa dne j[kk rFkk yksd dyk ds iqu:RFkku ds lkFk&lkFk O;olk;hdj.k

laj{k.k ls vksr&izksr dyk ds izfr meax us dykvksa dks O;kolkf;d cuk fn;k gSA izkjEHk esa

feJ dh dyk vkSj lkfgR; ls irk pyrk gS fd dyk ds {ks=ksa esa mUgksaus vk’p;Ztud <ax

ls fodkl dj fy;k FkkA unh ds fdukjs dh lH;rkvksa us orZeku dyk ds fodkl dh uhao

j[k nh FkhA vkS|kSfxd Økafr vkSj vkS|kfxd fodkl us miHkksDrk laLd`fr ,oa dyk dks u;k

tUe fn;k rFkk vFkZO;oLFkk us blh fodkl ds QyLo:Ik ,d u;s ;qx esa izos’k fd;kA

dyk vkykspd v[kckjksa i=&if=dkvksa ;k rduhdh if=dkvksa ds fy, dykRed d`fr;ksa ds

xq.k nks"kksa ij vkykspukRed leh{kk,a fy[krs gSaA dyk laiknd dyk d`fr;ksa] dyk

izn’kZfu;ksa] vkfn dk lEiknu djrk gS ;k lEiknu ds fy, funsZ’k nsrk gSA dyk foØsrk

dykd`fr;ksa dh fcØh djrk gSA og pkgs dksbZ dyk nh?kkZ Lora= :Ik ls j[ks ;k pyk, ;k

deh’ku ij ;k osru ysdkj dke djsA os vkS|ksfxd QeksaZ dks vksj foKkiu ,tsfUl;ksa dks

LdSp vkSj ys&vkmV vkfn dh Hkh lIykbZ djrs gSaA og dykRed oLrqvksa ds ewY;kadu]

uhykedrkZ] iqu#)kjdrkZ ds :Ik esa Hkh fu;qDr fd, tkrs gSaA vkt dyk ;k foKku dk

lfEeJ.k ;qok oxZ dks vpfEHkr djrk tk jgk gSA foKkiu o fQYeksa esa ,fues’ku dk

fodflr :Ik lnSo vkdf"kZr djrk jgk gSA ;g dykRed ;ksX;rk o yfyr dyk ds

la;kstu dh ijkdk"Bk gh gSA foKkiu esa fur u;s dyk dk iz;ksx yksxksa esa dkSrqgy iSnk

djrk jgrk gS] oksMkQksu ds twtw ftls yksx ,fues’ku le>rs Fks og ,fues’ku u gksdj

eapdyk dk ,d izn’kZu FkkA 3Mh f=vk;keh dyk us Hkh vpfEHkr dj fn;k gS] 3Mh fizaVj

}kjk psgjk ;k oLrq dk f=vk;keh Nk;kfp= ysus ds ckn fizaVj ijr nj ijr vkd`fr cukrk

tkrk gS vkSj iwjk psgjk ;k oLrq rS;kj gks tkrh gSA vkus okys le; esa dyk ifjdYiuk dks

f=vk;keh dyk esa cnyus dks ek= dqN iyksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA Hkkjr ds dykdkj

65

;ksX;rk o la?k"kZ ds dkj.k viuk yksgk euok jgs gSa rHkh ,fues’ku cukus okyh fQYe

fuekZrk dEiuh Hkkjr dh vksj #[k dj jgh gSA ,fues’ku dyk gj vk;q oxZ dks vkdf"kZr

djrh gS] f}vk;keh o f=vk;keh nksukas dk viuk egRo gSA ,fues’ku laiw.kZ yfyr dyk dk

vn~Hkqr izn’kZu gS dyk ds lanHkZ esa bruk rks r; gS fd gekjs Hkfo"; ds fuekZ.k esa foKku

vkSj rduhd dh Hkwfedk vge gksrh tk jgh gSA gky gh esa ,d dykdkj us ,d vkd`fr

cukbZ ftls nwljh txg esa jkscksV us mlh le; gwcgw vkd`fr cuk nhA vkt lHkh ds tsc esa

lqij dEI;wVj gksuk vklku gks x;k gSA vkus okys le; esa Vh-oh- o dEI;wVj] lqxU/k dk Hkh

,glkl djk nsaxsA vn`’; foKkiu fcuk vkidh tkudkjh ds vkids efLr"d esa vafdr gks

tk;saxsA dyk ds cnyrs ifjizs{; esa gksyksxzQh vkids thou esa jksekap Hkj nsxk] vFkkZr

vkids lkeus vkidk ghjks] f=vk;keh vkd`fr esa gksxk ijUrq flQZ vkHkklh fp= gh gksxkA

oP;wZvy ;g ,d eglwl dh tkus okyh okLrfod tSlh dYiuk yksd dh lSj gksxhA bl

dyk euksjatu esa dEI;wVj }kjk rS;kj bl f=vk;keh okLrfodrk ds dYiuk yksd esa ?kqlus

ds fy, [kkl rjg ds pqEcdh; nLrkus iguus gks axs bl rduhd ls ;g lEHko gks

ldsxk fd n’kZd fdlh Hkh ?kVuk fo’ks"k es a vius dks mifLFkr eglwl dj ldsxkA

foKkiu o Vh-oh- es a dyk ds cnyrs ifjiz s{; es a d`f=e U;wt jhMj o mn~?kk s"kd

viuk LFkku cuk ys axsA vr% dyk dykRed ;ksX;rk fodkl ds jkg ij mUufr ds

f’k[kj ij ijLij c<rh tk;s axhA dyk ls euq"; ds vUrZp{kq [kqy tkrs gS a] tks

mls leLr rRoks a ds ewy dks le>us es a leFkZ cukrk gS rFkk mls ;FkkFk Z dk;ks a Z es a

izo`r djrk gSA fo|k ds leku dksbZ nwljk us= ugha gSA fo|k ges a eks{k fnykrh

gSA fo|k ls ges a ftl T;ksfr dh izkfIr gksrh gS] og la’k;ks a dk mPNsnu djrh gS

rFkk dyk fo|k thou ds okLrfod egRo dks jpukRedrk }kjk le>us es a ;ksX;

cukrh gSA fp=dyk] ewfrZdyk tSlh yfyr dykvks a ds izfriknd gS a vkSj mu

dykdkjks a dks mles a ’kkfey fd;k tkrk gS tks ;kaf=d lk/kuks a ds mi;ksx ls viuh

d`fr;ks a dh jpuk djrs gS aA blds vUrxZr mu dykdkjks a dks Hkh ’kkfey fd;k

tkrk gS tks dykd`fr dh jpuk djus ds fy, viuh bPNkuqlkj fdlh lk/ku dk

mi;ksx djrs gS aA  

66

iadt fc"V ds miU;klksa esa vfHkO;Dr dyk] lkfgR; o jktuhfr ds lUnHkZ

Jherh vferk izdk’k]

jktdh; ckfydk b.Vj dkyst]

}kjkgkV ¼vYekssM+k½

mRrjk[k.M dh jRuxHkkZ /kjrh ij le;&le; ij izdV gksus okys jRuksa us vius

vkyksd ls leLr Hkkjr Hkwfe dks vkyksfdr fd;k gSA mRRkjk[k.M ds vYeksM+k ftys

ds oYyk u;k iV~Vh ds xzke ukSxkWao ls lEcU/k j[kus okys iadt fc"V dk ledkyhu

dFkk lkfgR; esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA i=dkfjrk ls tqM+s iadt fc"V viuksa fucU/kksa

vkys[kksa ,oa lEiknu ls gh fgUnh lkfgR; txr esa Lej.kh; ugha gS oju~ mudk

dFkk lkfgR; ftlesa 3 miU;kl rFkk ,d ntZu ls vf/kd dFkk laxzg lfEEkfyr gaS]

fgUnh lkfgR;kdk’k ds nSnhI;eku u{k= gaSA

iadt fc"V ds dFkk lkfgR; esa ledkyhu lekt ds lHkh ljksdkjksa dks ns[kk tk

ldrk gSA og vLlh ds n’kd ls lkfgR;&l`tu esa izo`Rr gSaA blhfy, rc ls ysdj

vkt rd lekt ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa gks jgs ifjorZu] mudh fn’kk vkSj n’kk lHkh

muds lkfgR; esa ifjyf{kr gksrs gSaA oLRkqr% mudh euh’kk us lekt ds gj igyw dks

vius lkfgR; esa izLrqr djus dh dksf’k’k dh gSA **og cgqr gh ltx vkSj izfrc)

dFkkdkj gSaA tc rd dF; fHkUu u gks ;k izLRkqrhdj.k dh fof/k mls fHkUu u Bgjk

ns] vkSj lans’k viuh l?kurk esa cgqvk;keh u cu tk;s og “kk;n gh fy[kus cSBrsa

gksaA **1 f{kfrt ’kekZ dk ;g oDrO; iadt fc"V ds jpukdeZ ds mn~n’;ksa dks

js[kkafdr djrk gSA oLrqr% fdLlkxksbZ iadt fc"V ds jpukdeZ dk mn~ns’; ugha gS]

cfYd lekt dks mldh lexzrk esa O;Dr djuk vkSj mu ij fopkj dj lekt

dks ,d fn’kk fn[kkuk muds dFkk lkfgR; dk y{; gSA bl dFku dh iqf"V djrk

gS iadt fc"V dk izFke miU;kl *ysfdu njoktk* tks lu~ 1982 esa izdkf’kr gqvk

FkkA*ysfdunjoktk* okLRko esa nks ;qodksa dh egRodka{kkvksa bPNkvksa ,oa lQyrkvksa &

vlQyrkvksa dh dgkuh ek= ugha gS] cfYd orZeku le; esa dyk lkfgR;

jktuhfr ,oa laLÑfr ds ewy ljksdkjksa vkSj ladVksa dh xkFkk gSA iadt fc"V dk ;g

miU;kl lekt] dyk] laxhr] jktuhfr vkSj /keZ lcdh cf[k;k m/ksM+rk gSA lkfgR;

vkSj lkfgR;dkjksa dh orZeku n;uh; fLFkfr gks ;k dyk jktuhfr esa vk jgh fonwzirk

gks] ys[kd us cM+h gh iSuh vkSj lw{Ek n`f"V ls lcdk foospu fd;k gS lkfgR; dh

67

ledkyhu n’kk ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, r:.k dgrk gS &**u tkus D;k gks x;k gS

lkfgR; dks !------*fefM;kdj* vkSj *fixeht* dk nkSj gSA ,d nwljs dks dkVus ds

vykok dqN ugha gksrkA**2 fgUnh lkfgR; ij bl izdkj dh vusdksa fVIif.k;ka iwjs

miU;kl esa js[kkfdar dh tk ldrh gSaA

oLrqr% ledkyhu fgUnh lkfgR; &txr esa ^okn^ dk LFkku *xqV* us ys fy;k gS] vkSj ;g xqVckth lkfgR; dh gj fo/kk esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA vkt dk ys[kd flQZ ys[kd ugha gS] blds vfrfjDr cgqr dqN gSA cgqr de ys[kd gSa tks viuh l`tu ’khyrk ;k vius varLFk esa gy&py epk jgh Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr ds fy;s ys[ku dh vksj izo`Rr gksrs gSa] vf/kdrk mu ys[kdksa dh gS ftUgksus ys[ku dks O;olk; cuk fy;k gS] vkSj ;g LokHkkfod gS fd ftl Hkh oLrq ;k Hkko ls O;fDr dk ykHk tqM+ tkrk gS mldks og dchj dh Hkk¡fr fujis{krk ;k rVLFkrk ds lkFk vatke ugha ns ldrk gSA lkfgR; o lkfgR;dkjksa dh okLrfodrk dks mn~?kkfVr djrs gq, uhykEcj dgrk gS & **;gk¡ yksx vius ckjs esa vius vki ys[k fy[krs gaS] vkSj nksLrksa o psyksa ds uke ls NiokRks gSA**

3 oLrqr% ;g dVq&lR; gh orZeku lkfgR; dh

gdhdr gSA ys[ku ds vfrfjDr bl rjg dh lksnsckth ys[kd djus yxs gSaA ftl lkfgR; dk mn~ns’; lekt dks tkx`r djuk ;k mls ewY; nsuk gS og iFkHkz"V gks x;k gSA ;fn uhykEcj ds ’kCnksa esa dgk tk; rks *^ys[kd jktuSfrd lUnHkksZa vkSj ljyhd`r lS)kfUrd ?kks"k.kkvksa dk bLrseky cM+h ek=k esa ikBd ik ysus ds fy, dj jgs gSa] viuh dykRed izfrHkk dh deh dks Nqikus ds fy, jktuSfrd lSUls’kufyTe dk lgkjk ys jgsa gSaA**

4 ,axYl dh mfDr vkt ds lkfgR; o lkfgR;dkjksa ij iw.kZr%

lVhd gSA jktuhfrd gh ugha gj ?kVuk dks lsUls’ku ds :i esa izLRkqr djrk vkt dk ys[kd lQy vkSj lcls T;knk i<+k tkuk okyk ys[kd cuuk pkgrk gSA lekt dh ekufldrk ;k ikBdksa dk Lrj Hkh bl lcds fy, ftEesnkj gSA uhykEcj ds “kCnksa esa&**fgUnh dk vf/kdka’k ikBd igyh tsujs’ku dk f’kf{kr gSA mldh dksbZ lkfgfR;d ijEijk ugha gSA*

*5 ^ysfdu njoktk^ esa iadt fc"V us lkfgR; dh orZeku

n’kk ij gh fopkj ugha fd;k gS] mldh fn’kk dks fu/kkZfjr djus dk Hkh iz;kl fd;k gS vkSj ;gh iadt fc"V ds ys[ku dh fo’ks"krk Hkh gS fd og leL;kvksa dks ek= mn?kkfVr gh ugha djrs cfYd muds fujkdj.k ds fy, lq>ko nsus dk Hkh iz;kl djrs gaSA *ysfdu njoktk* esa ,sls vusdksa mnkgj.k ns[kus dks feyrs gSa] tgk¡ mUgksaus fgUnh lkfgR; esa vk jgh fxjkoV dks jksdus ds fy, vusd mik; vius ik=ksa ds ek/;e ls nsus dh dksf’k’k dh gSA

lkfgR; dh n;uh; fLFkfr ds fy, ikBdksa ds Lrj dks Hkh ftEesnkj ekurs gq, uhykEcj Lohdkj djrk gS fd **fgUnh ds gj ys[kd dks nksgjh Hkwfedk fuckguh gS&lkfgR; jpuk ds lkFk&lkFk ikBd ds ekufld Lrj dks mBkus dhA**

6 ys[kd]

mlds ek/;e~ ls ys[kd lekt dks lans’k nsrs gq, fy[krs gSa& **eS ekurk gw¡ fd gj ltx ys[kd dh igyh ftEesnkjh vkSj izfrc)rk ml lekt ds izfr gS ftldh og lh/kh mit gSA ;gh ugh laHkor% ;fn bZekunkjh ls dksbZ ys[kd dqN fy[kuk pkgrk gS] rks vius lekt ds vyok vkSj fdlh ds ckjs esa dqN fy[k gh ugha ldrkA**

7

68

i=dkfjrk vkSj i=&if=dkvksa dh vksj leku n`f’V Mkyrs gq, *ysfdu njoktk* esa gh ys[kd us orZeku i=&if=dkvksa esa Nius okys ys[kksa dks **vaxzsth v[kckjksa dh twBu dgus esa drbZ ladksp ugha fd;k gSA uhykEcj us i=dkfjrk dk dPpk fpV~Bk [kksyrs gq, dgk gS&**vly esa fgUnh i=dkfjrk mu yksxks ls Hkjh iM+h gS ftUgsa dgh jkstxkj ugha fey ik;k cfYd---- tks dqN djus yk;d gh ugha gaSA**

8 ys[kd dk

lkfgR; ds izfr ;g fpURku] lkfgR; dk ;g ewY;kadu muds }kjk ns[kk&Hkyk dVq lR; gS] tks ys[kd dks dpksVrk gS vkSj ftls og cnyuk pkgrs gaSA lEHkor% ;gh otg gS fd uhykEcj ik.Ms tSls vusdksa ys[kdksa ds e/; mUgksaus enueksgu tSls ys[kd dk ftØ fd;k gS] tks lkfgR; txr dh bl fonzwirk ls izfrjks/k djrk gSA Hkys gh ;gh izfrjks/k mldh tku ys ysrk gSA lkfgR; txr esa cgqla[;d :Ik ls Hkys gh lksnsckt lkfgR;dkj gh gSa] fdURkq enueksgu tSls ys[kd Hkh fey tkrs gSa ftuds vuqlkj &**ys[kd lekt ls vkxs pyrk gSA flQZ mls fjQySDV ugha djrk cnyus dk Hkh ne j[krk gSA ys[kd ck:n gS] ce gS] tks ewY;ghurk ds fdys mM+k nsrk gSA**

9 iadt fc"V ds ys[ku esa ledkyhu lkfgR; txr esa vkbZ ewY;ghurk dh

izo`fRr ds izfr jks’k Li"V :Ik ls eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkfgR; vkSj ys[kdksa ds jktuhfrdj.k ij og lkjs lkfgR; txr dh f[kYyh mM+krs gSaA iqjLdkj ds ihNs Hkkxrs ys[kd gksa ;k lkfgR; ds uke ij oYxSfjVh ijkslrs ys[kd] dksbZ Hkh muds O;ax&ck.kksa ls ugha cp ik, gSaA vius miU;klksa esa lkfgR; vkSj ys[kd nksuksa dks mUgksaus lekt ds fn’kk funsZ’kd ds :Ik esa Lohdkj fd;k gS] fdUrq tgk¡ dgha mUgsa ;s nksuksa vius iFk ls fopfyr gksrs fn[kkbZ fn, ogha ys[kd us mUgsa jkLrk fn[kkus esa Hkh ladksp ugha fd;k gSA

lkfgR; dh Hkk¡fr *dyk* esa iadt fc"V dh #fp mUgsa bl fo"k; dks ckj&ckj mBkus ds fy, foo’k djrh gSA tgk¡ ,d vksj lkfgR; mudk O;olk; mudh vknr gS] ogha nwljh vksj dyk mudk ’kkSd gSA laxhr ds lkFk&lkFk fp=dyk ds izfr mudk #>ku vusd’k% muds ys[ku esa >Ykdrk gSA dyk ds {ks= esa mudh n[ky mudh v/;;ufiz;rk dk urhtk dgh tk ldrh gSA *ysfdu njoktk* rFkk *ia[kokyh uko* nksuksa gh miU;klksa esa ys[kd us fp=dyk dh vusdksa ckjhfd;ksa ls ikBdksa dks #Ck: djk;k gSA O;olkf;d dyk vkSj fo’kq) dyk dk tks ’kksj&’kjkck vkt lqukbZ nsrk gS mldks nj fdukj djrs gq, mUgksusa dyk ds lHkh :iksa dks vius ys[ku esa txg nh gSA ^ia[kokyh uko^ esa mUgksusa ’kfeZ"Bk ds ek/;e~ ls O;olkf;d vkSj fo’kq) dyk ds chp dh fHkUUkrk dks udkjrs gq, fy[kk gS& **ns;j bt uks xzsV fMQjsal fcVohu def’kZ;y vkVZ ,.M Qkbu vkVZA csfldyh nksuks ,d gSaA ckjgksy us rks def’kZ;y vkVZ dks Qkbu vkVZ esa cnyk gSA**

10 *ysfdu njoktk* esa *esjh ilan* ’kh"kZd ds

vURkxZr ys[kd us lsstka ls ysdj fidklksa czkWd gsujh ekfrl] vkaUnzs njsu] eksnfXy;kuh rFkk ve``rk ’ksjfxy rd ds ckjs esa viuh csckd jk; nh gSA ve`rk ’ksjfxy dks viuh fiz; Hkkjrh; fp=dkj Lohdkj djrs gq, nsosu muds fp=ksa dh fo’ks"krk crkrk gS fd &**mlds pfj=ksa dh mnklh vkSj Bgjko eq>s ck¡/k ysrs gaS] fo’ks"k dj mlds efgyk pfj=A**

11 ve`rk ds vfrfjDr vU; fons’kh dykdkjksa dh

fo’ks"krkvksa rFkk dfe;ksa dk Hkh fo’kn o.kZu ys[kd us bl Hkkx esa rFkk txg&txg

69

fd;k gS] fdUrq ys[kd dk dyk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k foospukRed ;k vkykspukRed u gksdj ek= mYys[k djus rd gSA

blh rjg laxhr dks Hkh ys[kd us vius nksuksa miU;klksa esa foospu dk fo"k; cuk;k gSA iadt fc"V laxhr esa vR;f/kd :fp j[krs gSaA #fp O;fDr ds O;fDrRo dk og izfrfcEc gS ftlesa O;fDr dh Li"V Nki feyrh gSA #fp;ksa ds ckjs esa iwNus ij iadt th ljy <ax ls dgrs gS& esjh #fp;k¡ ogh gSa] tks ,d lkfgR; izseh dh gks ldrh gSa& **lkfgR;] laxhr ,oa jktuhfr**A iadt th lkfgR; ds xgu izseh gSa] mUgksus vaxzsth lkfgR;] fgUnh] laLÑr lHkh lkfgR;ksa dk xgurk ls v/;;u~ fd;k gSA laHkor% ;gh otg gS fd vius miU;klksa esa mUgksaus fp=dyk dh Hkk¡fr laxhr dk flQZ ftØ gh ugha fd;k gS cfYd mldh leh{kk Hkh dh gSA laxhr dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, og dgrs gSa&**esjs fnekx esa laxhr dh ,d ubZ ifjHkk"kk ?kwe jgh gSA laxhr og /ofu ;k /ofu;ksa dk iq¡t gS tks vkidks izQqfYyr dj nsrk gSA ;g /ofu ;k /ofu;k¡ ,d vFkZ fo’ks"k dks laizsf’kr djrs gaSA**

12 laxhr dks izQqYyrk ;k vkuUn dk

lzksr ekuus okys iadt fc"V us ledkyhu fQYeh laxhr ij vQlksl trkrs gq, uhykEcj ds eq[k ls dgyk;k gS&**fgUnqLrkuh laxhr tM+ gks x;k gSA vly esa ijEijk ls gekjs vlarqfyr vkSj foosdghu yxko us gekjh dyk o laLd`fr dks gh izk.kghu vkSj vlkef;d cuk fn;k gSA--- lkjs yksd laxhr dk rkuk&ckuk VwV jgk gSA mldh ekndrk] LoPNUnrk vkSj LOkLFk dkeqdrk dk LFkku fQYeh laxhr dh foÑfr vkSj dq.Bk ysrh tk jgh gSA ;g fodkl ugha gSA ,d vif’k"V lkaLÑfrd ?kkyesy dk rk.Mo gSA**

13 uhykacj dh ;g mfDr laxhr ds {ks= esa c<+rh

udy dh izo`fRRk rFkk ik’pkR; laxhr ds izfr ;qokvksa esa c<+Rks izpyu dks js[kkfdar djrh gSA vkt dk ;qok oxZ ;k tuekul u Hkkjrh; ’kkL=h; laxhr dh le> j[krk gS vkSj u fgUnqLrkuh yksd laxhr dhA vLrq iadt fc"V us dyk dh HkkWfr gh laxhr dk mYys[k viuh jpukvksa esa izlaxo’k gh fd;k gS] mldk foospu mudk mn~ns’; ugha gSA

 jktuhfr og rhljk Nksj gS] ftlls iadt fc"V Lo;a dks tqM+k ikrs gSaA vxj dgk tk; fd jktuhfr mudk rhljk ’kkSd ;k #fp gS rks vfr’;ksfDr ugha gksxhA jktuhfr ls mudk rkRi;Z gS&*fopkjks dk [kqyk leFkZu] mudh j{kk vkSj mu fopkjksa ds izlkj gsrq iz;klA^ jktuhfr esa mudh :fp dk gh ifj.kke gS fd mUgksusa xYi ys[ku dks de dj i=dkfjrk dks vius thou dk vge~ vax cuk fy;k gSA iadt fc"V th us vius ckY;dky ,oa fd’kksjkoLFkk esa jktuSfrd mFky&iqFky dks ns[kkA jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjkvksa dks cnyrs] lqn`<+ gksrs vkSj lkFk gh muesa gksus okyh fxjkoV dks ns[kkA vktknh ds ckn ls vc rd jktuSfrd f{kfrt ij dbZ O;fDrRoksa dk vfHkHkkZo vkSj vLrxeu gqvk gSA Hkkjr lektoknh xqVfujis{krk ,oa mnkjoknh] iw¡thoknh O;oLFkkvksa ds nkSj ls fHkUu&fHkUu pj.kkssa esa xqtjk gSA dbZ fons’kh ;q) ,oa vkUrfjd la?k’kksaZ ls jk"Vª xqtjkA vkt ds jktuhfrd ifjn`’; esa tg¡Wak vkradokn ,d lcls cM+h pqukSrh gS] ogha lkEiznkf;d vkSj xSjlkEiznkf;d fopkj/kkjkvksa dk

70

Vdjko gS] tks okLro esa mFkyk gh gSA D;ksafd vkt dk usr`Ro fopkj/kkjk ;k fl)karksa dk izfrc) ugh jg x;k gSA og izfrc) gS vius LokFkksaZ ds izfrA tgkW¡ ykHk ;k LokFkZ flf) utj vk jgh gks mlh fn’kk ;k ny esa lfEefyr gksus esa fdlh Hkh usrk dks dksbZ ladksp ugha gSA vr% ;g dguk vR;qfDr ugha gksxk fd jktuSfrd :i esa ;g dky jktuSfrd ewY;ksa ds {kj.k dk gS vkSj bl {kj.k dks iadt th us vius ys[ku esa tksjnkj <ax ls mBk;k gSA fuBkjh dkaM ds lUnHkZ essa mudh ;g mfDr& **gekjh O;oLFkk bl gn rd lM+ x;h gS fd tks dkuwu O;oLFkk ds fy, ftEesnkj gaS ogh vk¡[ksa fn[kk jgs gSaA----- gj dksbZ mu tokcnsfg;kas ls cp jgk gS ftuds rgr og idM+ esa vk ldrk gSA >wB cksyus] Mhaxsa gk¡dus vkSj ik[k.M dk nkSj pje ij gSA lalnh; jktuhfr viuh fxjkoV ds fuÑ"Vre~ Lrj ij ig¡qp x;h gSA lRrk gfFk;kus ds fy, dksbZ Hkh dqN Hkh djus dks rS;kj gSA**

14 orZeku jktuhfr dk ;FkkrF; fp=.k

djrh gSA *f[kM+dh* dgkuh esa ys[kd us ftl izdkj ea=h] lfpo dk fp=.k fd;k og okLro esa vkt dh jktuhfr dk f?kukSuk fdUrq lgh fp= gSA

jktuSfrd :i ls dE;qfu’V fopkj/kkjk ds iks’kd iadt fc"V us jktuhfr esa vkbZ fxjkoV dks dgha Li"V :i ls rks dgha dVk{k ds ek/;e ls vius lkfgR; esa LFkku fn;k gSA dE;qfuLV ;k okeiaFk ds fl)kUrksa ^lekurk] Hkzkr`Ro ,oa LorU=rk^ ds iks’kd iadt fc"V Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikfVZ;ksa ,oa muds usr`Ro esa vk;s pkfjf=d iru dks csokdh ls j[krs gSaA

iadt fc"V okeiaFkh fopkj/kkjk ds iks’kd gSaA ^ysfdu njoktk^ esa mUgksaus nsosUnz ds eq¡g ls Lohdkj djok;k gS&**eSa b/kj yxkrkj oke ls okerj gksrk tk jgk FkkA** fdarq okeiaFkh jktuhfr ij Hkh mUgksuass [kqysvke izgkj fd;k gS mUgksusa lEiw.kZ Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dk :i bu ’kCnksa esa fn[kk;k gS&**iwjh Hkkjhr; jktuhfr dh fu;fr futh LOkkFkksZa ij fu/kkZfjr gksrs jguk gSA**

15og vkt ds yksdra= ij rh{.k dVk{k djrs gq,

uhykEcj ls dgykrs gS&** rFkk dfFkr yksd rkfU=d O;oLFkk dks Lohdkj djus okyh ikfVZ;ksa ls ØkfURk dh vk’kk djuk gFksyh ij ljlksa mxkuk gSA**

16 okeiaFkh

vlQyrk vkSj mlds dkj.kksa dks Hkh mUgkssus js[kkfdar fd;k gS&**bu yksxksa dk ØkfUr ls rks jgk nwj turk ls Hkh vkt dksb ukrk ugha jgk gSA vly esa ;s ikfVZ;k¡ vius&vkiesa *,LVSfCy’keSaV cu xbZ gSa] tks *vij Dykl* ds ’kksgnkssa dk jktuhfr ’kkSd iwjk djrh gaSA

17 Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dk tks psgjk uCcs ds n’kd esa

iadt fc"V us ns[kk vkSj ftldk o.kZu vius lkfgR; esa fd;k mldh fLFkfr vkt rcls csgRRkj ugha gS] cfYd cnRrj gh gqbZ gSA ,d ltx rFkk izfrc) ys[kd gksus ds ukrs ys[kd us mUgsa vius lkfgR; esa] fof’k"Vr% vius dFkk lkfgR; esa js[kkfdar fd;k gSA

71

iadt fc"V ledkyhu dFkk lkfgR; ds l’kDr gLrk{kj gSa] og mRrjk[k.M dh mu dqN fxuh pquh izfrHkkvksa esaa ls gSa ftUgkasus vius ne ij fgUnh lkfgR; esa ,d fo’ks"k LFkku cuk;k gSA vk/kqfud fgUnh dFkk lkfgR; esaa vius ifjos’k ls izfrc)rk j[kus okys jpukdkjksa esaa iadt fc"V dk uke vxz.kh iafDr esaa gSA mUgkasus fgUnh dFkk lkfgR; dks vkMEcj] fdLlkxksbZ ,oa lrgh Hkkoqdrk ls vyx dj ,d oSpkfjd Lrj iznku fd;k ,oa mlls vkfRed laokn LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA dF; dh uohurk] fofo/krk ,oa ’kSyh dk u;kiu] mudh vk/kqfud lksp ,oa le> dk gh ifj.kke gSA iadt fc"V vk/kqfud Hkko cks/k ds lQy jpukdkj gSaA vk/kqfud dk lh/kk lk rkRi;Z gS orZekuA vk/kqfud cks/k orZeku cks/k dk gh i;kZ; gS] fdUrq bl orZeku cks/k esaa ijEijk vFkkZr~ bfrgkl cks/k gh vkt vkSj dy ds vUrj dks Li"V djrk gSA thou vkSj lekt esaa rFkk thou ewY;ksa esaa gks jgs ifjorZu dks ge rHkh tku ;k le> ldrs gaS] tc gesaa muds izkjfEHkd :i dk Kku gksxkA mUgksus vius miU;klksa esa vk/kqfud lekt dh lHkh vPNh &cqjh fLFkfr;ksa dks osckdh ls lkeus j[kk gSA

iadt fc"V us ys[kdh; dRrZO; dks nks :iksa esa ck¡Vk gS] **igyk] ,d O;fDr ,d lkekftd izk.kh ds rkSj ij mldh tks Hkwfedk gS] mls og fdruk fuHkk jgk gS----nwljk ,d ys[kd ;kuh ,d *fotujh* ds :i esa mlds lkeus iz’u ;g jgrk gS fd vius lekt dks csgrj cukus ds fy, mls Bgjko vkSj ;FkkfLFkfrokn ls fdl rjg fudkyk tk;A----blh Vdjko dh i`"BHkwfe esa ys[kd dks viuh Hkwfedk ryk’kuh gksrh gS ;g dguk xyr ugha gksxk fd blls mits ruko dh ftruh xgu vfHkO;fDr ftl jpuk esa gksxh og mruh gh Js’B gksxhA**

18 ys[kdh; dRrZO; ds izfr iadt

fc"V dh blh rkfdZd vkSj lkekftd lksp dk utfj;k gS fd mUgksaus vius dF; ds fy, ogh fo"k; pqus tks muds eu dks lUrq"V dj ik;s ;k tks mUgsa lkekftd fgr esa yxsA ikBdksa] lEekuksa] inksa ds fy, mudk ys[ku ugha jgk] ;gh otg gS fd muds dFkk lkfgR; esa dksbZ Hkh okn ;k fl)kUr vkxzg ds :Ik esa ugha vk;k gS cfYd lkekftd ljksdkjksa ds :Ik esa gh fpf=r gqvk gSA xjhcksa] 'kksf"krksa ,oa vkSjrksa ds izfr mudh lgkuqHkqfr ds Loj dks Hkys gh tuoknh ;k okeiaFkh ds :i esa fy;k tkrk jgs ij mudk ewy ljksdkj lekt dk ;FkkfLFkfr fp=.k vkSj mlds Hkfo"; dk fotu izLrqr djuk gh gSA lkfgR; muds O;olk; ds lkFk gh vknr esa gS] tcfd dyk laxhr rFkk jktuhfr mudh #fp gaSA LokHkkfod gS fd mUgksaus bu fo"k;ksa dks ckj&ckj ;FkkLFkku vius ys[ku eas txg nsrs gq, buds cgkus lekt dks niZ.k fn[kkus dh dksf’k’k dh gSA vius fopkjksa dks fcuk fdlh ykx&YkisV izLrqr fd;k gSA muds tSlk Li"Voknh vkSj ewY;ksa dks ekU;rk nsus okyk ys[kd gh ;g dj ldrk gSA ;gh otg gS fd dFkkdkjksa ds foLr`r lalkj esa mudk viuk vyx LFkku gSA

   

72

lUnHkZ & 

1- f{kfrt ’kekZ] fu;eksa ds ihNs dh d#.kk] ltZuk ds lkB o"kZ] jktdey izdk’ku] 2006] i`"B&20A

2- iadt fc"V] *ysfdu njoktk*] i`"B &78A 3- iadt fc"V] *ysfdu njoktk*] i`"B &65A 4- iadt fc"V *ysfdu njoktk*] i`"B &75A 5- iadt fc"V] *ysfdu njoktk*] i`"B &109A 6- iadt fc"V] *ysfdu njoktk*] i`"B &109A 7- iadt fc"V] *ysfdu njoktk*] i`"B& 109A 8- iadt fc"V] *ysfdu njoktk*] i`"B &274A 9- iadt fc"V] *ysfdu njoktk*] i`"B &276A 10- iadt fc"V] *ia[kokyh uko*] i`"B & 66A 11- iadt fc"V] *ysfdu njoktk*] i`"B &257A 12- iadt fc"V] *ysfdu njoktk*] i`"B &172A 13- iadt fc"V] *ysfdu njoktk*] i`"B &174A 14- iadt fc"V] 2008] dqN loky dqN tcko] [kqjkuk ifCyf’kax gkml] i`"B

&44A 15- iadt fc"V] *ysfdu njoktk*] i`"B &160A 16- iadt fc"V] *ysfdu njoktk*] i`"B &162A 17- iadt fc"V] *ysfdu njoktk*] i`"B &161A 18- iadt fc"V] ’kCnksa ds ?kj] lkef;d izdk’ku] i`"B &41A

73

Art and Social Science

74

fp=dyk esa J`axkfjd izse dk vUrZlEcU/k

Lkatho dqekj

izoDrk]

jktdh; dyk egkfo|ky;]

p.Mhx<-

dyk dk bfrgkl cgqr izkphu gSA izkxSfRkgkfld dky ls vc rd dykdkj u, u, :i esa

dyk dk l`tu djrk vk jgk gS] dgrs gSa] fd dyk fdlh Hkh lekt dh igpku cukrh

gSA fdlh Hkh jk"Vª ;k izns'k dh lH;rk dks tkuus ds fy, ogka dh dyk dks tkuuk gksxk]

ge dg ldrs gS fd dyk gh ml lekt dh laLd`fr dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA

ge yfyr dyk dks nks :i esa foHkkftr djrs gSA

yfyr dyk

n`f"Vxkspj dyk

            (Visual Art) izn'kZuh; dyk

          (Performing Art)  fp=dyk] ewfrZdyk

laxhr u`R; ukVd

tSlk fd ge lHkh tkurs gS] fd pkgs yfyr dyk,a fdlh Hkh :i esa gks fcuk jlkas ds izHkko

ds vfHkO;fDr esa lQy ugha gks ldrhA ,d rjQ tc laxhr u`R; ,oa ukVdks esa bu jlksa

dk (Ük`axkj] gkL;] d:.k] jkSnz] ohj] Hk;kud] foHkRl] vnHkqr] vkSj 'kkar) Hkjiwj iz;ksx ns[kus esa vkrk gS] ogh n`'; ek/;e esa Hkh bu jlks dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA blds Toyar mnkgj.k

izkxSfrgkfld dky ls ledkyhu dyk rd tgka rgka miyC/k gS] ;gkaW ij dsoy Ükaxkj jl

ls lEcfU/kr ewfrZdyk ,oa fp=zdyk ds i{k ij gh ckr djsxs tks lh/ks izse ls tqMk gSa] ;gka

rd fd fgUnw /keZ ds vusd nsoh nsorkvkas ds ewfrZf'kYiks esa J`axkj jl ij vk/kkfjr vusd

fp= ,ao ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k fo'o izfl) dykdkjksa us fd;k izkphu dky ls ysdj

ledkyhu le; esa blds Toyra mnkgj.k ns[kus dks feyrs gSA

tc vkneh dk tUe gqvk vkSj tSls&tSls mldk fodkl gqvk mlh ds lkFk lkFk dyk dk

Hkh fodkl gqvk FkkA ge dg dg ldrs gS] fd dyk ds fodkl ls ge ekuo ds fodkl ds

ckjs esa Hkh tku ldrs gSA lekt ds cnyko ds lkFk lkFk dyk esa Hkh cnyko vk,A

cnyko ds ckotwn izse bPNk gekjs o lkoZtfud thou dk eq[; rÙo gSS] ,oa ;g gekjs

75

laLdkj ds gj Hkkx esa ?kqlk gqvk gSA tSls pyfp=] Vsyhfotu] NikbZ foKkiu] laxhrA ;g

vukisf{kr gS] fd ge dSls viuh dkesPNk dks crk,a vkSj ;g Hkh vukisf{kr gS] fd gekjh

viuh fopkj /kkjk esa Hkh fHkUurk gSA fdl izdkj dh dkesPNk,a loZekU; gSaA dke dks n'kkZuk

gesa Qqlykrk gS] ,oaaa dke dh rkdr dks la;ksx ls dHkh yydkjk ugha x;kA tc Hkh dHkh

dyk esa dkekd`fr;k¡ fn[kkbZ xbZ os gesa vkeus&lkeus ykrh gS] isze o dkesPNk dh

xqnxqnkgV vkSj 'kkjhfjd vkd"kZ.k ;gk¡ rd dh nwljksa dh bPNk ftldks ge izfr?kkrh ikrs

gSa] ;g gekjh Lo;a ;k lcdh ijh{kk gS] fd D;k vkuUne;h gS \ ijUrq ;g Hkh dh D;k lgh

o lH; gS \

“dkeqd dks vaxszth 'kCnkoyh esa bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tks isze dk tks'k gS] ftldk

lEcU/k izse dks 'kkL=kFkZ djuk gS] rFkk dksrhul 'kCnkoyh esa bldk lEcU/k dkesPNk dks

txkuk vkSj dkekuUn nsukA tcfd bldk mn~xe xzhd 'kCn ls vk;k] ftldk vFkZ

dkesPNk vkSj rhoz isze] tks thou dks vius vki <dsyrk gSA xzhd jk"V~ dh dkeqd

vfHkO;fDr dh Js.kh dks ?ksjs gq, ,oa bPNk dh lksp dk dyk vkSj lkfgR; esa izn'kZu]

dkeqd fØ;k ds bl fopkj dks Lo;a crkrk gSa] vkSj tksj nsrk gSa] tks mldh izo`fr] thou

esa tks'k dks Hkj lds dke flQZ mRifÙk ds fy, ugha oju~ vkuUn dh mRifÙk] egÙoiw.kZrk

ds lkFk mldks e`rd ds myV vfHkO;Dr djuk gSa] tks viuh ilan ds vkn'kZ ds #i esa

tkuh tkrh gS] vkSj lekt dh uhfr;ksa ds fu;eksa ls cU/ku eqDr gS”A

“IysVks ds Symposium  love dks tks ^^izHkko'kkyh o diVh** gS] dks bl izdkj crk;k gSa]

ftlesa gj izdkj dh bPNk] vPNh phtks+ vkSj [kq'kh dh tkudkjh gh lc dqN gS] 'kjhj ds

ekaly Hkkx dk vkuUn] bPNk o fouksn gS] rFkk dkeqdrk ifo=rk ds fy, ,d ck/kk gSA

ftldk lEcU/k /ku dekus ls] dljr vkSj n'kZu ls gSA mudks iszeh vFkok vuqjkxh ugha

dg ldrsA IysVks dky esa eq[; vkdka{kk 'kjhj ds ekaly Hkkx ds izfr u gksdj Kku ds

fy, FkhA” vaxzst nk'kZfud “MsfoM g;we (1711&76) us ^^euq"; dk fucU/k**esa cgl dh gS]

n'kZu ds ns[kus ds rjhds ij lkekU; thou esa euq"; ln~pfj= gksrk gS] tc rd og vius

vkidks vkKk iwoZ le>rk gSA ;gk¡ os ;g fl) djus dk iz;kl djrs gS] fd og tks'k gks]

u fd dkj.k tks gesa mRlkfgr djrk gSA g;we ds vuqlkj bfUnz;ksa ls xzg.k djuk T;knk

[krjukd gS] tc fd mÙkstuk dks mlds Li"V izHkko ds fy, tkuuk pkfg, tks euq"; ds

O;ogkj o fØ;kvksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA mUgksusa L=h lEHkksx dh rhoz bPNk dks ln~pfj=

#i esa ns[kkA lheu Cysdo.kZ us rdZ fn;k fd g;we dk ^^dkj.k** ftlesa dkj.k o mÙkstuk

ds fcuk dksbZ fojks/k ugha FkkA D;ksafd dkj.k mÙkstuk ds v/khu gSa] vkSj mÙkstuk dks g;we

us ln~pfj= crk;k gSA g;we ds gh ledkyhu dkUr us uhfr'kkL= ij cgqr n<+rk ls

fy[kkA

^^eSFkqu izse] isze djus okys euq"; dks ,d oLrq dh vfHkyk"kk cukrk gS] vkSj tSls gh og

vfHkyk"kk 'kkUr gks tkrh gS] rc euq"; dk #>ku ,d pwls gq, uhEcw dh rjg tks lw[k x;k

76

gS] gks tkrk gSA ;g euq"; ds O;ogkj ds guu dh vksj ys tkrk gSA blh fy, ge yfTtr

gksrs gSa] eSFkqu mÙkstuk ls vkSj D;ksa euq"; uhfr fo|k ls Ny djrs gS] mudk lEeku ,d

/kCcs ds #i esa gksrk gS] /kCcs dks <w¡<uk pkfg, vkSj bldks tM+ ls uk'k djuk pkfg,A

 “dkUr ds le; izpfyr n'kZu us u flQZ dkeksÙkstuk vkSj bUnzh; Hkkoksa dks lkSUn;Z vkuUn

ls udkjk oju~ dkeqdrk vFkok dkeksÙkstuk dks lekt ds fy, ,d psrkouh crk;k D;ksafd

dkeqdrk dk lEcU/k Hkkoksa ls gS] blfy, blesa fnekx o vkRek dks ijs'kku djus dh rkdr

gS] ftlds dkj.k iwjk Øe frrj&fcrj gks tkrk gSA” ;g la?k"kZ dkeqdrk vkSj Kku ds chp]

Hkko o dkj.k ds chp] 'kkjhfjd ekal o vkRek ds chp] D;k eSFkqu Hkko vkSj ncko dkeqd

dyk dk fny gSa] vkSj ;g mldh rkdr dks c<+kus dk vkn'kZ gS] ;k mlds Åij /kkok gSA

dyk esa izo`fÙk o vkd"kZ.k dk l`tu bl 'kks/k izcU/k dk eq[; fo"k; gksxkA dSls dyk vkSj

dke fookg esa cnys] dSls dke vkSj n`';dyk dh ijh{kk bl lgHkkfxrk esa gks fd tc

dyk esa bldk l`tu gqvk rks eSFkqu flQZ dkeksÙkstuk vkSj vkuUn gh ugha oju~ blls Hkh

dqN T;knk gS] ;g gekjs fnekx o 'kjhj dk }U) gS] tks gekjh mÙkstuk ds ckjs esa crkrk

gSS] nwljks ls lEcU/k ds fy,A Ýkal ds nk'kZfud o ys[kd tWktZ csrys us 1957 esa fy[kk fd

dkeqdrk ,d lk/kkj.k dke fØ;k ugha gSA cfYd ;g izkd`frd y{; dh ,d LorU=

euksoSKkfud [kkst gSA

iquZtUe o cPps dh bPNk eSFkqu thou dh vuqefr e`R;q ds ckn Hkh dke] euq"; ds O;ogkj

dk ,d ;FkkFkZ ekxZ gSA ijUrq lekt o uhfr dh lhek lekt ds }kjk cukbZ xbZ gS rFkk

dke O;ogkj ds ckjs esa fy[kk x;k gSA tkuojksa ds eSFkqu dh rjg euq"; dk eSFkqu jhfr

fjoktksa o laLdkj ds }kjk lhekc) fd;k x;k gSA eSFkqu ds ckjs esa csrys us bl izdkj dgk

& Eroticism “Presupposes man in conflict with himself.” csrys us dkeqdrk ds ckjs esa

vius fopkj dks bl izdkj j[kk “euq"; dh dkesPNk mls Mjkrh gS”A dykdkjksa us dke

rÙoksa dk iz;ksx 'kkL=h; vkn'kZ] lqUnjrk ,ao gekjh ewy dkeksÙkstuk dks ,d egku uhfrxr~

vPNkbZ ds fy, iz;ksx fd;kA vB~Bkjgoh o chloha 'krkCnh esa dykdkjksa us cgqrk;r esa

dkeqd rÙo dk iz;ksx bldh fouk'kh 'kfDr tks dyk o lekt esa [krjukd vkdkj /kkj.k

dj ldrh gS] ds #i esa fd;kA tSls dkUV ,oa IysVks us crk;k dh dkeqdrk esa og rkdr

gS] fd og lk/kkj.k larqyu tks 'kjhj o vkRek vkSj LorU= mÙkstuk o lkekU; vPNkbZ ds

chp gSa] mlds fy, ,d psrkouh gSA ijUrq ;s bldk mRlo euk jgs gSa] ctk, bls fu;af=r

djus dsA

Ja`xkj jl dks izkphu dky esa lkSUn;Z “kkL=h;ksa us cMs foLrr fooj.k o mRlkg ds lkFk

vius ys[kks o dforkvks esa o.kZu fd;k gSA bls jktkvks dh Hkkoukvks ds lkFk tksM+k x;k gS

rFkk bls jlks dk jktk dgk x;k gSA dyk esa J`axkj jl dks ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr gS A

lkfgR; esa Hkh Ja`xkj jl 7 oh “krkCnh ls gh n`f’Vxkspj gksrk gSA Jaxkj dk LFkkbZ Hkko izse

gSA Hkjr ewfu ds vuqlkj izse foHkko rc mRIkUu gksrk gS tc izk.kh ek= ds vUnj izse dk

77

Hkko vFkok fopkj mRiUu gksrk gSA _rqvks esa cnyko Qwyks ;k xguks dh [kq'kh blds eq[;

vkd"kZ.k gS isze dk vuqHko ge us=ks dh gypy] nf"V] vxksa dh uktqd gypy ;k >qdko

vkSj ehBs Loj vkfn ds }kjk dj ldrs gSA Jaxkj jl lcls T;knk izHkko“kkyh jl gS]

J`axkj jl vR;kpkj] Mj dh Hkkouk vkSj /kks[ksckth ls nwj j[krk gSA Hkkjrh; dyk esa izzse

n'kkZrh ewfrZ dh vfHkO;atuk iRFkjks ij ftruh dkO;kRedrk ,oa vkè;kfRedrk ds lkFk

n'kkZbZ xbZ gS] 'kk;n gh lalkj esa bldk mnkgj.k dgh vkSj gks blds mnkgj.k Hkjgwr

]lkaph ls ysdj [ktqjkgks] dks.kkdZ] vtUrk rFkk igkM+h y/kqfp=ks esa ns[kus dks feyrs gSA

J`axkj jl ij vk/kkfjr Hkkjrh; f'kYi 'kkL= ds vuqlkj ;s nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

yko.; izdkj dh dykd`frZ & yko.; ewfrZ esa uj ukjh dk lqUnj ;qxy fn[kk;k tkrk gSA

bl izdkj dh ewfrZ esa dke dh dksbZ vfHkO;fDr ugh gksrhA (fp= la[;k &1)

vkLkDr izdkj dh dykd`fr & izse ij

vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA izkphu dky esa Hkkjrh;

efUnjks esa bl izdkj dh ewfrZ;ks dh ltkoV

'kqHk ekuh tkrh FkhA gekjs lkfgR; esa bl

fo"k; ij oSfnd le; ls gh izdk'k MkykA

oSfnd lkfgR; esa lkfgR; ds pkj izeq[k osn

gSA ¼1½ _xosn ¼2½ lkeosn ¼3½ ;tqZosn ¼4½

vFkZosnA

osn iqjk.k le; ds ekuo dh izfrdkRed

lksp dk o.kZu gS] tks fd gekjs isze o

'kkjhfjd lEc/kksa dks gekjs jhfrfjoktks ds

vuqlkj xgjs :i ls izLrqr djrk gSA

_Xosn ds vuqlkj i`Foh ukjh gS vkSj ckny

iq:"k gSA blds vuqlkj LokHkkfod 'kkjhfjd

lEc/k dks ^^vktkeh** vkSj vLokHkkfod

'kkjhfjd lEc/ka dks tkeh izdkj dk crk;k gSA

Hkkxor iqjk.k & vkSj f'ko iqjk.k esa dke fØ;k dks czgkzkuUn ds leku ekuk x;k gSA blesa

fyxa mRifr vkSj mldh iwtk ds jhfr fjokt dks fyax iwtu ls tksM+k gSA

ukV;~ 'kkL= & Hkjr eqfu dk ukV;'kkL= Hkkjrh; ukV; 'kkL= dk ,d izeq[k xzFka gSA

ftlesa mUgksus dke dks ,d ek= lzksr crk;k gS] lkjs Hkkoks dks mRiUu djus ds fy,

vkyEcu o m)hiu foHkko esa mUgksus fofHkUu Hkkoukvks dk o.kZu fd;k gSA Hkjreqfu ds

vuqlkj 49 izdkj ds Hkko gS] ftlds }kjk jl mRiUu gksrk gSA ^^jfr jl foijhr fyax ds

lkFk 'kkjhfjd lEc/k dh bPNk tkxzr djrk gSA J`xkaj jl ds mnxe~ ds ckn gh jfr jl

fp= la[;k^&1 yko.; izdkj dh ewfrZ

78

dk vkjEHk gksrk gSA mUgksus izse dks nks izeq[k Hkkxks esa ckVk gS] igyk gS] lEHkksx o nwljk

foHkksx”A

vFkZ'kkL= & vFkZ'kkL= Hkkjrh; jkT; dyk dk lcls iqjkuk egRoiw.kZ ys[k gSA tks dkSfVY;

}kjk jfpr gSA ,sfrgkfld ijs'kkfu;ks ds ckotwn vFkZ'kkL= vk;Z lekt ds fn'kk funsZ'kd

ds :i ds vknj ds lkFk ns[kh tkrh FkhA vFkZ'kkL= ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh bUlku dks fcuk

ukjh vkKk ds 'kkjhfjd lEc/k cukus dh vuqefr ugh FkhA

xkFkk lIrlrh & gkyk }kjk jfpr xzFka xkFkk lIrlrh ,d x|koyh gSA ftlesa izd`fr ds

dkQh lkjs isze lEc/kh fopkjks dk o.kZu gSA blesa cnyrs LoHkko o izHkko rFkk vuqHkoks ds

ckjs esa crk;k x;k gSA|

fo'o fo[;kr~ bfrgkldkj vkuUn Lokeh us Hkh Hkkjrh; dyk esa jk/kk d`".k dh izse yhyk

dks iq:"k vkSj 'kfDr ds vk/kkj ij O;k[;kf;r fd;k gSA mUgksus dgka “THE CREATION OF WORLD MANIFESTATION  LILA AS  THE  FRUIT OF  THE UNION OF MALE AND FEMALE COSMIC PRINCIPAL PURUSHA AND SHAKTI”. 

cgqr izkphu dky ls gh bl Hkkouk ds vk/kkj ij feFkqu ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA

feFkquk ewfrZ }kjk euq"; thou ds ije~ vkuUn dh vfHkO;fDr dks Hkh  Li"V fd;k x;kA

Hkkjrh; dkO; 'kkL= ls ysdj /keZ 'kkL= esa Hkh izse dks cgqr Å¡pk LFkku izkIr gSA isze ls

tks vkuUn izkIr gksrk gS] ogh bl l`f"V dk vk/kkj gSA c`gn **vk;Zud mifu"kn** esa blds

lkFk cgqr gh ÅPp Hkko ds vuqHko dh rqyuk dh gSA 

lanHkZ &

1. Smith, Lucie, opcit (trans) 2.  Kapes Gorgy, the nature love art of motion, (trans) 3. Bataille, Georges, Eroticism,(trans), 4. nso d`’.kk] [ktjkgks] 5. Hkkxor iqjk.k] xhrk izsl] 6. Aggarwal , V. C. Indian Art (trans), 7. gkyk] xkFkk lIr lrh

79

vcks/k voLFkk esa cuk;s x;s fp= vfHkO;fDr ds ’kq) :i & ,d foospuk

Mk0 latho vk;Z fp=dyk foHkkx] lksñflñthñifjlj] vYeksM+k

dqekÅ¡¡ fo’ofo|ky; uSuhrky] Hkkjr

ekuo dk cpiu mldk Js"B thou dky ekuk tkrk gSA ;g thou dky Kku] izHkko] dq’kyrk vkSj izfr;ksfxrk ls vNwr gksrk gSA dksey efLr"d Loa; ls lksprk gS vkSj Loa; ls vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA bl dksey voLFkk esa cPpksa ds }kjk cuk;s x;s fp= vDlj ge ns[krs gS cPpksa dks dksbZ lk/ku ,oa lkekxzh dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSA og fdlh Hkh lery lrg dks dSuokl dh rjg iz;ksx dj ysrk gSA js[kk] jax ds izHkko ls vNwrk NksVh&NksVh vaxqfy;ksa ls vkd`fr;ksa dks nhokjksa] Q’kZ vkSj cSM ij fcNh pknj ij vkd`fr;ksa dks vafdr djrk gSA vc iz’u mBrk gS fd D;k ;g vfHkO;fDr gS \] ;k ;g fp=dyk gS \

izLrqr ’kks/k i= esa ;g Li"V djus dk ladsr gS fd ;g vfHkO;fDr gS vkSj fp=dyk Hkh gSA ;g ,sls uUgsa&eqUusa cPpksa dh dyk gS tks fdlh [kklkSyh ds izHkko ,oa izf’k{k.k ls vNwrs gSA bu dykdkjksa dks js[kk] jax ds izHkko vkSj izrhd dh tkudkjh ugha gksrh gSA ;g vadu vR;Ur ljy vkSj dksey gksrk gSA bu vcks/k cPPkksa dh vfHkO;fDr vuks[kh blfy, gS D;ksafd ;g vius vadu izfØ;k esa vudks eksVh&iryh] vkM+h&frjNh] xgjh&gYdh js[kkvksa esa gh viuk eq[; fo"k; fpf=r djrs gSaA ¼fp= la0 & 1½ jaxksa dk pquko vR;Ur uSlfxZd vUnkt esa gksrk gSA fp= fuekZ.k izfØ;k ds nkSjku bu vcks/k fp=dkjksa dks ns[kuk vuwBk vuqHko gksrk gSA ;g fcuk fdlh ds n[ky ds fujUrj rYyhu voLFkk esa vius fp=ksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA tSls gh bu uUgsa fp=dkjksa dks fdlh ds ns[ks tkus dk vglkl gksrk gS ;k rks ;s fp= NksM+ nsrs gS ;g fQj viuh jpuk dks fcxM+us dk iz;kl djrs gSA ;g ekufldrk cky fp= dyk dks ,d euksoSKkfud /kkj.k nsrh gSA bl /kkj.k dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k tk, rks ,d iUFk fudyrk gS fd ^^dksey eu Loa; ls tks oLrq] fj’rs] izd`fr vkSj O;ogkj dks ns[krk gSA mls vR;Ur ljyre vkd`fr;ksa esa fcuk fdlh izfr;ksxh fopkj vkSj Hk; ds vafdr djrk gSA okLRko esa cky fp=dyk gh ljyre ,oa izd`frd jpuk gksrh gSA bl vcks/k voLFkk ls ckgj fudyrs gh cky eu ij vusdks 'kSfy;ksa vkSj vkd"kZd viuk izHkko Mkyus yxrs gSa vkSj vfHkO;fDr dh voLFkk 'kuS%&’kuS% nwf"kr gksus yxrh gSA

,d vcks/k f’k’kq lkSUn;Z dh fdlh oLrq dks ugha igpkurk vFkkZr~ izkjEHk esa mls lkSUn;Z cks/k gh gksrk gSA tSls&tSls og lkalkfjd oLrqvksa ls ifjfpr gksrk gS og mUgsa igpkuuk izkjEHk djrk gS og tku tkrk gS fd mls fdl oLrq ls vkuUn izkIr gksrk gSA vkuUn nsus okyh fØ;k ;k oLrq mls :fpdj izrhr gksrh gSA ftu oLrqvksa ls mls lq[k ,oa vkuUn izkIr gksrk gSA mlds vkdkj] :i vkSj jax dks og fujh{k.k djrk gSA ;g fujh{k.k gh mlds efLr"d ij ,d Nfo rS;kj djrh gSA ¼fp= la0 & 2½ cky eu vkSj efLr"d oLrqvksa esa fQj Hkh vUrj ugha le> ikrk tSls ve:n] larjk] pkan] lw;Z] vke]

80

ekuo psgjk vkfn oLrqvksa ds fy, og dsoy xksy vkdkj gh [khaprk gSA ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k ,oa Lo;a ds fodkl ls og oLrqvksa esa ijLij lkSUn;kZRed] :ikRed vkSj jaxkRed vUrj dks le>us yxrk gSA tSls gh cky dykdkj vius vcks/k voLFkk ls ckgj fudyrk gS og lekt dh :fp;ksa dks le>us vkSj vikukus dk iz;kl djrk gSA bl Øe esa og lekt ds vusdksa fo/kkvksa vkSj fuiq.krk ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA /khjs&/khjs vius vuqHkoksa vkSj lekt dh :fp;ksa ds vuqlkj dqN jax] :i] vkdkj vkSj izHkko dks viukrk gS vkSj ;gk¡ ls mldh O;fDrxr /kkj.kk dk fodkl gksuk izkjEHk gksrk gS vkSj vcks/k vfHkO;fDr dk lekiuA vcks/k voLFkk dh izkd`frd xq.koRrk izHkkfor gksdj LovfHkO;fDr dh v’kq+)rk dh vksj c<+ tkrh gSA

ckY;koLFkk esa fp= l`tu ij vpsru eu dk vR;f/kd izHkko gksrk gSA vcks/k fp=dkj Hkko ,oa rduhd dks NksM+dj oLrq ijd gksrk gSA og oLrqvksa dks tSls ns[krk gS] le>rk gSA oSlk gh fp=.k djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d cPps dks vk;uk fn[kk;k tk; rks og vk;uk idM+us dk iz;kl ugha djrk oju~ og vk;us esa vius izfrfcEc dks idM+us dh ps"Vk djrk gSA og bl loky esa ugha iM+rk fd ,slk D;ksa vkSj dSls gqvkA ;g blfy, fd og vR;Ur dksey vkSj vizHkkfor psruk esa gksrk gSA yxHkx blh euksfLFkfr eas cuk;s x;s fp= ;k vU; l`tu vR;Ur uSlfxZd] ifo= ,oa izHkkfork ls eqDr gksrs gSaA fo’o ds egkure vk/kqfud fp=dkjksa esa ,d] vesfjdh fp=dkj tSD’ku iksykWd ds ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS fd og cPpksa dh fp=.k ’kSyh ls [kkls izHkkfor FksA tSD’ku iksykWd us dgk gS **fp=dyk oks ugha tks fdlh iwoZ /kkj.kk ,oa fopkj ds i’pkr~ cukbZ tk;A** mldk dguk Fkk fd fp= l`tu Rofjr ,oa fcuk fdlh iwoZ oSpkfjd rS;kjh ds gksuk pkfg,A ¼fp= la0 & 3½ iksykWd dh fp=.k 'kSyh dgha u dgha vcks/k cPpksa dh fp=.k 'kSyh ls esy [kkrh izrhr gksrh gSA cPps Hkh fcuk fdlh iwoZ fopkj ,oa iwoZ lalk/ku rS;kjh ds fp=.k djrss gSaA bu uUgsa dykdkjksa dks u fo"k; dh vko’;drk gksrh gS] u fp=.k lkekxzh dh] u lqUnj la;kstu dk ca/ku] u larqyu dh vko’;drk] u fdlh ’kSyh fo’ks"k dh vkSj u fp=.k Qyd dh fpUrkA lalkj esa dsoy ;s uUgsa fp=dkj gh bruh ekufld LorU=rk ds lkFk fp=.k dj ldrs gSaA

,d izf’kf{kr ,oa fp=dyk ds {ks= ls tqM+k fp=dkj lnk vius jax ,oa fp=.k lkekxzh dk pquko cgqr tru ls djrk gSA ogha cky vfHkO;fDrdkj tc fp=.k djus dh Bku ysrk gS rks og vius euksosx dks fu;fU=r ugha dj ldrk rc og vR;Ur Hkksysiu vkSj ’kSyhxr izHkko ls eqDr gksdj rsth ls vadu djrk gSA ;g vkrqjrk gh mlds fp=ks dk uSlfxZd xq.k iznku djrh gS bu uUgsa fp=dkjksa dks dk;Zjr ns[kuk ,d vuwBk vuqHko gSA ;s l`td iryh&eksVh] VsM+h&lh/kh] xgjh&gYdh vusdksa js[kkvksa ds chp viuk eq[; fo"k; fpf=r dj nsrs gSaA jax Hkh izrhdkRed ,oa miyC/krk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA bu uUgsa dykdkjksa dh vcks/krk dks lR;kfir djus ds fy, ;g dkQh gS fd buds lalk/ku ,oa fp=.k lkekxzh dks le>k tk;A ;g cPps tc fp=.k djuk pkgsa ;k fQj tc tks lkekxzh fey tk;s rc fp=.k dj ldrs gSaA ;s js[kkadu esa vius vfHkHkkod dh dherh iSu Hkh vkSj dherh lkSUn;Z izlk/ku dk Hkh iz;ksx vR;Ur uknkuh ,oa vKkurk ds lkFk djrs gSaA

81

fofHkUu jax nsdj vyx&vyx vcks/k fp=dkjksa ls LusgiwoZd iwNus ij irk pyk fd og jaxksa dk dSls iz;ksx djrs gSaA ¼fp= la0 & 4½ og vR;Ur uSlfxZd jaxksa dks izkFkfedrk esa j[krk gSA og jax dks vR;Ur izrhdkRed iz;ksx djrs gSaA js[kkadu ds ckjs esa iwNus ij tku x;k fd og ;fn jsyxkM+h dks vafdr djrk gS rks vadu lekUrj js[kk esa iafDrc) gks ldrk gSA vkdkj NksVk&cM+k dqN Hkh gks ldrk gS] ;kf=;ksa dks ckgj ls iksLVj dh rjg pLik dj] vfHkO;fDr dks ljyre voLFkk rd ys tkrk gSA ;fn isM+ dks fpf=r djuk gks rks lEHko gS fd og iwjs gjs isM+ dks ,d ek= iRrs ds frdksus vkdkj esa n’kkZ dj mlesa gjk jax tks fd fcuk cU/ku js[kk ds Hkjsxk] ;g gjs isM+ dk izrhd gks ldrk gSA cky dykdkj esa fp=.k ds le; D;k euks Hkkouk gks ldrs gS ;g tkuus dk iz;kl djus ij izrhr gqvk fd og mRrstuk] g"kZ] vkuUn] lkSE;rk] xEHkhjrk] ihM+k] uktqdrk ds Hkkoksa ls vyx&vyx le; ij Hkjk gksrk gSA bUgsa jax Hkjus esa l?kurk ,oa cU/ku dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh og vlhfer Hkwfe rd jaxkdau vR;Ur mueqDrrk ds lkFk dj ldrs gSaA

,d txg m}sfjr gS fd egku fp=dkj esa ;g xq.k gksuk pkfg, fd vius js[kk] vkdkj] :i] jax esa cPpksa dh fp=ksa dh rjg ljyrk iznku djsaA ¼fp= la0 05½ blh laxr fo"k; esa Hkkjr ds egku fp=dkjksa dh iafDr esa dsoy xq:nso jfoUnzukFk VSxksj ,sls fp=dkj Fks ftuds fp=ksa esa cky vfHkO;fDr tSlh ljyrk] dkseyrk ,oa izkd`frdrk fo|eku FkhA og Hkh dHkh fp=.k lkekxzh dk pquko ugha djrs FksA johUnz fp=dyk ¼caxyk½ esa euksjatu xqIr us i`"B la0 33 esa vius ’kCnksa esa fy[kk gS fd ^^jkuh pUnk dk dguk gS mu rLohj ns[krs&ns[krs eq>s ,slh vknr gks x;h FkhA eq>s le> esa vk tkrk Fkk fd dCk fdl jax dk iz;kstu gS vkSj eSa tYnh ls og jax gkFk ds ikl dj nsrh] ugh rks gkFk ds ikl tks jax feyrk mlh esa dqaph ;k dye Mqcksdj vuFkZ dj cSBrs] ’kk;n rLohj dks gh [kjkc dj Mkyrs] bruh tYnh ls gkFk pykrs fd tSls mUgsa ,d eqgqrZ Hkh ugha :duk gSA^^

vcks/k voLFkk esa cky fp=dkj ds fp=ksa esa Hkh ;gh egku y{k.k gksrs gSA ftUgsa johUnz ukFk VSxksj vius thoUr i;ZUr latks, j[ks FksA blh dk ifj.kke gS fd fp=dyk esa fof/kor~ f’k{kk u ysus ds i’pkr Hkh og Hkkjr ds Js"B vfHkO;fDrdkj ekus tkrs gSA vcks/k voLFkk esa fp=.k ,d Rofjr izfØ;k gS ftlesa dykdkj lkspus dh vko’;drk eglwl ugha djrk vkSj ;gha xq.k vkdkj dks ljyrk] lgtrk vkSj fo"k; dh egRRkk dks Js"B voLFkk ds Lrj rd igq¡pk nsrk gSA ;g viuh dksey n`’; ,oa fnO; vfHkO;fDr dks ljyrk ,oa dkseyrk ls fdlh Hkh vewY; ;k fuewZY; oLrq ls ,slh gh oLrq ij vafdr dj ldrk gSA ;g vcks/k fp=dkj Nk;k izdk’k vkSj rduhdh ls okLrk ugha j[krkA fnO;] izd`fr] ljy] ’kq)re] Js"Bre] dkseyre vfHkO;fDr dk l`td gSA

lanHkZ&

1& jfoUnz fp=dyk ¼caxyk½ euksjatu xqIr i`"B la0 33A

82

fp= la0&1 fp= la0&2

fp= la0 3 fp= la0 4 fp= la0 5

83

Xk`gfoKku fOk"k; o dyk dk lglEcU/k

fiz;¡dk flg1] eksfudk

2

vuqlU/kku d=h] x`gfoKku foHkkx

ouLFkyh fo/kkihB] Vksad ¼jktLFkku½

dyk dk vFkZ ¼Meaning of Art½ & dyk fopkjksa vkSj Hkkoksa dk bl <a+x ls

vfHkO;fDrdj.k gS fd og vkuUn iznku djrh gSA euq"; vius pkjksa vksj ftu lqUnj o

ân;Li'khZ oLrqvksa dks ns[krk gS og buesa bruk eXu gks tkrk gS fd vius 'kCnksa vkSj

gko Hkkoksa }kjk mUgsa Li"V djuk pkgrk gSA dyk dk eq[; mÌs'; l`tu djuk gh gSA

okLrfod dykdkj os gksrs gSa tks vius pkjksa vksj dh vLr&oLr lkexzh dks bl izdkj

ls lqO;ofLFkr :i ls Øec) j[krs gSa fd l`tu dh gqbZ oLrq esa ,drk dk Hkko izrhr

gskrk gSA dykRed oLrq 'kkjhfjd bfUnz;ksa dh vis{kk efLr"d vkSj ân; dks vf/kd

lUrqf"V iznku djrh gSA dyk og gS ftlesa ekuo eu esa losanuk, mHkkjusa] izo`fr;ksa dks

<kyusa rFkk fparu dks eksMus ,oa vfHk:fp dks fn’kk nsus dh vnHkqn {kerk gS dyk

euksjatu lkSUn;Z izokg mYykl u tkus fdrus rRoksa ls ;g Hkjiwj gSA ftles ekuoh;rk

dks lEeksfgr djus dh ’kfDr gS ;g viuk tknw rRdky fn[kkrh gSA

fMtkbu ds miknku ds e/; lEcU/k mUgsa oS;fDrdrk iznku djrs gSaA vr% ;g vlEHko

gS fd fdlh fMtkbu dks ,d bdkbZ ;k lEiw.kZ :i esa dyk ds fofHkUu rRoksa ds e/;

lEcU/k ns[ks fcuk tk¡p dh tk ldsA fQj Hkh dyk ds bu rRoksa dk O;fDrxr ;ksxnku

lEiw.kZ izHkko ds vUrxZRk gksrk gS vr% budk i`Fkd v/;;u djuk vko';d gksrk gSA

vk/kqfud le; tSls&TkSls euq"; vkSj O;oLrrk dh vksj c<+rk tk jgk gS oSls&oSls

mudk dyk dh vksj :>ku vkSj c<+rk tk jgk gS] bldk dkj.k gS fd dyk lkSUn;Z

mRiUu djrh gS vkSj euq"; dh Fkdku feVk mls u;h psruk] LQwfrZ iznku djrh gSA

dyk ds Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le>us ds fy, ,oa dykRed l`tu djus ds fy, gesa dyk ds

rRoksa dks le>uk vko';drk gSA

Hkkjrh; dyk Hkkjro"kZ ds fopkj /keZ] n'kZu ,oa rRoKku dk niZ.k gSA ;gk¡ dh ijEijk

esa thou ds fdlh Hkh {ks= esa ^vlqUnj* dks cnkZLr ugha fd;k x;k gSA ;gk¡ dk

d.k&d.k] NUn] jkx vkSj jl dks Hkjk gqvk gSA rRookn] dYiukRed foLrkj vkSj

,sfrgkfld ijEijk dk izPNUu izk|kU; Hkkjrh; dyk ,oa /keZ esa fufgr gSA izkphu dky

esa dyk dk eq[; rkRi;Z rRookn FkkA nk'kZfud i`"BHkwfe ij gh dYiukRed foLrkj

ekuo lekt esa izpfyr gqvkA vk/;kfRed nf"V ls dyk egkek;k dk fpUe; foykl gSA

osn ,oa czkã.k xzUFkksa esa f'kYi dyk dk lqUnj o.kZu feyrk gS] ftlds vuqlkj feÍh]

iRFkj vkSj ydM+h dh ewfrZ;k¡ nso f'kfYi;ksa }kjk cuk;h tkrh FkhA ijEijkxr oSfnd

laLÑfr ls fodflr Hkkjrh; dyk&ckS)dky esa viuh pje lhek rd ig¡qp x;h FkhA

84

f}rh; 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ esa ukukfof/k dYi ofYy;ksa ds lU/kku ik;s tkrs gSaA le`) ?kjksa

dh nhokjsa niZ.k dh HkkWfr LoPN vkSj pednkj FkhA muesa lw{e js[kk fo'kkjn dyk dk

ukuk :i ls fp=kadu fd;k djrs Fks] buds vfrfjä dk"B] iYyo] oL=] f'kykiÍ]

gkaFkhnkar] peM+s ,oa e/;jkr esa dkxt dyk ds :ikadu ds eq[; vk/kkj FksA dqN yksx

^dyk* 'kCn dk vFkZ lqUnj] dksey e/kqj ok lq[k nsus okyk ekudj dyk dks mlds lkFk

lEc) djuk pkgrs gSa] rks dqN bls dM~ /kkrq vFkkZr~ eneLr djuk] izlUu djuk ls

tksM+us ds i{k esa gSaA blh izdkj dqN yksx bls ds vFkkZr~ vkuUn nsus okyk Lohdkj djrs

gSa &^^d ykfr nnkrhfr bfr dyk**A vFkkZr~ dyk vkuUniznk;h gS vkuUnghu fuekZ.k

dyk gks gh ugha ldrh &^foJkfUr;ZL; lEHkksxs lk dyk u dyk ijkA

**yh;rs ijekuUns ;;kRek lk ijk dykAA** ¼f'kolw=foe'kZ½ ;kuh ftl dyk dh Hkksx esa

foykflrk gS] og dyk&dyk ugha] cU/ku gSa] ijUrq ftl dyk dk y{; ije rRo dh

vksj ys tkdj vkufUnr djuk gS] ogh dyk] dyk gSA

dyk 'kCn dh jpuk dy~$vp~$Vki /kkrq ,oa izR;;ksa ds la;ksx ls gqbZ gSA dy~ 'kCn dk

vFkZ gS ,slk inkFkZ tks eu dks izQqfYyr djs] vkufUnr djsa vFkok lkSUn;Z dh vksj

mUeq[k djsaA johUæukFk VSxksj us dgk gS fd tks lr~ gSa] tks lqUnj gS ogh dyk gSA

HkrZgfj ds vuqlkj dyk ogh gS tks gesa ijeczã esa yhu djkrh gSA fo".kq /keksZÙkj iqjk.k

ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; dyk vkRek dk gh fu:i.k gSA** egkRek xk¡/kh ds vuqlkj dyk

vkRek dk bZ'ojh; laxhr gSA ek?k ds vuqlkj tks izR;sd iy uohurk ,oa lkSUn;Z dks

tkxr djsa ogh dyk gSA

^^{k.ks&{k.ks ;UuorkeqiSfr rnSo :ia je.kh;rk**

tgk¡ dyk dk vHkko gS ogk¡ thou Hkh fuLlkj gSA bl izdkj dyk lR; ,oa lkSUn;Z dk

vkHkkl gS] ;g vkHkkl jlkRed gksrk gS tks ije psruk ,oa nk'kZfud ifjizs{; esa vkRek

ds vkRerRo vFkok Ñ rRlr~ dk izrhd :i gS ;gh jgL; gh dyk Kku gS vFkok dyk

dh igpku] Hkh ;gh gSA oLrqr% dyk ijeczã ijes'oj dk gh rRo :i gSA _Xosn esa

bl jgL; dk mn~?kkVu bl izdkj fd;k x;k gSA

^^_pks v{kjks ijeks O;kseu~ ;fLeu nsok vf/k fo'os fu"ksnq%A

;Lra u osna fde`pk dfj";fr] ; br~ rn~ fonqLrs bes leklrsAA**

vFkkZr~ ije dyke; ijeczã ijes'oj ds ftl vfouk'kh fnO; psru:i ije/kke esa

leLr nsox.k ,oa leLr osn Hkh ik"kZn :i esa ewfrZeku gksdj lsok djrs gSa] ml dyk

rRo :i ijes'oj dks tks euq"; ugha tkurk gS og osnksa ds }kjk D;k iz;kstu fl)

djsxk] ijUrq tks euq"; ml ijekRek dks vkRerRo :i esa tku ysrk gS] og mlh esa

,dkdkj vFkok ije vkuUn esa yhu gks tkrk gSaA

85

lalkj dh fp=dyk esa Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] viuk futh o egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krh gSA

vtUrk dh txr izfl) fHkfÙk&fp= bl dyk dh vej /kjksgj gSA ckS) ,oa tSu

dykvksa rFkk izkxSfrgkfld] iky] xqtjkr] viHkza'k] jktLFkkuh] eqxy] igkM+h vkfn 'kSfy;ksa

us Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ds xkSjo dks bZlk iwoZ ls vkt rd lqjf{kr j[kk gSA tUe ls ysdj

e`R;qi;ZUr gekjk leLr thou fp=dyk ls vksr&izksr FkkA osn] osnkax] dkO;] dks'k lHkh

esa fdlh u fdlh :i esa fp=dyk vUrZfufgr gSA Hkkjr ds fp=fo|ky;ksa us fdrus

vf/kd foLrkj ls f'kyk esa mRdh.kZ xqQkvksa ds Hkhrj fo'kky e.Miksa dh Nrksa ij] fHkfÙk;ksa

ij vkSj LraHkksa ij fry&fry LFkku dks o.kZ] js[kk vkSj Hkkoksa ds dkS'ky ls ikV fn;k gS

og Lokxr ds ;ksX; gSA

dyk 'kCn ekuo thou esa bruk ?kqyk feyk gqvk gS fd dyk ds fcuk ekuo thou dh

lEHkkouk 'kwU; gSA izÑfr ftlls euq"; dh mRifŸk ekuh tkrh gS Lo;a dyk dk ,d

vUkwBk mnkgj.k gS Lo;a euq"; vius vki esa ,d dykRed Ñfr gSA **fdlh Hkh n{krk

dk iz;ksx tc lqUnjrk mRiUu djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS rks mls dyk dgrs gSaA^^

oLrqr% dy l`tu dk nwljk uke gS jpukRed dYiuk ls l`tu] vuqHkwfr ls l`tu pkgsa

;g lkr lqjksa ls gks vFkok jax vkSj rwfydk ls] lqbZ&/kkxs ls gks vFkok dPps [kk|kuksa ls

O;atu esa gks] l`tu lkSUn;Zcks/k mRiUu djus okyk gks( ;g vko';d gSAdyk euq"; dh

Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr dk ,d lqUnj ek/;e gS rFkk vfHkO;fDr gks tkus ij vkuUn ,oa

lUrks"k iznku djrh gSA dyk dh izjs.kk ,oa vfHk:fp euq";ksa dks izÑfr ls gh izkIr gksrh

gSA ,slk egkdfo nk¡rs us Hkh iq"V fd;k gS **dyk ;FkklEHko izÑfr dk vuqlj.k djrh

gS tSls f'k"; vius xq: dkA^^

mijksDr o.kZu ds vk/kkj ij ge ;g Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd dksbZ dk;Z tks lkSUn;Z cks/k

mRiUu djs ,oa ftlds lEiUu gksus ls n{krk ,oa l`tukRedrk dh vko';drk gks mls

ge dyk dg ldrs gSaA

lanHkZ &

1- v’kksd]^^dyk lkSUn;Z vkSj leh{kk’kkL=**]lat; ifCyds’kUl] vkxjk] "k"Be laLdj.k]

2008] i"V lañ&46

2- clq] uUnyky] ^^n`f"V vkSj l`f"V**]fo’oHkkjrh xzUFkfoHkkx] dydRrk] Hkknz 1398 caxkCn]

i`"V lañ&219

3- MkW- eUtw ikVuh] xzg izcU/k] LVkj ifCyds’ku vkxjk

4- vxzoky] fu’kk] ^^ l`tu’khyrk vkSj lkSUn;Zcks/k**]izdk’kd&izHkkr feJk ’kkL=h]

bykgkckn] izFke laLdj.k 1985] i`"V lañ&41

86

  

x`gfoKku fo"k; esa dykRedrk dk egRo

e;adk flag o f’kYih pkSgku

x`g foKku ouLFkyh fo|kihB

Vksad jktLFkku

x`g foKku fo"k; ^foKku* Hkh gS vkSj ^dyk* Hkh x`gfoKku dk dykRed i{k ^x`glTtk

lqO;oLFkk* ckfydkvksa esa dykRed vfHkO;fDr dks tkx`r djrk gSA x`g dyk ds vUrx`r]

x`g lqO;oLFkk] ltkoV] LoPN vkfn dk v/;;u ckfydkvksa dks mudh dykRed :fp dks

vfHkO;fDr djus dk volj iznku djrk gSA blh izdkj oL= fuekZ.k] Hkkstu idkuk o

ijksluk] lHkh esa mudh dykRed :fp dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA dyk ’kCn bruk O;kid gS

fd fofHkUu fo)kuksa dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ dsoy ,d fo’ks"k i{k dks Nwdj jg tkrh gS Hkkjrh;

ijEijk ds vuqlkj dyk mu lkjh fdz;kvksa dks dgrs gS ftuesa dkS’ky vkisf{kr gksA thou

ÅtkZ dk egklkxj gS tc var’psruk tkxzr gksrh gS rks ÅtkZ thou dks dyk ds :i esa

mHkkjrh gS dyk ekuo thou lEiw.kZ {ksrz es O;kid gSaA dyk ,d ,slk fHkUu vax gSZ ;fn

bldk mi;ksx ekuo thou ls gVk fn;k tk;s rks thou uhjl gks tk;sxkkA

fprzdyk] f’kYidyk] ukV;dyk] u`R;dyk] yksddyk] iqLrddyk] esa ls ;fn ge f’kYidyk

dh ckr djsa rks f’kYifoKku fo"k; dks x`gf’kYi ls tksMk x;kA tks fd orZeku esa x`gfoKku

dyk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSaA ?kj ds lHkh dk;ksZa esa dyk dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS £kuk

cukuk] ijksluk] ?kj lkQ djuk] flykbZ d<kbZ djuk] cquuk] izcU?k djuk] o vk;] Je]

O;;] dk larqyu cukdj ifjokj dks £q’kgky cukuk Hkh ,d dyk gS A dyk laLd`fr dh

okfgdk gS Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh fofo/k vk;eks esa O;kIr ekuoh; ,oa jlkRed rRo mlds

dyk :iks esa izdV gq, gSaA dykRedrk L=h ds thou dks lqUnj vkSj ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k

dks [kq'kgky cukrh gSA vr% vU; fo"k;ksa dh rqyuk esa x`g foKku fo"k; ds v/;;u }kjk

?kj esa gksus okyh izR;sd fØ;k ds fy;s oSKkfud i)fr;k¡ izLrqr djds gekjs leLr ekuoh;

rFkk vekuoh; lk/kuksa dk ln~mi;ksx djrk gSA ?kj esa oSKkfud i)fr;ksa dks viukdj

x`fg.kh vius le;] 'kfDr o /ku dh cpr dj ldrh gSA

izLrkouk & lq[kn okrkoj.k dh jpuk djus dh euq"; dh bPNk lEHkor% mruh gh iqjkuh

gS ftruh fd gekjh lH;rkA x`g dks ltkus dh dyk gesa lkaLÑfrd fojklr esa feyh gS

fdUrq le; ds lkFk gksus okys ifjorZuksa us bl lTtk dk :i gh cny fn;k gSA tc

87

  

euq"; feÍh ds ?kjksa esa jgrk Fkk rc Hkh fyikbZ&iqrkbZ ds vfrfjDr nhokjksa ij fp=dkjh ls

lTtk dh tkrh FkhA fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk x`g dh jpuk,¡ cnyh Lo:i cnys o fØ;k,¡

cnyhA x`g foKku fo"k; ds vUrxZr x`g fuekZ.k dyk ls ysdj x`g lTtk vkfn fo'ks"k

rF;ksa ij eq[; :i ls v/;;u gksrk gSA dyk 'kCn ekuo thou esa bruk ?kqyk feyk gqvk

gS fd dyk ds fcuk ekuo thou dh lEHkkouk 'kwU; gSA izÑfr ftlls euq"; dh mRifŸk

ekuh tkrh gS Lo;a dyk dk ,d vuwBk mnkgj.k gSA Lo;a euq"; vius vki esa ,d

dykRed Ñfr gSA **fdlh Hkh n{krk dk iz;ksx tc lqUnjrk mRiUu djus ds fy, fd;k

tkrk gS rks mls dyk dgrs gSaA^^ dyk ds vusd rRo gS tSls& js[kk] vkdkj] uewuk] iksr]

jax] izdk'k] LFkku x`g lTtk esa vusd lk/kuksa ds bLrseky ds lkFk&lkFk dqN milk/kuksa

dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

x`g lTtk ds milk/ku & lTtk ds milk/kuksa dks x`g&ltkoV esa i;kZIr egRoiw.kZ LFkku

gSA ;s os rRo gSa] ftlesa x`g esa vkd"kZd oS;fDrdrk ,oa lthork vk tkrh gSA vkd"kZd

izHkko ds fy, lTtk milk/kuksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

milk/kuksa ds izdkj fp= & fp=ksa dk ?kj dh ltkoV eas i;kZIr egRo gSA ?kj dh ltkoV

esa iz;ksx fd, x, fp=ksa ls x`gLokeh vkSj x`gLokeh ds lkSUn;kZRed ,oa dykRed Lrj dk

vuqeku Hkyh Hkk¡fr yxk;k tk ldrk gSA fp= dks cukrs le; dykdkj dk iz;kstu Lo;a

dh vfHkO;fDr djuk RkFkk vius fopkjksa dks nwljksa rd igq¡pkuk gksrk gS dykdkj euq"; ds

okrkoj.k ds lkFk lEcU/k ds izfr laosnu 'khy gksrk gS rFkk cM+h rhozrk ls mldk fujh{k.k

djrk gSA lkSUn;kZRed ekfEkZdrk dh vuqHkwfr os gh O;fDr dj ldrs gS tks fp= dk

fo'ys"k.k djds ;g Kkr dj lds fd okafNr ifj.kkeksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, dyk ds

RkRoksa dk iz;qDrhdj.k fdl izdkj fd;k x;k gSA

fp= rFkk O;fDrRo & ;FkkFkZ esa fp=dkj dh Hkkouk dks eq[kkfjr djrk gSA blfy, x`fg.kh

dks ;g rF; Hkyh izdkj Kkr gksuk pkfg, fd fp= D;k gSA ;fn x`fg.kh fouez vkSj

lqlaLÑr efgyk gS rks mlds fp= bu xq.kksa dks O;Dr djus okys gksus pkfg,A

fp=ksa dk dejksa ls lEcU/k & vkSlr ifjokj ds jgus ds dejs ds fp= jpuk] jax vFkok

fo"k; oLrq dh n`f"V ls vlkekU; ugha gksus pkfg,] D;ksafd ;g dejk vkjkenk;d nksuksa

gksuk pkfg,A Hkkstu d{k ds fp= vf/kd vkuUn nk;d ugha gksus pkfg,] D;ksafd ?kj ds

LknL; ;gk¡ vf/kd le; ugha jgrs gSA vfrfFk x`g esa lkekU; ekfeZdrk ds fp= gksus

pkfg,A ?kj dks vk;ksftr djus o lqlfTTkr djus dk ,d ek= mÌs'; lqUnjrk gh ugha gSA

blls vfrfjDr og ?kj ds Lokeh ds O;fDrRo dks izfrfcfEcr djus okyk rFkk blls Hkh

vf/kd egRoiw.kZ dq'krkiwoZd mŸkjnkf;Roksa dk fuokZg djus okyk gksuk pkfg,A bl izdkj

88

  

?kj }kjk izkIr fd;k tkus okyk vfUre y{; bu rhuksa mÌs';ksa lkSUn;Z] vfHkO;atdrk vkSj

dk;kZRedrk dk lQy ,dhdj.k gksuk pkfg,A

x`gfoKku dyk dk egRo & x`gfoKku dyk dk egRo ,d x`fg.kh gh crk ldrh gS

D;kssafd ?kj dks ltkuk] [kkuk cukuk] flykbZ d<+kbZ djuk] cquuk] izcU/k djuk] vk;kstu

djuk vkfn lHkh dk;kZsa esa x`fg.kh viuh dykRed dq'kyrk ls ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dk

ikyu&iks"k.k djrh gSA dykRedrk ds fof'k"V xq.k ds dkj.k gh ukjh dk lekt esa mRFkku

o fodkl gksrk gSA ftl izdkj thou laxhr ds fcuk v/kqjk gS mlh izdkj dyk ds fcuk

thou uhjl gSA ,d lqUnj thou dks O;rhr djus ds fy, dyk Ñfr dk gksuk

vfrvko';d gSA oLrqr% dyk l`tu dk nwljk uke gS jpukRed dYiuk ls l`tu] vuqHkwfr

ls l`tu pkgsa ;g lkr lqjksa ls gks vFkok jax vkSj rqfydk ls lqbZ /kkxs ls gks vFkok dPPks

[kk|kuksa ls O;atu esa gks] l`tu lkSUn;Z cks/k mRiUu djus okyk gks( ;g vko';d gSA

dyk dk thou esa egRo & dyk fopkjksa vkSj Hkkoksa dk bl <+ax ls vfHkO;fDrhdj.k gS fd

og vkuUn iznku djrh gSA dyk dk eq[; mÌs'; l`tZu djuk gksrk gSA dykRed oLrq

'kkjhfjd bUnzh;ksa dh vis{kk efLr"d vkSj ân; dh vf/kd lUrqf"V iznku djrh gSA dyk

lkSUn;Z mRiUu djrh gS vkSj euq"; dh Fkdku feVk mls u;h psruk] LQwfrZ iznku djrh gSA

fu"d"kZ & mijksDr fyf[kr o.kZu ds vfrfjDr ;g Kkr gksrk gS dh {ks= dksbZ Hkh gks *dyk^

dk izR;sd {ks= esa viuk vewY; LFkku gSA x`gfoKku fo"k; ds vUrxZr dyk dk leqqfpr

iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS [kkuk cukuk ,d dyk gS mls Fkkyh esa ltkdj is'k djuk Hkh dyk

gS] ?kj cukuk o ltkuk dyk gS bu lcds vfrfjDr x`g izcU/k djuk] le;] 'kfDr] /ku

dk O;oLFkkiu djuk o vU; vkfaUrfjd lTtk djuk lc esa dyk dk gh izksRlkgu fn;k

tkrk gSA

lUnHkZ &

1. x`g izcU/k] MkW- ¼Jhefr½ eatw ikVuh ¼uohu ifjof)r laLdj.k½ LVkj ifCyds'kUl

2. x`g&O;oLFkk ,oa x`g dyk }kjk ¼th- ih- 'kSjh½ fouksn iqLrd efUnj] vkxjk ¼1981½

3. O;kl jkeizlkn izks-] mik/;k; euksjek MkW-] iqjksfgr m"kk MkW-] Hkkjrh; ukjh ifjorZu

,oa pqukSfr;k¡] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] tks/kiqj] izFke laLdj.k 2009

4. “kekZ MkW- ,u- ,y-] 1981] tujy ;kstuk if=dk] vad&7] jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa ;qodksa dh

Hkwfedk Þ] ist la- 16Þ

89

 

 

egkdfo dkfynkl ds es?knwre~ rFkk j?kqoa’ke~ esa fp=dyk dk o.kZu

bUnzk jk.kk

’kks/k Nk=k] laLd`r foHkkx

,l0 ,l0 ts0 ifjlj ] vYeksM+k

izkphu Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk :Ik D;k Fkk \ bldk izpyu rFkk fdu&fdu :iksa esa dSlk Fkk\

lekt eas bldh fdruh ekU;rk Fkh\ vkfn iz’uksa ds mÙkj ns ikuk ljy ugha gSA fQj Hkh

fu%lansg dgk tk ldrk gS fd gekjs ns’k esa izkphu dky ls gh fp=dyk dk vkn’kZ mPp FkkA

Hkys gh thoar vkjsf[kr mnkgj.k cM+h ek=k esa miyC/k u gks fdarq ,sls lanHkZ xzaFkksa rFkk

lkfgR; dh deh ugha gSA ftlls rRdkyhu fp=dyk ij O;kid izdk’k iM+rk gSA izkphu

dky esa yfyr dykvkksa dk cgqr lEeku FkkA mlesa Hkh fp=dyk dk egRo loksZifj FkkA

laLd`r dk ykSfdd lkfgR; fp=dyk lEcU/kh fooj.kksa ls Hkjk iM+k gSA dkfynkl ds le;

rd fp=dyk ?kj&ifjokj ,oa lekkt dk ,d vax cu pqdh FkhA muds vfHkKku’kkdqUrye~

ukVd ds izFke vad esa uVh ds xhr xk ysus ds ckn lw=/kkj dgrk gS &^vk;sZ! lk/kq xhre~

vgks jkxfufo"VfpÙko`fÙkjkfyf[kr bo loZrks jaa³~xA rfnnkuh drea iz;ksxkekfJR;Suekjk/k;ke%A1

vFkkZr~ okg vk;sZ! cgqr gh vPNk xk;kA ns[kks rqEgkjs jkx ls yksx ,sls cslq/k gks x, gSa fd

lkjh jax’kkyk fp=fy[kh lh tku iM+rh gSA** Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa Lo.kZdky ds uke ls tkus

okys xqIrdky esa fp=dyk mPpf’k[kj ij igq¡p pqdh FkhA ,d vksj lkfgR; esa fp=dyk ds

n`’;ksa rFkk uk;d&ukf;dkvksa dh izfrdfr;ksa dks LFkku fn;k x;k rks nwljh vksj fp=dyk esa

ekuoh; xq.kksa ds fp=.k eas lkaLd`frd dkO; ds lkSan;Z laca/kh ekun.Mksa dks viuk;k x;kA

dfooj dkfynkl us vius mRd`"V xhfrdkO; es?knwre~ esa i`Foh ij fLFkr Js"B vYdkiqjh ds

lq[k vkSj dyk dk lqanj vadu fd;k gSA2 dkfynkl dh d`fr;ksa esa xqIr dky dh fp=dyk ds

izekf.kd mnkgj.k izkIr gksrs gSaA bu xzaFkksa esa fp=&’kkykvksa] fp=dkjksa] fp=fHkfÙk] rwfydk

fofHkUu inkFkksZa ;Fkk iV] dk"B vkfn ij vafdr fp= laca/kh midj.k] fp= o.kZu] o.kZ&foU;kl

vkfn ds laca/k esa bl izdkj ds o.kZu izkIr gksrs gSa fd ekuo eu dkfynkl dks ,d leFkZ

fp=dkj ekuus yxrk gSA egkdfo dkfynkl us vius xhfrdkO; es?knwre~ esa blh fp=dyk ds

fofo/k i{kksa mdsjk gSA

90

 

 

es?knwre~ dk laf{kIr dFkkud ;g gS fd dqcsj dk ,d lsod ;{k us vius Lokeh dqcsj dh

vkKk] viuh Hkk;kZ ds izseikl esa vkc) gksdj Hkax dh FkhA ftl dkj.k dqfir gksdj ;{k dks

dqcsj us ,d o"kZ rd viuh fiz;k ls vyx jgus dk “kki ns MkykA rc ’kki dks Hkksxus ds

fy, ;{k ,d o"kZ rd viuh iRuh ;f{k.kh ls nwj jkefxfj vkJe esa jgus yxk rFkk mudh

iRuh vydkiqjh esaA dkfynkl th us ;g xzaFk iwoZes?k rFkk mÙkjes?k nks Hkkxksa esa jpk gSA ftlesa

es?k dk nwr cukdj ;{k viuh iRuh ;f{k.kh ds ikl viuh dq’kyrk dk lans’k Hkstrk gS rFkk

ml oSHko’kkyh le`) vydkuxjh rd ds ekxZ dk ekufp= crkrs gq, vydkuxjh rd igq¡pus

dk ekxZ crkrs gSaA xqIrdkyhu fp=dyk dk oSSHko’kkyh o.kZu dkfynkl ds es?knwre~ eas bl

izdkj fn[kkbZ nsrk gS

fr|qRoUra yfyrofurk% lsUnzpkia lfp=k%

laxhrk; izgreqjtk% fLuX/kxEHkhj?kks"ke~A

vULrks;a ef.ke;HkqoLrqM+eHkzafygkxzk%

izklknkLRoka rqyf;rqeya ;{k rSLrSfoZ"ks’kS%AA3

gs es?k ;fn rqe fo|qr ls ;qDr gks rks vydk ds izklkn lqanj fL=;ksa ls foHkwf"kr gSa rqEgkjs

ikl bUnz/kuq"k gS rks vYdkiqjh ds izklknksa esa fp= vafdr gSA rqEgkjs ikl e/kqj xEHkhj xtZu gS

rks ogka Hkh laxhr ds fy, e`nax% ctrs gSaA rqEgkjs Hkhrj ty Hkjk gqvk gS rks mu izklknksa dh

ef.ke; Q’kZ ty ls Hkh LoPN gS rqe Å¡ps gks rks os izklkn Hkh xxu&pqEch gSaA vr,o lkjh

fo’ks"krkvksa ds lkFk rqEgkjh rqyuk ds fy, os leFkZ gSaA

;gka ij dkfynkl }kjk es?kksa dks nwr cukdj vYdk uxjh dks Hkstus tkus dh ckr dh tk jgh

gS rFkk ml oSHko’kkyh vydkuxjh ds izklknksa dh rqyuk es?k ls djrs gq, mUgsa es?k ls Hkh

foLr`r ,oa HkO; fpf=r fd;k gS &

us=k uhrk% lrrxfruk ;f}ekukxzHkweh

jkys[;kuka Lotydf.kdknks"keqRik| l|%A

“kM~dkLi`"Vk bo tyeqpLRokn`’kk tkyekxsZ&

/kweksn~xkjkuqd`frfuiq.kk ttZjk fu’irfUrAA4

gs es?k! lnk xfrokys iou }kjk vydkiqjh ds lkr eafty okys Hkouksa esa igq¡pk;s x, vkids

leku es?kx.k mu Hkouksa ds ¼fHkÙkh½ fp=ksa dks viuh uohu ty dh cwanksa ls nwf"kr djds]

91

 

 

l’kafdr fpÙk okys gksdj ekuksa mu Hkouksa dh f[kM+fd;ksa ds ekxZ ls vius Lo:Ikksa dks /kwe ds

ln`’k cukdj&dbZ Hkkxksa esa foHkDr djds iyk;u djrs gSaA ;gka ij Hkh dfo us ml

vydkuxjh dh oSHko’kkyh dyk dk o.kZu fd;k gS fd ml vydkuxjh ds lkr eafty Hkouksa

dh nhokjksa ij cus gq, fp=ksa dks gs es?k! viuh ty cawnksa ls nwf"kr er djuk mUgsa xhyk djds

vFkkZr~ fcxkM+uk erA ;gka ij Hkouksa ij cus fp=ksa ls vk’k; vkt dh mÙkjk[k.Mh ,si.k dyk

ds varxZr cjcwnksa rFkk fy[k Fkki ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS tks Hkou ds eq[; }kj ds

vxy&cxy esa cuk, tkrs gSaA

oklJfp=a e/kq u;u;ksfoZHkzekns’kn{ka

iq’iksHnsna lg fdly;SZHkwZ’k.kkuka fodYiku~A

yk{kjkax pj.kdeyU;kljksX;a p ;L;k &

esd% lwrs ldyeckkye.Mua dYio`{k%AA5

gs es?k ml vydk uxjh esa ,d dYio{k gh voytuksa ds fuEukafdr lHkh e.Muksa dks iznku

fd;k djrk gSA tSls og muds fy, vusd jaxksa ds oL= u;uksa esa dVk{k dks mRiUu djus

okys e| ¼dkty½ iYyoksa ls lfgr iq"i] ukuk izdkj ds vyadkj] pj.k deyksa esa yxkus okyk

yky jax dk ¼egkoj½ vkfn iznku djrk gSA vFkkZr~ ;g vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd ml

le; fp=kadu dyk ds fy, izkd`frd jaxksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gksxkA vusd izdkj ds jax

izd`fr gh iznku djrh gksxh tSls gjk] yky ihyk bR;kfn ftldh Nki gekjs ,si.k dyk esa Hkh

fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA tSls yky jax ds fy, cqjka’k ds Qwy dk gjs xja ds fy, xqykc dh ifÙk;ka]

ihys ds fy, dqedqe] lQsn ds fy, fcLokj ¼ihls pkoy dk ?kksy½ bR;kfnA

r=kxkja /kuifrx`gkuqÙkjs.kkLenh;a

nwjkYy{;a lqjifr/kuqJkpk#.kk rksj.ksuA

rL;ks;kUrs d`rdru;% dkUr;k of/kZrksa esa

gLrizkIr;Lrcduferks cky eUnkjo`{kAA6

gs es?k! bl jhfr ls vydkiqjh esa Hkxoku dqcsj ds x`g ls mÙkj dh vksj bUnz/kuq’k ds rqY;

lqanj ckgjh }kjokyk esjk x`g gSA ftlds lehi esa esjh Hkk;kZ }kjk iq=or lacf}r rFkk gkFkksa

ls izkIr gksus okys iq"iLrcd ¼xqPNs½ okyk eUnkj dk NksVk o`{k gSA

92

 

 

;gka ij ;{k es?k dks vydkiqjh fLFkr vius ml ?kj dh igpku crkrk gS tgka mldh iRuh

gSA ;{k es?k ls dgrs gS fd gs! es?k rqe bl jhfr ls vydkiqjh esa esjs ?kj dks igpkuuk fd

Hkxoku dqcsj ds ?kj ls mÙkj fn’kk dh vksj esjk ?kj bUnz/kuq"k ls Hkh lqanj ckgjh }kj okyk

gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ?kj dks ltkus laokjus gsrq ml le; Hkh fp= dyk dk izpyu

jgk gksxk ftls vkt ds ifjis{k eas mÙkjk[k.M dh ,si.k dyk ls tksM+k tk ldrk gSA vkt

fHkÙkh fp=.k esa fy[kFkki] ;k fHkfÙk fp=] fy[k Fkki iV~Vk] cj cwan] T;wafr] ukrk vkys[ku]

eqokyh ,si.k }kj ek= ;k T;ksyh ,si.k dk izpyu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bl izdkj dgk tk

ldrk gS fd rRdkyhu x`g fp= dyk dk :Ik vkt Hkh fdlh u fdlh :Ik esa gekjs lekt

esa izpyu esa cuk gqvk gSA

,fHk% lk/kks! ân;fufgrSyZ{;sFkk

}kjksikUrs fyf[kroiq"kkS “ka[kin~eks n`"V~okA

JkePNk;a Hkoue/kquk ef};ksxsu uwua

lw;kZik;s u [kyq deya iq";fr LokefHk[;ke~AA7

es?knwre esa ,d LFkku ij ;{k es?k ls dgrk gS fd gs es?k&bu iwoksZDr fpUgksa ls fpfUg~r rFkk

}kj ds nksuksa vksj “a[k vkSj in~e ds fyf[kr fpUgksa dks ns[kdj gs fe=! esjs fojg ds dkj.k

mRlo ’kwU; fu’izHk Hkou dks fu’P; gh vki igpku ysaxsA tSls lw;kZLr ds le; dey

eqj>k;k jgrk gSA mlh izdkj esjk ?kj esjs fo;ksx esa Økafrghu gks x;k gksxkA;gka ij foizyEHk

Ük`axkj gSA dfo us ;gka ij }kj ds nksuksa vksj “ka[k vkSj in~e uked fyf[kr fpUgksaus dks

n’kkZdj ;g fn[kkus dk iz;Ru fd;k gS fd vkt dh rjg ml le; Hkh ?kj ds eq[; }kjk ij

’kqHk fpUg vafdr fd, tkrs FksA vkt Hkh ge mÙkjk[k.M ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ns[krs gSa fd ?kj

ds ckgjh }kj ds nksuksa vksj dnyh o`{k] “ka[k in~e vkezeatjh ,oa dy’k vkfn dk fp=.k

fd;k tkrk gSA

Rokekfy[; iz.k;dqfirka /kkrqjkxS% f’kyk;k

ekRekua rs pj.kifrra ;kofnPNkfe drqZeA

vL=SLrkoUeqgq:ifprSnZf"VjkkyqI;rs esa

ØqjLrfLeUufi u lgrs l³~e ukS d`rkUr%AA8

93

 

 

;{k es?k ds ek/;e ls viuh fiz;k ds izfr viuh fojg n’kk tU; ihM+k dks igq¡pkus dk iz;kl

djrs gq, dgrk gS fd gs fiz;s! iz.k;dqfir vkidh xs# vkfn ls iRFkj ij izfrd`fr ¼fp=½

cukdj rFkk mlh izfrd`fr ¼fp=½ esa eSa viuh izfrd`fr ¼fp=½ dks vkidks pj.kksa ij

¼iz.k;dksi’keukFkZ½ T;ksagh j[kuk pkgrk gw¡ R;ksagh esjh n`f"V vk¡’kqvksa ls vo#) gks tkrh gSA

Øqj ;ejkt ml dky esa Hkh rqels esjk la;ksx djkuk ilUn ugha djrk gSA ;gka ij fojgh

;{k }kjk viuh iRuh rFkk viuk fp= cuk;s tkus dk o.kZu feyrk gSA vr% dgk tk ldrk

gS fd ml le; Hkh yksx nq%[k de djus rFkk fo;ksx de djus gsrq vius fiz; tu dk fp=

cukdj fp=n’kZu }kjk viuk nq%[k de djus dk iz;kl djrs Fks blls fl) gksrk gS fd ml

le; fp=dyk le`) FkhA

dkfynkl us vius egkdkO; j?kqoa’ke~ esa Hkh le`) fp=dyk ds vusdksa vn~Hkqr mnkgj.k izLrqr

fd, gSaA j?kqoa’ke~ esa dkfynkl us ,d LFkku ij fy[kk gS &

lhrka fgRok n’keq[kfjiquksZi;ses ;nU;ka

rL;k ,o izfrd`frl[kks ;RØrwuktgkjA

o`ÙkkUrsu Jo.kfo"k;izzkfi.kk rsu HkrqZ%

lk nqokZja dFkefi ifjR;kxnq[ka fo’ksgsAA9

jko.k’k=q ¼jke½ us lhrk dk R;kx dj nwljk fookg ugha fd;k rFkk mlh dh ewfrZ ds lkFk

vFkkZr~ Lo.kZe;h lhrk dh izfrek dks v)kZfxuh cukdj ;K fd;kA ifr ds bl o`rkar dks

lquus ls vlº; R;kx ds d"V dks ml lhrk us fdlh izdkj lgu fd;kA

egkdfo dkfynkl us vius egkdkO; j?kqoa’ke~ esa jke }kj lhrk R;kx ds Ik’pkr~ Hkh viuh

fiz;k dh ewfrZ LFkkfir dj ;K dk o.kZu feyrk gSA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd ml le;

ewfrZdyk dk izpyu FkkA

ogha nwljh vksj j?koqa’ke~ ds "kksM~’k lxZ esa fp=dyk dk vn~Hkqr o.kZu bl izdkj gS &

fp=f}ik% in~eukorh.kkZ% djs.kqfHknZÙke`.kkyHk³~xA

u[kk³~dq’kk?kkrfofHkUudqEHkk% lajC/kflagizgra ogfUrAA10

94

 

 

deyou esa izfo"V] gfFkfu;ksa ds }kjk fn, x, gSa e`.kky[k.M ftuds ds fy, ,sls fpf=r gkFkh

u[k:ih va³~dq’k izgkj ls fonh.k dqEHk okys gksdj Øksf/kr flag ds izgkj dks izkIr dj jgs gSaA

fp= eas fn[kk;k x;k gS fd gkFkh dey ou esa izfo"V gSa gkfFkfu;ka muds fy, e`.kky[k.M ns

jgh gS] mu fpf=r gkfFk;ksa dks okLrfod gkFkh eku dj flagksa us muds ekFkksa ij iatk ekjdj

muds eLrdLFk dqEHkksa dks fonh.kZ dj fn;kA blls fofnr gksrk gS fd ml le; fp=dyk

fdruh le`) rFkk thoar Fkh] fd flag fp=kafdr gkFkh dks ltho le> cSBrs gSaAdkfynkl dks

panzxqi foØekfnR; dk ledkyhu ekuk tkrk gSA eSdMksuy egksn; ds erkuqlkj dkfynkl

dk le; 400 bZ0 ekuk x;k gSA xqIrdky esa dyk ,oa lkfgR; vius mRd"kZ ds pje ij Fkh

blfy, bls izkphu bfrgkl dk Lo.kZ ;qx ekuk tkrk gSA mi;qZDr izek.kkas ls fl) gksrk gS fd

dkfynkl ds lkfgR; esa fp=dyk] ewfrZdyk] vkd`fr fp=.k] fHkfÙk fp=] jaxksa dk o.kZu

fp=n’kZu] }kjksa Hkouksa ij cuus okyh vYiuk ;k ,si.k dyk ds izpqj mnkgj.k izkIr gksrs gSaA

;g Hkh izekf.kr gksrk gS fd dkfynkl Lo;a Hkh fp=’kkL= ds lHkh fl)karksa eas fuiq.k FksA

mUgksaus :Ik fuekZ.k ,oa fp=&izn’kZu ¼fQykWlQh vkWQ isafVx½ bu ikfjHkkf"kd fp=’kkL=h;

fl)karksa ij iw.kZ:Ik ls izdk’k Mkyk gSA

lanHkZ &

1- dkfynkl d`r ukVd&vfHkKku’kkdqUrye~

2- okpLifr xSjksyk d`r& Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ,oa dyk y[kuÅ &1873

3- dkfynkl d`r es?knwre~& mrjes?k&”’yksd 1

4- dkfynkl d`r es?knwre& mrjes?k&”’yksd 6

5- dkfynkl d`r es?knwre& mrjes?k&”’yksd 11

6- dkfynkl d`r e?knwre& mrjes?k&”’yksd 12

7- dkfynkl d`r es?knwre& mrjes?k & ’yksd 17

8- dkfynkl d`r es?knwre& mrjes?k & ’yksd 42

9- dkfynkl d`r j?kqoa’ke~& prqnZ’k lxZ ’yksd & 87

10- dkfynkl d`r& j?kqoa’ke~ "kksM"k lxZ ’yksd &16

95

e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; fp=dyk eaaas lkfgR; dk ;ksxnku

nhfidk dk.Miky] vfl-izks- ¼lafonk½

n`”;dyk ladk;] ,l- ,l- ts- ifjlj vYeksM+k

dqek¡Å fo”ofo|ky; uSuhrky] mRrjk[k.M

lkfgR; o dyk ds chp vUrZlEcU/k vkt ls vusdksa o’kZ iwoZ ls pyk vk jgk gSA dyk

ekuoh; Hkkoukvksa dk lEizs’k.k dgh tkrh gSA vkfndky esa vkfnekuo }kjk Hkkoksa dh

vfHkO;fDr dk lk/ku dsoy lkadsfrd fpUg gh FksA mlds ikl Hkk’kk cksyh ;gk¡ rd dh

“kCnksa dk Hkh vHkko FkkA ekuo Hkk’kk fyfi dh [kkst esa dqN vH;LFk gks tkus ij viuh

Hkkoukvkas dh vfHkO;fDr ladsrksa] js[kkvksa] jaxksa ds ek/;e ls djrk pyk x;kA ijUrq mlds

vkxs ,d uohu iz”u [kM+k gqvk fd og Hkfo’; dh ih<+h dks dsoy ladsrksa }kjk viuh

fopkj/kkjk euksHkko ugha crk ik;sxkA ekuo dh blh ftKklk us fyfi dks tUe fn;k vkSj

Hkkjr o’kZ ds izR;sd LFkku fo”ks’k esa fHkUu&2 fyfi;ksa dk fuekZ.k gksus yxkA vk”p;Z tud

rF; ;g gS dh rc Hkh lkfgR; fo|eku Fkk tc fyfi dk tUe ugha gqvk FkkA ifjdFkkvksa]

tuJqfr;ksa] dgkfu;ksa esa ekSf[kd #i ls lkfgR; iYYkfor gks jgk FkkA cl nsj Fkh mls

fyfic) djus dhA bu ekSf[kd lkfgR;ksa ds fuekZ.k dks vkt Hkh vuqekfur #i ls crk;k

tkrk gSA dqN fyfi;k¡ le; ds lkFk&2 iYyfor gksrh pyh x;h ftuesa ls izeq[k fuEu gS

1 jTtq ;k xzUFk fyfi

2 Hkko izdk”ku fyfi

3 js[kk fyfi

4 v{kj fyfi

5 /ofu izdk”ku fyfi

6 O;atu ewyd fyfi

7 fp= fyfiA

;gk¡ ;g Li’V gks tkrk gS fd ladsr fp=] fp=fyfi] Hkko izdk”ku fyfi rFkk fp= jpuk

dgh uk dgh lkfgR; ds tUe ds lkFk&2 gh iYyfor gqbZA fyfi ds vHkko esa lkfgR; ftl

96

izdkj vizR;{k #i ls fo|eku Fkk fBd mlh izdkj o.kZekyk ds vHkko esa fyfi;kas dh ,d

vPNh la[;k ml le; izpfyr FkhA e/;dky dks fp=dyk dk ladze.k dky ekuk tkrk

FkkA vtUrk ds ckn dk le; fp=dyk ds gkl dk fn[kk;h nsrk gSA e/; dkyhu

fp=dyk dk izkjEHk vtUrk] flRruoklu vkfn xqQkvksa ds fHkfRr fp=ksa ds iru rFkk

iVfp=] iksFkh fp=.k] iqLrd fp=ksa ds fuekZ.k ds lkFk gksrk gSa Hkkjrh; fp=dkjksa dks ,d

fo”ks’k pqukSfr dk lkeuk Hkh djuk iM+k tks fp=.k ry ls lEcfU/kr FkhA y?kq fp=.k “kSyh

ls iwoZ fp=.k dk;Z ds fy;s os fnokjksa ij dk;Z{ks= ekudj dk;Z djrs Fks ijUrq vc og

LFkku rkM+i= o ckn esa dkxt us fy;kA vc pqukSfr NksVs ry ij dk;Z djus dh FkhA blh

ds QyLo#i y?kqfp=.k “kSyh dk lw=ikr gqvkA ;g ijEijk fujUrj ukS lkS o’kksZa rd pyrh

jghA Yk?kq fp=.k “kSyh dk izkjfEHkd Lo#i rkM+i=ksa ij fyf[kr xzUFkaksa esa fn[kk;h nsrk gSA

bu lkfgR; xzUFkksa o dyk ds e/; nks izdkj ls lEcU/k LFkkfir gqvkA ,d rks lkfgR;

fo’k;d fp=ksa dk vadu nwljk fp=ksa dh rduhd fp=dyk dk lkfgR;ksa esa foLr`r mYys[k

gqvkA

lkfgR; esa dyk fo’k;d rduhd ek/;e fu;eksa dk mYys[k &

**e/;dky dks lkekU;r% nks oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;kA

1- iwoZ e/; dky (1600 – 1100 A.D.) 2- mRrj e/; dky (1100 – 1500 A.D.) **1

bl le; vusd xzUFkksa dh jpuk gqbZ ftuesa fp=dyk lEcfU/kr fu;eksa dk mYys[k fd;k

x;kA tSls & lejkax.k lw=/kkj (1005-1054 A.D.) ys[kd Hkkst] vfHkyk’kkFkZ fpUrke.kh (1129 A.D.) ys[kd jktk lkses”oj Hkwifr] ekx/kh izkd`r dh **lqjlqUnjh** o **rjaxorh**] foYg.k

d`r d.kZlqUnjh] gsepUnzkpk;Z dh **f=’kf’B”kykdk iq#’k Pkfjr**] lksenso d`r dFkk

lfjrlkxj] {ksesUnz d`r o`gRdFkk eatjh] lkses”oj Hkwifr d`r&ekulksYykl] ek?k d`r

**f”k”kqiky o/k**] dfo HkoHkwfr d`r **mRrjjkepfjr ekul**] n.Mhd`r vofUrlqUnjh] n.Mh

d`r n”kdqekj pfjr] ck.kHkÍ dk **g’kZ pfjr**] ftuesa fp=dyk lEcfU/kr vusd egRoiw.kZ

rF; gSA

**vfHkyk’kkFkZfpUrke.kh esa lkses”oj us pkj izdkj dh dyk;sa crk;h &

1- fonfp= ;k lkn`”; fp=

2- vfo}fp= ;k HkkokRed o dkYifud

3- jlfp= xhys jax }kjk cus fp=

4- /kwfyfp= pw.kZ }kjk tehu ij o nhokj ij cus fp=**3

97

Ekk?k us f”k”kqiky o/k esa dyk lkSUn; ds fl)kUrkas dk o.kZu fd;k gSA **mRrjjkepfjr

ekul** esa HkoHkwfr us fp=ksa dk izlax fn;k gSaA mUgkasus **ekyrhek/ko** esa fp=dyk dk

iz;kstu **mRd.Bk fouksnu** crk;k gSaA bl esa jktizlkn o nsok;ruksa dh ppkZ dh gSA

lkn`”; ds gsrq laokfgR; “kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA

n”kdqekj pfjr esa rks fp=.k ds Ik”pkr~ fp=ksa dks ns[k&2 dj lHkh dFkkvksa dks fyfic)

fd;k x;kA ,d vU; e/;dkyhu xzUFk ekulkj esa okLrqdyk o ewfrZdyk dk o.kZu feyrk

gSA fp=dyk ds fo’k; esa jpuk fo/kku dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk x;kA tSls& czák dk iwjk “kjhj

lqUkgjs jax] fo’.kq dk “;ke jax] muds oL=ksa dks ihr o.kZ dk] f”ko ewfrZ dks yky jax dk

vkSj mudh xzhok ds okeHkko esa dkydwV fo’k ds fpUg dks cukuk vko”;d ekuk x;k gSA

bl le; **fo’.kq/keksZRrj iqjk.k** tSls fp=dyk lEcfU/kr egRoiw.kZ xzUFkksa dh jpuk gqbZ

ftuesa fp=lw= esa “kkjhfjd y{k.k] jax] vadu] fo/kku rFkk rkfRod fl)kUrksa dk dbZ

v/;k;kas esa cM+k fo”kn foospu gqvkA blh esa fy[kk x;k gS fd &

**dykuka ija fp=a] /kZedkekFkZ eks{kne~A

ekxY;a izFkea gksrn] x`gs ;= izfrf’Bre~AA**5

Hkkstd`r lejakx.k lw=/kkj “kqdzkpk;Z d`r “kqdzuhfr lkj dk uke fy;k tk ldrk gSA

lejkax.k lw=/kkj esa v/;k; 70&83 rd ewfrZdyk fof/k ds o.kZu ds chp&2 esa fp= jpuk

fof/k dh O;k[;k dh x;h gSA v/;k; 71 esa fp=dyk fo’k;d fp=ksa dk vadu fd;k x;k

gSaA 72 esa HkwfecU/ku ij yxk;s tkus okys ysi dh fof/k of.kZr gSaA ekuo “kjhj izek.k fp=.k]

HkwfecU/ku] ys[kdeZ] v.Md izek.k] izfrek y{k.k iq#’k vkd`fr Hksn] jlkas o eqnzkvksa dk

lE;d fopkj fd;k x;k gSA **“kqdzuhfrlkj e/;dky dh dyk lEcfU/kr fopkjksa ls Hkjk ,d

lkfgR; xzUFk gSA blesa izfrek fuek.kZ dk funsZ”k fd;k x;k gSaA**1 fl) gsepUnz d`r

f=’kf’B“kykdk iq#’kpfjr esa n”kZdksa ds euksHkko ij fp=ksa dk fHkUu &2 izHkko crk;k x;kA

/kuiky d`r frydeatjh esa y{eh dh dk’B izfrek dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSaA Jh g’kZ d`r

uS’k/kh;pfjre~ esa jktizlknksa esa fpf=r yhykxzgksa fp=dyk fuiq.k] L=h iq#’kksa] ”kjhj ij dh

tkus okyh vkd`fr;ksa ls ;qDr i=&jpuk rFkk foyklx`gksa esa vIljkvksa }kjk _f’k;ksa dh

riL;k Hkax ds fp=ksa dk mYYks[k gSA fp=dkj dks ^^fp=”kkfyad^^ ,ao ^^dk#^^ rFkk fp= dks

fyfi Hkh dgk x;k gaSA

pUncjnkbZ 13oh0 “krh d`r i`Fohjktjklks esa Hkwfe ij ^^lka>k^^ uked fp=kd`fr;k¡ dh jpuk]

nsoky; ds fp=&e.Mu rFkk fpf=r iqrfydkvksa dk mYys[k gqvk gSaA laLd`r] izkd`r Hkk’kk

ds dkO;ksa] ukVd] dgkfu;ksa dks fp=dyk ds lEca/k esa tkudkjh nsus dk ek/;e cuk;k

98

x;kA izeq[k xzUFkksa dks ns[kdj] i<+dj ;g fofnr gksrk gS] fd rRdkyhu lekt esa fp=dyk

ds izfr xgjh :fp tkx`r gks pqdh FkhA dqN lkfgR;ksa dh fo’k;oLrq dks ysdj fp=.k dk;Z

e/;dky esa fd;k x;kA ftuesa t;nso d`r xhrxksfoUn esa fojg.kh jk/kk }kjk uohu vkez

eatjh dk ck.k gkFk esa fy, e`xen ls vafdr dkenso ds fp= dk mYys[k fd;k gSA

izkjfEHkd e/;dkyhu fp=ksa esa izKkikjferk] xU/kO;wg vkSj lk/kuekyk dks fpf=r fd;k x;k

gSA lkFk gh iapf”k[kk] djunsoxqgk rFkk egk;ku dks fpf=r fd;k x;kA tks rkM+i=ksa ij

vafdr gSA blds nksuksa vksj ydM+h ds iVjksa dh ftYn gSA nsoh] nsorkvksa dh vkd`fr;ksa dk

fp=.k e/;dkyhu fp=ksa esa vR;f/kd gqvkA bl e/;dkyhu dyk dks iky “kSyh dgk x;kA

iky “kSyh dk le; dky 700&1100 bZ- rd ekuk tkrk gSA tks mRrj e/; dky ds uke

ls tkuk tkrk gSA /khjs&2 ;g dyk fod`fr dh vksj ¼13 oh0 “krkCnh½ tkrh jghA ftlus

,d ubZ “kSyh dk #i ys fy;kA ftls viHkza”k “kSyh uke fn;k x;kA bl “kSyh ds vUrZxr

^^vks/k;qfu;qZfDro`fRr** o **n”koSdkfyd Lkw=Ok`fRr** gSSA ftudk le; 1060 bZ- gSA xqtjkr ls

izkIr **HkxorhLkw=** Hkh blh le; dk ekuk tkrk gSA fu”khFkpw.khZ] f=’kf’B”kykdk iq#’kpfjr]

usfeukFk pfjr] dYilw=] dkydkpk;Z dFkk] dFkklfjrlkxj] mRrjk/;k;u lw=] xhrxksfoUn]

ckyxksiky Lrqfr] clUr foykl vkfn izeq[k xzUFkfpf=r fd;s x;sA blds vfrfjDr

ik”oZukFk] usfeukFk vkSj _’kHkukFk rFkk vU; chl rhFkZdj egkRekvksa ds n`’VkUr fp= fpf=r

fd;s x;sA nqxkZlIr”krh] jfrjgL;] dYilw=] clUr foykl] pkSjiapkf”kdk] dYinzqe] vaxlw=]

laxzg.kh;lw=] mRrjk/;k;u xzUFkksa dks fpf=r fd;kA ftudk fyfidky 1100 ls 1500 bZ-

gSSA

fpf=r y?kqfp=kas ds ek/;e o rduhd &

**Jh jk; d`’.knkl us dgk Fkk **buesa yky flUnwj rFkk egkoj] ihyk gjrky ;k lEHkor%

I;kSMh] uhyk yktonhZ rFkk uhyk lQsn ,oa dkyk ;s ewy jax rFkk blds lfEeJ.k ls

mRiUu gjs] xqykch] cSaxuh] Qk[rkbZ vkfn jaxks dk iz;ksx feyrk gSA lksus dk jax buesa ugha

ik;k tkrk FkkA**3 tSu “kSyh ds fp=ksa esa lksus ds jaxks dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k x;kA rkM+i=kas ij

fpf=r #i vkdkjkas esa ihys o yky jaxkss dk iz;ksx vR;f/kd feyk gSaA ;s jax vkt Hkh

rktxh dk vkHkkl djkrs gSA jaxks dk iz;ksx js[kkdau esa fd;k x;k gSA

**iky “kSyh ds fp=ksa esa pEkdnkj yky] uhys] lQsn] ihys vkSj dkys jaxks dks dke esa yk;k

tkrk FkkA**1 iky “kSyh ds fp=ks esa Lo.kZ dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k x;k gSA Hkjs gq, jax dks

xgjk djds vFkok dkyk feykdj [kqykbZ dh x;h gSA izkjEHk esa e/;dkyhu fp=ksa dk vadu

rkMi=ksa ij fd;k tkrk FkkA 7oh- “krh ds e/; tc eqfLye “kkldksa }kjk phu ij vkdze.k

fd;k x;k blds iwoZ phu ds vfrfjDr dksbZ Hkh jk’Vª dkxt fuekZ.k ugha tkurk FkkA nks

99

jk’Vªksa ds ijLij lakL—frd] jktuSfrd esy ls vusd fjfr;ksa dk Hkh ijLij vknku & iznku

gksrk gSA blh izdkj phu esa dkxt fuekZ.k dyk dks eqfLye “kkld 10oh- “krh rd Hkkjr

yk;s o Hkkjr esa rkMi+= o Hkksti= dh vis{kk dkxt vf/kd mi;ksxh fl) gqvkA ftlls

ys[ku ds lkFk&2 fp=.k dks Hkh lacy izkIr gqvkA fp=.k ds ry ds #i esa iksfFk;ksa dk

iz;ksx fd;k x;kA bu ikfFk;kas esa –’VkUr fp= cus gSA **rkM+i= ij cus fp=ksa dk vkdkj

2‐5^^ ls 3^^ pkSM+kbZ vkSj yEckbZ 21^^ FkhA dgh&dgh 36**A**3

rkM+i= ds nksuksa Nksjks ij Nsn fd;s tkrs FksA vkSj mlh izdkj dh dk’B nf¶r;ka ysdj /kkxs

fijksdj bu fpf=r i=ksa dks ck¡/kdj iqLrd #i fn;k tkrk FkkA dk’B nf¶r ij ckgj vkSj

vUnj fp= cuk;s tkrs FksA igys rkM+i=ksa dks fyfic) fd;k tkrk Fkk rFkk fp=ksa ds fy;s

mlesa dqN LFkku NksM+ fn;k tkrk FkkA ckn esa fp=dkjksa ds ikl ;s ikMqfyfi;ka¡ Hksth tkrh

Fkh tks buesa dq”kyrk ds lkFk fp=.k dk;Z fd;k djrs Fks ijUrq dgh Hkh fp=dkjksa dk uke

vafdr ugha gSA tSu “kSyh ds fp=ksa esa fpf=r ry rkM+i=ksa ls cnydj dkxt ds xzUFkksa esa

fpf=r fd;k tkus yxkA vk—fr;ksa dks gYds cknkeh jax esa likV Hkjk x;k gSA ftlds

Åij dkyh L;kgh ls js[kkdau fd;k x;kA xqtjkr ds ikvu ls izkIr Hkxorhlw= dks jk;—

‘.k nkl us 1062 A.D. dk ekuk gSA ftuesa yky] uhyk vkSj lQsn /kkfj;ksa ls vyadj.k

ek= gSA rkM+i=h; xzUFkksa ds i``’B pV[kdj VwV uk tk;sA vr% lqj{kk ds fy;s iz;ksx xzUFk ds

Åij&uhps mlh vkdkj dh dk’B ifV`dk, yxk;h tkrh FkhA ftUgsa izk;% fpf=r Hkh fd;k

tkrk FkkA **rkM+i= ij cus izKkikjferk dk vkdkj 22 1@4^*x 2 1@4^^ gSA fyf[kr

lkfgR; esa rRdkyhu ukxjh fyfi esa fy[kh x;hA**2

fpf=r fo’k; o izrhd &

izkjfEHkd e/;dkyhu fp= rkM+i=ksa ij cuk;s x;s ftu ij izeq[k fp=ksa dks fpf=r fd;k

tkrk FkkA blesa lcls igys uke vkrk gSA izKkikjferk (izKk dh ijkdk’Bk) dk ftlesa

ckS) nsoh nsorkvksa ds cq) thou ds ,ao ckS) rhFkZ LFkyksa ds fp= cuus yxsA bl xzUFk esa

32 ifjPNsn esa cqq)dwV ioZr ij Hkxoku cq) vius lqefr] lkfjiq= iw.kZ eS=k;.kh iq= tSls

f”k’;ksa dks mins”k nsrs gq;s mifLFkr gSA bl xzUFk esa rU= y{k.kksa dk Hkh izHkko gS] ftlds

dkj.k izKkikjferk nsoh o rkjk nsoh cgqr fiz; Hkh jgsA bu nsoh;ksa dks xzUFk esa vusd #iksa

o jxksa esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA

fp= esa lqMkSy vk—fr;k¡ n”kZuh; gS vkSj muesa lthork gSA gkFkksa o mxfy;ksa dk vadu

dksey ,oa izHkkoh gSaA i`’BHkwfEk esas dgh&2 dsys o ukfj;y dh gfj;kyh ns[kh tk ldrh gSaA

blds mnkgj.k vkt Hkh Hkkjr dyk Hkou esa fo?keku gSA ,d izfr cq) dh ekrk ekFkk nsoh

100

rFkk gfjrrkjk nsoh dk fp= gSA ;gh ij ,d vkSj izfr jatuk fyfi esa gSA dqN fp=ksa esa

vtUrk dh “kSyh dh ijEijk fn[kk;h nsrh gSA

vk—fr;k¡ dksey o ekaly gSA eqnzkvksa o HkkoHkafxekvksa esa Hkh ogh yksp gSA egk;ku lEiznk;

ls lEcfU/kr Hka;dj vk—fr;k¡ Hkh fpf=r gqbZA eq[; vk—fr;ksa ds vf/kdrk ls iz;ksx fd;k

rFkk ukd dk eq[k ds vuqikr esa yEch gksuk tSls dyk dh fxjkoV ds fpUg Hkh fn[kk;h

nsrs gSA dkydkpk;Z dFkk esa nks p”e I;kt tSlh dVh gqbZ nk<+h] NVh gqbZ ewN] ykyjax dh

psgjbZ ,ao vk¡[ks vk/kh cUn cuk;h x;h gSaA

tSu “kSyh ds fp=ksa ds fo’k; ds vUrxZr gkFkh] dy”k] y{eh] dkenso rFkk vaydkfjd flag

dks izrhd #i esa vafdr fd;k x;kA 1100bZ- dk xzUFk fu”khFkpw.khZ] f=’kf’B”kykdk

iq#’kpfjr] usfeukFk pfjr] dYil=w] dkydkpk;Z dFkk vkfn xzUFk fy[ks x;s tSu fo’k;ksa dks

lkfgR; ds lkFk fpf=r djds lekt ds fy, fufeZr fd;s x;sA

bu fp=ksa ds #ikdkjkas esa lekurk Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA dgh&2 vk—fr;ksa esa uke Hkh fy[kk

x;k gSA tSls & f=”kyk] usfe] bUnz] gfj.ks&xesf”ku vkfnA vk—fr;ksa dh jpuk] os”kHkw’kk rFkk

eqnzk,¡ :<+ gks x;h gSA lHkh vk—fr;k¡ lokp”e gSA ukd uwfdyh o yEch gSA ukd ijys

xky ls ckgj gSA BksBh NksVh rFkk xqByh tSlh vk¡[k dVs gq, ijoy dh Qk¡d tSlh gSA

vk¡[kksa dh dVk{k js[kk nwj rd c<+h gqbZ ijyh vk¡[k ls ckgj fudyh gqbZ gSA vaydkjhdrk

vf/kd o lthork de gSA vk—fr;k¡ izk;% f[kykSus ds vkdkj dh fn[kk;h nsrh gSA dHkh &2

lkfgR; ds fo’k; ds foifjr fdlh vU; fo’k; ij cus fp= Hkh blesa fey tkrs gSA bu

fp+=kas }kjk ewy xzUFk dks i<+uk o le>uk izk;% dfBu tku iM+rk gSA

lUnHkZ &

1- vxzoky] fxjkZt fd”kksj] Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk vkykspukRed bfrgkl (dyk vkSj

dye)] v”kksd izdk”ku efUnj] vyhx<+] 2009] i`’B & 99] 108] 119] 120A

2- vkuUn] vk”kk @lpnso] lhek] Hkkjrh; fp=dyk % iky “kSyh ls igkMh “kSyh rd]

fp=k;u izdk”ku] eqt¶Qjuxj] 2004] i`’B & 8 A

3- “kekZ] yksds”k pUnz] Hkkjr dh fp=dyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl] xks;y ifCyf”kax gkml]

esjB] 2005] i`’B & 60] 62] 63A

4- Ikzrki] jhrk] Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ,ao ewfrZdyk dk bfrgkl] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk

vdkneh] t;iqj] 2010] i`’B & 108 A

5- xSjksyk] okpLifr] Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] pkS[kEck laLd`r izfr’Bku] 1990] i`’B & 13 A

101

f'k{kk esa dyk dh jpukRedrk dk lekos'k

vfopy ekul

vkefU=r çoDrk] O;ogkfjd dyk foHkkx

dyk ,oa f'kYi egkfo|ky] yfyr dyk ladk;] y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;

Hkkjrh; ikjEifjd fpUru ds vuqlkj dyk dk eq[; mn~ns'; vykSfdd n`f"V ;k vuqHkwfr

mRiUu djuk gS] tks ijekuUn dh çkfIr dks lgt djrk gSA dyk ,oa dykRed vfHk#fp

ls dgha u dgha gekjs thou esa laosnuk] dYiuk'khyrk o lkSUn;Zcks/k dk Lor% gh lekos'k

gksrk tkrk gSA blfy, esjk vuqHko ;g dgrk gS fd] dyk dh f'k{kk dk mn~ns'; ek=

dykdkj gh ugha vfirq mRre n`"Vk] Jksrk] fpUrd] vkykspd ;k l`tudrkZ dk fuekZ.k

djuk Hkh gS tks fdlh Hkh fo"k; fo'ks"k ls ijs gSA dfoxq# Jh johUnzukFk VSxksj ds vuqlkj]

euq"; dyk ds ek/;e ls vius vUrj eu dks vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA dyk gekjs thou esa

vkuUn dk lapkj djrh gSA

dyk] laizs"k.k vkSj dYiuk&l`tu dk lcls l'kDr ek/;e gSA pkgs dksbZ vf'kf{kr O;fDr

gks ;k cksyus lquus esa vleFkZ] dyk ds ek/;e ls gj dksbZ viuh ckr csgrj rjhds ls

le>k Hkh ldrk gS vkSj le> Hkh ldrk gSA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr tc bl lalkj esa vkrk gS] rks

igys og n`f"Vxr fdlh Hkh oLrq ds okLrfod Lo:i ls mldhs igpku djrk gSA tSls

NksVk uotkr f'k'kq viuh ek¡ dh igpku Hkyh Hkk¡fr dj ldrk gS tcfd mls mldh ek¡ ds

fo"k; esa dksbZ igpku djkus okyk ugha gksrk gSA fQj tSls tSls cPpk cM+k gksrk gS rc

viuh ekr`Hkk"kk vkSj fQj nwljh izpfyr Hkk"kkvksa dk KkuktZu djds /khjs&/khjs bl nqfu;k esa

viuk ifjp; cukrk gSSA Hkk"kk dk leqfpr Kku rks lHkh ds fy, visf{kr gS exj tc Hkk"kk

ds lkFk dykRed vfHkO;fDr o dYiuk ds ia[k yx tkrs gSa rks gekjk O;fDrRo mPpdksfV

dh igpku LFkkfir djus esa fo'ks"k lg;ksxh gksrk gSA dyk gekjs thou esa izR;{k ;k

vizR;{k :i ls ges f'kf{kr djds gekjs thou Lrj dks fof'k"Brk çnku djrh gSA

dyk f'k{kk viuh O;kid fo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFk eq[; #i ls larqyu vkSj lkeatL; ij cy

nsrh gSA ftldk O;kogkfjd mi;ksx gekjh nSfud thou'kSyh esa Hkh n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA

dyk dk l`tukRed i{k rHkh viuh iw.kZrk çkIr dj ldsxk tc Qyd dk larqyu vkSj

fo"k;oLrq esa çLrqr dkjdksa dk lkeUtL; mfpr #i esa fd;k x;k gksA jpuk ds ek/;e ls

viuh laosnukvksa vkSj fopkjksa dks ewrZ #i nsuk rHkh lEHko gS] tc gekjh l`tu çfØ;k

larqyu o lkeatL; ij vk/kkfjr gksA dyk f'k{kk gekjs thou ,oa lkekftd ewY;ksa ds

102

lEiw.kZ fodkl esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ekrk&firk cPpksa dh tUetkr

l`tukRed izo`fÙk dks vadqfjr djus esa lgh ekxZn'kZd dk p;u djsasA fcuk fdlh ncko ds

cPpksa ds Lora= eu ds fopkjkas dks tkudj mlesa fNih izfrHkk dk vUos"k.k dj mldh dyk

izo`fÙk dks vxzlj djsasA dyk izf'k{k.k ds nkSjku fo|kFkhZ dks dyk 'kSyh] fu/kkZfjr fu;e]

rduhd iz.kkyh dk Kku rks djk;k tk;s ftlls fd mudk ikyu djrs gq, og Lo;a ds

euksHkkokas] l`tukRed lksp ds vk/kkj ij gh dykd`fr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djs] tks mls mldh

viuh mPpdksfV dh igpku LFkkfir djus esa lg;ksxh gksxkA dyk dk Kku&çkFkfed Lrj

ij vuqlj.k] fQj /khjs&/khjs vius Hkkoksa dks vkdkj nsuk ;k dYiuk dks Lo#i çnku djuk]

rr~i'pkr fo"k;oLrq dk dYiuk dh mM+ku ds lkFk lkeUtL; LFkkfir djrs gq, vuUr esa

fopj.k djrs gq, Js"B dyk dk fuekZ.k djuk] ;g fLFkfr;ka gekjh dYiuk 'kfDr dks lqn`<+

,oa O;kid #i çnku djrh gSaA

dykRed xq.k o lkSUn;Z cks/k ge lHkh esa fo|eku gS] izkxSfrgkfld dky ds xqQk fp=ksa ls

ysdj vkt rd dh yksd dyk laLd`fr bldk lgt mnkgj.k gSaA dyk o mlds vk/kkjHkwr

fl)kUrksa dk leqfpr Kku u gksus ds dkj.k u rks ge muls vkuUn xzg.k dj ikrs gSa vkSj

u gh ge nSfud thoup;kZ esa mldk jpukRed mi;ksx dj ikrs gSa] vko';drk gS rks

mi;qDr okrkoj.k] fn'kkfunsZ'k ,oa izksRlkgu dhA f'k{kk ,d LokHkkfod izfØ;k gS tks euq";

dh :fp ds vuqlkj csgrj Lo:i izkIr djrh gSA blfy, esjk ekuuk gS fd dyk dh f'k{kk

ds fy, çR;sd vfHkHkkod dks ltx gksuk pkfg, D;ksafd fo|ky;ksa esa çkjfEHkd pj.k esa

vuqlj.k o vH;kLkkRed dyk dh f'k{kk rks nh tkrh gS ijUrq tc jpukRed dyk f'k{kk

çkfIr dk le; ikl vkrk gS] rc vfHkHkkod vius cPpksa ds mTToy Hkfo"; gsrq mUgsa dyk

f'k{kk esa le; O;FkZ u djrs gq, vU; eq[; fo"k;ksa dh f'k{kk esa çkFkfedrk ij cy nsrs gSA

ftlds QyLo#i cPps dh jpukRed dyk dh f'k{kk ls ;Fkkor ifjp; u gksus ls] mldh

dYiuk'kfDr o vocks/k Lrj dk leqfpr foLrkj ugha gks ikrk gSA gekjk ;gka vfHkHkkodksa ls

fo'ks"k vuqjks/k gS fd vxj vki vius cPpksa dks ,d dykdkj u cukdj ,d lQy

fpfdRld] vfHk;Urk ;k ç'kklfud vf/kdkjh cukuk pkgsa] rks Hkh jpukRed dyk dh f'k{kk

dh fo'ks"k vko';drk gSA mPp f'k{kk ds fdlh Hkh {ks= esa çkFkfed ik;nkuksa ij igqapus ls

iwoZ] ;fn vYidkfyd jpukRed dyk f'k{kk }kjk cPpksa esa larqyu] lkeatL;] la;kstu]

dYiuk'khyrk bR;kfn dk ifjp; djk nsa rks] uo;qod&uo;qofr;ka dyk ;k blds vfrfjDr

fdlh Hkh {ks= esa jpukRed vfHkO;fDr }kjk n`<+rk o etcwrh ls viuk Hkfo"; cuk ldsaxsA

tSlk fd ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd fo'o fo[;kr dykdkj fy;ksukMksZ n foaph esa ,d lQy

oSKkfud] vfHk;ark] nk'kZfud] laxhrK bR;kfn lHkh ds xq.k fo|eku FksA foaph dk f'k{kk ds

lHkh fo"k;ksa ls yxko Fkk D;ksa fd mudk ekuuk Fkk fd lHkh fo"k; ,d nwljs ls vkarfjd

103

rkSj ij tqM+s gSaA fdlh Hkh fo"k; esa Kku vkSj mlesa [kkst dgha u dgha nwljs fdlh fo"k;

dks Hkh çHkkfor djds mlesa la'kks/ku djrh gSA egku oSKkfud ,yoVZ vkbalVhu us Hkh

vius 'kCnksa esa dYiuk'khyrk dks Kku ls vf/kd ewY;oku crk;k gS] tSls fdlh oSKkfud dk

dk;Z dqN u;k vFkok fdlh fNih gqbZ 'kfDr] oLrq ;k mi;ksfxrk dh [kkst djuk gksrk gSA

vc ;fn fdlh oSKkfud esa mlds çkjfEHkd voLFkk esa gh dyk dh jpukRedrk o

dYiuk'khyrk ds Kku dk lekos'k dj fn;k tk;s rks visf{kr lQyrk dh laHkkouk c`gn

gks tkrh gSA dyk f'k{kk }kjk ge vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ftu jpukRed dkS'ky] ewY;ksa vkSj

ekU;rkvksa dks laizsf"kr djrs gSa og dgha u dgha lkekftd O;oLFkk dks lqUnj :i nsus dk

dk;Z djrh gSaA jpukRed l`tu'kZhyrk lgt gh gekjs O;fDrRo o Kku dks foHkwf"kr djrh

gSA

dyk f'k{kk ds {ks= esa izkFkfed Lrj ls gh f'k{kk i)fr dk leqfpr fodkl djuk vko';d

gSA cPpksa dks izkjEHk ls gh Ldwyksa] ?kjksa rFkk fdlh lkekftd vk;kstu esa l`tukRed <+x ls

vfHkO;fDr djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A dyk f'k{kk ?kj&?kj vkSj lekt esa

gekjs cPpksa ds jpukRed dkS'ky dks mér djds muds vkxs dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrh gSA

gekjh f'k{kk i)fr esa dyk] laxhr] u`R; bR;kfn lk/kj.kr;k ,d gkWch dkslZ dh lh Hkwfedk

gh fuHkkrs gSaA jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa çf'k{k.k ifj"kn (NCERT) us jk"Vªh; Lrj ij

cPpksa ds f'k{kk ds Lrj esa le;kuqdwy lalks/ku ds lkFk gh dyk f'k{kk ij Hkh fo'ks"k cy

fn;kA laLd`fr ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj gekjs ns'k esa dyk o laLdfr dh /kjksgjksa dks lqj{kk

çnku djus ds lkFk gh muds mRFkku ds fy, lrr~ ç;kljr gSA jk"Vªh;] çknsf'kd]

laLFkkxr o fo|ky; Lrj ij vk;ksftr dyk çfr;ksfxrk;sa o dk;Z'kkyk;sa fdlh u fdlh

#i esa jpukRedrk ij cy ns jgh gSaA gekjh vxyh ih<+h dks etcwr uhao nsus ds fy, ge

vfHkHkkodksa dks blls Åij mBdj cPpksa dks fo'ks"k dyk vfHk#fp dk;ZØeksa esa Hkkxhnkjh

djkuh gksxh] tks Hkfo"; esa lq[kn ifj.kke ns ldrs gSaA

gekjh çknsf'kd dyk vdknfe;ksa esa jk"Vªh; yfyr dyk vdkneh] m0ç0 }kjk blh lksp ds

lkFk dyk vfHk#fp dh laf{kIr xzh"edkyhu dk;Z'kkykvksa dk vk;kstu yxHkx 10 o"kksZa ls

fd;k tk jgk gS ftldk foLrkj çns'k ds vU; dbZ ftyksa esa Hkh gks pqdk gSA ftlls ;g

Kkr gksrk gS fd orZeku esa vfHkHkkodksa dk #>ku vkaf'kd #i ls gh lgh blesa Hkkxhnkjh

ds fy, c<+k gSA vc ;g ge vfHkHkkodksa dk nkf;Ro curk gS fd dyk f'k{kk dh

vko';drk cl ,d vkSipkfjdrk u jg tk;sA

dykfon~ vkuUn ds- dqekjLokeh ds vuqlkj&dyk dks vkRelkr~ blfy, ugha djuk pkfg,

fd blls ge lEié gksxsa cfYd blfy, djuk pkfg, D;ksfd dyk ,d Js"B deZ gS vius

vfLrRo dk] gekjh lksp ds fy, ,d njoktk gS] ftlesa ls gksdj ge vn`'; ls n`'; dh

104

vksj tkrs gSa] Jksr gS ml fnO; LoIu dk tks vfHké fgLlk gS gekjh ml dYiuk dk ftls

ge Hkkjr jk"Vª dh laKk nsaxsA

lanHkZ &

1- jk/kkdey eq[kthZ% Art & Mind's Rhythm, i`"B 6] Lekfjdk % Lora=rk jtr

t;arh&1972] m-iz-jk-y-d-v-] y[kuÅ

2- fnudj dkSf'kd% Artist & His Social Relevance, i`"B 34&36] Lekfjdk % Lora=rk

jtr t;arh&1972] m-iz-jk-y-d-v-] y[kuÅ

3- NCERT Report 2010 : Art Education in India, Page 22 & 60-62, Department of Education in Arts & Aesthetics, NCERT 2010, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India.

4- ç;kx 'kqDy% dyk ds #i dyk ds eeZ] i`"B 19&20 dyk =Sekfld]

vDVwcj&fnlEcj 2002] m-iz-jk-y-d-v-] y[kuÅ

5- f'kcukjk;u js% dyk f'k{kk rFkk tu#fp] i`"B 15&18] ledkyhu dyk] ebZ 1984]

la[;k&2

6- dqedqe JhokLro% 'kks/kfuf/k] vad 1@izos'kkad&2009

7- http://www.creativethinkingwith.com/Leonardo-da-Vinci.html 8- http://www.einsteinalive.com/quotes/einstein-creativity.html

 

105

dykvksa dk lekjksg % jaxeap vkSj flusek

M‚-vfÜouh dqekj flag

'kksèkkFkÊ& ukVîdyk ,oa fQYe vè;;u foHkkx

egkRek xkaèkh varjjk"Vªh; fgUnh foÜofo|ky;]oèkkZ]egkjk"Vª

dyk dh ç—fr vkSj Lo:i dks ysdj fo}kuks us cgqr gh xgu foe'kZ vkSj fo'ys"k.k çLrqr

fd;k gSA fQj Hkh vkt rd bldh dksbZ mi;qä ifjHkk"kk ugha çLrqr dh tk ldh gSA vr%

Li"V gS fd dyk dh fo"k;xr O;kidrk fdruh vifjes; gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds varjxr

dyk dk 'kkfCnd ç;ksx loZçFke _xosn esa fd;k x;k gSA bl lanHkZ esa M‚- jkefoykl

'kekZ fy[krs gSa fd Þdyk 'kCn _xosn esa vk;k gSA oSfnd baMsDl ds vuqlkj fdlh pht

dk lksygok¡ Hkkx dyk gksrk Fkk] vkBosa Hkkx dks 'kQ dgrs FksAß1 laL—r lkfgR; esa paæek

ds 1@16 osa Hkkx dks dke ds prqjrk ds vFkksZa esa xzg.k fd;k x;k gSA vejdks'k esa bls

d³~ èkkrq ls O;qRiUu ekuk x;k gS ftldk vFkZ eÙk djuk vFkok çlUu djuk gksrk gSA

'kqØuhfrlkj vkSj dkelw= esa bldh O;kid çfr"Bk fd x;h gSA ckn ds lkfgR; es ^dyk^

dkO; ds vykok vU; dykvksa dk i;kZ;okph gks x;kA fQj Hkh bl mgkiksg ls bruk rks

vo'; gh Li"V gksrk gS fd bldh ç—fr ,d vksj Hkkouk vkSj fo|k]nwljh vksj dkS'ky vkSj

f'kYi rks rhljh vksj çlUu djus ;k eÙk djus ds çHkko ds :i esa gSA

dyk ds lanHkZ esa M‚- fxjh'k jLrksxh fy[krh gSa Þdyk thou dh l`tukRed ftthfo"kk dk

ifj.kke gSA thou esa xgjh #fp ls gh dyk tUe ysrh gSA ge vius vkarfjd thou dks

O;ä djuk pkgrs gSaA ge dyk dks blfy, 'kk;n ifjHkkf"kr Hkh dj ysa]ij ,d ^vPNs

vkVZ*dks ifjHkkf"kr ugha dj ldrs D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh dyk ,d O;kdj.k ugha gS] u xf.kr gS]u

foKku] u 'kkL=( dyk ,d thfor oLrq dh lgt çfrfØ;k gSA---lc dykvksa dk mís';

vkuan gS vkSj lHkh dyk&:i] gekjh lkSan;kZuqHkwfr bu dykvksa ds vkilh]l?ku fj'rksa

ls],d:irk ls larq"V gksrh gSAß2 lw{e iM+rky dh tk; rks vo'; gh dyk ds lw= ekuo

fodkl ds çFke foanq ls tqMrs çrhr gksrs gSaA fodkl ds chtoiu dky esa dyk,¡ gh

lEçs"k.k dk mi;qä ekè;e FkhaA fp=fyfi;ksa rFkk fofoèk vuqHkoksa ls vuqçkf.kr gko&Hkkoksa

dk vuqdj.kkRed çn'kZu gh fopkj&fofue; dk lkèku gqvk djrk Fkk]rc dyk dh ç—fr

cgqr xw<+ ugha oju vR;ar ljy ,oa lgt Fkh tks ekuo fodkl ds lkFk gh lkFk vius

ek;us ryk'krh vkSj cnyrh x;h]l`tu ds u, lanHkksZa dks lekfgr djrh x;hA ifj.kke

Lo:i mldk lokZfèkd tqM+ko lkfgR;]n'kZu vkSj foKku ds lkFk gqvkA foKku ds lkFk

dyk ds vUr%lacaèkksa dks Li"V djrs gq;s csfyaLdh fy[krs gSa fd Þdgk tkrk gS fd foKku ds

fy, efLr"d vkSj rdZ dh njdkj gksrh gS vkSj jpukRed dk;Z ds fy, dYiuk dh---;g

,d çR;{k xyrQgeh gSA yksx ;g rks ns[krs gSa fd dyk vkSj foKku ,d tSlh pht ugha

106

gS] ysfdu os ;g ugha ns[krs fd mu nksuksa ds chp Hksn fo"k;&lkexzh dk Hksn fcYdqy ugha

gS] cfYd Hksn ek= ml <ax esa gS ftls os mls isl djus ds fy, viukrs gSa]nk'kZfud ;qfä;ksa

esa ckr djrk gS] dfo Nfo;ksa vkSj fp=ksa esa]ysfdu nksuksa dgrs ,d gh pht gSA--,d fl)

djrk gS nwljk fn[kkrk gSAß3 çn'kZu vFkok fn[kkus dk lcls çHkko'kkyh vkSj çkphu ekè;e

ukVîdyk gSA bldk çeq[k midj.k vfHkusrk gS tks vU; leLr dykvksa ds lg;ksx ls

jaxeap ij vius 'kkjhfjd xfrlapkyu vkSj dFkksidFku ds ekè;e ls ukVdh; dk;Z&O;kikj

dks thoar cukrk gSA

jaxeap ij dF;&çlaxksa ds vuq:i –';foèkku dks lkFkZd vkSj mi;ksxh cukus esa –';

foU;kld dh egrh Hkwfedk jgrh gSA og funZs'kdh; gLr{ksi ds vfrfjä vU; dyk

fo'ks"kKksa ;Fkk&eap foU;kld]oL=foU;kld]esdvi eSu] çdk'k foU;kld vkSj èofu

foU;kld vkfn ds lkFk vko';drkuq:i foe'kZ djrk jgrk gS rkfd –';&çlaxksa dks

mfpr euksaoSKkfud vkèkkj nsus esa leLr dykvksa dk larqyu cuk jgsA çfl) –

';foU;kldrkZ tks- ekbZYt+uj viuh iqLrd ^fMtkbZfuax Q‚j fFk;sVj* esa dgrs gSa fd Þ,d

fp=dkj ds :i esa –';&foU;kl ds fy, igyk js[kkfp= cukrs le; eSa viuh vfHkO;fä

dk Lokeh gksrk gw¡A blds ewY; dk vafre ifj.kke rks rHkh vkrk gS tc eSa Lo;a dks]viuh

çfrHkk dks lkewfgd ç;kl ds le{k vfiZr dj nsrk gw¡Aß4 rkRi;Z ;g gS fd jaxeap lkewfgd

lgHkkfxrk dh dyk gS]tgka lkfgR;]dyk]foKku vkSj n'kZu dk 'kksHkk'kkyh lfEeyu gksrk gSA

;gk¡ leLr dykvksa dk vn~Hkqn la;ksx fdlh mRloèkeÊ lekjksg lk çrhr gksrk gSA

ukVîdyk leLr dykvksa dk laxqQu gksus ds ckotwn viuk Lora= vfLrRo cuk, j[krh

gSA dkj.k ;g gS fd og leLr dykvksa dks vius vuq:i [kqn esa lekfgr dj ys tkrh gS

vkSj Lo;a }kjk fuèkkZfjr Hkkoksa dk gh muls Hkkou djkrh gSA dyk dh –f"V ls jaxeap dh

;gh fof'k"Vrk gSA VkyLVk; us Hkh dyk dh çfØ;k dh ppkZ djrs gq, Hkkoksa dh egÙkk dks

Lohdkj fd;k gSA mudk dguk gS fd Þfdlh esa ,d Hkko txkuk ml Hkko dks Lo;a vuqHko

djuk gS vkSj mls txkus ds fy, ewoesaV~l]iafä;k¡]jax] èofu;k¡]fcEc vkSj 'kCn&:iksa }kjk

mlh vuqHko dks nwljksa rd igq¡pkuk gSA ;gh dyk dh ,fDVfoVh gSAß5 Hkkokuqjatu djuk gh

dykvksa dk ewy dk;Z jgk gSA

jaxeap yksdrkfU=d thou ewY;ksa ls lhèkk vkSj rkRdkfyd lacaèk j[krk gS ;gh dkj.k gS fd

Hkko&cksèk ds Lrj ij ;g vius n'kZdksa ls lhèks laidZ LFkkfir dj ysrk gSA ,slk vu;=

fdlh dyk ekè;e ds çHkko ds :i es ns[kus dks ugha feyrkA dkfynkl rks jaxeap dks

^pk{kq"k ;K*dgrs gSa ftldh lkèkuk vko';d :i ls lkfgR;]laxhr]u`R;]vfHku;]fp= vkfn

dykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk ls gh lEiUu gksrh gSA lkfgR; vkSj dyk ds vkykspd T;ksfr"k

tks'kh fy[krs gSa fd ÞoLrqr% txr es çHkkoh leLr dyk,¡ ,d nwljs ls vfHkUu gSa vkSj

dyk dh tkrh; psruk dh Nfo;k¡ lces ,d gh rjg ls fu"k) gSaAmUgas jps tkus vkSj

laçsf"kr gksus esa ,d gh rjg dh çfØ;k dke djrh gSA dyk,¡ ijLij lEc) gksrs gq, Hkh

107

viuh oS;fäd mifLFkrh cuk, j[krh gSa&lkfgR; ls vyx ukVd ugha gS]ij ukVd] jaxeap

ij çLrqr gks ldus okyk ukVd lkfgR; ugha gS] og leosr dyk gS ]la;qä dyk

gS&laxhr] u`R;] yfyr dyk] lcdk la;qä] lkfgR; dyk ls Hkh la;qä( ysfdu og

ukVîdyk gS vkSj mles lfEefyr :i ls lkjh dykvksa dk Hkkx gS] D;ksafd dykvksa ds

leqPp; ds fcuk ukVî çLrqfr laHko ugha gSAß6 ukVîdyk dh ;gh fof'k"Vrk,a dyk ds

vkèkqure ekè;e flusek es Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gaS] og Hkh vfèkd ç[kj vkSj çxk<+ :i esaA

,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd ;fn jaxeap fofoèk dykvksa dk lekjksg gS rks flusek mudk

egksRloA

flusek vkSj jaxeap nksuksa vR;ar laf'y"V ekè;e vkSj mR—"V :i ls lkewfgd dyk dk

ifj.kke gSaA tgka ik'pkR; ds fy, flusek lkroha dyk dk :i xzg.k djrk gS ogha Hkkjr esa

iwoZ fuèkkZfjr pkSlB dykvksa ls brj ;g iSalBoha dyk ds :i esa lkeus vkrk gSA flusek us

cqfu;knh rkSj ij jaxeap ls cgqr dqN xzg.k fd;k gSA blesa dkO;&dykvksa] yfyr dykvksa

,oa leLr vkèkqure mi;ksxh dykvksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa fQYe

vkykspd fouksn Hkkj}kt dk er mfpr çrhr gksrk gSA os fy[krs gSa fd Þchloha 'krkCnh

dh bl yxHkx tknqbZ foèkk ¼flusek½ dks 'kq: ls gh nwljh dykvksa vkSj lkfgR; vkfn ls

vius lEcUèkksa dh tfVy leL;k ls tw>uk iM+k gSA vklku 'kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS

fd flusek foèkk esa iwoZ dh lHkh dykvksa dk lkfEeJ.k gSA jaxeap] miU;kl] dgkuh]

QksVksxzkQh] u`R;] LFkkiR;] laxhr] ewfrZf'kYi] fp=dyk] vkfn lHkh dykvksa ls fQYe us

lh[kk gS vkSj bu dykvksa dh rduhfd ,oa vkStkjksa dk tedj mi;ksx fd;k gSAß7 dykvksa

ds lkFk varjlacaèkksa dh ckr djrs gq, çfl) fQYedkj cq)nso nklxqIr dgrs gSa fd Þ esjh

jk; esa jaxeap ;k flusek ;k lkfgR; ds lkFk dykvksa dk vVwV lacaèk gSA eSa tc dksbZ fp=

ns[krk gw¡ rks dSuokl ds ckgj fd Nfo dh dYiuk Hkh dj ysrk gw¡A dfork lqurk gw¡ rks

mldh Hkh ,d Nfo eu esa curh gSA laxhr ds lqjksa ds lkFk Hkh ;gh ckr lgh gSA can

vk¡[kksa ds ihNs tks Nfo;k¡ eSa ns[krk gw¡] mUgsa flusek cukrs le; ewrZ djrk gw¡A mu Nfo;ksa

ds ;FkkFkZ dks fotq,ykbt djrk gw¡A dfork] fp=dyk vkSj laxhr vyx&vyx dyk :i

gSa] ij] ;s rhuksa dyk :i flusek cukrs le; esjs fy, çsj.kk dk dke djrs gSaAß8

blhçdkj dh çsj.kk ds cwrs fofHkUu vuq'kkluksa ds ikjaxr yksxksa us Hkh flusek ekè;e dk

mi;ksx fd;k D;ksafd bl foèkk ds dykRed çHkkoksRikndrk ls os vfHkHkwr gq, fcuk u jg

ldsA çfl) u`R; çf'k{kd mn; 'kadj ] fp=dkj ecwy fQnk gqlSu ] xhrdkj xqyt+kj

vkfn dk uke bl –f"V ls mYys[kuh; gSA mn;'kadj th us u`R; çèkku fQYe cukbZ rks

ogha xqyt+kj dh fQYeksa esa dkO;e;h çokg fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA gqlSu dh fQYeksa dk O;kolkf;d

ljksdkj fcYdqy ux.; gSA budk flusek dSuokl ij mdsjs x, fp=ksa dh Hkkafr çrhr gksrk

gS ftldh xw<+rk lkekU; n'kZdksa rd laçsf"kr ugha gks ikrhA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;gk¡ ;g gS

fd fofoèk dykvksa ds laxqQu vkSj lkgp;Z ls vuqçkf.kr ;g rduhdh foèkk vfHkO;fä dk

bruk vfèkd l'kä vkSj mR—"V ekè;e gS fd fof'k"V dyk ds ltZd Hkh blds vkd"kZ.k

108

ls eqä u jg lds] Hkys gh bl ekè;e es Hkh mudh fof'k"Vrk dk çHkko gkoh jgk gksA

nj'ky çR;sd çLrqfr pkgs og jaxeap gks ;k flusek vius ewy dF; ds vfrfjä Hkh cgqr

dqN dgrh gSA ;gh ,d mR—"V dyk dh igpku Hkh gSA ijarq ;s xw<+ fcEc o çrhd

dyk&n'kZu ds lqèkh n'kZdksa rd gh mfpr :i ls laçsf"kr gks ikrs gSaA vr% lkekU;r%

O;kolkf;d flusek vkSj jaxeap xw<+&dykRed –';kadu ls cprk gSa rkfd og vius n'kZdksa

rd foLrkj ik ldsA

jaxeap dh vis{kk flusek vius –'; foU;kl ,oa vU; leLr dykvksa ds lkFk] rduhdh

lkgp;Z ds cnkSyr vR;ar vkd"kZd vkSj oSHko'kkyh :i esa lkeus vkrk gSA jaxksa ,oa çdk'k

dk fo'ks"k la;kstu –';ksa esa vkd"kZ.k rks iSnk gh djrk gS] dF; ds vuqlkj ,d

euksoSKkfud vkèkkj Hkh çnku djrk gSA ,sfrgkfld fQYeksa esa rn;qxhu ifjos'k dks lk{kkr

mifLFkr djus gsrq ml dky fo'ks"k dh LFkkiR; dyk]ok|&laxhr&u`R;]oL=knh dk

oSHko'kkyh ,oa fpÙkkd"kZd ifjos'k x<+k tkrk gSA ftldh xgukuqHkwfr –';&nj&–'; n'kZdksa

dks gksrh pyrh gSA mldh fLFkfr;ka]çlax ,oa pfj=ksa dk Lo:i vkfn n'kZdksa ls rknkRe

LFkkfir dj ysrh gSaA Hkk"kk dk fofoèk Lrj pkgs og Nfo;ksa dh Hkk"kk gks]èofu;ksa dh Hkk"kk gks

;k fQj pfj=ksa dh Hkk"kkA lHkh feydj ,slh dyk&ltZuk dks lkdkj djrs gSa fd 'kCn

Hkk"kk xkS.k ut+j vkus yxrh gS][kkl dj flusek ekè;e ds lanHkZ esaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd

flusek ekè;e dk Q+yd oSfÜod gSA og 'kCnkfJr Hkk"kk vkSj {ks=h; caèkuksa ls eqä gks vius

n'kZdksa dks vfHkO;fä&lEçs"k.k ds Lrj ij tksM+ ysrh gS vkSj vius LFkkuh; fofoèk dykvksa

,oa ikfjosf'kd laLdkjksa ls ifjp; Hkh djkrh gSA ;fn Hkjr eqfu }kjk jaxeap ds lanHkZ esa

dgh x;h mfä dks è;ku ls le>k tk;&

Þ u rTKkua u rfPNYia u lk foèkk u lk dykA

uk lkS ;ksxs u rRdeZ ukVîksSfLeU;= u –';rsAAß

rks ;g mfä vkt ds nkSj esa ukVd ls Hkh T;knk flusek ds lanHkZ esa vfèkd mi;qä çrhr

gksrh gSA laHko gS dh yxkrkj gks jgs rduhdh fodkl vkSj dykvksa dk iwjk mi;ksx jaxeap

u dj lds]orZeku esa Hkh bl lanHkZ esa ;g flusek ls cgqr ihNs gSA ;g dgus es rfud Hkh

xqjst ugha gS fd ;fn flusek dk vkxeu jaxeap ds lkFk gh gqvk gksrk rks mä mfä dk

ç;ksx jaxeap ugha cfYd flusek ds fy, gh fd;k tkrkA fQj Hkh bruk rks vo'; Li"V

gksrk gS fd nksuksa gh lkewfgd dyk ds lokZsR—"V ekè;e gSa ftldk dksbZ rhljk lkuh ugha

gSA

lanHkZ &

1- M‚- jkefoykl 'kekZ@laxhr dk bfrgkl vkSj Hkkjrh; uotkxj.k dh leL;k,¡@i`"B la-

74@çFke laLdj.k@ok.kh çdk'ku@4695 21&, nfj;kxat]ubZ fnYyhA

109

2- M‚-fxjh'k jLrksxh@jaxHkk"kk@i`"B la-85@çFke laLdj.k1999@jk"Vªh; ukVî

fo|ky;@cgkoyiqj gkml] ubZ fnYyhA

3-csfyUldh@n'kZu lk fgR; vkSj vkykspuk@i`"B la-19@ifjdYiuk çdk'ku@y[kuÅA

4-jfo prqoZsnh@–'; foU;kl@i`"B la-36@çFke la-2001@fICydslu Ldhe] 57 t;iqjA

5- M‚-fxjh'k jLrksxh@jaxHkk"kk@i`"B la-84@çFke laLdj.k1999@jk"Vªh; ukVî

fo|ky;@cgkoyiqj gkml]ubZ fnYyhA

6 -T;ksfr"k tks'kh@jax çlax@i`"B la-106@vad &8@jk"Vªh; ukVî fo|ky;@cgkoyiqj

gkml]ubZ fnYyhA

7- fouksn Hkkj}kt@flusek % dy] vkt] dy@i`"B la-362@ok.kh çdk'ku@4695 21&,

nfj;kxat]ubZ fnYyhA

8- -cq)nso nklxqIr@jax çlax@i"B la-149@vad &8@jk"Vªh; ukVî fo|ky;@cgkoyiqj

gkml] ubZ fnYyhA

110

Art and Music

111

dyk vkSj laxhr

Mk0 oUnuk tks'kh

foHkkxk/;{k ¼laxhr½

dqekš fo'ofo|ky;

,l-,l-ts- ifjlj] vYeksM+kA

ekuo dh Hkkoukvksa ,oa fopkjksa dh lqUnj vfHkO;fDr *dyk* gSA izkphu Hkkjrh; xzUFkksa esa

pkSlB dykvksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA fofHkUu izdkj dh yfyr dykvksa] ;Fkk&

okLrqdyk] ewfrZdyk] fp=dyk] dkO;dyk ,oa laxhrdyk esa *laxhr dyk* dks loZJs"B

ekuk x;k gS] D;ksafd laxhr Hkko&laizs{k.k dh izfØ;k esa lokZf/kd l'kDr dyk gSA dyk

fdlh Hkh ns'k dh lkekftd fLFkfr dks O;Dr djus esa iw.kZr% lQy gksrh gS blhfy,

dyk dks lekt dk niZ.k Hkh dgk x;k gS] D;ksafd dyk ekuo vkRek dh og fØ;k gS]

ftlesa eu vkSj 'kjhj] nksuksa dh vuqHkwfr fufgr gksrh gSA *dyk* dk ewy vFkZ& ekuo ds

Hkkoksa dh lqUnjre vfHkO;fDr gSA le; ds lkFk&lkFk yksd:fpuqlkj] dyk ds Lo:iksa

esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSA dyk ,d lkoZHkkSfed ekuoh; fØ;k gS] tks fd izR;sd ;qx

esa] izR;sd dky esa] izR;d LFkku ij fofHkUu vfHkO;fDr ds :i esa nf"Vxkspj gSA

dyk&l`tu ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS] ftlesa igys euq"; 'kkUr o rVLFk Hkko ls viuh

fLFkfr ij fpUru djrk gS] fQj lEiw.kZ Hkkoksa dks latksdj dykRed izrhdksa ds ek/;e ls

vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA dyk ds lHkh nk'kZfud bl rF; ls lger gSa fd fdlh Hkh oLrq

dks ns[kus dh nks fo/kk,sa ekuh x;h gSa& O;kogkfjd rFkk dykRedA dykRed n`f"V

O;kogkfjd n`f"V ls vf/kd lR; ekuh x;h gSA dykRed&ltZuk ,d rkfRod midj.k

gSA dyk ds fo"k; esa vusd erksa esa ls ,d er ;g Hkh gS fd dyk egRoiw.kZ :i

¼Significant form½ gSA blds eq[; izfriknd Dykbo csy ¼Clive Bell½ gSaA

egRoiw.kZ :i dk l`tu ,d fo'ks"k voyksdu&'kfDr ¼Vision½ dk dk;Z gS ijUrq ,d

fp=dkj fdlh Hkwn`'; dks js[kkvksa rFkk o.kksZa ds lefUor :i esa gh ns[krk gS rFkk ,d

ewfrZdkj mls ,d egRoiw.kZ vkd`fr ds :i esa ns[krk gSA blh izdkj lkfgR; dh fo"k;

oLrq lwpukRed vkSj vuqcks/kkRed gksrh gSA

;g ,d ckSf)d dyk gS] vr% ge mls 'kq) dyk ugha dg ldrs gSaA dkO;dyk ds }kjk

gekjs euksHkkoksa dh iw.kZ vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA izkphu xzUFkksa] /keZdkO;ksa rFkk ikSjkf.kd

egkdkO;ksa esa ,d lqlaLd`r thou n'kZu dks dkO;dyk ds ek/;e ls izLrqr fd;k x;k

gSA Mdsl ds vuqlkj& Þogh okLrfod dyk gS] tks gekjs Hkkoksa dks vfHkO;Dr djrh gSAß

fojks ds erkuqlkj& ÞHkko vkSj :i dk leUo; gh okLrfod dyk gSAß jhM ds vuqlkj&

Þdsoy Hkko gh ugha] fo"k; oLrq dh vfHkO;fDr dk Hkh lqUnj la?kVu dyk gSAß ekfjl

okbYl ds vuqlkj& Þdyk fo"k; vkSj 'kSyh dk og lqla?kfVr leok; gS] tks fd ,sfUæd

112

ek/;e ds }kjk mu rRoksa ls O;Dr gksrk gS] ftuesa vfHkO;atuk&'kfDr gksrh gS vkSj tks

ikjLifjd lEcU/kksa ls tqM+s gq, gksrs gSaAß bl ifjHkk"kk esa eq[; rhu rF; gSa&

¼1½ izR;sd dyk fo"k; vkSj 'kSyh dk lqla?kfVr leok; gSA

¼2½ nwljk rF; ;g gS fd dyk dk ek/;e ,sfUæd gksrk gSA dyk ;k rks n'; gksrh gS

vFkok JO;] ;k nksuksa gks ldrh gSaA

yfyr dykvksa esa fp= n`'; gksrs gSa rFkk dkO; o laxhr iw.kZr% JO; gSaA ukVd n`';

vkSj JO; nksuksa gh gksrs gSaA

¼3½ rhljk rF; ;g gS fd blds rRo os gksrs gSa ftuesa vfHkO;atuk&'kfDr gksrh gS vkSj

tks ijLij laoknh xq.kksa ls laf'y"V gksrs gSaA

Ýk;M ds vuqlkj& Þdyk jfr fyIlk dh dYiukRed r`fIr gSAß dyk dk eq[; iz;kstu

ekuo thou esa vkuUn dh Hkkouk dk lapkj djuk gSA yfyr dyk,sa euq"; ds ân; esa

jlkuqHkwfr rFkk vkuUn dk lapkj djrh gSaA dykRed vfHko`fÙk esa fdlh O;fDrxr

O;kogkfjd vko';drk ls lEcU/k ugha jgrkA vkd`fr ek= dyk ugha gksrh gSA tc og

laosnu'khy ls vkIykfor gksrh gS] rHkh og dyk dk :i /kkj.k djrh gSA dyk dh

vuqHkwfr vijks{k gksrh gSA mldk ek/;e n`'; gks ;k JO; gks& mlds rRo js[kk] o.kZ]

'kCn] NUn] Loj o y; dqN Hkh gksa] fdUrq mldh vuqHkwfr vijks{k gksrh gS vkSj og

vuqHkwfr vkuUnnk;d gksrh gSA

dyk ds }kjk ltZuk gksrh gS rFkk ltZuk esa lkSUn;Z dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA ns'k] dky

vkSj ik= ,sls rRo gSa tks izR;sd dyk ij viuk izHkko Mkyrs jgs gSaA uohurk *lkSUn;Z*

dk ewy y{k.k gSA Hkkjrh; lkSUn;Z psruk dykvksa ds ek/;e ls vfHkO;Dr gqbZ gSA leLr

yfyr dyk;sa Hkkjrh;ksa dh lw{e vkSj ifj"d`r lkSUn;Z Hkkouk dh izrhd gSaA ik'pkR;

lkSUn;Z&n'kZu esa dqN fopkjdksa us *lqUnj* dks *lR;* vkSj *f'ko* ls tksM+k gSA dyk ds

lUnHkZ esa lkSUn;Z xq.kksa vkfn dk mYys[k lkSUn;Z&n'kZu esa Hkh feyrk gSA lkSUn;Z 'kkL=

yfyr dykvksa ds lkSUn;Z fo/kku dk lefUor 'kkL= gSA yfyr dyk,¡ euq"; dh

lkSUn;Z&psruk dh izrhd gSaA yfyr dykvksa esa ekSfyd var%lEcU/k gksrk gSA *ekdZ.Ms;*

ds dFkukuqlkj& Þfdlh Hkh ewfrZdkj ds fy, fp=dyk ds fu;eksa dks tkuuk vko';d gS

rFkk u`R;dyk ds Kku ds fcuk fp=dyk vlaHko gSA blh izdkj ok| laxhr ds Kku ds

fcuk u`R;dyk dh tkudkjh vlaHko gS rFkk ok| laxhr dk Kku xhr&fo|k ds fcuk

laHko ugha gSAß vr% mijksDr dFku }kjk Þyfyr dykvksa dk var%lEcU/k iw.kZr% Li"V

gksrk gSA1 izk;% ns[kk tkrk gS fd fp=dkjh esa js[kk] o.kZ bR;kfn dk <k¡pk] dkO; esa NUn]

vyadkj bR;kfn dh ;kstuk] ,oa laxhr esa Loj vkSj y; dk iz;ksx fuf'pr :i esa gksrk

gS] fdUrq *Dykbo csy* bR;kfn fo}kuksa dh ;g ekU;rk gS fd dyk dk vkdkj lk/ku

ek= ugha gSA ,d fp= esa dsoy js[kk vkSj o.kZ ek= bldk vkdkj ugha gSA okLrfod

vkdkj js[kk] o.kZ] lekuqikr] larqyu dk leUo; vkSj lkeUtL; gSA blh izdkj dkO; esa

'kCn] Nan vkSj vyadkj ikjLifjd lfUuos'k okLrfod vkdkj gS rFkk laxhr esa Loj vkSj

113

y; dk ikjLifjd lfUuos'k okLrfod vkdkj gSA dykdkj viuh dyk ds ek/;e ls

,d u;s txr dh l`f"V djrk gSA dykdkj izs{kd] ikBd vkSj Jksrk ds fpÙk dks ,d

nwljs /kjkry ij igq¡pk nsrk gS] tgk¡ dsoy vkuUn gh vkuUn gksrk gSA thou esa dksbZ

NUn ugha cksyrk] fdUrq dfo rks 'kCnksa dh jpuk NUn esa gh djrk gSA fp=dkj dk

eq[; ek/;e js[kk rFkk o.kZ gSA thou esa ,d lkekU; O;fDr vius Hkkoksa dks 'kCnksa esa

O;Dr djrk gS] fdUrq xk;d Loj vkSj y; ls gh vius Hkkoksa dks O;Dr djrk gSA

u`R;dyk rks ek= y; vkSj rky esa fFkjduk gS] tks fd urZd ds vfrfjDr nwljk ugha

dj ldrk gSA laxhr ds Loj] y; vkSj rky fo'ks"k ?kVd gSaA ftl izdkj fp=dkjh dh

dqN fof'k"V 'kSfy;k¡ gSa] dkO; dh Hkh dqN eq[; fo/kk,¡ gSa] mlh izdkj laxhr dh Hkh

/zkqin] /kekj] [;ky] Bqejh] VIik vkfn iz/kku 'kSfy;k¡ gSaA laxhr esa dsoy y;;qDr Loj

gh gksrs gSa rFkk Loj /ofuek= gh gksrs gSaA fo}kuksa ds erkuqlkj& laxhr dh viuh Hkk"kk

gS vkSj ;g Hkkoksa vkSj vkUrfjd fLFkfr;ksa dk |ksrd gSA Hkk"kk ds fy, 'kCnkoyh dh

vko';drk gksrh gS] ftldk fu;r vFkZ gksrk gSA laxhr dh dksbZ 'kCnkoyh ugha gS] vr%

;g Hkk"kk u gksdj] dsoy e/kqj Lojksa vkSj y; dk cuko&Jaxkj gh gSA laxhr esa dksbZ

fo'ks"k Loj ;k Loj leqnk; fdlh fu;r Hkko ;k laosx dks O;Dr ugha djrkA mlds

Lojksa dk fHkUu&fHkUu Jksrkvksa ds fy, fHkUu&fHkUu vFkZ gks ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa

ds 'kCnksa esa laxhr ek/kq;Z] vkst vkSj izlkn xq.kksa dks O;Dr djrk gSA

fp=dkjh vkSj laxhr nks ,slh fof'k"V dyk,¡ gSa] ftudk izR;{k lEcU/k Hkkoksa ls gh gksrk

gSA ftl izdkj dkO; dk ek/;e 'kCn] Nan o vyadkj bR;kfn gSa] ewfrZdyk esa Hkh ek/;e

& iRFkj] rk¡ck] ihry o dk¡L; bR;kfn gSa] fp=dyk dk ek/;e js[kk o o.kZ vkfn gSa rFkk

buesa Hkh o.kZ] dkxt] oL= bR;kfn lc ckº; inkFkZ gSaA bu ek/;eksa ds }kjk ge dsoy

,d gh lhek rd Hkkoksa dks O;Dr dj ldrs gSa rFkk lw{e Hkkoksa dks bafxr djuk vfr

nq"dj gSA laxhr gh ,dek= ,slh dyk dgh tk ldrh gS] tks Hkko dh ml xgjkbZ dks

O;Dr djrh gS] ftldks O;Dr djus gsrq ekuoh; Hkk"kk esa dksbZ Hkh 'kCn ugha gSA Hkjr us

vius *ukV~;'kkL=* uked xzaFk esa fy[kk gS fd Hkko ds dqN ,sls ekfeZd {k.k gksrs gSa] tks

dsoy laxhr ds }kjk gh O;Dr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA u os vfHku; ds }kjk O;Dr gks ldrs

gSa] u gh os Hkk"kk ds }kjkA blfy, ge ukVd esa laxhr dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA laxhr esa

Loj rFkk y;] ;s nksuksa ek/;e fcYdqy vkUrfjd gksrs gSaA laxhr esa nks ,slh fo'ks"krk,sa

gksrh gSa tks vU; fdlh Hkh dyk esa ugha gksrh gSaA buesa ls ,d gS& dkdqA2 *dkdq* 'kCn

*ds* /kkrq ls fu"iUu gqvk gS ftldk vFkZ gS& *yksdksirki;ks%*& vFkkZr~ /ofu dh og

ykspuk ;k yphykiu] ftlds }kjk ân; ds lw{ere Hkko dks O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

;g 'kfDr dsoy /ofu esa gS] 'kCn esa ughaA

laxhr dh nwljh eq[; fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd Loj o y; iz/kku gksus ds dkj.k /ofu esa

*d"kZ.k* dk xq.k gS] vr% ge Loj dks dbZ&dbZ ek=kvksa rd [khap ldrs gSaA 'kCn dks ge

vf/kd ls vf/kd rhu ek=kvksa rd gh [khap ldrs gSaA blls vf/kd [khapus ij 'kCnRo

dh gkfu gksxh rFkk og */ofu* esa ifjofrZr gks tk;sxkA3 ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS

114

fd ftl Hkk"kk esa dksbZ dkO; fy[kk x;k gS] ;fn ge ml Hkk"kk dks ugha le>rs gSa] rks

ge mldk dksbZ jlkLoknu ugha dj ldrs] fdUrq Loj rks ekuo ek= dh ekr`Hkk"kk gSA

og efLr"d ds }kjk ugha le>k tk ldrk gSA mldh vfHkO;fDr dsoy ân; ds LiUnu

esa gh gksrh gS rFkk mlds }kjk tM+&psru] i'kq&i{kh lHkh izHkkfor ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds dyk&n'kZu ds ifjizs{; esa laxhr ,oa fp=dyk esa ftruk izxk<+

lEcU/k n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gS mruk vU; dykvksa esa ugha gSA yfyr dykvksa ds ojh;rk

Øe esa Hkh nksuksa dykvksa dks ijLij fudV gh j[kk x;k gSA dykxr rRo ,oa Hkko dh

n`f"V ls nksuksa dyk;sa le:i gSa] ftuds ikjLifjd vUrZlEcU/k 'kk'or gSaA laxhr vkSj

fp=dyk nksuksa us gh izd`fr ds /kjkry ij tUe fy;k gSA ekuo vfLrRo ls iwoZ gh

laxhr dyk rFkk fp=dyk izd`fr dh lgpjh cu l`f"V esa O;kIr FkhA euq"; dh

vkfn&lafxuh] ;s nksuksa dyk,sa vkt fodflr ,oa lH; lekt esa Hkh ijLij tqM+h gqbZ

n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSaA

yksd thou esa ftruh xgjkbZ ls ;s dyk,¡ tuekul esa O;kIr gSa] mruh vU; dyk,sa

ugha gSaA izfrfnu fofHkUu ekaxfyd voljksa ij Hkwfe vFkok fHkfÙk ij cuk;s tkus okys

vkys[ku] gFksfy;ksa ij lts esagnh ds lqUnj vyadj.k rFkk nSfud thoup;kZ ls ysdj

fo'ks"k voljksa ij tu&thou esa fo'ks"k ,oa egRoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr yksdxhr rFkk yksdu`R;

blds izek.k gSaA ijLij *vUrZlEcfU/kr* dyk,sa gksus ds dkj.k fp=dyk esa

laxhrkRed&fp=.k izd`fr dk fnXn'kZu gksrk gS] tks Lo;a gh laxhr ,oa fp=dkj ds

vUr%lEcU/kksa dks fl) djrk gSA 11oha 'krh ds xzUFk ekdZ.Ms; eqfu d`r fo".kq/keksZÙkj

iqjk.k ds fp=lw=e~ izdj.k esa dgk x;k gS fd fp=dyk lh[kus ds fy, loZizFke laxhr

dk vH;kl djuk pkfg,A laxhr 'kkL=] ds Kku ds fcuk fp=dyk dh lEiw.kZrk lEHko

ugha gS& Þfcuk rq u`R;'kkL=s fp=lw=e lqnqfoZnAß

mijksDr iqjk.k esa nksuksa dykvksa dk leku ewY;kadu djrs gq, muds ikjLifjd

vUr%lEcU/k dks Hkh Lohdkjk x;k gS] ftlds vuqlkj u`R;dyk ds leku fp=dyk esa Hkh

rhuksa yksdksa dk vuqlj.k fd;k tk ldrk gS&

*;Fkk u`Ùks rFkk fp=s =SyksD;kuqd`fr% Le`rk%A*

Hkkjrh; laLdfr esa laxhr ,oa fp=dyk dks /keZ ls lEcfU/kr djrs gq, bUgsa bZ'ojksikluk

dk ek/;e dgk x;k gSA oSfnd dky dh lkexku ijEijk ls laxhr ds Lojksa dks foLrkj

feyk gS vkSj ;Kosnh ds pkjksa vksj cuk;s tkus okys *LofLrd] *uoxzg* ,oa vU; /kkfeZd

T;kferh; vkdkjksa ls gh fp=dyk dk fodkl dk ekxZ iz'kLr gqvk gSA

Hkkjr dh laxhr dyk *lkeosn* ls izkjEHk ekuh x;h gSA Hkkjr viuh dyk&ijEijkvksa esa

,d vuwBk ns'k gSA Hkkjr esa laLd`fr dh vfHkO;fDr dk ek/;e dyk gSA dyk ds

115

euksoSKkfud izHkko ds }kjk lkoZHkkSfed lÙkk dk vuqHko gksrk gSA dyk vkuUn dh tuuh

gSA ftl ns'k] lekt] tkfr dh viuh laLd`fr] lH;rk] thou ewY;] thou n'kZu]

vkn'kZ] fopkj] ekU;rk,sa rFkk ijEijk,sa lqn<+ gksrh gSaa] mldh dykvksa dk Hkh viuk ,d

Lrj rFkk ,d fo'ks"k :i gksrk gSA dyk vuqHko izkIr djus dk lk/ku gS vkSj dykd`fr

vuqHkwfr dk thfor izR;{k :i gSA dykdkj laLd`fr dks vkRelkr djds viuh dyk ds

}kjk vfHkO;Dr djrk gS vkSj fodflr djrk gSA4

gekjh /kkfeZd ijEijkuqlkj nsoh&nsorkvksa dk :i okLrqdyk esa ewfrZeku fd;k x;k gS

fdUrq laxhr esa jkx ds nsork dks lnSo fp=dyk }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA dkj.k &

OkkLrqdyk dh vis{kk fp=dyk esa Li"V vkSj foLrr :i fpf=r fd;k tk ldrk gS] vr%

tgk¡ dgha Hkh jkx ds Lo:i izkIr gq, gSa& os fp= gSa] ewfrZ ughaA fp=dkj /;ku esa of.kZr

Lo:i dks rwfydk] jax vkfn }kjk iznf'kZr djrk gSA jkx&/;ku esa jkx&Lo:i fufeZr

gq, vkSj mUgsa LFkk;h :i esa ;kn j[kk tk lds] blfy, Þjkx ekykß dh fp=.k&ijEijk

izkjEHk gqbZA jkx&jkfxuh fp=ksa esa laxhr] fp=dyk vkSj dkO;&dfork dk lekos'k ik;k

tkrk gS] tks Hkh vHkh rd fdlh Hkh ns'k ds lkaLd`frd bfrgkl esa ugha feyrkA5

e/;dkyhu laxhr esa fofHkUu izdkj ds jkxksa dk oxhZdj.k] mu jkxksa ds Lo:i rFkk

Hkko&Lo:i ds vk/kkj ij of.kZr fd;s x;s gSaA laxhr ds dqN jkxksa dks *iq:"kjkx* rFkk

dqN jkxksa dks *L=hjkx* dgk x;k gSA bu jkxksa ds Hkko Lo:i dks /;ku esa j[kdj

rRdkyhu fp=dkjksa ds }kjk iq:"kjkx rFkk L=hjkxksa dh ifjdYiuk ds }kjk] dykd`fr;ksa

ds }kjk HkkokfHkfO;fDr dh x;hA fp=dkjksa dh ifjdYiuk ds }kjk gh jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds

iq=] iq=o/kqvksa rFkk oa'k ds lEiw.kZ Lo:i dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;kA laxhr ds izeq[k Ng

jkxksa rFkk NÙkhl jkxfu;ksa ds }kjk laxhr esa vn~Hkqr lkSUn;Z dh mRifÙk gqbZA ukn rFkk

Loj] laxhr ds lkSUn;Z ds lgk;d jgs] ftuds }kjk fdlh Hkh izk.kh ds LFkk;h Hkkoksa dks

tkxr djds lkSUn;Z mRifÙk dh {kerk ns[kh x;hA6

laxhr dyk gekjs ns'k dh nk'kZfud rFkk vk/;kfRed ijEijk ls tqM+h gqbZ gS] D;ksafd

*ukn* laxhr dk vk/kkjHkwr rRo gSA lHkh /keksZa esa laxhr dh mRifÙk dks ysdj fHkUu&fHkUu

er gSaA Hkkjrh; _f"k;ksa] euhf"k;ksa us l`f"V dh mRifÙk *ukn czge* ls ekuh gSA *ukn

czge* ÞÅadkj&okpdß gS rFkk blh ukn&czge ls laxhr dh mRifÙk gSA czgekaM dh

izR;sd pjkpj oLrq esa *ukn* ¼/ofu½ O;kIr gS] vr% bl laxhrksi;ksxh ukn dks *ukn czge*

dh laKk nh x;h gSA Hkkjr esa "kV~n'kZuksa ds leku laxhr 'kkL= Hkh czge lEcU/kh fpUru

dk fo"k; jgk gSA pkjksa osn bldk mnkgj.k gSaA e/;dkyhu ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj laxhr

ds nks :i ns[ks x;s& izFke *ekxhZ laxhr* rFkk f}rh; *ns'kh laxhr*A laxhr dk lEcU/k

osnksa ls ekU; gSA Þvkseß& osn dk gh cht ea= gS rFkk ;g rhu v{kjksa ls feydj cuk

gS& ¼v ¾ czgek dh 'kfDrA m ¾ fo".kq dh 'kfDrA rFkk e ¾ egs'k dh 'kfDr½A bu

rhuksa v{kjksa dk xzg.k _Xosn] lkeosn vkSj ;tqosZn ls fd;k x;k gSA 'kCn vkSj Loj dh

mRifÙk *vkse* ds xHkZ ls gqbZ gS] vr% *vkse* 'kCn gh laxhr dk tud gSA7laxhr dk

116

lkSUn;Z ukn vkSj Loj ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA fp=dyk esa lkSUn;Z dSuokl ij mrkjs tkus

okys jax vkSj js[kkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA izR;sd dyk esa lkSUn;ksZRifÙk ds fy,

gkjeuh&rRo n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA vFkkZr~& ÞfdUgha nks vo;oksa dk ,slk lEcU/k] tks

mudks ,d gh izHkko esa ck¡/k ldsAß fp=dyk esa Þjaxlaxfrß ls fp= dh lqUnjrk c<+rh

gSA rFkk laxhr esa ÞLoj&laxfrß ls jkx dh jatdrk c<+rh gSA8

Hkkjrh; laxhr dks pkjksa osnksa dk lkj dgk x;k gSA *laxhr lafgrk* esa Li"V fy[kk gS&

Þiwtk ls dksfV xq.k Js"B /;ku gS] /;ku ls dksfV xq.k Js"B ti gS] vkSj ti ls dksfV

xq.k Js"B xkuA xku ls Js"B dqN Hkh ughaAß egkdfo dkfynkl us laxhr dh mRifÙk

ijekRek ls] iqjk.kksa esa f'ko vkSj ikoZrh ds la;ksx ls jkx&jkxfu;ksa dh mRifÙk crykbZ

x;h gSA f'ko iapkuu ds ik¡p eq[kksa ls ik¡p jkxksa& Jh] clUr] HkSjo] iape ,oa es?k rFkk

ikoZrh ds eq[k ls *uV ukjk;.k* uked jkx dh mRifÙk cryk;h x;h gSA laxhr dks Hkh

fp=dyk ds leku eks{kizn dgk x;k gSA laxhr vkRek dks u'oj ls vu'oj dh vksj ys

tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa laxhr dh lxq.k mikluk gqbZ gS] mls *oh.kk&okfnuh ds Lo:i esa

lkdkj iwtk x;k gSA IysVks us fy[kk gS fd ÞvkRek ds fy;s laxhr dk ogh egRo gS] tks

'kjhj ds fy, O;k;ke dk gSAß laxhr vUrrksxRok ekuo dks *lR;a f'koa lqUnje~* dh fnO;

vuqHkwfr djk nsrk gSA laxhr ds lkr Lojksa dk vkjksg&vojksg] ukn vkSj vkyki ân; ds

vUrxZr rUrqvksa dks Li'kZ dj ysrk gS rFkk Jksrk dks ije lkSUn;Z dh fnO; vuqHkwfr

rRdky djkus esa leFkZ gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ksa us laxhr dks vk/;kfRedrk ls tksM+

dj ijekRek rd igq¡pkus dh lh<+h dgk gSA mUgksaus xk;u vkSj oknu nksuksa ds fy,

'kkL=ksa dh jpuk dh vkSj Loj&lkSUn;Z dk lw{ere fo'ys"k.k fd;kA laxhr dh

jkx&jkxfu;ka Hkkjrh; Loj&lkSUn;Z dh xgu vUrZn`f"V dh izrhd gSa] tSls if'pe esa

chFkksfou dh flEQuht] *jkxekyk* fp=] laxhr&dyk vkSj fp=dyk dk vuks[kk laxe

gS] tks lEHkor% fo'o esa vf}rh; gSA laxhrdkj fp= ns[kdj xkrk gS] fp=dkj Lojksa ds

fp= cukrk gSA egkdfo dkfynkl us u`R;&dyk dks Js"B ekuk gS rFkk laxhr dh

mRifÙk f'ko&ikoZrh }kjk ekuh gSA9 nsoky;ksa esa iwtk&ifjikVh ds vUrxZr xhr o u`R;

dk izpyu izkphu dky ls gh izpfyr gS] pkgsa og HkDrksa ds ladhrZu ds :i esa gks

vFkok nsonkfl;ksa ds :i esaA izkphu dky dh ;K&ijEijk ds ihNs ;gh xw<+ rRo fufgr

jgk gSA izkphu tu&laxhr dh /kquksa dk vk/;kfRed lk/kuk ds fy, iz;ksx oSfnd laxhr

dk oSf'k"V;~ ekuk tk ldrk gSA vk/;kfRed mRFkku gsrq laxhr LokHkkfod :i ls

vk/kkj&LrEHk dk dk;Z djrk gS rFkk vk/;kRe HkkSfrdrk ls ijs dh vuqHkwfr gSA

laxhr dk izHkko tM+ ,oa psru nksuksa ij gh n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA i'kq&i{kh rFkk

isM+&ikS/kksa ij Hkh laxhr dk O;kid izHkko ns[kk x;k gS] D;ksafd buesa lEeksfguh 'kfDr

,oa y; dk lekos'k gSA leLr tM+] psru] izd`fr leLr czgek.M y; ls lapkfyr

gSA10vkDlQksMZ fo'ofo|ky; esa fd;s x;s iz;ksxksa ls ;g fl) gqvk gS fd fopkj&rjaxksa

ls ikS/kksa dk mRiknu 50 izfr'kr rd c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA 'kks/k }kjk ikS/kksa ij vusdksa

iz;ksx fd;s tk pqds gSaA vf/kdka'k iz;ksxksa esa izs"k.k dk ek/;e ok;q FkhA ty rFkk feV~Vh

117

Hkh dgha&dgha ek/;e cuk;s x;sA fofHkUu ok| tSls& gkjeksfu;e] ok;fyu] oh.kk] ck¡lqjh]

vkSj ukxLoje~ ¼nf{k.k Hkkjrh; ekaxfyd ok|½ ls /ofu rjaxsa mRiUu djds ouLifr;ksa

dks *i* tSls ,d Loj rFkk *lk] i] lka* tSls fefJr Loj }kjk fofHkUu jkxksa] ;Fkk& HkSjoh]

/kukJh o pk:ds'kh vkfn ds :i esa /ofu;ka fu;fer :i ls laØkfed dh x;haA

NqbZ&eqbZa] VsfyxzkQ ikS/kk] rqylh] gkbZfMªyk vkfn taxyh ikS/kksa ij rFkk fiVqfu;k]

dklekl] d.kZdq.My vkfn Qwyksa ds ikS/kksa ij iz;ksx djus ls Kkr gqvk fd muds iÙks

vf/kd gjs&Hkjs] ?kus rFkk fodflr ns[ks x;sA *HkkjrukV~;e* u`R; ls xSank rFkk xsukfMZ;k

ds ikS/ks 60 izfr'kr Å¡ps mxs gq, ik;s x;sA bl izdkj laxhr }kjk isM+&ikS/kksa ij Hkh

vuqdwy izHkko 'kks/k }kjk ekik tk pqdk gSA11 blh izdkj fofHkUu fgald rFkk vkØked

i'kvksa dks Hkh laxhrksipkj ds ek/;e ls fu;fU=r djus gsrq vusdksa 'kks/k dk;Z gks jgs gSaA

laxhr&fpfdRlk gsrq iz;ksx esa yk;s tkus okys jkxksa esa eq[;r & vghj HkSjo] ihyw ] ns'k

lkjax] feJ ihyw] uVHkSjo rFkk Hkwikyh jkx izeq[k gSaA eq[; rkysa] tks fd

laxhr&fpfdRlk gsrq iz;ksx esa yk;h tkrh gSa& f=rky] ,drky] dgjok rFkk nknjk gSaA

blh izdkj ekuo O;kf/;ksa ds mipkj esa Þlaxhr&fpfdRlkß fo'ks"k Hkwfedk fuoZgu djrh

gSaA

laxhr ds rhuksa gh izdkj] ;Fkk& 'kkL=h;] lqxe rFkk yksd laxhr iFkd&i`Fkd izdkj ls

HkkokuqHkwfr ds eq[; lzksr gSaA laxhr dh fofHkUu fo/kkvksa ;Fkk& xk;u] oknu rFkk u`R; ds

}kjk vykSfdd vkuUn dh izkfIr lEHko gksrh gSA laxhr&dyk dk vizR;{k :i ls

yfyr dykvksa ls vUrZlEcU/k gSA blds vfrfjDr laxhr&dyk dk lEcU/k vusd fo"k;ksa

ls Hkh n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA laxhr ds ek/;e ls] euq"; viuh ekufld o 'kjhfjd 'kkfUr

dks izkIr djrk gS vr% Þlaxhr ,oa fpfdRlkß dk lEcU/k vfr izkphu ekuk x;k gSA

Þlaxhr vkSj lgt ;ksxß dk okLro esa cgqr gh lqUnj lEcU/k fn[kk;h nsrk gSA ge

lgt ;ksx i)fr esa dqaMfyuh 'kfDr ds tkxj.k ls vkRe&lk{kkRdkj }kjk lR; dks

vklkuh ls izkIr dj ldrs gSaA bl gsrq ukM+h&rU= ij fu;U=.k fd;k tkuk vko';dh;

gksrk gSA ekuo&ukM+h esa eq[; rhu ukM+h ,oa lkr pØ gSa tks *dsUæ* dgykrs gSaA ;g

pØ 'kkjhfjd] ekufld rFkk vk/;kfRed rhuksa i{kksa dks fu;fU=r djrs gSaA izR;sd pØ

fofHkUu bZ'ojh; xq.kksa ,oa fo'ks"krkvksa dks /kkj.k djrk gSA lgt ;ksx i)fr ls bls

fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gSAÞlaxhr ,oa foKkuß dk Hkh ijLij lEcU/k gSA dyk ,oa

foKku ds leUo; ls gh laxhr fpfdRlk dk izpyu izkjEHk gksrk gSA laxhr ,d dyk gS

vkSj fpfdRlk ,d foKku gSA

Þlaxhr rFkk xf.krß dk vUr%lEcU/k ns[kk x;k gS D;ksafd laxhr ds Hkhrj iz;qDr gksus

okys jkxksa ,oa rkyksa dks xf.kr dh x.kukuqlkj tksM+k x;k gSAÞlaxhr vkSj euksfoKkuß

fo"k; Hkh ijLij tqM+s gq, gSa D;ksafd laxhr dk lEcU/k ekuo ds euksHkkoksa ls gSA

euksoSKkfudksa dk ,slk fo'okl gS fd laxhr esa vPNh vkS"kf/k;ksa ds eqdkcys jksx&fouk'kd

xq.k gSaAoSfnd dky ls gh Þn'kZu] laLd`r] lkfgR; rFkk laxhrß dk ikjLifjd

118

vUrZlEcU/k ekuk x;k gS] D;ksafd Hkkjrh; *osn* ewyr% n'kZu xzUFk gSa rFkk muds ea= xs;

gksus ds dkj.k laxhre; gSaA Hkkjrh; n'kZu dk n`f"Vdks.k vkjEHk ls gh vk/;kfRed jgk

gSA vr% fofHkUu /keksZa ds lkFk&lkFk laxhr Hkh iqf"ir ,oa iYyfor gksrk jgk gSA

fo'o cU/kqRo dh Hkkouk tkx`r djus esa laxhr&dyk dk mi;ksx fo'o Hkk"kk ds :i esa

fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% fu"d"kZ :is.k dgk tk ldrk gS fd laxhr&dyk gekjs thou

rFkk laLd`fr esa Þolq/kSo dqVqEcdeß dh Hkkouk dks lkdkj dj ldrh gSA

lUnHkZ & ¼1½ Hkkjrh; laxhr lkSUn;Z fo/kku] Mk0 e/kqjyrk HkVukxj] i`0la0& 235&236- ¼2½ laxhr 'kks/k vad 1995] Mk0 t;nso flag] i0la0& 109- ¼3½ mijksDr] i0 la0 127- ¼4½ vfHkuo ehekalk& 2012] Mk0 js[kk 'kekZ] i`0la0 108- ¼5½ laxhr& 2012] Mk0 fu'kk ikBd] i`0la0& 09- ¼6½ Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; laxhr % euksoSKkfud vk;ke] Mk0 lkfgR; dqekj ukgj i`0la0& 144 ¼7½ Hkkjrh; laxhr& ,d ,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k] Mk0 Lora= 'kekZ] i`0la0& 07- ¼8½ Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; laxhr& euksoSKkfud vk;ke] Mk0 lkfgR; dqekj ukgj] i`0la0& 145- ¼9½ lkSUn;Z] Mk0 jktsUæ oktis;h] i`0la0& 174&175- ¼10½ laxhr&1990] y; o rky dk jlkfHkO;fDr esa ;ksxnku] Mk0 'kf'k Hkkj}kt ¼11½ laxhr 1995] izks0 Vh0lh0,u0 flag] i`0la0 25] 26-

119

1 

 

Hkko ,oa /;ku ds izrhd jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds fp=

MkW0 lchgk ukt+

vfllVsaV izksQslj] laxhr foHkkx]

lkscu flag thuk ifjlj] vYeksM+k

dyk,¡ euq"; dh vkarfjd vfHkO;fDr dk l'kDr ek/;e gksrh gSA dyk,¡ vusd gS] ijarq

leLr dykvksa dk /;s; lkSanZ;kuqHkwfr ,oa jlkuwHkwfr djkuk gksrk gSA dykvksa ds fofo/k vk;keksa

esa lkaLd`frd fodkl] ewrZ txr ,oa izd`fr ls lkgp;Z] vkuUnkuqHkwfr l`tu ,oa ekuoh; thou

ls vVwV izfrJqfr bR;kfn izeq[k gSA laLd`fr ds varjax dh jpuk vkSj vfHkO;fDr dyk ds }kjk

gksrh gSA mlh izdkj dyk ,oa laxhr dyk :Ik] jax] lqj] rky] vkoZr ,oa fooZr dk la;ksftr

:Ik gksrk gS] pwafd ifjorZu izd`fr dk fu;e gSA blfy, laxhr dyk esa Hkh euq"; us le; ds

lkFk jkx ls Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr dh vko';drk dk vuqHko fd;kA laxhr ds {ks= esa

jkx&jkxfu;k¡ e/;dky dh egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k gSA ;gk¡ ij jkx&jkxfu;ksa dh foLr`r ppkZ

djuk mfpr gksxkA ^^jkx jkfx.kh i)fr dh 'kq:vkr lu~ 1350 bZ0 esa lq/kkdy'k }kjk fyf[kr

^laxhrksifu’kr~lkjks}kj* ls ekuh x;h gSA lq/kkdy'k ,d tSu xzaFkdkj FksA Hkqounsokpk;Z }kjk

fyf[kr ^vijkftri`PNk* uked f'kYi'kkL= dk ,d o`gr xzaFk ftlds

xhr&Hkk"kk&Loj&xzke&Hksn&y{k.k uked 238 os lw= esa Ng jkxksa vkSj izR;sd dh 6&6 Hkk"kkvksa

ds uke ^laxhrksifu’kr~lkjks}kj* ds vuqlkj crk;s x, gSA**1 FkksM+k cgqr varj gesa ukeksa esa

ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bl xzaFk dh jpuk 12oha lnh ds mÙkjk/kZ ,oa 13oha lnh ds izkjaHk esa gqbZA

blls izekf.kr gksrk gS fd yxHkx 50 o’kZ iwoZ vFkkZr~ 12 oha lnh esa ;g i)fr izpfyr jgh

gksxhA iw.kZ:is.k jkx&jkxuh i)fr ds :Ik esa ugha ijarq ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd bldk ewy

cht ;gh ls jksfir gqvkA jkx ,oa jkxfu 'kCn iq#"k ,oa L=h ds okpd 'kCn gSA ^czãk dks tc

^,dks·g* dk Hkku gqvk vkSj ^cgqL;kfe* dh bPNk gqbZ rks mlus vius vki dks loZizFke f}/kk

foHkDr fd;k tks L=h ,oa iq#"k dgyk,A**2 tSlk fd ge tkurs gS fd iq#"k oxZ dks dBksjrk]

fo'kkyrk ,oa xaHkhjrk bR;kfn Hkkoksa dk izrhd ekuk tkrk gSA mlh izdkj L=h oxZ esa

dkseyrk] papyrk ,oa yTtk Hkko fufgr gksrk gSA thou ds fofo/k igyqvksa] rRoksa dks ewrZ :Ik

nsus ds fy, jkx&jkxfu i)fr Hkkjrh; laxhr esa ekSfyd :Ik esa fodflr gqbZA ;g ekuk x;k

120

2 

 

fd Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr ds fy, fofHkUu Loj&lewgksa ,oa Lojkofy;ksa esa L=h ,oa iq#"k dh

dYiuk dk gksuk vfuok;Z gksrk gSA blfy, jkx&jkxfu i)fr Hkkjrh; yksd thou dh

dYiuk ds vuqdwy ekuh xbZA ;g i)fr dkYifud gSA e/;dky esa fy[kh xbZ iqLrd

ljek&,&bekjr esa jkx&jkxfu;ksa dk foLr`r o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA blesa Ng jkx ,oa 30

jkxfu;ksa ds fp= fn;s x;s gSA bu fp=ksa ls gesa jkx dh xk;u osyk ,oa Hkkoksa dk Kku izkIr

gksrk gSA mfpr <ax ls mfpr le; ij jkx xk;u djus ls jkx jksx funku ,oa vkS"kf/k dk

dk;Z djrs gS ,oa jksxksa ij rkRdkfyd izHkko Mkyrs gSA mnkgj.kr% jkx nhid y[kqvk jksx gsrq

ykHkizn gksrk gSA

jkx&jkxfu i)fr gesa nks :iksa esa ns[kus dks feyrh gS ^^izFke oxZ esa fo’kq) :Ik jkx&jkxfu

ds <ax ij nkeksnj iafMr dk ^laxhr niZ.k* iq.Mjhd foV~By dh ^jkx ekyk*] ukjn dk ^laxhr

edjUn* bR;kfn xzaFk vkrs gSaA nwljs oxZ esa esyksa ;k laLFkkuksa ds varxZr lkseukFk dk ^jkx

focks/k] JhdaB dk ^jl dkSeqnh*] ykspu dh ^jkx rjafx.kh*] vgkscy dk ^laxhr ikfjtkr*

bR;kfn gSA ^laxhr niZ.k* esa jkx&jkxfu vkSj iq= gSA nksuksa esa jkx /;ku dk o.kZu fd;k x;k

gSA ^jkx focks/k* esa esyksa esa jkx&jkxfu oxhZdj.k gSA**3 jl dkSeqnh esa jkx] jkxfu] iq=] ifjokj

vkfn ugha gS ysfdu jkxksa ds iqfYyax ,oa L=hfyax :iksa ds vuqlkj jkx /;ku gSA jkx rjafx.kh

esa laLFkkuksa esa :Ik esa O;kIr gSA ukVd [ksyus okys ckS) fHk{kqvksa us /keZ izpkj ds dk;Z djus ds

fy, jkx&jkfxuh i)fr dks izkjEHk fd;kA ukV~; leqnk;ksa }kjk /keZ izpkj dh ijEijk yxHkx

NBh 'krkCnh rd pyrh jghA ^^Hkkjrh; laxhr fo}kuksa us Hkk"kk laca/kh lek/kku ds fy, rk] uk]

rkse] rk] f/kj] /kk] uh bR;kfn 'kCn izkjEHk fd,A vdcj ds 'kklu dky esa Lokeh gfjnkl

ihjxqyke ?kks"k vkSj fe;k¡ rkulsu us bu cksyksa esa /kqus cukbZ ,oa jkx&jkxfu;ksa ls ifjfpr

gq,A**4 e/;dky ds xzaFkksa esa jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds nso Lo:i dk lqanj fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA pw¡fd

fo}kuksa }kjk laxhr dks nSoh mRifÙk ekuk x;k gSA ^^nsokf/knso egknso ds ifjokj esa ikoZrh]

x.ks’k] dkfrZds; vkfn ls HkfDrHkko ls miklu dh tk ldrh gS] rks egknso ds izFke eq[k ls

mRiUu HkSjo jkx Hkh vius ifjokj ds lkFk iwtk ds ;ksX; ekuk tk ldrk gSA bl ;qx esa

xk;d&okndksa ds fy, jkx&jkxfu;k¡ Hkh nsoh&nsork gh Fks jkx&jkxfu;k¡ gh mikluk FkhA**5

jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds foospu ls gesa nks euksjatd fcUnq ut+j vkrs gSA jkx dks iq#"k vFkok nsork

ekudj dYiuk dh x;h gSA jkxfu;ksa dks mudh fL=;k¡ vFkkZr~ ifRu;k¡ ekuk x;k gSA tSlk fd

fofnr gS fd gekjh lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa dk laaca/k Qlyksa ls gksrk gSA mlh izdkj

laxhr esa fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj 6 _rqvksa ds vk/kkj ij 6 jkx cuk;s x, gSA ;g jkx fofHkUu

_rqvksa ij viuk izHkko Mkyrs gS ,oa ;g _rqvksa ds vuqlkj euksHkkoksa dks O;Dr djrs gSA

121

3 

 

jkx _rq,¡

1- fg.Mksy clar _rqjkt

2- nhid xzh"e _rqjkt

3- es?k o"kkZ _rqjkt

4- Jh f’kf’kj _rqjkt

5- HkSjo ’kjn _rqjkt

6- ekydkSal gsear _rqjkt

7-

8-

'kjn _rqjkt&jkx

HkSjoh f'kf'kj

_rqjkt&jkx Jh

gsear _rqjkt&jkx

ekydkSal

clar _rqjkt&jkx

fg.Mksy

xzh"e _rqjkt &jkx

nhid Ok"kkZ _rqjkt& jkx

es?k

122

4 

 

^^e/;dkyhu Hkkjr ds eqfLye laxhrKksa us Hkh Loj rFkk laxhr iz.kkyh ij _rqvksa ds izHkko dks

Lohdkj fd;kA tSls %

Loj tyok;q ij izHkko

1- "kMt lk BaMh

2- _"kHk js BaMh

3- Xka/kkj x BaMh

4- e/;e e xeZ rFkk ’kq"d

5- iape Ik xeZ rFkk ’kq"d

6- /kSor /k vkjkeizn

7- fu’kkn fu BaMk rFkk ’kq"d**6

vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd Lojksa ij Hkh EkkSle dk izHkko iM+rk gSA izR;sd jkx ds laca/k

dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, jkxksa dh larku i{k fopkj.kh; yxus ls jkxksa ds dbZ iq= ekus x;sA

;gh ugha izR;sd jkx dh 5&5] 6&6 Hkk;kZ,] 8 iq= rFkk 8 iq= c/kq,¡ ekudj jkx ds foLr`r

ifjokj dh dYiuk dh x;h gSA dqy feykdj jkx ds ifjokj esa 22] 23 lnL; gq,A

^jkx fg.Mksy dk ifjokj*

^^jkxfu;k¡ % yfyr] foykoy] nsolk[k] jkedyh] iVeatjh

iqf=;k¡ % iwohZ] rksM+h] iape] clar] ijt

iq= % panzHkku] eaxy] lwgk] vkuUn] fouksn] iz/kku]xkSjk] foHkkl

iq=o/kq,¡ % yhykorh] dkosjh] pSrh] ikoZrh] f=ou] nsofxjh] ljLorh xksjh**7 dqy lnL; &26

lwj us Hkh vius inksa esa 6 jkx ,oa 36 jkxfu;ksa dk mYys[k bl izdkj fd;k gS &

1- ^^csuq 'kCn dhj eu gj yhUgksa ukuk jkx ctkbZA**8

2- ^^”;ke cfju uVoj oiw dkNs eqjyh jkx eYykj ctkofrA**9

3- ^^eqjyh gfj dks HkkoSjh]

lnk jgr eq[k gh lkS ykxh] ukuk jax ctkoS jh]

Ngksa jkx] NÙkhl jkfxuh] bd bd uhdS xkoS jhA**10

blh izdkj t;”’kadj izlkn th us viuh jpuk vklw¡ esa jkfxfu dk c[kku dqN bl rjg ls

fd;k gSA ^^bl d#.k dfyu ân; esa D;ksa fody jkfxuh ctrh] D;ksa gkgkdkj Lojksa esa ]osnuk

vlhe xjtrhA ;g iafDr;k¡ d#.kk dh fody jkfxuh dk xku xk jgh gSA ;g og Loj gS

tks fd ân; dks >afdr dj d:f.ke lalkj dh l`f"V dj tkrk gSA vr% fofnr gS fd bl

le; esa Hkh jkx&jkxfu;ksa dk fo’ks"k egRo FkkA e/;dkyhu xzaFkksa esa 6 jkx ,oa 36 jkxfu;k¡

,oa 30 jkxfu;ksa dk o.kZu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ^^ljek&,&b’kjr uked iqLrd dk izdk’ku

19oha ’krkCnh ds vafre o"kksZa esa gqvkA blesa bl i)fr ds varxZr 126 jkx crk, x;s gSA ml

le; pkj /kkfeZd dsUnzksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

eB dk uke egkiq:"k fLFkfr

Jaxsjh Hkjreqfu Hkjreqfu

123

5 

 

Xkkso/kZu guqeku guqeku

’kkjnk Jhd`".k Jhd`".k

Tkks’kh f’koth f’koth**11

_rq vkSj jkxksa ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu er

ekl _rq eq[; jkx

Ekr 1 Ekr 2 Ekr 1 Ekr 2 Ekr 3 Ekr 4

psr]cSlk[k gsear clar ekydkSal Jh fg.Mksy uVukjk;.k

T;s"B]vk"kk<+ xzh"e Xkzh"e nhid nhid nhid HkSjo

Lkkou] Hkknksa Ok"kkZ Ok"kkZ Eks?k Eks?k Eks?k Eks?k

vlwt] dkfrZd clar 'kjn fg.Mksy clar ekydkSal clar

Ek?kj] ikS"k 'kjn gsear HkSjo ekydkSal Jh iape

Ekk?k] Qkxqu f’kf’kj f’kf’kj Jh HkSjo HkSjo Jh**12

erksa ds vuqlkj ge dg ldrs gS fd fofHkUu _rqvksa ds vuqlkj jkxksa dks xk;k tkrk gS ,oa

euq"; ges'kk ,d ugha jgrk izkr%dky esa oUnuHkko ,oa izkr%dkyhu jkxksa dks 'kkar izd`fr ds

dkj.k ;q) esa ohj jl ds xhrksa dks ilan djrk gSa vr% euq’; dk thou Ükaxkfjd gS] fdarq

1813 bZ0 esa iVuk ds eqgEn jt+k us vius xzaFk ^ux+ekrs vklQh* esa jkx&jkxfu i)fr dk

[k.Mu fd;k vkSj ,d uohu er bUnzizLFk ds uke ls dk;e fd;kA ftlesa foykoy FkkV dks

'kq) FkkV ekuk x;k gSA rRi’pkr~ ml le; ukV~; laxhr dks HkkoukRed ,drk dk vk/kkj

ekuk tkrk Fkk ijarq ukV~; ls iz;ksDrk ,oa Jksrk ds chp dh dM+h VwVrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsus yxhA

xk;d ,oa Jksrkx.k ,d dsUnz fcUnq ij viuh fp=o`fÙk dks ,dkxz dj lds ,slk fcUnq ^/;ku*

us iznku fd;kA jkx oxhZdj.k ds izkphu Lo:Ik esa xzke ds Loj :Ik esa iz;ksx fof/k ,oa Loj

ls jl vkSj va’k Loj ds vk/kkj ij tkfr;kasa esa Loj :Ik ,oa Hkko :Ik LFkkfir gSA jkx&jkxfu

i)fr esa bldk vHkko gksus ds dkj.k Hkko :Ik dks /;ku :Ik esa xzkº; cuk;k x;k gSA

ifjfLFkfr ds lkFk ik= vfHkUu :Ik ls tqM+s jgrs gSaA blfy, jkx&jkxfu;ksa esa iq#’k&L=h dh

dYiuk dks 'yksdc) :Ik esa izLrqr fd;k tkus yxk tks ^jkx&/;ku* dgyk;sA jkx dk vk/kkj

ukn gksrk gS tks fd Lojksa ds :Ik esa Loj nsg ,oa mldh Hkko “fDr Hkkonsg dgykrh gSa laxhr

ds vk/kkj dks ^ukn czãk* dh laKk nh x;h gSa ftlls jkxksa ds vk/;kfRed Lo:Ik dk Kku

gksrk gSA jkxksa ds /;kuksa esa nsoh Lo:Ik ,oa fof'k"V okguksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS tks fd

fuEuor~ gS

eq[; Ng jkxksa ds /;ku] Hkko fp=.k] fp= O;k[;k

HkSjo % ^^ftl jkx ds eLrd esa xaxk cg jgh gS] panzek eLrd ij 'kksfHkr gS] f=us=h] 'kjhj ij

gLrpeZ] gkFk esa f='kwy lq'kksfHkr gSA tVk/kkjh] daB esa :aM eqaMekyk] 'osr oL= Hkqtkvksa ij

tgjhyk ukx fyiVk gqvk gS tks fd oh.kk oknu dj jgk gSa ,dnklh p¡oj >wyk jgh gSa ,d

ukjh tks fd 'kk;n mldh Hkk;kZ gSA”'kjhj ij jkx dk ysi yxk gqvk gSA bl jkx dks e`R;q

dk nsork dgk x;k gSA ;fn ge bu lHkh ckrksa dh dYiuk djs rks bl /;ku esa f'ko”'kadj

dk Li"V Lo:Ik izrhr gksxkA**13

124

6 

 

ekydkaSl% ^^ftldk o.kZ yky gSA ftl ohj us ohjksa dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA ftls lHkh ohj eku

nsrs gSaA ;g jkx ’k=qvksa ds eLrdksa dh ekyk /kkj.k fd;s gq, gSA /;ku dh nf"V ls ;g ohj

cyoku ;ks)k izrhr gksrk gS bl jkx ds fp= O;k[;k ls irk pyrk gS fd ,d uo;qod

tks”f’kyk] dBksj] g"B&iq"B ,oa lqanj gSa ftlus uhys jax dh iks’kkd /kkj.k dj gkFk esa NM+h

,oa xys esa gkj gS mudh vka[kksa esa izse dk Hkko gSA uo;qofr;k¡ mlds ikl e/kqj xk;u dj

jgh gSA**14

fg.Mksy % fg.Mksy vFkkZr~ >wys ls lacaf/kr gksus ds dkj.k bl jkx dk uke fg.Mksy j[kk x;kA

gkFkksa esa ok| ;a= fy, fd’kksfj;ka] lqanj oL= igys gq, Jhd`".k th dks lqugjs ikyus esa eUn

>ksds nsdj >wyk >wyk jgh gSA fg.Mksy dh Mksfj;k NksVh gS tks lq[k Hkksxus okyk vki dke ls

;qDr gS tks diksr dh Økafr ds leku gSA

nhid % bl jkx esa izdk’k ,oa Å"ek mRiUu djus dh vnHkqr ’kfDr gSA jktizlkn ls vksr

izksr fo’kky Hkou esa jktk vkSj jkuh vkfyaxu dj dke;qDr us=ksa ls fugkj jgs gSaA nksuksa dh

Hkqtk,a ,d&nwljs ds xys dk gkj cuh gqbZ gSA ;g jkx lnkxs; gksrk gSaA

Jh % ^^ftldh vk;q 18 o"kZ gSa dkenso ds leku ftldh lqanj ewfrZ gS] tks /khj gS ftlus

dkuksa esa dksey iYyoksa ds vkHkw"k.k igu j[ks gSA ftlls rkez o.kZ ds oL= /kkj.k fd;s gq, gSA

,slk lqanj jkx Jhjkx gS bl jkx dk fp= Hkko bl izdkj fy;k x;k gS jktk vkSj jkuh

flgaklu ij cSBs gSA ,d laxhrdkj oh.kkoknu] nwljk eanx ,oa rhljk eathjs ctk jgk gSA

nklh flagklu ds ikl mifLFkr gSA jktk vkSj jkuh laxhr dk vkuUn ys jgs gSA**15

es?k %^^ftlds vax uhydey ds leku] eq[k panzek ds leku] lj ij eqdqV] daB esa oSt;arh

ekyk] ikoksa esa ikts+c ihroL=] dkuksa esa dqaMy/kkjh vkdk’k dh vksj fugkjrs g,q ’ka[k/ofu dj

jgk gSA o"kkZ ls O;kdqy cu ds i{kh ftldh ;kpuk djrs gSa ve`r ds leku ftldk eUn

gkL; gSA ftldk fuoklLFky es?k esa gSA ;g jkx r#.k ,oa ohjksa esa lq’kksfHkr gksus okyk jkx

gSA es?k dh HkkWfr ’;ke jax Hkxoku d`".k dk :Ik Hkkrk gSa nkW;s ,oa ck;s lqanj ;qofr;k¡ [kM+h

gSaA vkdk’k esa ckny Nk;s gq, gSA dHkh&dHkh fctyh dh ped rFkk cknyksa dh xtZu lqukbZ

ns jgh gSA**16

^^Hkkjr ljdkj us lu~ 1992 esa ,d dyS.Mj izdkf’kr fd;k ftlesa o"kZ ds 12 eghuksa ds fy,

12 jkxkas vkSj jkxfu;ksa ds fp= cukdj jkxksa dk ifjp; fn;k x;k gSA**17 bl dyS.Mj ds

ek/;e ls fp=dyk ,oa laxhr dk vuwBk laxe loZ lk/kkj.k ns[kus dks feykA laxhr ds xzaFkksa

esa jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds nsork] iq#"k] L=h vkfn :Ik ekus x;s gS ,oa /;ku ds varxZr bldk

mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA ftlds varxZr gesa fofHkUu jkxksa ds izHkko ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA

mnkgj.kr %&

jkx ,oe izHkko % HkSjo&dksYgw dk pyuk ekydkSal&iRFkj fi?kyuk] fg.Mksy&>wyk >wyuk]

nhid&nhid tyuk@xk;d dk ’kjhj tyuk] Jh&lw[ks o`{kksa dk gjk gksuk rFkk Eks?k&o"kkZ

gksuk

125

7 

 

n`’; ,oa JO; dyk,a ,d&nwljs dh iwjd gksrh gSA ;g dyk,a vkil esa ,d&nwljs dks

izHkkfor djrh gSA ’yksdc) jkx /;ku ijEijk us fp=dyk dks Hkh izHkkfor fd;kA jkx /;ku

jkx es?k dh ik¡p

jkxfu;k¡

jkx nhid dh ik¡p

jkxfu;k¡

jkx HkSjoh dh ik¡p

jkxfu;k¡

jkx Jh dh ik¡p

jkxfu;k¡

jkx fg.Mksy dh ik¡p

jkxfu;k¡

jkx ekydkSal dh ik¡p

jkxfu;k¡126

8 

 

’yksdksa ds vk/kkj ij fp= cuk;s tkus yxsA ;g fp= jkx&jkxfu;ksa dh O;fDrxr dYiuk]

vuqHkwfr ij vk/kkfjr gksrs FksA jkx /;ku fp=ksa dh fo"k; oLrq ,d gksrs gq, jkxksa ds dbZ fp=

Hkh gesa ns[kus dks feyrs gSa jkx /;ku fp= eq[;r% nfD[kuh] jktLFkkuh ,oa dkaxM+k ’kSyh esa

cuk;s x;sA jkxksa ds Lo:ikuqlkj Hkkoi{k dks jkx&jkxfu dk vk/kkj ekuk x;k gSA ^^lqYrku

bczkghe vkfny ’kkg] vdcj ,oa tgkaxhj ds ledkyhu FkkA og Lo;a ,d dykdkj FkkA

vkfny ’kkg us ^fdrkcs ukSjl* uked iqLrd fy[khA dgk tkrk gS fd bl iqLrd esa igyh

ckj chtkiqj esa jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds [kwclwjr fp= cuk;s x;s ,oa jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds Lo:iksa

dYiuk dh xbZA**18

-Hkkjrh; laxhr esa jkx&jkxfu i)fr vius vki esa vf}rh; jghA ;g

fofHkUu jpukvksa dk vk/kkj gSA bl i)fr esa fofHkUu Loj mudh xk;u] oknu ’kSyh] xk;u

dky ,oa muls mRiUu Hkko] euksfLFkfr vfr egRoiw.kZ gSA izR;sd jkx dk vkt Hkh viuk

vfLrRo gSA jkxksa esa nsoh; Lo:Ik fufgr gksrk gSA jkxksa dh x;kRedrk ,oa dYiukvksa ls

izHkkfor gksdj Hkkjrh; fp=dkjksa us :i] js[kk ,oa jkxksa ds izHkko }kjk vfHkO;fDr djus dk

iz;kl fd;k gSA fp=dyk ,oa laxhr vFkkZr~ n`’;dyk ds ek/;e ls laxhr ds Lojksa dh

vfHkO;fDr Hkkjrh; dyk dh izeq[k fo’ks"krk jgh gSA jkx dk xk;u ,dkxzrk ds lkFk mi;qZDr

le; ij djus ,oa jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds fp= efLr"d ij cSBk ysrk gS rks mls xkus esa lQyrk

rks izkIr gksrh gh gSA oju~ og Jksrkvksa ds e/; mRd`"B Hkkoksa dk izn’kZu dj ldrk gSA ;g

i)fr e/;dky esa iw.kZr% oSKkfud jgh gS ijarq orZeku esa jkxksa dk Lo:Ik ifjofrZr gks x;k

gSA ml le; dh jkx&jkxfu;ksa dk Lo:Ik vk/kqfud jkxksa ls ugha feyrkA orZeku esa bldk

LFkku jkx xk;u us ys fy;k gSA ;g ,d dkYifud fopkj/kkjk FkhA bl i)fr ls ,d vkSj

ckr lkeus vkrh gS fd e/;dky esa izpfyr iq#"kksa ds fy, cgqfookg izFkk ,oa lekt ds

fL=;ksa dh vis{kk iq#"k oxZ dh iz/kkurk dk Hkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA vr% Loj&’kCn] jax&js[kk]

izfreku] vfHku; ,oa fofHkUu ek/;eksa }kjk jfpr dykvksa ls Hkkoksa dh lqanj vfHkO;fDr gksrh

gSA euq"; dh laLd`fr ds varjax dh jpuk vkSj vfHkO;fDr dyk ds }kjk laHko gksrh gSA

izLrqr jkx&jkxfu;ksa dk lkaLd`frd fodkl /khjs&/khjs gksrk x;kA bu jkx&jkxfu;ksa esa jl]

ek/kq;Z ,oa laosnukvksa dh vuar izokfguh “fDr ns[kus dks feyrh gSA izLrqr jkxksa dh fp=

O;k[;k ls ;g fl) gksrk gS fd ;g fp= Hkko ,oa /;ku dks iw.kZ:is.k gekjh dYiuk esa mrkj

nsrs gSA bu fp=ksa us laxhr ,oa dyk dks dykRed l`tu dh fn’kk iznku dh gS ogha nwljh

vksj mRlkg] jkx&jkxfu;ksa dk Kku] jkx dh izd`fr ,oa Lo:Ik rFkk jkxksa ds izHkko ns[kus dks

feyrs gSA

vr% Li"V gS fd laxhr dyk ds lkFk n`’; dyk Hkh Hkkoksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus dk l’kDr

ek/;e gS ;g fp= euq"; ds thou ds {k.kksa dks iquZthfor djrs gSA jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds fp=ksa us

e/;dkyhu laLd`fr dks iquZthou ,oa LQwfrZ iznku dh gSA bu dykRed izrhdksa eaas lEiw.kZ Hkko

vUrZfufgr gSA ;g fp= js[kk ,oa jaxksa ds }kjk fLFkfr dks n’kkZus esa l{ke gksrs gSA vr% leLr

dykvksa ds lkFk&lkFk fp=dyk dk LFkku loksZifj gSA ’kSf{kd ikB~;Øe ,oa O;fDrRo ds

fodkl ds fy, dykRedrk dk gksuk vfr vko’;dh; gksrk gSA ;g fp= vkt Hkh viuh

vge~ Hkwfedk cuk;s gq, gSA ftudk ewy mn~ns’; f’k{kk ds lkFk O;fDrRo dk cgqeq[kh fodkl

djuk gSA ;fn fdlh Hkh vk;ke dks fp=kRed vfHkO;fDr ls tksM+ fn;k tk; rks euq"; dk

/;ku vius Hkkoksa dh vksj dsfUnzr gks tkrk gSA fp= l`tu dks lfØ;rk iznku dj HkkokRed

vfHkO;fDr ls vkuUnkuwHkwfr djkrs gS tcfd laxhr dyk esa vkarfjd Hkkoukvksa dks e/kqj Loj

127

9 

 

ygfj;ksa ds ek/;e ls O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS ftlls fd euq"; dks vkykSfdd ’kkafr feyrh gSA

fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd &

• thou ds fofo/k igyqvksa ,oa rRoksa dks ewrZ :Ik nsus gsrq Hkkjrh; laxhr esa jkx&jkxfu

i)fr ewy :Ik ls fodflr gqbZA

• laiw.kZ jkx&jkxfu i)fr dh dYiuk ,d ifjokj ds :Ik esa dh xbZ gSA

• jkx&jkxfu;ksa dks nsoh&nsork ekudj mikluk dh tkrh FkhA

• fofHkUu _rqvksa ij jkxksa dk izHkko euksHkkoksa dks O;Dr djrk gSA laxhr ds Lojksa ij Hkh

tyok;q ds izHkko ,oa le;kuqlkj jkxksa dh izd`fr Lohdkj dh x;h gSA

• jkxksa ds /;ku nSoh; Lo:Ik ,oa muds fof’k"V okguksa dk vkHkkl djkrs gSaA

izLrqr jkxksa ds /;ku] Hkko rFkk fp=ksa ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds fp= euq"; esa

fofHkUu /;ku ,oa Hkkoksa dk lapkj djus esa l{ke gSA ;g fp=dyk ,oa laxhr dk vuwBk laxe

gS Hkys gh ;g i)fr e/;dky esa izpfyr jgh gks ysfdu vkt Hkh jkxks dk xk;u euq"; ds

thou ij viuk izHkko Mkyrs gS tks fd vtj vkSj vej jgsxkA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd

jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds fp= Hkko ,oa /;ku ds izrhd gSA bu fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls jkx dk Hkko ,oa

/;ku ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA

lanHkZ&lwph

1- jkx fo’kkjn] Hkkx ,d] MkW0 y{ehukjk;.k xxZ] i`0138

2- ogh] i`0140

3- ogh] i`0139

4- Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] izFke [k.M] jke vorkj ohj] i`0171

5- jkx fo’kkjn] Hkkx&1] MkW0 y{ehukjk;.k xxZ] i`0144

6- Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] izFke [k.M] jke vorkj ohj] i`0177

7- Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] tksfxUnz flag ckojk] i`067

8- Lkwjlkxj] f}rh; [k.M] in 3479

9- ogh] in 2049

10- ogh] in 1859 11- Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] izFke [k.M] jke vorkj ohj] i`0172

12- Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] tksfxUnz flag ckojk] i`058

13- ogh] i`0 64 14- Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] f}rh; [k.M] jke vorkj ohj] i`0 177

15- Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] tksfxUnz flag ckojk] i`0 65 ,oa Hkkjrh; laxhr dk

bfrgkl] f}rh; [k.M] jke vorkj ohj] i`0174

128

10 

 

16- Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] tksfxUnz flag ckojk] i`065 ,oa Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl]

f}rh; [k.M] jke vorkj ohj] i`0 167

17- Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] tksfxUnz flag ckojk] i`070

18- ogh] i`056 19- leLr fp=koyh] Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] f}rh; [k.M] jke vorkj ohj] i`0

158&178

129

dyk ,oa dkO; ¼lEcU/k ,oa egRo½

MkW0 uhrk ’kkg vfl- Áks- ¼fgUnh½

jktdh; egkfo|ky;] didksV ¼ckxs’oj½

dyk ekuoh; thou dh ,d miyfC/k gSA dyk dk thou ls ?kfu"B lEcU/k gSA lkSUn;Z iz/kku

gksus ds dkj.k ;g thou dks lkSUn;Z Hkkfor dj nsrh gSA vfHkO;atuk iz/kku gksus ls ,d mRd`"V

d`fr Hkh gSA tgk¡ og thou ls izHkkfor gksrh gS] ogha thou dks Hkh izHkkfor djrh gSA fidklks us

Bhd gh dgk gS&**dyk dk u rks vrhr gS u Hkfo";A tks dyk orZeku esa viuh lRrk izekf.kr

ugha dj ldrh og dHkh viuk LFkku ugha cuk ldsxhA**1 ;gh ckr lkfgR; ij Hkh ykxw gksrh

gSA lkfgR; esa Hkh #i vkSj lkSUn;Z cks/k nksuksa gh gksrs gSaA mi;ksxh Kku lafpr gksus ls lkfgR;

dh egRrk c<+ tkrh gSA Hkr`Zgfj dk ;g dFku **lkfgR; laxhr dyk foghu% lk{kkr Ik’kq iqPN

fo’kk.k ghu%**2 iw.kZ #i ls dyk rFkk dfork ds vUrlZEcU/k dks fl) djrk gSA

bl n`"VkUr ds vk/kkj ij ;g dguk lkFkZd gS fd lkfgR;] laxhr rFkk dyk dh ,slh f=os.kh

gS ftlesa nksuksa dh iwfrZ lEiUu gksrh gSA laxhr viuh e/kqj iafDr;ksa ls tgk¡ vkºykfnr djrk gS

ogh dyk jax&js[kkvksa }kjk eu eksfgr djrh gS] vkuafnr djrh gSA lkfgR;] laxhr] dyk dh

f=os.kh ds ?kkV ij fLFkr lekt bl f=os.kh esa izfo"V gksdj ftruk xgjk iSBrk gS mruk gh

vkuUn izkIr djrk gSA euq"; us vkuUn izkfIr ds fy, ftrus mik;ksa dk fodkl fd;k mlesa

Hkk"kk dk fo’ks"k LFkku gSA lkfgR;] n’kZu] foKku vkSj izd`fr ds ukuk fo"k;ksa dh ppkZ Hkk"kk dks

ek/;e cuk dj gh dh tkrh gSA dyk lkfgfR;d Lo:Ik esa vkuUn nsrh gS RkFkk lgxkeh dyk,¡

laxhr] vU;kU; dyk,¡ ifjekftZr Lo:Ik esa ,LFkSfVflTe ds fu;e iwfjr djrh gSaA tSls lkfgR;

dh vfHkO;fDr dh viuh fof’k"Vrk,¡ gSa oSls gh u`R;] laxhr yfyr dykvksa dh HkhA euq"; viuh

bfUnz;ksa] eu }kjk ckº; txr dh leLr oLrqvksa dk LFkwy Kku ,oa muds izfr jlkuqHkwfr dk

vuqHko djrk gS vkSj mls gh dyk ds ek/;e ls nwljksa ds lkeus ifjosf’kr djrk gSA

lkfgR; vkSj dyk ds vkilh lEcU/k cgqr lw{e gksrs gSa rFkk nksuksa esa bruh ijLij fuHkZjrk gksrh

gS fd ,d dh /ofu rFkk nwljs ds jax dks vyx dj fn;k tk; rks ;g crkuk dfBu gks tkrk

gS fd dkSu dfork gS dkSu dykd`fr\ ns[kk tk; rks dyk ,oa dfork dk lalkj ,d gh txg

fLFkr gSA dfork rFkk dyk dk lEcU/k fpjdky ls izfl) jgk gSA Hkkjrh; rFkk ik’pkR;

lkSUn;Z ’kkL= esa mlh dfork dks mRd`"V ekuk x;k gS] ftlesa dfork ds leku lw{e vFkZ Nfo

dks [kksyus dh lkeF;Z gksA dWqoj ukjk;.k us fy[kk gS fd & **dykvksa ds vUrlZEcU/k dHkh lh/ks

vkSj dHkh&dHkh tfVy ;k izPNUu gksrs gSaA cgq/kk tc dksbZ dykdkj ,d ls vf/kd ek/;eksa esa

dke djrk gS rks mldh jpukvksa esa ,d lh/ks fj’rs dks igpkuuk vklku gksrk gSA tSls &

*fofy;e Cysd dh dforkvksa ,oa fp=ksa esa jgL; ewyd jksekafVflt~e dh ekStwnxh ;k jkstsUVh dh

dforkvksa vkSj fp=ksa esa **izh&jSQsykbV** izHkko ;k egknsoh oekZ ds fp=ksa vkSj dforkvksa esa

Nk;koknh jksekafVflte*3

130

xqyke eksgEen 'ks[k dk fopkj gS fd **vV~Bkjgoha ’krkCnh esa tc ’kq)rk Hkko us viuh txg

cuk;h rc ge iwjs thou dks vyx&vyx [kkuksa esa ck¡Vdj ns[kus yxsA gekjs dykdkjksa esa

’kq)rk dk vkxzg bruk izcy gksrk x;k fd mUgksusa viuh dyk dks viuh ifjf/k esa gh j[kuk

mfpr le>k rkfd ml ij nwljh dykvksa dk izHkko u iMs+ blds ihNzs dgha u dgha dykdkjksa

esa cpko dh Hkkouk Hkh dke djrh jgh fd vU; dykvksa ls lEcU/k cukus ;k mudk izHkko iM+us

ls mudh dyk dyafdr gks tk;sxhA4

okLro esa ’kq)rk dh ckr djuk gkL;kLin yxrk gSA tks yksx dfork dk {ks= vyx ekurs gS

vkSj dyk dk vyx] mUgsa ;g Li"V djuk gksxk fd dyk dk {ks= D;k gS vkSj dfork dk {ks=

D;k gS \ okLro esa ;fn ns[kk tk; rks ;g vuqHkwfr dk {ks= gS] tks cM+k mnkj vkSj fo’kky gksrk

gSA dksbZ viuh vuqHkwfr dks ’kCnkas ds ek/;e ls O;Dr djrk gS] dksbZ jax&js[kkvksa ds ek/;e ls

rFkk dksbZ lqj] y;] rky ds ek/;e lsA fp=Q+yd ij fp=dkj dh vfHkO;fDr l`ftr best+jh ds

}kjk gksrh gS] Bhd blh rjg dfo dh vfHkO;fDr ’kCn fp=ksa ls l`ftr bestjh ds ek/;e ls

gksrh gS gekjs ns’k ds lHkh dykdkj dyk deZ ds vfrfjDr cgqr dqN djrs jgs gSaA tSls&

johUnz ukFk Bkdqj] uUnyky cksl] ve`rk ’ksjfxy] gqlSu isfUVx ds vykok ys[ku rFkk vU; dk;Z

Hkh djrs jgs gSaA dbZ dykdkjksa us dgkuh] ukVd dfork vkfn Hkh fy[ksA fo’kky ekuoh; vuqHko

ds {ks= dks ikus ds fy, O;fDr dks cgqr dqN djuk iM+rk gSA johUnz Bkdqj tks ,d cgqr cM+s

dfo Fks mUgksaus vius thou ds mRrjk)Z esa fp= cukuk vkjEHk fd;kA okLro esa ftl izdkj dqN

euksHkko n`’;fp=ksa ,oa vUrZ}U}ksa dks fcuk ’kCnksa ds lgkjs dfork ds fcuk O;Dr djuk lEHko

ugh gksrk mlh izdkj ,d dyk nwljh dyk ds tUe dk dkj.k cukrh gSA ghxsy }kjk crk;h

x;h yfyr dyk,sa ¼ LFkkiR;] ewfrZ] fp=] laxhr ,oa dkO; ½ Øe’k% LFkwy ls lw{e gksrh pyh xbZ

gaSA dkO; dks buesa ls loZJs"B dyk dk LFkku feyk gSA vFkkZr~ dkO; esa ’ks"k leLr dykvksa ds

rRo lEiw.kZ mRd"kZ ds lkFk lefUor gks tkrs gSaA ;s dyk,sa nks izdkj ls dkO; esa ykfyR; dh

l`f"V djrh gS& dykvksa ds LFkwy Lo#i dk o.kZu rFkk lw{e rRoksa dk dkO; esa lekos’kA ftlls

dkO; esa dyk dk egRo izfrikfnr gks tkrk gSA tSl&dkO; esa LFkkiR; dk iz;ksx RkRor% dfork

dh yEckbZ] pkSM+kbZ] NUnksa ds vkdkj&izdkj rFkk mlesa iz;qDRk gksus okys ’kCnksa ,oa /ofu;ksa dh

HkO;rk ;k ljyrk tks bdkbZ ds #i esa ml lEiw.kZ dkO; bekjr dks u dsoy vkdkj iznku

djrh gS vfirq mls HkO;re Lo#i Hkh iznku djrh gSA ftl izdkj bekjr ds fuekZ.k esa bZV]

xkjk] ydM+h] lfj;k dk gksuk vfuok;Z gS mlh izdkj dfo dkO; dh vkyh’kku bekjr x<+rk gSA

ijUrq dyk mRd`"V rHkh dgh tk ldrh gS tc mDrkafdr *fMltksbUVsM fljht* dh vis{kk

*vkxsZfud gksy* dk cks/k djkrs gq,s y{;iwfrZ esa lQy gksA LFkkiR; ds fofo/k izdkjksa ds mYys[k

dh n`f"V ls fujkyk dh dqdqjeqRrk] okLrqf’kYi ds Hkko iz;ksx }kjk rqylhnkl] jke dh ’kfDr

iwtk] tkxks fQj ,d ckj] ckny jkx dfork,sa mlesa fufgr ÅTkkZ dk Li"V izek.k gSA ;g ÅtkZ

tgk¡ ftruh vf/kd gqbZ ogk¡ bekjr mruh gh HkO;] cqyan gksrh gqbZ pyh xbZ gS5 A

ewfrZ dyk dk egRo ogk¡ fn[kkbZ nsrk gS tgk¡ dfo dkO; esa O;fDrRo dk fp=.k djrs le;

dq’ky f’kYih dh Hkk¡fr cM+h dkjhxjh ds lkFk ,d&,d vax rjk’krk tkrk gSA mldh cukbZ ;s

izfrek,¡ i<+rs gh eu dks eqX/k dj nsrh gSA jke dh ’kfDriwtk esa jke ds ’kksdkdqy O;fDrRo dh

cM+h lqUnj izfrek cukbZ x;h gSA ------jRutfM+r pj.k;qxy esa f'kYih dh vkfLrd HkfDr izdV

gksrh gS6 A

131

fp= dyk dk egRo dkO; esa rc ls ik;k tkrk gS tc ls fo’o esa dkO; dk vfLrRo vk;kA

lkSan;Z iw.kZ dkO; jpuk,¡ lh/ks gekjs p{kqjsfUnz; ds lEeq[k #i [kM+k dj nsrh gSA jax&fcjaxk

eueksgd #i vkSj ,d {k.k ds fy, ge Hkwy tkrs gS fd ge dkO; dk vkUkan ys jgs gSA vusd

dfo dkO; esa bldh O;atuk djrk gS fdUrq dgha&dgha ,slk yxrk gS fd tSls dfo fp=dkj ds

}kjk jph vkd`fr lh/ks ekul iVy ij Nk tkrh gSA fujkyk ds vuqlkj & **fp=dkj vyadkjksa]

fcEcksa] izrhdksa ds ek/;e ls ftruh lqUnj dYiuk dj ldrk gS ml dk fp= mruk gh lqUnj

gksrk gSA7

vkfndky ls ysdj vk/kqfud dky rd izk;% lHkh dfo;ksa us vusd vyadkjksa] fcEcksa] izrhdksa ds

ek/;e ls lqUnj&lqUnj Hkko fp= [khps gSA dkO; esa ykfyR;iw.kZ izLrqfrdj.k ds ,d ek/;e ds

#i esa fp= dyk dk vR;Ur egRo gSA

**Hkk"kk tc Lojksa ds ek/;e ls lw{e ,oa Lora= mM+kus Hkjrh gS rc laxhr dk tUe gksrk gSA

lkekU; /ofu;ksa dh vis{kk laxhr dh /ofu;ksa esa Loje;rk vf/kd gksrh gSaA**8 laxhr ls tqM+h Hkk"kk

tgka vFkZ dh xfjek ls lEiUu gksrh gS------A laxhr Loj iz/kku gksus ds dkj.k ’kkL=h; #i esa

’kCnksa dh vis{kk ugha djrk rc Hkh tc ’kkL=h; jkxksa ij fdlh xhr dks xk;k tkrk gS rks

mldk ykfyR; ,oa lkSn;Z vkSj Hkh cM+ tkrk gSA lwj] rqylh] ehjk] fujkyk] izlkn vkfn fgUnh

ds vU;kU; dfo;ksa ds dkO; esa ;g laxhrkRedrk mudss dkO; dks lkSUn;Z ls efgekeafMr dj

nsrh gSA rqylh] ehjk] lwj ds inksa dk rks vkt Hkh yksx cM+h vkLFkk ls xk;u djrs gSaA

lqfe=kuUnu iUr] us Hkh fy[kk &** dfork vkSj dyk f’kYi esjh n`f"V esa Qwy vkSj mlds

#i&eknZo dh rjg vfHkUu gSA #i&eknZo\ gk¡ fdUrq jax] xa/k] e/kq Qy gh Qwy dk okLrfod

nku gSA vUu Hkjh lqugyh cky uky ij [kM+h jgus ds cnys ;fn vius ,s’o;Z Hkkj ls >qd

tkrh gS rks bls fo/kkrk dh dyk dh ifj.kfr gh le>uk pkfg,A9 okLro esa ogh dfork Js"B gS

tks vkius ekSu Hkko esa cgqr dqN dgus dh lEHkkouk fNik;s j[ks vkSj fp= d`fr Hkh ogh Js"B gS

tks viuh pqIih esa cksy mBsA

thou ds fofHkUu Hkko vkSj ijLij nq[k&nnZ esa dyk,¡ vfHkUu #i ls ge lcls gh tqM+h ugha

jgrh oju~ muesa vkil esa Hkh ,d lw=rk LFkkfir gks tkrh gSA lgHkkxh] lg;ksxh gksus ds dkj.k

dykvksa esa ijLij lgkuqHkwfr rRp Hkh mRiUu gks tkrs gSaA thou ds fofo/kr~ Hkkoksa ls izsj.kk ysuss

vkSj muds izdk’ku fof/k;ksa esa Hkh dfork rFkk dyk vkUrfjd #i ls ijLij lEcfU/kr gSA dyk

rFkk dfork oSls gh ijLij vkfJr gS tSls fdlh vaU/ks ds d/ks ij yaxM+s O;fDr dks cSBk fn;k

tkrk gSA y¡xM+k py ugha ldrk va/kk ns[k ugha ldrk ij nksuksa feydj ,d&nwljs dh deh dks

iwjk djrss gSaA blh izdkj dyk rFkk dfork Hkh ,d&nwljs dh deh dks iwjk djus dk iz;kl

djrh gSA dfo;ksa us vusd fp=ksie dkO;ksa dh jpuk dh gSA fp= dkO; esa dfork ds v{kjksa dk

,slk la;kstu fd;k tkrk gS fd muls fp= cu tkrk gSA dfo;ksa us ehu] dey] [katu] dey

dh ia[kqfM;ksa ds leku vaxqfy;ka vkfn ftu miekvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k mUgha ds vk/kkj ij

fp=dkjksa us vkd`fr;ksa dh jpuk dhA buds vfrfjDr vusd fp=kofy;ka Hkh dkO; xzFkksa ds vk/kkj

ij fufeZr gqbZ gSA tk;lh d`r in~ekor] nkmn d`r pUnk;u] okYehfd d`r jkek;.k] rqylh d`r

jkepfjrekul] t;nso d`r xhrxksfoUn] fcgkjh dr lrlbZ dh dforkvksa dk vk/kkj ysdj vusd

132

lfp= xzaFkksa ,oa fp=kofy;ksa dh jpuk gqbZ ftu fo"k;kssa dks dfo;ksa us ys[kuh ls Li"V fd;k Fkk

mUgha dks fp=dkjksa us rwfydk ls pk{kq"k Lo#i iznku fd;kA ftl eeZ dks dfo;ksa us ok.kh }kjk

of.kZr fd;k mlh dks fp=dkjksa us rwfydk }kjk ck¡/kus dk dk;Z fd;kA dHkh&dHkh dfo fp=dkj

dh lhek esa izfo"V gks tkrs gSaA ,slk rc gksrk gS tc fp=ksa ds o.kZu dks gh vk/kkj cuk dj dfo

dkO; jpuk djrs gSA

dkO; dk ifjn`’; ikBdksa dks ’kCnksa vkSj fp=ksa dh ,slh nqfu;k esa ys tkrk gS] tgk¡ yxrk gS fd

’kCn vkSj jax tSls ,d gh gksa mBs gksaA dkfynkl dh izfl) dkO;d`fr es?knwr fp=dkjksa dks xq#

ls gh vkdf"kZr djrh jgh gSA brus cM+s dfo gksus ds lkFk&lkFk os fp=dkj ds eeZ dks Hkh

tkurs FksA mudh ,d vyx izdkj dh fp=Hkk"kk mudh miekvksa esa fo’ks"kr% fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

dkfynkl ds dkO;&l`tu esa ,d fp=dkj dh vn~Hkqr lEEkwrZu {kerk Hkh lekfgr gSA os o.kZu ds

gh ugha fp=.k ds dfo gSa ftls vkt dh Hkk"kk esa fcEc fo/kku dgrs gSaA

yfyr dyk vkSj dfork vius Lo#i esa lekt ,oa le; dh mu tfVyrkvksa dks idM+rh gS

ftlls O;fDr vkSj lekt ges’kk tw>rk jgrk gSA dyk dh ;s nksuksa lw{e dksfV;ka bu

tfVyrkvksa dh eghu rarqvksa dks idM+++++rh gSA vkt gekjs lkfgR; ,oa dyk esa thou&;FkkFkZ dh

/kkj.kk,¡ bruh ,dkaxh] [kks[kyh rFkk #X.k gks xbZ gSa fd gesa ’kksf"kr] ttZj vkSj y?kq ekuo ds

_.k fp=.k esa gh dykRed r`fIr feyrh gSA ge LoLFk ekuork dh fn’kk dh vksj n`f"Vikr ugha

djuk pkgrs] D;ksafd ogk¡ ge e/;e oxhZ; dqBkavksa ls xzLr vkRe ijkftr] {kqnz] ladh.kZ] dkeew<+

thou ds fy;s lgkuqHkwfr ugha txk ikrs] ftls ;qx&thou rFkk dyk dk ifj/kku igukdj nwljksa

ds d#.kk d.k izkIr djus ds fy;s ge vkRe foLrkj dk ek/;e cukuk pkgrs gSaA vkt ge ftl

mRrj vk/kqfud dky esa th jgs gSa] vko’;drk bl ckr dh gS fd dfork vkSj dyk ds ljksdkj

feysa vkSj os ijLij ds lerqY; gksrs gq, ekuoh; vuqHko dh O;k[;k djsA

egknsoh oekZ us dkO; esa dyk ds egRo dks le>dj vius Hkkofp=ksa dks jaxksa vkSj js[kkvksa esa

mrkjus dh dksf’k’k dh Fkh tks muds dkO; ladyuksa esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA mudh dfork;sa

fp=kRed vkRefuosnu dh os dfork;sa gSa tks iy&iy izrh{kk esa fouhr ukf;dk dks mHkkjrh gSA

oLrqr% ukf;dk dh ihM+k og vkRenku gS tks ’kqHksPNk ls fn;k tkrk gS&

^^ chu Hkh gw¡ rqEgkjh jkfxuh Hkh gw¡^^

^^e/kqj&e/kqj esjs nhid tyA^^10

fujkyk th esa dsoy js[kkvksa ds lgkjs fp= dks ltho] lqUnj cukus dh Hkh {kerk gS vkSj jaxksa ls

lqUnj cukus dh HkhA fdUrq os bl vkd"kZ.k ds chp izcy ikS#"k dk vadu vf/kd Js"B ekurs gSa

vkSj izcy ikS#"k ds lkeus ;s ckgjh jax fVd ugha ldrs rks Hkh mUgksaus uhys&ihys] ’;ke] yky

jaxksa ds lQy iz;ksx fd;s gSaA muds dkO; esa fp=dyk ds rRoksa dk tks lekos’k gqvk gS mldh

lcls eq[; fo’ks"krk gS lkSUn;Z dks ÅtZfLor dj izcy izsj.kknk;d cuk nsukA fujkyk th ds

vuqlkj&^^ og fp= fdl dke dk tks eu dks Hkhrj rd >d>ksj dj u j[k nsA^^11

133

vKs; dh dfork;sa n`’; fcEcksa dks lnsg mifLFkr dj gesa ,d jE; izkd`frd ifjos’k esa yk [kM+h

djrh gSA ogk¡ jkx vkSj eu dks ’kkfUr nsus okyh ’khryrk Hkh gSA blesa ,d fpUrd ds O;fDrRo

dh eksgdrk Hkh gSA buds js[kkfp= izkd`frd n`’;ksa dk lk{kkRdkj djrs gSa ftlls izd`fr vkSj

O;fDr ds chp ,d egku rknkRE; cu tkrk gSA ’ke’ksj cgknqj dh dfork,¡ jaxksa ,oa ’kCnksa dh

,slh fufeZfr gSa] ftlesa fp=e;rk ,oa lw{e vFkZ Nfo ds n’kZu gksrs gSaA muds dkO; ladyu

dqN dfork,¡ esa muds vusd iz;ksx’khy js[kkadu ekStwn gSa Tkks dfo ds tfVy Hkkocks/k dks

lEizsf"kr djus esa dqN gn rd lgk;d gksrs gSaA ’ke’ksj cgknqj ,d fp=dkj Hkh FksA txnh’k

xqIr dh dfork,¡ rhoz laosnu cks/k dh dfork,¡ gSaA os vius <ax ls dfork esa dyk ds egRo ds

dk;y FksA buds vfrfjDr y{ehdkar oekZ] fofiu vxzoky] vkfn vusdkU; dfo;ksa ds fp=ksa dks

fp=dyk ds izpfyr iSekuksa ls vk¡ddj mudk ewY; fu/kZkj.k u Hkh fd;k tk; rks Hkh bruk dgk

tk ldrk gS fd ;g bu lkfgR;dkjksa dh jpukRedrk dh Nydh gqbZ ek=k gSA tks muds fp=ksa

ds #i esa lkeus vkbZ gSA dHkh&dHkh dfork esa ,slsa Hkh va’k vk tkrs gS ftudh O;k[;k ds fy,

dyk dk Kku vR;ko’;d gS tSls &

v/kj /kjr gfj ds ijr] vksB nhfB iV T;ksfrA

gfjr ck¡l dh ck¡lqjh] bUnz/kuq’k Nfo gksfrAA ¼fcgkjh lrlbZ½12

bl nksgs dks le>kus gsrq vko’;d gS fd& vksB&yky d`".k&';ke ¼uhy½ o.kZ] iV&¼ihrkEcj½

ihykA ;s rhuksa ewy jax gS buls feydj cukrs gSSA tSls & yky $ihyk = ukjaxh] yky$uhyk = cSaxuh] uhyk$ihyk = gjkA iqu% n`f"V dk jax ’osr gksrk gSA bl izdkj ;s gq, lkr jax vkSj

bUnz/kuq"k esa Hkh lkr jax gksrs gSA blh izdkj fcgkjh ds fuEu nksgs dh O;k[;k dks le>us ds

fy, dyk dk Kku egRoiw.kZ gS&

**esjh Hko ck/kk gjks]jk/kk ukxjh lks;A

tk ru dh >kbZa iMS+ L;ke gfjr |qfr gksbZ ¼fcgkjh lrlbZ½**13

varr% ;gh dgk tk ldrk gS fd dkO; esa lHkh dykvksa dk lekgkj gks tkrk gSSSA 'kCn

vfHkO;fDr dk lcls ljy ,oa izHkko’kkyh ek/;e gSA ’kCnksa esa #i] jax] vkdkj RkFkk LFkwyrk dks

O;Dr djus dh vn~Hkqr ’kfDr gksrh gSA dfo ,d lkFk laxhrdkj] fp=dkj] ewfrZdkj vkSj

okLrqdehZ lHkh gks ldrk gSA dkO; loZJs"B dyk Hkh gS] rks Hkh mls vius ’kCnksa dks vFkZfoLrkj

nsus ds fy,] lkSUn;Z dks ekul laos| cukus ds fy, rFkk fpjdky rd ân; esa vafdr djus ds

fy, mls ’ks"k lHkh dykvksa dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gSA okLro esa dyk dkO; dh vFkZxfjek]

mldh dYiuk&izo.krk ,oa lkSUn;Z lUnfHkZrk dks vkSj Hkh vf/kd moZj] ÅtZLoh ,oa vf/kd lqxe

cuk dj dkO; esa vius egRoiw.kZ LFkku dks lqfuf’pr djk nsrh gSA

134

lUnHkZ &

1- Hkkjrh; dyk dk fodkl ,oa mldh fo’ks"krk,¡] ’;ke ’kekZ] fjlpZ ifyCyds’ku] t;iqj]

i`0la0 09

2- uhr’krde~] Hkr`gfj] lEiknd MkW0 egs’kpUnz] Hkkjrh; lkfgR; HkaMkj] esjB ’yksd ua0 12]

i`a0 18

3- dyk,¡ vklikl] fouksn Hkkj}kt] yfyrdyk vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh i`a0 la014

4- ;Fkksifj]

5- fujkyk ds dkO; esa dyk ykfyR;] MkW0 lR;izdk’k ’kekZ] vafdr izdk’ku] gY}kuh i`a0

la0224

6- vukfedk] fujkyk] Hkkjrh HkaMkj] bykgkckn laor~ 2005 ] i`a0 156]157

7- fujkyk ds dkO; esa dyk yfyR; MkW0 lR;Ádk’k ’kekZ] vafdr izdk’ku gY}kuh i`a0 la0

8- dkO; vkSj laxhr dk ikjLifjd lEcU/k] MkW0 m"kk feJk i`09

9- fpnEcjk] lqfe=kuanuiar] jktdey izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh] ik¡pok laLdj.k&1991] i`a0 14

10- ledkyhu dyk vad 15&16 ]T;ksfr"k tks’kh] yfyr dyk vdkneh ]johUnzHkou fnYyh

i`a010

11- fujkyk ds dkO; esa dyk ykfyR; &MkW0 lR;izdk’k ’kekZ vafdr izdk”ku gY}kuh i`a0

223

12- fgUnh f’k{k.k ]ch-,u-’kekZ ]lkfgR; izdk’ku vkxjk ]i`a0 245

13- fcgkjh lrlbZ] fcgkjh yky

135

Art History and Architecture

136

dyk vkSj mldh ifjO;kfIr

¼in~e Jh MkWW0 ;”kks/kj eBiky½

^euq’;* dh dbZ ifjHkk’kk,W dh x;h gS];Fkk euq’; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gS] euq’; ,d fopkjoku~

izk.kh gSa] og ,d ok”kh;qDr tho gSaA og gWl ldrk gSA vius Hkfo’; dh fpUrk dj ldrk gS] og ,d

laLd`fr ;qDr tho gSa vius vrhr ds vuqHkoksa ls f”k{kk ysus okyk izk.kh gS]fdUrq euq’; dh lfVd ifjHkk’kk

“kk;n ;g gksxh fd og ,d dykRed izk.kh gS]tc ekuo ru iw.kZr% ekuoh; ugha cu ik;k Fkk rc

Hkh mldks jaxks ls izse FkkA

iqjkrRo dh ekU;rk gS fd yxHkx lkr djksM o’kZ ,slk lkekU; iqj[kk bl /kjrh ij vk;k Fkk

ftlls ,d vksj rks ekuo ds iwoZ iq:’kks dk mn~Hko gqvk vkSj nwljh vksj xksfjYyk] fpaikth]vksjaxmVku

vkSj fxCCku ds iqj[ks vfLrRo esa vk, ] ekuoh fodkl iajijkesa vk, ]ekuoh fodkl ijaijk esa

Mªk;ksfiFksdl] jkekfiFksdl ]vkLVªsyksfiFksdl tSls fpaikthuqek thodze”k% ekuoh; fo”ks’krkvksa dh izc`f)

djrs jgsaA ogh 40 o’kZ iwoZ gkseks&gSfofyl uked izk.kh rks lpeqp gh vk/kqfud ekuo dk iqj[kk Fkk]

dsU;k ds vkYMqokb xkStZ esa orZeku /kjkry ls yxHkx 40 EkhVj uhps mR[kuu esa gkseks &gSfofyl dk

vkokl LFky iqjkfonksa dks feykA vius ftu xqQkvks ekuo us vkokl cuk;k ogkW izpqj ek=k esa xs:

miyC/k gqvk gS] Hkkjr ds dukZVd jkT; esa gqWLxh uked LFky ij 5 yk[k o’kZ iwoZ iz;ksx esa yk, xs: ds

f?kls VqdMs feys gSA if”peh vkLVªsfy;k esa iFkZ ds lehi okYxsfe;k uked LFky esa xs: dh [kku ftldk

foxr 40 gtkj o’kksZ ls nksgu gks jgk gSA vkLVªsfy;k ds 600 tutkrh; dchys vknku&iznku }kjk bl

xs: dks lexz egkf}i esa QSykrs gSA Hkkjr ds e/; izns”k esa fLFkr HkhecsVdk ds izkxSfrgkfld LFky ls

bl ys[kd dks 16 izdkj ds jax miyC/k gq, Fks ftuesa lQsn ihyk] ukjaxh ls ysdj cSatuh o gjk rd ds

[kfut jaxks ls vkfnekuo us xqQkvks dh Nrks vkSj nhokjks esa yxHkx 15000 o’kskZ rd fp=dkjh dh FkhA

lalkj ds 120 ns”kks esa yxHkx ,d yk[k LFkyks ij vkfn ekuo }kjk fufeZr fp= miyC/k gq, gS buesa ls

650 LFky rks Hkjr esa gh gSa vkSj 60 gtkj mRrjk[k.M esa A

ik’kk.k dky esa euq’; dh HkkSfrd lEink pkgs fodflr u gks ik;h ysfdu mldk lkSUn;Zcks/k

vkt ds ekuo ls dgh f}rh; ugh Fkk ijorhZ foxr ikWp gtkj o’kksZ esa ekuo us Js.; dyk]tutkrh;

dyk o yksddyk ds :Ik esa vikj lkexzh bl /kjk iVy ij NksMh gSA izd`fr&fufeZr xqQkvksa ds ckn

Lo;a }kjk fufeZr xqQkeafnjks ]mueqDr eafUnjks ]dk’B Qyd] Hkksti=] rkM-i=] iV o dkxt fp=ks :Ik esa

vkSj fuR;ksi;ksxh f”kYi lkezxzh lHkh esa dyk viuh pje mPprk ij igqWp x;hA ;g ,d pkSadkus okyk

lR; gS fd ekuo us vius mi;ksx ds fy, feÍh dk o.kZu rks ek= 10 gtkj o’kZ iwoZ cuk;k tc fd

mlh ekVh ls ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k 40 gtkj o’kZ iwoZ fd;k Fkk A D;k ;g mi;ksfxrk Ckkn ij LkkSUn;ZrRo

dh fot; dk fMafMeukn ugha gSA vius ohjksa dh Le`fr esa ftu ohj LrEHkks dk mlus foxr nks gtkj o’kksZ

lexz Hkkjr o’kZ esa ftruh fofo/krk ls fuek.kZ fd;k og ,d Lora= “kks/k dk fo’k; gSA

vkt ds oSKkfud ;qx esa “kk;n gh dksbZ {ks= gks tgkW dyk dk lgkjk u fy;k tkrk gks A ikB~;

iqLrdks }kjk ftrus Hkh fo’k; i<k, tkrs gS dykRed fp=ksa ds vHkko esa os furkar “kq’d gks tkrs gSA

137

cPpk v{kj Kku Hkh fpf=r iqLrdks ek/;e ls izkIr djrk gSA bl /kjk iVy ij ftrus Hkh lqxe @nqxZe

LFkkuks ij ukuk :i] jax] tkfr] iztkfr] laLd`fr ] lH;rk] lkekftd o /kkfeZd ekU;rk okys ekuo

leqnk; fuokl djrs gSaA muesa dyk JS’B o mi;ksfxrk nksuks :iks esa fo|eku feyrh gSA dyk ekuo dks

lkekftd izk.kh cukrh gSA mls ruko eqDr djrh gSA vkSj mlds lokfxZ.k fodkl esa lgk;rk djrh gSA

dyk ekuo uked izk.kh dh loZJs’B miyfC/k Hkh gSA

138

ledkyhu E;wjy dykdkj

lksuw f}osnh] vlks- izksQslj

n`’; dyk ladk;] lkscu flag thuk ifjlj

dqñ foñ foñ uSuhrky] mRrjk[k.M

Hkkjr esa dykvks a dh ijEijk lfn;ks a iqjkuh gSA vusd #iks a es a dyk us bl /kjrh ij

viuh Nki NksM+h vkSj fujarjrk esa og lnSo tu&tu dks r`Ir djrh jgh gSA dyk

dh bl nh?kZ ijEijk esa gekjk vkt dk le; Hkh ’kkfey gSA ftlesa ,d {k.k ds

fy;s ;g vk’kadk Hkh fufgr gS fd dgha mlds Lo#i dh thou fo/kk;uh ’kfDr dks

{kfr rks ugha gks jghA ;qx ds izR;sd pj.k esa ifjorZu vkrk gS vkSj vius lkFk

lkaLd`frd izfdz;k,W Hkh ykrk gSA dyk ns[krs le; cgqr ckj bl ifjorZuks a ls

cnyh gqbZ fn[kkbZ ns ldrh gS] ij vk’p;Z ;g gS fd og lnk viuh ewy psruk esa

ogha jgrh gS tks mldh izd`fr gksrh gSA vusd le;ks a es a vkrs&tkrs vojks/k mldk

dqN ugha fcxkM+ ikrs ;g ;Fkkor jgrh gS vkSj thou dks lexz n`f"V] vFkZ O;fDr

rFkk ijekuan nsus dh mudh ’kfDr esa dksbZ deh ugha vkrhA dyk vius fofof/k

#iks a es a ;gh dk;Z djrh gS vkSj vkxs Hkh ;gh djsxh& D;ks afd dyk euq"; dks

ekuoksRre cukrh gS vkSj euq"; dyk dks vius leiZ.k ls ^ijkdyk* cuk nsrk gS tks

fpRr dks ijekuUn esa foyhu dj nsrh gS&

yh;rs ijekuUns ;;kRek lk ijk dyk*

fHkfRr fp=.k ¼E;wjy½ fo’o dyk ijEijk es a lfn;k s a ls gk srh pyh vk jgh gS

i zkphu dky es a fHkfRr ¼fnoky½ ekuo eu dh vfHkO;fDr dk ,d lgt ek/;e

cuk ftlus rRdkyhu lekt ds lkekftd] /kkfe Zd ,oa nSfud thou p;k Z dk s

fofo/k ek/;e ls vius es a lgst ij ih<+h nj ih<+h vkxs gLrkUrfjr fd;kA

139

Hkkjr es a vtUrk vk Sj ckgk z rFkk Jhyadk es a flxkfj;k dh xqQkvk s a u s fHkfRr

fp=.k ds lalkj dk s vejRo iznku fd;k gSA ;s xqQk,W u dsoy fHkfRr fp=.k

ds gh viwo Z laxzg gS oju~ vfr mRd`"V uDdk’khnkj ewfr Z;k s a dh izpqj lEink

Hkh ;gk W a Hkjh iM+h gSA dkykUrj fHkfRr fp=.k dh ikjEifjd ’k Syh es a cgqr lkjh

uohurkvk s a dk lekos’k gk srk pyk x;k vk Sj mi;k sfxrkoknh n`f"Vdk s.k ysdj

fodflr gqb Z ;g dyk dze’k% Hkouk s a dh vkUrfjd vk Sj ckg; lktk s&lTtk dk

,d Js"B ek/;e cu x;hA fHkfRr fp=.k ¼E;wjy½ dyk o vke&tuekul ds

chp ds fj’rk s a dk ,d n`<+ vk;ke gk srk gSA fp=dyk ;k ewfr Zdyk es a tgk W a

dykdkj dk s vius rjhds ls vfHkO;fDr dh iw.k Z Lora=rk gk srh gSA ogh a E;wjy

dh lajpuk ls igys Hkou dh mi;k sfxrk] LFkku] vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k] ogk W a

ls xqtjus okys yk sxk s a ] okLrqf’kYi ij O;; dh tkus okyh jkf’k bR;kfn dk s Hkh

/;ku es a ysuk gk srk gSA ysfdu ;g ckr Hkh le>us dh gS fd dyk u rk s

ukxfjd vf/kdkj gS vk Sj u gh lkekftd ’krZA

ledkyhu Hkkjrh; dyk txr esa lrh’k xqtjky dh ,d vyx vkSj fof’k"V igpku gSA

lrh’k xqtjky ,d lexz dykdkj gS& isfVax] ewfrZf’kYi] fljsfeDl] dksykt] LFkkiR;]

E;wjy vkfn lHkh fo/kkvksa esa mUgksaus egRoiw.kZ dke fd;k gSA isfaVax ls LFkkiR; rd dh

mudh dyk ;k=k dk ,d fuf’pr rdZ vkSj rjhdk gSA mUgksausa ,d fo/kk dh rkfdZd

ifj.kfr nwljh fo/kk esa dhA isfVax us tc mUgsa iwjh rjg ls larq"V ugha fd;k rks os

lkoZtfud dykvksa dh rjQ vkd`"V gq,A E;wjy dh rduhd mUgksaus esfDldksa esa lh[khA

lrh’k xqtjky dks esfDldksa esa lkoZtfud dyk dh Js"Brk vkSj lfdz;rk dk ,d

,sfrgkfld ekgkSy feyk ogkW isfVax dk vFkZ Fkk & E;wjyA lrh’k xqtjky ds fy, ;g

vuqHko egRoiw.kZ vkSj fu.kkZ;d lkfcr gqvkA esfDldksa esa yxHkx lHkh E;wjy likV lrg

ij isaV ls cuk;s tkrs FksA ftls lrh’k xqtjky us vPNh isfVax gh ekuk] E;wjy ughaA

xqtjky ds vuqlkj E;wjy dks cqfu;knh #i esa LFkkiR; dks etcwr djuk pkfg, D;kafd og

mlh dk ,d fgLlk gSA lrh’k xqtjky us ekuk fd nhokj ij E;wjy cukus ds fy,

140

dykdkj dks f=vk;keh gksuk pkfg,A rHkh og LFkkiR; dk fgLlk cu ldrk gSA Hkkjr

okil vkdj lrh’k xqtjky us /kkrq] fljsfeDl vkfn dk fudV ls v/;;u djuk ’kq#

fd;kA dk"B] /kkrq] fljsfeDl vkfn lkexzh us feydj lrh’k xqtjky dh dyk dk Hkfo";

r; fd;k vkSj mudh dyk ds fo"k; vkfn Hkh cnyus yxsA

lkB ds n’kd esa lrh’k xqtjky us E;wjy ds {ks= esa dkQh dke fd;k & ¼1962½ paMhx<

dh iatkc ;wfuoflZVh vkSj fnYyh ds vksfM;u flusek ds E;wjy ls ysdj 1963 U;w;kdZ ds

oYMZ VªsM Qs;j] 1964 vkscjk; gksVy] 1966 mRrj jsyos ubZ fnYyh] 1968 f’k{kk ea=ky;]

1971&72 eqcabZ ds vkscjk; VkolZ] 1975 eLdV ds lqYrku ds egy] 1976 fnYyh gkbZdksVZ]

1977 ekWfj’kl ds xka/kh laLFkku vkfn ds E;wjy lrh’k xqtjky dh jpukRed dks lQyrk

iwoZd izLrqr djrs gSA lkB ds n’kd esa e/; esa gh lrh’k xqtjky dks eglwl gksus yxk Fkk

fd esjh okLrfodrk jpukRed dh igpku LFkkiR; esa gSA ij yxHkx nl&ckjg lky ckn

tkdj xqtjky LFkkiR; ds lius dks iwjk dj ldsA 1978 esa esjB dk eksnh gkml]

1978&79 esa ekfj’kl dk xkas/kh laLFkku] 1980&82 ubZ fnYyh dk eksnh gkml] 1980&83 esa

ubZ fnYyh dh csfYt;e ,cslh lrh’k xqtjky dh dYiuk “kfDr dk f’k[kj lkfcr gqbZA

blh le; esa og isfVax vkSj ewfrZf’kYi esa Hkh viuh jpukRedrk dks js[kkafdr djrs jgsA

lrh’k xqtjky dk dguk gS fd&vxj vki laxhr ugha lquuk pkgrs gS rks vki mls

vklkuh ls cp ldrs gS& ysfdu LFkkiR; ls cpuk eqf’dy gSA Hkys gh vki mlds vPNs

[kjkc vlj dks ysdj ltx u gksA

lrh’k xqtjky ,d bekjr dks vius&vki esa ,d dyk ;k eqfrZf’kYi esa cny nsuk pkgrs

FksA xqtjky ds vuqlkj LFkkiR; dks leqnk; esa ijaijk laLd`fr vkSj vfLerk ds izfr ltx

gksus esa dsUnzh; Hkwfedk fuHkkuh pkfg,A lrh’k xqtjky dh dyk ds lanHkZ esa dzk¶VeSuf’ki

dk Hkh [kkl egRo gSA og ekurs gS fd dykdkj cqfu;knh #i ls ,slk f’kYih gksrk gS

ftlds ikl dkO;kRed varn`f"V Hkh gksrh gSA ykgkSj ds Ldwy esa xqtjky dks lc dqN

lh[kuk iM+k Fkk& ekMfyax] Mªk¶VeSuf’ki] dkisZVjh vkfnA ,d dykdkj dks dHkh c<+bZ rks

dHkh yksgkj dHkh lksukj gksuk iM+rk gS ij mlds ikl vxj dkO;kRed varn`f"V ugha gS rks

141

og ek= ,d f’kYih gksdj jg tk;sxkA lrh’k xqtjky dh dyk ds vusd lzksr gSA mudh

bl ckr esa ne gS fd ge izd`fr ls Hkh vf/kd dyk ls lh[krs gSA lrh’k xqtjky dh

isfVax esa ge tehu dk [kqjnqjkiu Hkh eglwl dj ldrs gSA isij dksykt eas og yksddyk

ds utnhd gS] /kkrq ewfrZf’kYi esa ra= dyk ds vkSj dk"B ewfrZf’kYi ;k fjyhQ esa vkfne

dyk ds n’kZu gksrs gSA 75 lky dh mez esa Hkh ;g jpukRed thfor vkSj lfdz; gSA mudk

thou vkSj dyk vkus okys dykdkjksa ds fy, ,d vkn’kZ mnkgj.k gSA

lu~ 1962&63 ds chp Hkkjrh; vk/kqfud E;qjy dyk ds lanHkZ esa ,d vkSj dykdkj dk

uke rsth ls mHkjk tks fd cgqeq[kh izfrHkk dk /kuh Fkk og uke gS izfrf"Br dykdkj ds0

th0 lqcze.;u dk tks dyk dks ^,DV vkWQ fdz,’ku* ekurs gSa] y[kuÅ ds pkjckx jsyos

LVs’ku ds lkeus johanzky; jax’kkyk dh ckgjh nhokj ij XysTM VsjkdksV VkbYl ls ,d

o`gn vkdkj ds E;wjy dk fuekZ.k fd;k tksfd vk/kqfud rduhd ls cus E;wjy dk ,d

mRd`"V mnkgj.k gSA ds0th0 lqcze.;u nk’kZfud fopkjksa ls izsfjr O;fDr gSA ;s ewyr% ,d

fp=dkj gSA E;wjy ds fy, mUgksaus lcls iys 1947 esa vius xq# fouksn fcgkjh eq[kthZ ds

lkFk ’kkafrfudsru esa lg;ksx fd;k FkkA mlds ckn 1955 esa cMksnjk esa mUgksaus ,d E;wjy

cukuk vkSj 1962&63 esa y[kuÅ ds bl pfpZr E;wjy dks mUgksaus fo"k; o rduhd ds

vk/kkj ij dyk dks fyfMax fFk;sVj ds fy, dbZ vkSj dke fd;sA 1969 esa lhesaV dh mHkjh

lrg dks <kydj fnYyh esa ^^xka/kh n’kZu* cuk;kA 1971 esa ’kkafr fudsru o eqacbZ esa

VsjkdksVk fjyhQ ls E;wjy cuk;kA vkBosa n’kd esa mUgksasus eNyh] u`R; dh eqnzkvksa]

eq[kkd`fr;ksa] vyekjh esa Vaxs diMs vkfn dks VsjkdksVk E;wjy esa lajfpr fd;k FkkA lqcze.;u

dk izfl) E;wjy ^n fdax vkWQ n MkdZ psEcj* xq#nso VSxksj }kjk 1910 esa fy[kh izrhd

ukVd] ^jktk* dk vaxzsth vuqokn gSA y[kuÅ esa cus bl E;wjy dk vkdkj 81x 9 QwV gS

vkSj nwj ls gh gj jkgxhj dh fuxkg esa vkrk gSA ;g E;wjy VsjkdksVk VkbYl esa ekuo

laosnukvksa] okluk o fnO; izse dh dykRed utfj, ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA vkd`fr;kWa

dBiqryhuqek #ikdjksa dh gksus ds dkj.k ;g E;wjy ns’k ds vU; E;wjyksa ls dkQh vyx

fdLe dk gSA bls cukus ds fy, ,d ls nl bap ds vkdkj ds yxHkx 1300 VqdM+k dk

142

iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA nhokj ij XysTM VkbYl dks ltkus dh fof/k esa Hkh dykdkj dk

viuk vyx vankt gSaA iwjk E;wjy VkbYl o dkWap ds jaxhu VqdM+ksa ds fofHkUu vkdkjksa

tSls&pkSdksj] vk;r] f=Hkqt] dks.k] o`Rr ifV~V;ksa dks vkM+s] csM+s] frjNs odz bR;kfn esa

bLrseky fd;k x;k gS VkbYl dks fpidkus ds fy, igys nhokj ij pwuk IykLVj dk iz;ksx

fd;k x;k gSA

lqcze.;u dk ekuuk gS fd dyk dksbZ ^XySej** ugha gS ftls ns[krs gh gj dksbZ vkRefoHkksj

gks mBsA dyk ds fdlh Hkh #i esa gq, u;s iz;ksxksa dks le>us esa fnDdr gks ldrh gS]

ysfdu E;wjy }kjk dyk o tu&ekul ds chp lh/ks laokn LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA budh

dyk dks ns[kdj ge dg ldrs gS fd ,d lPpk dykdkj Lo;a esa ,d nk’kZfud vkSj dfo

vo”; gh gksrk gSA vke c<+rh lqfo/kkvksa vkSj fujarj fodflr gksrh uohu rduhd us

E;wjy ds {ks= esa dykdkj ds fy, laHkkoukvksa dk u;k foLrkj fn;k gSA fu%lansg bu

dykdkjksa dh iz;ksxoknh] jpuk/kkfeZrk dyk ds vkdk’k ij Hkkjrh; E;wjy ijEijk dks ,d

u;h igpku nsus esa l{ke gqbZ gSA

 

143

16oha o 17oha 'krkCnh ds mRrj&e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; fp='kSyh ,oa mldh rduhd

MkWñ 'kknwZy feJ

izoDrk yfyr dyk laLFkku

MkWñ chñ vkjñ ,ñ ;wfuoZflVh] vkxjk

Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ds bfrgkl esa tSu ’kSyh dk uke blfy, mYys[kuh; gS fd muds }kjk

tgk¡ Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk mTtoy vrhr vkyksfdr gksrk gS] ogk¡ muds lekxe ls lqugjs

Hkfo"; dh i`"BHkwfe dk fuekZ.k Hkh gksrk gSA

fdUrq bu rhuksa 'kSfy;ksa dh ,drk rFkk fHkUurk ds iz’u dks ysdj gekjs dyk&leh{kdksa esa

yEch vof/k rd fookn pyrk jgk] tks fd vkt Hkh vius LFkku ij iwoZor~ cuk gSAa ;gha

/kkj.kk jgh gS fd vtUrk] ck?k vkfn ds xqQkfp=ksa ds ckn] vFkkZr~ yxHkx 17oha 'krkCnh ls

ysdj 16oha 'krkCnh esa jktiwr fp=dyk ds izdk’k esa vk tkus rd] yxHkx vkB&ukS

'krkfCn;ksa dk le; bl n`f"V ls va/kdkje; jgk gSA bu 'krkfCn;ksa esa Hkkjrh; fp=dkj

viuh lk/kuk ds izfr ;k rks mnklhu jgs vFkok ml le; dh lHkh d`fr;k¡ dkydofyr gks

x;hA xqtjkr ls ^olUrfoykl* uked ,d laLd`r&xqtjkrh fefJr dkO;d`fr miyC/k gqbZA

bldk fyfidky 1451 bZ0 gSA ;g ,d yEckdkj dq.Myhuqek fp=iV gSa tks fd diM+s ij

cuk gqvk gSA bl fp=iV ij 79 fp= gSaA

bl izdkj xqtjkr fp=”'kSyh ds izfr fo)kuksa ,oa dykfonksa esa mRrjksRrj ftKklk c<+rh

x;hA Jh Mhñ ohñ jkselu us 1926 bZñ dks ^:ie~* if=dk esa fyf[kr vius ,d ys[k }kjk

,yksjk dh xqQkvksa ds fHkfRrfp=ksa dk ckjhdh ls foospu djrs gq, mUgsa 8oha&9oha 'krkCnh dk

jpuk gqvk crk;k vkSj muds lkFk] 'osrkEcjh; tSuxzUFkksa esa mfYyf[kr y?kq dFkkvksa dh

rqyuk djrs gq, ;g fl) fd;k fd os tSuxzUFkksa ds xqtjkrh fp=ksa ds iwoZ:Ik gSaA ,yksjk dh

blh ijEijk us xqtjkrh ’kSyh dh rkM+i=h; ,oa dkxn ¼dkxt½ dh iksfFk;ksa ds rFkk

;nk&dnk mudh dk"B&fufeZr nf¶r;ksa ij vafdr fp=ksa ds :Ik esa fodkl ik;kA bu fp=ksa

ls nf’kZr d.kZ;kor~ foLQkfjr vk¡[ksa vkSj uqdhyh ukfldk;sa ,yksjk ds fHkfRrfp=ksa dk Lej.k

fnykrh gSaA

144

bl tSu ’kSyh ds fp= vkt rhu :iksa esa miyC/k gksrs gSa% rkM+i=h; viHkza’k ’kSyh dh

vf/kdrj lfp= iksfFk;k¡ tSu/keZ ls lEc) gSaA tSudyk ds izkphu vfLrRo dks [kkst

fudkyus ds fy, tc gekjk /;ku mlds ,sfrgkfld egRo dh vksj mUeq[k gksrk gS rks gesa

yxrk gS fd mldh egRrk u dsoy mlds os’k&foU;kl ,oa Hkko&fopkjkadu ds dkj.k

foJqr gS( vfirq Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ds bfrgkl esa dkxn ij dh x;h fp=dkjh dh fn’kk esa

mldk igyk LFkku gSA rkM+i= ij vafdr ^dYilw=* rFkk ^dkydkpk;ZdFkk* ds vk/kkj ij

fufeZr ik’oZukFk] usfeukFk vkSj _"kHkukFk rFkk vU; chl rhFkZadj egkRekvksa ds n`’VkUr

fp= tSudyk ds lokZf/kd izkphu mnkgj.k gSA

lexz Hkkjrh; fp=”'kSfy;ksa esa 15oha lnh ls iwoZ ftrus Hkh fp= izkIr gSa mu lcesa

eq[;r;k vkSj izkphurd tSu&fp=ksa dh gSaA ;s fp= fnxEcj tSfu;ksa ls lEc) gSa] ftUgsa

vius lEiznk; ds xzUFkksa dks fpf=r djkus ,oa djus dk cM+k 'kkSd FkkA bu vkjfEHkd tSu

dykd`fr;ksa dks dqN fo)kuksa us izkjfEHkd if'peh; 'kSyh dgk( dqN us xqtjkrh 'kSyh] vkSj

dqN us viHkza’k 'kSyh ds uke ls lEcksf/kr fd;k gSA tSu dykdkjksa dh fuiq.krk dk n’kZu

rkM+i=h; iksfFk;ksa esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA LFkkukHkko ds dkj.k bu rkM+i=h; iksfFk;ksa esa]

muds fuekZrk dykdkjksa us vfr lw{e js[kkvksa esa ftu fojkV~ Hkkoksa dks lekfo"V fd;k gS

mldk mnkgj.k vU;= ns[kus dks ugha fey ldrkA

JsO; eqfu dkafrlkxj dk ^fo’kky Hkkjr* ¼fnlEcj 1947( Hkkx 40] vad 6] i`0 341&349½ esa

,d xos"k.kkRed ys[k izdkf’kr gqvk Fkk] ftldk 'kh"kZd Fkk ^tSuksa }kjk iYyfor fp=dyk*

vius bl o`gn~ ys[k esa mUgksaus rkM+i=ksa oL=ksa] dkxtksa vkfn ij fufeZr tSu fp=dkjksa ,oa

xzUFkdkjksa ij vPNk izdk’k Mkyk gSA yxHkx 1347&140 bZ0 ds chp cus dqN miyC/k fp=ksa

ds vk/kkj ij ;g fl) gqvk gS fd ml le; ds fp=ksa esa cM+h lthork FkhA ^fl)gse

O;kdj.k* vkSj ^dkydFkk* dh vusd rkM+i=h; iksfFk;ksa ij tks fp= vafdr gSa mudks ns[kdj

rRdkyhu fp=dyk dh Js"Brk ds lEcU/k esa ifjp; izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

pkSngoha&iUnzgoha 'krkCnh dk le; cM+k gh dkfUre; le; jgk gSA ml le; vykmn~nhu

f[ktyh tSls ljnkjksa us tgk¡ Hkh tks fgUnqvksa ls lEc) dykd`fr ns[kh ogha mldks fou"V

dj fn;kA ,sls le; tSu&fo)ku gh ,sls cps Fks] ftUgksaus th&tku ls ijEijk dh j{kk dhA

bu fnuksa rkM+i=ksa dk LFkku dk’ehj esa cus dkxtksa us ys fy;k FkkA dkxt dks rkM+i=h;

vkdkj esa dkVdj ml ij ys[ku ;k fp=.k dk dk;Z lEiUu fd;k tkrk FkkA bl ;qx ds

tSu dykdkjksa ,oa fo)ku eqfu;ksa us Hkh Lo.kZe; vkSj jtre; L;kgh ls ewY;oku~ fp=ksa ,oa

iksfFk;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA bl lEcU/k esa eqfu dkfUrlkxj ds ys[k dk fuEukafdr va’k

voyksduh; gSA mudk dguk gS fd %

145

^dYilw=* dh ,d izfr] tks vgenkckn esa lqjf{kr gS] brus egRo dh izekf.kr gks pqdh gS

fd mldk ewY; lok yk[k :Ik;s rd vk¡dk tk pqdk gSA Hkkjrh; ukV~;] laxhr vkSj

fp=dyk] rhuksa n`f"V;ksa ls mldk LFkku viwoZ gSA bu fp=ksa esa jkx&jkfxuh] ewNZuk] rku

vkfn dh ;kstuk laxhr'kkL= ds vuqlkj gS] vkSj vkdk’kpkjh] iknpkjh] Hkksepkjh] oxSjg

Hkjreqfu dk ^ukV~;’kkL=* esa of.kZr ukV~; ds fofHkUu :Ik cM+s gh Hkkoiw.kZ gSA izR;sd dh

eq[keqnzk muds àn;xr Hkkoksa dk Li"Vhdj.k djrs gq, fofo/k :Ik mRiUudj lk/kkj.k ekuo

dks Hkh viuh vksj vkd`"V djrh gSA ;gha mDr izfr dh dqN fo’ks"krk,¡ gSA

bl ;qx esa tSu dykdkjksa us tgk¡ ^ekdZ.Ms; iqjk.k* rFkk ^nqxkZlIr’krh* tSls oS".ko

lEiznk;&lEcU/kh xzUFkksa ds fp= fufeZr fd;s] ogh ^jfrjgL;* vkSj okRL;k;u eqfu ds

^dkelw=* lEcU/kh fp=ksa dk Hkh fuekZ.k fd;kA fdUrq bu lHkh izdkj ds fp=ksa esa dykRed

lw{kerk loZ= fo+|eku jghA fp=&fuekZ.k dk ;g dk;Z ml le; if’pe Hkkjr dh gh

Hkk¡fr nf{k.k Hkkjr esa Hkh QSy pqdk FkkA rkM+i=h; vkSj dkxn ¼dkxt½ ij cus fp=ksa esa ,d

vUrj Li"V n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA rkM+i=ksa ij tks fp= cuk;s tkrs Fks] LFkkukHkko ds dkj.k]

muesa js[kkvksa dh ckjhdh vkSj dykdkj dh izfrHkk dk dkS’ky ns[kus dks feyrk gS( fdUrq

dkxn ij cus fp=ksa esa] ;Fks"V LFkku gksus ds dkj.k] lw{erk ,oa izfrHkk dk fun’kZu in iM+

x;kA blfy, dkxt dh lqyHkrk ds dkj.k fp=ksa dh la[;k esa rks vfHkdrk gqbZ] fdUrq

muesa oSf’k"V; dk vHkko [kVdus yxkA

jaxksa vkSj js[kkvksa dh fn’kk esa Hkh tSu dykdkj cM+s ltx jgs gSaA rkM+i=ksa ij vafdr

tSufp= izk;% ihrjax ds gSa] ;|fi Lo.kZjkx dks Hkh mi;ksx esa yk;k x;k gSA dqN fp=ksa dh

i`f"BHkwfe ihys vkSj yky jaxksa esa gS vkSj oL=ksa ij NksVs&NksVs /kCcs ns fn;s x;s gSaA js[kkvksa

dk lcls cM+k mn~ns’; gksrk gS Hkkoksa dks O;Dr djukA bl n`f"V ls rkM+i= ds fp=ksa esa

tSudykdkjksa us tks lw{e js[kk,¡ vafdr dh gSa] os bruh lkFkZd vkSj O;qRiUu gS fd dykdkj

dh izfrHkk dks nkn fn;s cxSj ugha jgk tk ldrkA fdUrq dkxt dk izpkj gks tkus ds

dkj.k js[kkvksa ds }kjk Hkkokadu dk tks mn~ns’; Fkk og tkrk jgkA

15oha 'krkCnh esa tSu /kekZuq;k;h x`gLFkksa us tgk¡ yk[kksa :Ik;k dyk ds fuekZ.k esa O;; fd;k]

ogha tSu eqfu;ksa us Hkh ,dkxz Hkko ls gtkjksa xzUFkksa dh LorU=jpuk ,oa izfrfyfi djds

Kku&Hk.Mkjksa dh Le`f) esa viwoZ ;ksx fn;kA blh le; lksus vkSj pk¡nh dh L;kgh ls

cgqewY; fp=ksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA dkxt ds fp=ksa ds gkf’k;s izkd`frd n`’;ksa ls brus lqUnj

ifgys lfTtr ugha fd;s x;s FksA bl ;qx esa csy&cwVksa dk vadu rks vf}rh; gSA jktiwr

vkSj eqxy dyk&'kSfy;ksa esa tks csy&cwVksa dh cukoV dk xq.kxku fd;k tkrk gS] mldh

ewy izsj.kk oLrqr% tSufp=ksa esa lqjf{kr FkhA tSu xzUFkksa dks ;k dykdkjksa dh d`fr;ksa esa ,d

fof’k"V ckr ;g Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gS fd fy[krs le; chp&chp esa os bl <ax ls LFkku

146

NksM++rs tkrs Fks fd vius&vki N=] dey] LokfLrd vkfn mHkj vkrs FksA mLrkn lkfyokgu

ckn’kkgh fp=dkj us tSls Hkko viuh vk¡[kksa ls ns[ksa] oSls gh mu lw{e Åfe;ksa dks viuh

efLr"d&àn;;qDr dYiuk ds lgkjs rwfydk ls fufeZr fd;sA lkfyokgu dh nwljh d`fr dk

uke gS efrlkj jfpr ^/kUuk’kkfyHknz pkSikbZ*A blh izdkj eqxydky esa tSu dykdkjksa }kjk

fpf=r vusd dykd`fr;k¡ fofHkUu Kku Hk.Mkjksa esa lqjf{kr gSA

lanHkZ &

1- d`".k pSrU;] , fgLVªh vkWQ bf.M;u isfUVax] ubZ fnYyh] 1982

2- [k.Mkykokyk] dkyZ ,oe~ lj;wnks"kh] tSu dyk o LFkkiR;] fnYyh 1975

3- MkW0 yksds’k pUn 'kekZ] fgLVªh vkWQ bf.M;u isfUVax] esjB 1980

4- eksrhpUnz ,oa 'kkg] ;wñihñ & U;w MkD;wesUV~l vkWQ tSu isfUVaXl] 1975

5- veyk uUn ?kks"k % tSu dyk ,oa LFkkiR;] 1975

6- mekdkUr izsekuUn 'kkg] tujy vkWQ n vksfj;UVy bULVhV~;wV] 195&52

7- ?kks"k ,ñ] n MoyiesaV vkWQ tSu isfUVaXl] vkfVZcl ,f’k;k

8- xSjksyk okpLifr] Hkkjrh; fp=dyk

9- eksrhpUnz] tSu fefu;spj isfUVax Ýke oSLVuZ bf.M;k] vgenkckn] 1949

10- cqfyfVu vkWQ n fizUl vkWQ osYl E;wft;e

147

bfrgkl ,oa dyk

Jherh jkf/kdk fc"V ’kks/k Nk=k

ch0lh0 frokjh foHkkxk/;{k bfrgkl foHkkx

jk0 Luk0 egk0] ckxs’oj

bfrgkl ekuo ds vrhr] lH;rk] fodkl] laLd`fr vkfn dk dzeokj v/;;u djrk gSA ftlesa rRdkyhu ekuo ds fopkjksa rFkk vfHkO;fDr;ksa dks Hkh lw{erk ds lkFk v/;;u dj bfrgkl dks lajf{kr djrk gSA bfrgkl us gh ekuo dh dyk laca/kh reke tkudkfj;ksa Hkhs bfrgkl ds :Ik esa ,d= dj ladfyr fd;k gSA vr% fuf’fpr gh dyk txr dks bl bfrgkl ls dyk ds fodkl esa lgk;rk feyrh jgh gSA vkSj ;g ekuk tk ldrk gS fd bfrgkl vkSj dyk nksuksa dk ijLij vkfRed ?kfu"B laca/k gSA orZeku esa Hkh tks dyk fodkl izkphu dyk ls izsfjr gksdj ;gkWa rd igqWaph gSA vkSj vkt dk ladyu Hkfo"; esa Hkh uwru dykdkjksa ds fy;s bfrgkl gh dgyk;sxkA fp=dyk dk bfrgkl mruk gh iqjkuk dgk tk ldrk gS] ftruk ekuo dk bfrgklA euq"; us ftl le; izd`fr dh xksn esa us=ksUehyu fd;k ml le; ls gh mlus fuekZ.k ds rkjrE; ls vius thou dks lq[kh rFkk le`) cukus dh ps"Vk dh vkSj bl fuekZ.k dk;Z ds QyLo:Ik mlus ,slh d`fr;ksa dk l`tu fd;k tks mlds thou dks lq[kn vkSj lqpk: cuk ldsaA blh le; ls euq"; dh yfyr Hkkouk Hkh tkx mBh vkSj mlus viuh ewd Hkkoukvksa dks vux<+ iRFkjksa ds ;U=ksa rFkk rwfydk ls cuh Vs<+h&es<+h js[kk&d`fr;ksa ds :Ik esa xqgkvksa( xqQkvksa vkSj pÍkuksa dh fHkfÙk;ksa ij vafdr dj fn;kA

1 Hkkjr dh laLd`fr laiUu vkSj fofo/k gSA

izkphu vkSj e/;dkyhu bfrgkl ds fofHkUu ;qxksa esa Hkkjr ds yksxksa us dyk] LFkkiR;] laxhr vkSj u`R; ds {ks=ksa] vkSj lkSan;Z cks/k dh vU; yfyr dykvksa esa egku miyfC/k;ka izkIr dh FkhaA ;gh miyfC/k;ka ns’k dh dykRed fojklr gSaA

2

bfrgkl esa fofHkUu&fofHkUu le; ij dyk laj{kdksa o dyk izsfe;ksa }kjk dyk dks fu[kkjus gsrq dykdkjksa dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk jgkA Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ds bfrgkl esa fHkfÙkfp=ksa dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA fHkfÙkfp=ksa dh Fkkrh ls gh Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ds thfor bfrgkl dk irk pyrk gSA Hkkjr ds ftrus Hkh egÙoiw.kZ jktoa’k gq, mu lcus fHkfÙkfp=ksa ds fuekZ.k esa viuk ;ksx fn;kA bl izdkj ds fHkfÙkfp= tksxhekjk] ck?k] vtUrk] cknkeh] flruokly] ,yksjk vkSj ,yhQSaVk vkfn dh xqQkvksa esa ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA

3 xqIrdky esa dyk dh vHkwriwoZ mUufr gqbZA

xqIrdkyhu dyk&d`fr;ksa us Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa xqIrdky dks vej cuk fn;k gSA4 xqIrdkyhu

czkã.k ,oa ckS) dyk esa Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; mRd"kZ’khyrk laLd`fr ,oa lkoZHkkSe dYiukvksa dh vfHkO;fä gqbZA ;g dyk laosnu’khy] /keZfujis{k ,oa lxq.koknh Fkh] lkFk gh lkoZHkkSe psruk dh vfHkO;fä Hkh blesa gqbZA

5 dkfynkl d`r ^vfHkKku’kkdqUrye~^ vkSj fodzeeksoZ’kh;^ esa mifLFkr

Hkkoqd izd`fr&izse xqIrdkyhu ewfrZdyk dh dYiyrk eksfVQ dh dksey tkyhnkj uDdk’kh rFkk vtUrk fHkfrfp=ksa ds cgqjaxh lk/ku&ouksa esa] iq"fir o`{kksa] jktlh gkfFk;ksa ds >q.Mksa vkSj Qqndrs fgj.kksa ds J"sB vadu&esa Hkh mifLFkr gSA

6 ekS;Zdyk ds i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; dyk dk :Ik

’kaqxlkrokgu dky rFkk ijorhZdky esa tks Fkk] ogh fodflr gksdj xqIrdyk ds :Ik dk

148

vfoHkZwr gqvkA og dyk ,dk,d izLQqfVr ugha gqbZ oju~ dkykUrj esa iw.kZrk izkIr djds gekjs lEeq[k vkbZ gSA

7 bfrgkl esa dyk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls fo’ks"kr% LFkkiR; dyk] ewfrZdyk vkSj

fp=dyk dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA ftlls ekuo laLd`fr] lH;rk] fodkl vkfn dk ifjp; izkIr gksrk gSA if’peh Hkkjr ds xqgk&LFkkiR; dh ghu;ku ijEijk dk] egk;ku CkkS) ds izHkko esa & ikWapoh ’krh ls iqu:RFkku gqvk( ftlds QyLo:Ik lkroha ’krh ds e/; rd ckS) pSR;e.Mi rFkk fogkj nks rjg dh ikjEifjd jpuk,Wa gh cuhaA cq) dh ewfrZ ds fuekZ.k ds

dkj.k ’kSyhxr iz;ksx esa vUrj vk;kA pSR;?kj dk Lo:i] ukfHk ( chp dk e.Mi )] ik’oZ ohfFk;kWa] o`Ùkk;r vkdkj] Lrwi rFkk xti`B"kdkj Nr iwoZor gh gSA

8 ftu fHkfÙkfp=ksa us vkt Hkh

Hkkjrh; dyk ds vrhr dk xkSjo’kkyh bfrgkl lqjf{kr j[kk gS] muesa vtUrk dk izeq[k LFkku gSA vtUrk ds vfrfjDr tksxhekjk] ck?k] cknkeh] flÙkuoky] ,yksjk vkfn dh xqQkvksa dk mYys[kuh; uke gSA buds vfrfjDr dkysZ] Hkt] mn;fxfj] [k.Mfxfj vkSj uhyfxfj dh izkxSfrgkfld rFkk ,sfrgkfld xqQkvksa esa lqjf{kr dyk&d`fr;kWa Hkh fHkfÙkfp=ksa ds fuekZ.k dh mUur ijEijk dk |ksru djrh gSaA

9

Hkkjrh; lH;rk ;k laLd`fr dk bfrgkl gks ;k fo’o lH;rk dk] dyk us bfrgkl dks Hkwrdky ds xHkZ ls ckgj ykus esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;k gS rks bfrgkl us dyk dks lajf{kr djus dk egRroiw.kZ dk;Z fd;k gS] eu"q; dh izFke vfHkO;fDr;ksa dk izLQqVu fHkfÙk fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls gqvkA izkphu bekjrksa] eafnjksa o ewfrZ;ksa ls fofHkUu ;qxksa dh lkekftd] /kkfeZd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk cks/k gksrk gSA eafnj] fogkjksa rFkk Lrwiksa ls turk dh vk/;kfRedrk o /keZfuB"rk dk Kku rks gksrk gh gS lkFk gh rRdkyhu dyk o laLd`fr dk Hkh Kku gksrk gSA vk;ksZa us vius _`Xosn esa Hkou&fuekZ.k ds lqUnjre mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;sA lgó LFkw.kksa okys Hkouksa rd dk vk;ksZa us fuekZ.k fd;k gSA jktk dk nzksgh u gksdj jktk rFkk eU=h n`<+] mÙke

rFkk gtkj LraHkksa okys Hkou esa jgs _`Xosn (2@41@5) A blh izdkj vU;= iRFkj fufeZr

edku (4@30@20]) yksgs vkSj iRFkj ls fufeZr uxj(_`Xosn

7@85@1@(2@20@8(1@58@8(7@3@7(7@15@14 ) vkfn ds Hkh o.kZu _`Xosn esa miyC/k gSaA eksgutksnM+ks ,oa gM+Iik dh laLd`fr] lH;rk rFkk mudk ukxfjd thou bl ckr dk izrhd gS fd Hkkjro"kZ esa okLrqdyk dk vrhr oSHkoiw.kZ gSA

10 izR;sd ;qx esa Hkou fuekZ.k] ml dky

dh vko’;Drkvksa ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA bfrgkl ds izkphu vkSj e/;dky ds fofHkUu ;qxksa esa cM+h la[;k esa fufeZr Lrwi] eafnj] izklkn] fdys] efLtnsa] ehukj vkSj Lekjd] vius vius le; dh t:jrsa iwjh djrs FksA

11

Hkkjrh; jktoa’kksa ds laj{k.k esa iYyfor fp=dyk dks cq) ds dky (500 bZ0 iw0) ls izkjEHk gqvk ekuuk mfpr gSA jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] ckS) rFkk tSu lkfgR; rFkk iqjk.kksa esa fp=dyk&fo"k;d lkexzh dk O;kid HkaMkj Hkjk iM+k gSA izkphu jktoa’kksa ds dky esa vusd jkT;ksa esa ^ljLorh Hkou^ vkSj fp=’kkyk,Wa ;k ukV~;’kkyk,Wa lajf{kr gksrh FkhA

12 vk/kqfud

LFkkiR; ijaijkxr okLrqf’kYi ls fHkUu gSA laLd`fr ds fdlh vU; {ks= esa ijaijkvksa ls bruk ijs ugha gVk x;k gS ftruk laHkor% LFkkiR; dyk esaA ;g ifjorZu LokHkkfod gS D;ksafd iqjkus tekus dh vko’;Drkvksa ls vkt dh t:jrsa cgqr vyx fdLe dh gSaA blh rjg eu"q; ds fopkj vkSj n`f"Vdks.k Hkh cnys gSaA

13

149

vr% ;g Li"V gS fd bfrgkl fo"k; }kjk gh ;g lEHko gks ik;k fd ge vkt viuh dyk laLd`fr dh tkudkjh dk vkuUn ysus ds lkkFk gh ml dky ds ckjs esa tku ik, rFkk ml n`f"Vdks.k dks /;ku esa j[kdj fujUrj viuk fodkl djrs jgsA Hkkjro"kZ esa ewfrZdyk dk bfrgkl] bfrgkl ds leku gh izkphu gSA gekjh lH;rk ds vo’k"sk flU/kq ?kkVh esa feys gSa fdUrq vk’p;Z dh ckr ;g gS fd flU/kq ?kkVh dh lH;rk gekjh ’kS’kodyhu lH;rk dh lwpd gksus dh vis{kk pjeksRd"kZ dh ifjpk;d gSA dyk dh n`f"V ls ;g dky mRd"kZ dk dky FkkA izR;sd dykd`fr esa thou dh lthork izfrfcfEcr gSA

14 Hkkjr esa ewfRkZ foKku ,d izkphu foKku gSA

Hkkjr us gh ewfrZdyk dks foKku dk in iznku fd;k gSA lkSUn;Z] lekf/k] dYiuk vkSj Hkko cks/kdrk esa mldk fdlh vU; ns’k dh dyk lerk dj ldrh gSA

15 MkW0 bZ’ojhizlkn ds ’kCnksa

esa eqxydkyhu dkjhxjksa us ^^fons’kh; dyk ds fl)kUrksa dks bl izdkj ifjofrZr vkSj la’kksf/kr:Ik esa viuk;k fd Hkkjrh; dyk ds lkFk feydj os ns’kh; izrhr gksus yxsA fons’kh; dyk ftldk vdcj ds iwoZ eqxy LFkkiR; dyk ij fo’k"sk izHkko iM+k] Qkjlh] vjch rFkk e/; ,f’k;kbZ ’kSfy;ksa dk feJ.k gSA^^

16 Jh fnudj Hkh bl er ds leFkZd gSaA muds erkuqlkj%

^^Hkkjrh; okLrq esa izk.koÙkk] ikS:"k vkSj oSjkV~; FkkA bZjkuh dyk ds ykfyR;] ukjhRo vkSj lw{erk dk tc mlds lkFk feJ.k gqvk] ,d u;h dyk dk tUe gks x;k tks vR;Ur euksgj vkSj viwoZ FkhA^^

17

Hkkjr esa fp=dyk dh ijEijk izkxSfrgkfld dky ls ikbZ tkrh gSA _Xosn esa peM+s ij cus vfXu ds fp= dk mYys[k feyrk gSA ckS) Jkodksa ,oa fHk{kqvksa ds fn;s x;s mins’k] ftlesa dgk x;k Fkk fd os fp=dyk ls foeq[k jgsA NBha lnh bZlk iwoZ fp=dyk ds vfLrRo dh lwpuk nsrk gSA dkfynkl us vfHkKku ’kkdqUrye~ esa fp= jpuk ds lUnHkZ esa fooj.k NksM+k gSA okRL;k;u ds dkelw= vkSj fo’kk[knÙk d`r eqnzkjk{k{k esa dze’k% fp=dyk dh lkefxz;ksa ,oa fp=iVksa dk fooj.k feyrk gSA

18 ekuo bfrgkl ds izkjfEHkd pj.k esa vkfnekuo }kjk mdsjs x,

xqQk fp=ksa dk eq[; fo"k; vk[ksV f’kdkj Fkk] ogh bu fp=ksa esa Hkh vfHkO;Dr gqvkA ekuo lH;rk ds izkjfEHkd xqQkfp= Hkkjr gh ugha fo’o dh vU; lH;rkvksa esa Hkh izkIr gksrs gSaA izkjfEHkd pj.k esa fo’o dh lHkh lH;rkvksa esa lekurk n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA bl izdkj lkekftd] ckSf)d rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl us fo’o dh lHkh Hkkxksa dh dyk ij izHkko Mkyk] izkphudky ls v|ru] LFkkiR;] ewfrZdyk] fp=dyk vkfn fHkUu&fHkUu :iksa esa fodflr gqbZ]

lEHkor% blh dkj.k bfrgkl o dyk ds vUrlZEcU/k dks oscar wild us bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr

fd;k “ life imilates art far more imilates life.” ekuo lH;rk ds m"k%dky esa] tc fd Hkk"kk vkSj fyfi dk vfo"dkj ugha gqvk Fkk] HkkokfHkO;atu rFkk fopkjksa ds ikjLifjd vknku&iznku dk ek/;e dyk gh jgh gSA mlh ds fodkl&fpà gesa jTtw ;k xzUFkfyfi] Hkkoizdk’kufyfi] /ofuizdk’kd fp=fyfi vkSj O;atukewyd fyfi esa ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA

19 euq"; thou dh HkkWafr dyk dk bfrgkl Hkh fojkV ,oa vryn’khZ gSA ;g dyk

’kCn Lo;a esa bruk vxk/k vkSj O;kid gS fd mlds vUrxZr o`gn Hkkjr ds vkpkj&fopkj] vuqla/kku&vUos"k.k vkSj v/;kRe&vf/kHkwr vkfn lHkh izdkj dh ftKklkvksa dk lekos’k gks tkrk gSA ;g lexz l`f"V gh dyke; gSA

20

150

lUnHkZ & 1& Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk bfrgkl]& vfouk’k cgknqj oekZ] i`"B 08 2& Hkkjr dk lkekftd] lkaLd`frd vkSj vkfFZkd bfrgkl] 3 vk/kqfud Hkkjr& ih0 ,u0 pksiM+k] ch ,u iqjh] ,e0 ,u0 nkl] i`"B 353 3& Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl]&okpLifr xSjksyk] i`"B 16 4& izkphu Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd rFkk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl ,oa iwoZ e/;dkyhu lekt vkSj laLd`fr] Hkkx@2&foey pUnz ik.Ms;] lsUVy ifCyf’kax gkml] bykgkckn] i`"B 390 5& izkphu Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd rFkk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl ,oa iwoZ e/;dkyhu lekt vkSj laLd`fr] Hkkx@2&foey pUnz ik.Ms;] lsUVy ifCyf’kax gkml] bykgkckn] i`"B 390 6& izkphu Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd rFkk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl ,oa iwoZ e/;dkyhu lekt vkSj laLd`fr] Hkkx@2&foey pUnz ik.Ms;] lsUVy ifCyf’kax gkml] bykgkckn] i`"B 390 7& izkphu Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd rFkk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl ,oa iwoZ e/;dkyhu lekt vkSj laLd`fr] Hkkx@2&foey pUnz ik.Ms;] lsUVy ifCyf’kax gkml] bykgkckn] i`"B 390 8& izkphu Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd rFkk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl ,oa iwoZ e/;dkyhu lekt vkSj laLd`fr] Hkkx@2&foey pUnz ik.Ms;] lsUVy ifCyf’kax gkml] bykgkckn] i`"B 391 9& Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl] & okpLifr xSjksyk] i`"B 36 10& Hkkjrh; dyk ,oa laLd`fr] ;wFk dkWfEifV’ku VkbEl] Ikjh{kk fo’k"skK lfefr }kjk] vk/kqfud izdk’ku bykgkckn] i`"B 105 11& Hkkjr dk lkekftd] lkaLd`frd vkSj vkfFZkd bfrgkl] 3 vk/kqfud Hkkjr& ih0 ,u0 pksiM+k] ch0 ,u0 iqjh] ,e0,u0 nkl] i`"B 361 12& Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk bfrgkl&MkWa vfouk’k cgknqj oekZ] i`"B 27 13 & Hkkjr dk lkekftd] lkaLd`frd vkSj vkfFZkd bfrgkl 3 vk/kqfud Hkkjr& ih0 ,u0 pksiM+k] ch0 ,u0 iqjh] ,e0,u0 nkl] i`"B 361 14& Hkkjrh; dyk ,oa laLd`fr] ;wFk dkWfEifV’ku VkbEl] Ikjh{kk fo’ks"kK lfefr }kjk] vk/kqfud izdk’ku bykgkckn] i`"B 83 15& Hkkjrh; dyk ,oa laLd`fr] ;wFk dkWfEifV’ku VkbEl] Ikjh{kk fo’ks"kK lfefr }kjk] vk/kqfud izdk’ku] bykgkckn] i`"B 83 16& e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; laLd`fr& ,0,y0 JhokLro& i`"B 278 17& e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; laLd`fr& ,0,y0 JhokLro& i`"B 278&279 18& Hkkjrh; dyk ,oa laLd`fr] ;wFk dkWfEifV’ku VkbEl] Ikjh{kk fo’ks"kK lfefr }kjk] vk/kqfud izdk’ku] bykgkckn] i`"B 94 19& Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl& okpLifr xSjksyk] i`"B 14 20& Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl& okpLifr xSjksyk] i`"B 13

151

1

[ktqjkgks f'kYi esa eqnzk,¡ 'kkL=h; izHkko

ehuk{kh PkkS/kjh] 'kks/k Nk=k

MkW- fdju ljuk

izksQslj fotqvy vkVZ foHkkx

ouLFkyh fo|kihB

[ktqjkgks f'kYi lqUnj ,oa yksd eaxy dh Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr gS dykdkj vius

dkS'ky ls ekSfyd izfrHkk }kjk l`tu djus esa lQy gqvk rFkk Js"B ewfrZ;k¡ fufeZr

gks ldhA1 bu ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k 900 ls 1150 bZ- ds chp ;g pansy jktiwrksa ds

jkt?kjkuksa ds laj{k.k esa jk/kkuh vkSj ,d eafnj uxj Fkk] ewy uxj 21 oxZ fd-eh-

QSyk gqvk Fkk vkSj mlesa 85 eafnj FksA2 ;g ,d fo'kky ,oa HkO; uxj Fkk ml

HkO; uxj dh xkSjo&xkFkk vkt Hkh mu HkXuko'ks"kksa esa i<+h tk ldrh gSA3 ijUrq

vc ;gk¡ 25 eafnj gh 'ks"k gS] [ktqjkgksa eafnjksa dks izeq[k rhu lewgksa esa foHkkftr

fd;k x;k gS] if'peh] iwohZ o nf{k.kh lewgA [ktqjkgksa eafnj izk;% Å¡ph pkSdh ;k

vf/k"Bku ds Åij cuk;s x,] buds pkjksa vksj fdlh izdkj dk ?ksjk ;k nhokj ugha

gS] budk fuekZ.k iwoZ if'pekfHk[kq[k /kqjh ds Åij gqvkA4 [ktqjkgksa eafnj okLrq dyk

dk izR;sd Hkkx ewfrZdyk esa fu[kj iM+k gS] eafnj okLrq dyk esa ewfrZdyk nw/k&ikuh

dh rjg lekfgr jgh gSA5

[ktqjkgksa ewfrZf'kYi esa fofHkUu u`R;] eqnzk,¡ vf/kd tfVy o Je&lk/; fn[kkbZ xbZ

gSaA ewfrZ;ksa dh ;gh fparkd"kZd HkO;rk eafnjksa ds lkSan;Z esa vkSj Hkh o`f) djrh gSA

bu ewfrZ;ksa dk oLrkHkw"k.kksa ls vyad`r vkykSfdd eqnzkvksa o fofHkuu u`R; eqnzkvksa esa

n'kkZ;k x;k gSA6

Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; u`R;ksa dk mn~xe eafnjksa esa gqvk vkSj os lfn;ksa rd ogha gksrs jgsA7

u`R; dyk dk vkfn Lo:i f'ko ds rkaMo u`R; dks ekuk tkrk gSA nzfoM+ izns'kksa

ds LFkkiR;ksa esa f'ko&rkaMo dh :i izfrek cgqr lh txgksa ij ik;h tkrh gSA

fpnEcje~ ds uVjkt eafnj esa 108 izdkj ds u`R; LFkkiR; esa vafdr fd, x,A8

152

2

egf"kZ Hkjr us ukV~;'kkL= ij ,d le`) xzaFk i| esa fy[kk gS] ;g xzaFk u`R; dyk

ds fy, izek.k Hkwr ekuk tkrk gSA9

^ukV~;'kkL=* ds uoe~ v/;k; esa vla;qDrgLr] la;qrgLr o u`rgLr dk o.kZu

feyrk gSA10 ftlesa ls vla;qrgLr o la;qrgLr eqnzkvksa ds dfri; mnkgj.k

[ktqjkgksa f'kYi esa ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA vla;qDr eqnzk,¡ ,d gkFk ls n'kkZ;h tkrh

gSaA ukV~;'kkL= esa budh pkSchl fLFkfr;k¡ ;k Hksn crk, gSa ,oa la;qDr gLr eqnzk,¡

nksuksa gkFkksa ds }kjk ijLij feydj fd, tkus okys vfHku; dks la;qDr gLr dgrs

gSaA11 ukV~;'kkL= ds vuqlkj vla;qDrgLr dh fofHkUu eqnzkvksa ds leUo; ls gh

la;qDrgLr dh eqnzkvksa dh :i jpuk gksrh gSA12 ukV~;'kkL= esa la;qDr gLr ds

rsjg Hksn crk, x, gSaA13 bu gLr eqnzkvksa ds dfri; mnkgj.k [ktqjkgksa f'kYi ds

lanHkZ esa bl izdkj gSa %

izlkfjr% lek lokZ% ;L;kaxqY;ks HkofUr fgA

dqafpr'p rFkkaxq"V% l irkd bfr Le`r%AA18AA

vFkkZr~ ftlesa gkFk dh laiw.kZ vFkkZr~ pkjksa vaxqfy;k¡ ,d leku lh/kh izlkfjr dj

nh tkosa vkSj vaxwBs dks uhps dh vksj >qdk fy;k tkos gkFk dh og eqnzk irkd

dgykrh gSA14

bl eqnzk ds l`"Vk czãk th gS ,d ckj l`f"V ds mRiknd czã fo".kq ds lehi x,

rFkk t; ?kks"k ds lkFk mudh oanuk dh bl le; muds gkFk us lglk irkd

¼/ot½ ds vkdkj dks /kkj.k dj fy;k rHkh ls bldh irkd gLr ds :i esa izflf)

gSA15

[ktqjkgksa ds prqHkqZt eafnj esa xHkZx`g esa prqHkqZt nsork dh ewfrZ LFkkfir gSA ftlesa

mudk ,d gkFk irkd eqnzk esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA¼fp= la[;k&1½

vk|k /kuquZrk dk;ksZ dqafprks vaxq"BdLr FkkA

'ks"kk fHk=ks/oZofyrk gkjkysvaxqY;% djsaAA28AA

tc izFke vaxqyh dks /kuq"k dh Hkkafr cukdj >qdk fy;k tk, vkSj vaxwBs dks Hkh

mlds lkFk mlh izdkj [khap fn;k tk, rFkk 'ks"k vaxqfy;ksa dks ihNs lh/kk [kM+s

jgus fn;k tk, rks og ^vjky eqnzk* dgykrh gSA16

x.kifr izfrek,¡ iwoZ xqIrdky esa gh fufeZr gksus yxh FkhA bldh iqf"V eFkqjk

laxzgky; esa laxzghr izfrekvksa ls gksrh gSA [ktqjkgksa esa cká fHkfÙk ij x.ks'k rUe;

153

3

gksdj u`R; djrs gq, f'kfYir gSA¼fp= la-&2½ nkf;uk iSj rky vkSj y; lfgr u`R;

dh eqnzk esa mBk gqvk gSA

irkdkE;ka rq gLrkH;ka la'ys"kknatfy% Le`r%A

nsorkuka xq:.kka p fe=k.ka pkfeoknusAA16AA

tks nksuksa irkd gLrksa dks lkFk feyk nsrs gSa] rks og vatfygLr dgk tkrk gS vkSj

bldk iz;ksx nsorkvksa] fe=ksa] xq:vksa dk vfHkoknu djus ds fy, gksrk gSA bl

vfHkoknu djus ds mLFkku gqvk djrs gSa] Nkrh] eq[k rFkk flj] buesa nsorkvksa dks

iz.kke djus ds fy, Nkrh ds lkeus gkFk j[kdj vfHkoknu djuk pkfg,A17

vf/kdka'kr% [ktqjkgksa ds eafnjksa esa fo".kq dh ewfrZ ds lkFk ikn ihB ij x:M+ dks

vatfy eqnzk esa ns[kk x;k gSA x:M ds vyok esa vatfy eqnzk ns[kh tk ldrh

gSA¼fp= la-&3½A

vkyks[;us=,UtufordZ o`Urizokyjpua pA

fu"ihMua rFkk yDrdL; dk;Z p ukjhfHk%AA105AA

bl gLr eqnzk dk iz;ksx fp= ys[ku] us=ksa dh ltkoV djus] xaHkhj fparu ds fy,]

M.By fn[kkus esa gqvk djrk gSA gkFk dks dqN eksM+dj vkxs ls FkksM+k lk >qdk ysus

ls ;s fØ;k,a 'kjhj ds cka;h vksj djus ls lans'kgLr cu tkrk gSA ftlesa lkjh

vaxqfy;k¡ ,d leku vkxs dh vksj FkksM+h lh >qdh gqbZ gks vkSj muds ikS:, lkFk

feys jgsaA18

fp= ys[ku] i= ys[ku] us= lTtk¼dkty yxuk½ vkfn f'kYikadu [ktqjkgksa eafnj

dh cká fHkfÙk;ksa ij f'kfYir fd, x, gSaA¼fp= la-&4½

mfR{kIroØk rq ;nkukfedk LduhlhA

vL;So rq dfiRFkL; rnklkS [kjdkeq[k%AA52AA

dfiRFkgLr esa f'k[kjgLr dh rtZuh dks uhps >qdkj vaxwBs ls nckus ij dfiRFkgLr

dh eqnzk cukuh pkfg,A bldk iz;ksx fofHkUu izdkj ds vL= tSls ryokj] /kuq"k]

pØ] rksej] dqUr] xnk] 'kfDr] otz rFkk rhj vkfn fn[kkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

'kL=ksa ds vfHku; ds fy, dfiRFk gLr dh e/;ek rFkk dfu"Bk vaxqfy ds lkFk

vukfedk dks mBkdj VsM+k dj ysuk pkfg,A bl izdkj dfiRFkgLr ls gh

[kVdkeq[k gLr dh eqnzk dk fuekZ.k gks tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx gou] ;K djus ds

fy,] N= idM+us rFkk idM+h gqbZ oLrq dks [khapus ds fy,] ia[kk pykus] niZ.k

154

4

xzg.k djus] [k.Mu djus] jksyh yxkus] yEck n.M /kkj.k djus] oL=ksa ds fljs

,d= djus] eaFku djus] rhj fudkyus] iq"i pquus vkfn esa bl eqnzk dk iz;ksx

fd;k tkrk gSA19

[ktqjkgksa ds y{e.k eafnj esa vf/kd ;q) ds n`'; dks f'kYikafdr fd;k x;k gSA

ftlesa i'kqvksa vadu tSls gkFk] ?kksM+s vkfn dks lsuk ds lkFk f'kfYir fd;k gSA¼fp=

la-&5½ bu n`';ksa esa gesa d`fiRFkgLr eqnzk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA [ktqjkgksa ds

ewfrZdyk esa Ük`axkfjd o eueksgd eqnzkvksa okyh lqanfj;ksa dk fu:i.k vf/kd fn[kkbZ

nsrk gSA ftuesa egokj ¼jksyh½ yxkus okyh vIljk ftldh gLr eqnzk d`fiRFk

gSA¼fp= la-&6½

f=da lqofyra d`Rok yrkjsfprdkSa djkSaA

uwiqj'p rFkk ikn% dj.ks uwiqjs U;lsr~AA96AA

tc ik¡p dks ihNs dh vksj f=dks.kkRed vkdkj esa mBkdj mlds }kjk

uwiqjikfndkpkjh dh tkrh gS rFkk gkFk dh yrk[; eqnzk ls jsfpr lEiUu fd;k

tkrk gSA rc og dj.k uwiqj dgykrk gSA20

uwiqj cka/krs gq, vIljk danfj;k egknso eafnj dh cká fHkfÙk ij f'kfYir gSA bl

eafnj dh cká fHkfÙk ij vusd Ükaxkfjd n`'; f'kfYir gSA ftuesa izeq[k gSA uwiqj

cka/krs gq, vIljkA ¼fp= la-&7½

,"k izgkjs O;k;kes fuxZes ih·us rFkkA

laokgus·fl;ojhuka n.MdqUrxzgs rFkkAA48AA

;fn lkjh vaxqfy;k¡ gFksyh esa cka/k nh tk,¡ vkSj vaxwBk dks Åij j[k ys rks ^eqf"B

eqnzk* dgykrh gSA blds }kjk izgkj] O;k;ke] feV~Vh rFkk M.Ms vkSj Hkkys dks xzg.k

djus dk vfHku; fd;k tkrk gSA21

[ktqjkgksa ds if'peh eafnj lewg esa y{e.k eafnj dh cká fHkfÙk ij cuh lqjk

lqUnjh dh ewfrZ tks vius ckyksa ls ikuh fupksM+rs gq, n'kkZ;h xbZ gSA ¼fp= la-&8½

lkSan;Z dh vfHkO;fDr ds'k ls gh gksrh gS] 'kjhj ds lcls Åij ds'k gh rks gSaA22

blh Øe esa uhps ;q) n`'; esa lsuk ds gkFkksa esa vL=&'kL= idM+s gq, eqfLV gLr

eqnzk fn[kkbZ gSA bl eqnzk esa lkjh vaxqfy;k¡ gFksyh esa cka/k nh tkrh gSa vkSj vaxqBs

dks Åij j[kk tkrk gS rks ;g gLreqnz ^eqf"Veqnz* dgykrh gSaA23

155

5

lUnHkZ &

1 MkW- jkeukFk feJ] Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk] i`-la-&25

2 jkekJ; voLFkh] [ktqjkgksa dh nso izfrek,¡] i`-la-&3

P3 ogh] i`-la-&2]3

4 d`".k nÙk oktis;h] Hkkjrh okLrq dyk dk bfrgkl] i`-la-&128

5 jkekJ; voLFkh] [ktqjkgksa dh nso izfrek,¡] i`-la-&142

6 MkW- jkeukFk feJ] Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk] i`-la-&252&54

7 ogh] i`-la-&251&52

8 in~eJh izHkk'kadj vks- lkseiqjk] Hkkjrh; f'kYilafgrk] i`-la-&26

9 MkW- cztcYyHk feJ] ukV~;'kkL=e~] i`-la-&291&327

10 ckcw yky 'kqDy 'kkL=h] ukV~;'kkL=] i`-la-&41

11 ogh] i`-la-&41&42

12 MkW- ikjlukFk f}osnh] ukV~;'kkL= dk bfrgkl] i`-la-&19

13 ogh] i`-la-&61&62

14 MkW- cztcYyHk feJ] ukV~;'kkL=e~] i`-la-&291&297

15 ckcw yky 'kqDy 'kkL=h] ukV~;'kkL=] i`-la-&41

16 MkW- cztcYyHk feJ] ukV~;'kkL=e~] i`-la-&296

17 jkekJ; voLFkh] [ktqjkgksa dh nso izfrek,¡] i`-la-&20

18 MkW- cztcYyHk feJ] ukV~;'kkL=e~] i`-la-&307

19 ogh] i`-la-&305

20 ogh] i`-la-&207

21 ogh] i`-la-&134

22 MkW- izse'kadj f}osnh] MkW- fcUnq nqcs] fp=lw=e~] i`-la-&66

23 ckcw yky 'kqDy 'kkL=h] ukV~;'kkL=] i`-la-&47

156

6

fp= la-&1

fp= la-&2

fp= la-&3

fp= la-&4

157

7

fp= la-&5

fp= la-&6

fp= la-&7

fp= la-&8

158

fnYyh esVªks LVs'kuksa esa cus fHkfÙkfp= dh izklafxdrk

MkW- y{e.k izlkn

lgk;d vkpk;Z eap ,oa

n`'; dyk fo|kihB bXuw

eSnku x<+h ubZ fnYyh

Hkkjr esa fHkfÙkfp= dh ijEijk vkrs izkphu gS tks Hkkjrh; dyk dh fHkfÙkfp= dh ijEijk dks

izkphu izekf.kr djrk gSA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gS fd fp=dyk ds mTtoy bfrgkl dh

'kq:vkr fHkfÙkfp=ksa ls gh gksrh gSA tksxhekjk lfgr] vtUrk] ok?k] flÙkuokly] cknkeh]

,yksjk o ,sfyQS.Vk] vkfn esa 'kkL=h; fHkfÙkfp=ksa dk n'kZu gksrk gSA bl dyk dk ewy

vk/kkj gekjh lkekftd o /kkfeZd vkLFkk;sa jgh gSaA ysfdu 21oha 'krh esa fHkfÙkfp= lkSUn;Z]

tudyk ,oa fdlh Hkou ds [kkyh LFkkuksa dks Hkjus o lqUnj cukus ds fy, iz;ksx gks jgs gSA

osSls rks vkjfEHkd dky ls fHkfÙkfp= lkekftd thou ,oa lkekftd ijEijkvksa ls tqM+k jgk

gSA fHkfÙkfp= ds fuekZ.k dk vk'k; flQZ lkSUn;kZRed Hkkouk ij gh fuHkZj ugh Fkk cfYd

;g lekt dk ckSf)d] /kkfeZd KkuktZu dk Hkh ,d lgt ek/;e FkkA blh Hkkouk ls

fnYyh ds eSVªks LVs'kuksa ds nhokjksa dks ltkus ds fy, fHkfÙkfp= dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

ftuds fo"k;&oLrq LFkkuh; yksd&thou] izkd`frd n`';] ,oa ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa vkfn gSaA

^fnYyh* ,ulhvkj ¼xqMxkao] Qjhnkckn] uks,Mk] ,oa xkft;kckn½ dks ,d jSfiM VªkaftV

flLVe lsok dh ek/;e ls tksM+rh gSA tks yEckbZ ds ekeys esa nqfu;k esa 13osa LFkku ij gSA

1984 esa fnYyh fodkl izkf/kdj.k us eSVªksykbZu ds fy, ifjdYiuk dhA rRi'pkr bl dk;Z

dks lqpk: :i ls vkxs c<+krs gq, 1995 esa fnYyh eSVªks jsy dkjiksjs'ku dk xBu gqvk A

bl izdkj ns[krs gSa fd 2002 esa fnYyh dh tehu ij eSVªksa dk lapkyu izkjEHk gqvkA fnYyh

159

eSVªks LVs'kuksa esa] ,syksykbu] Cywykbu] ok;ysV ykbu] jsM ykbu] xzhu ykbu ,oa ,;jiksVZ

ykbu vkfn esa fHkfÙkfp= dk n'kZu gksrk gSA tc vki tSls gh fnYyh eSVªksLVs'ku ds fdlh

Hkh LVs'ku ij dne j[krs gS rks jaxksa ds }kjk vki dk Lokxr gksrk gSA ftlesa mTtoy

uhys] gjs] ihys vkSj cSxuh jax dk n'kZu gksrk gSA ;s nhokjsa fVdV dkm.Vj ds ihNs LVs'ku

ds vkarfjd Hkkx ,oa lhf<+;ksa vkfn ij gSA ftlesa ckjhdh iwoZd ,oa tfVyrk fy, 'kgjh

thou ds n`';] egkuxjksa esa iq#"k vkfn ds psgjs ds gypy] iaprU= dh dgkfu;ka ;k

ifjn`';ksa dks vfadr fd;k x;k gSA

fnYyh eSVªks jsy fuxe ds izcU/k funs'kd Jh/kju ¼rRdkyhu½ dk fopkj ;g gS & fHkfÙkfp=

,d lanHkZ fcUnw ds #i esa LVs'ku dks igpku fnykrk gS] blds vfrfjDr LVs'kuksa ds LFkwyrk

dks Hkax dj ;kf=;ksa dks viuh rjQ vkdf"kZr djrk gSA

Jh/kju ds vykok eq[; okLrqdkj ¼rRdkyhu½ r`Irk [kqjkuk dgrh gSa fd dyk fdlh

esVªksLVs'ku ds fy, ,d vfHkUu vax gSA bUgksaus dqN esVªksa LVs'ku ds fHkfÙk;ksa ij D;k fpf=r

gksxk mlds fy, Hkh dgk&foosdkuUn iqjh esVªksLVs'kuksa esa fHkfÙkfp= dk fo"k; oLrq izkd`frd

,oa thotUrq ds thou gksxkA nwljk izrki uxj eSVªksLVs'ku ikuh ij vk/kkfjr i;kZoj.k ls

lEcfU/kr fpf=r gksxk tks cgqr gh lqUnjrk fy, gksxkA

fnYyh eSVªksLVs'kuksa ds fnokjksa dks fHkfÙkfp=ksa ls ltkusa ds ihNs Mh ,e vkj lh dk ;g lksp

Fkk fd LVs'kuksa dk lkSUn;hZdj.k djuk] ftlls tokgj yky usg: LVsfM;e esVªksLVs'ku

jk"Vªe.My [ksy 2010 ds mn~?kkVu ds le; txexk tk;sxk o tuekul vkfn dks

lEekfgr Hkh djsxkA

tokgj yky usg: esVªksLVs'ku ij 163 ehVj yEch] [ksy ?kVukvksa ij fHkfrfp= fufeZr fd;s

x;s gSA tks daØhV nhokj ij f=;keh izHkko ds lkFk fo'ks"k:i ls VkbYl ds }kjk] fofHkUu

[ksy] Li/kkZvksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bu VkbYl dks fp= 'kSyh dh Hkkafr iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

bl LVs'ku ds vfrfjDr 16 vU; iSuyksa esa vlk/kkj.k bathfu;fjax ds dkjukeksa ds ckjs esa

tkudkjh nh xbZ gSA ftldk fp=.k pkoM+h cktkj eSVªksLVs'ku o vU; LVs'kuksa ij fn[krk gS

160

ftldks VkbYl ds Åij iz;ksx gksus okys jax dk] de Vksu ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

ftlesa fdlh fo'ks"k 'kSyh dk n'kZu ugh gksrk gSA dqN LVs'kuksa dh phuh feV~Vh ds

dykd`fr;ksa dks nhokj ij fpidk dj ,d u;k okrkoj.k iSnk fd;k x;k ftlesa dsUnzh;

lfpoky;] [kkuekdsZV] taxiqjk ,oa tokgj yky usg: LVsfM;e vkfn izeq[k :i ls gSA bl

izdkj bu LVs'kuksa dks lqUnjrkiwoZd ltk;k x;k gSA

dsUnzh; lfpoky; esVªksLVs'ku ij eq[;r% nks fo"k;xr vk/kqfud dykd`fr gS ftudk 'kh"kZd

gS& ^^vki ;gka gSa & LVs'ku dh HkhM+ vkSj eap ds Lrj ij Hkze mRiUu fd;k x;k gSA**

nwljs i{k esa ^^fd vki ;gk¡ gS&tc ,d ;k=h Vªsu ds vkus dh izrh{kk djrk gS rks fnYyh

eSVªks usVodZ ds uD'ks ns[kdj vius vkxkeh ;k=k dh Hkfo"; dks r; djrk gS vkSj niZ.k esa

vius vki dks ns[kdj le; ikl dj] meafxr o Fkdku jfgr gksrk gSA**

[kku ekdsZV vkSj taxiqjk LVs'kuksa ds fHkfÙkfp= fMftVy rduhd ,oa dEi;wVj tfur eqnz.k

ds ek/;e ls cuk;k x;k gS] ftlesa gLr fufeZr Ldsp ,oa js[kkaduksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k

gSA ftudks thoUr jaxksa }kjk fp= o fHkfÙkfp= esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k x;k gSA ftlds

fo"k;&uk;d&ukf;dk] izd`fr] i'kq&i{kh o ekuo fnup;kZ vkfn gSA 'kSyhxr ckr djsa rks

dsjy ds yksd 'kSyh fp= dk n'kZu gksrk gSA tks vyadj.k iz/kku gSA js[kkvksa esa LFkwyrk gS]

izokg ugha gSA ,dy vkd`fr dks la;ksftr fd;k x;k gSA izkFkfed jaxksa dks [kqy dj iz;ksx

fd;k x;k gSA yky] ihyk] uhyk blds vfrfjDr rst jaxksa dks foosdkuUn iqjh eSVªksLVs'ku

ds lh<+h ds nhokj ij cuk fHkfÙkfp= ,d vyx igpku o okrkoj.k fy, gq, gSaA ftlesa

izd`fr ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa dks vyx&vyx <ax ls lrg dks foHkkftr dj ;g fHkfÙkfp=

fnYyh ikWfyVsDuhd QkWj oksesu bu lkmFk fnYyh ds yxHkx 200 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lg;ksx ls

iw.kZ fd;k x;k gSA oSls rks ;g dk;Z fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ,d pqukSrhiw.kZ Fkk ysfdu dgha u

dgha muds fy, jksekapdkjh Hkh Fkk D;ksafd ;g mudh dykd`fr LFkkbZ :i ls LVs'ku ds

fHkfÙk ds lkFk thfor jgsxhA blh Ja[kyk esa 'kgknjk ,oa rhl gtkjh [k.M eSVªksLVs'ku ds

mi;ksx ls cgqr gh lqUnj E;wjy dk l`tu fd;k x;k gSA tks vius vki esa ;g LVs'ku ,d

fof'k"V pfj= iznku djrk gSA 'kgknjk esa fnYyh ds Lekjdksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl

161

izdkj ;krk;kr dh HkhM+ mlds rjQ [khps pys tkrs gSaA blh ds lkFk&lkFk rhl gtkjh

esVªksa LVs'ku ij /kkrq dks mnkjoknh rjhds ls iz;ksx dj vewrZ ewfrZ] mPp mHkjh gqbZ ,d

fo'ks"k Nk;k&izdk'k fy;s fufeZr dh xbZ gSA bldk izHkko bruk izHkko'kkyh gS fd ,d

ifFkd mldh vksj Lor% [khapk pyk tkrk gSA blh 'kSyh ls izHkkfor ihreiqjk LVs'ku ij

LVsuys'k LVhy ds ek/;e ls] okrkoj.kh; ,oa /kjksgjksa dks nf{k.kh fnYyh ikfyVsfDud o

dyk fo|ky; p.Mhx<+ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk fufeZr fd;k x;k gSA tks ;g eSVsfj;y E;wjy esa

igyh ckj ;gk¡ iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

fjBkyk] 'kkgnjk LVs'kuksa esa fHkfÙkfp=ksa dk dk;Z dkWyst vkWQ vkVZ fnYyh ds iz/kkukpk;Z izks-

,e- fot; eksgu ds usr`Ro esa ogka ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk iw.kZ fd;k x;kA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk dguk

Fkk fd dkxt ij fMtkbu cukus ls ysdj ekstSd ls vkd`fr cukus o pLik djus rd

cgqr gh ijs'kkfu;ksa vkfn dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA

vf/kdrj fHkfÙkfp= dk fo"k;oLrq vkl&ikl ds thou 'kSyh o {ks= ds bfrgkl gh gSA

blds vfrfjDr nSfud thou] izd`fr] okrkoj.k o /kjksgj vkfn gSA ek/;eksa ds :i esa

ekstSd] lhjsfed VkbYl] Qkbcj Xykl] LVsuysl LVhy o felz/kkrq dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

rduhd dh ckr djsa rks 'kkL=h; fHkfÙkfp=.k dks ikyu ugha fd;k x;kA D;ksafd dgha dgha

ij MkjsDV] VkbYldyj ;k ,Øsfyd dyj dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu ,d pht gS

bl E;wjy fuekZ.k esa ;qok fp=dkjksa@dykdkjksa dks Lora= gksdj u;s iz;ksx djus dk volj

izkIr gqvk vkSj lkSUn;Z dh n`f"V ls fo'kky fHkfÙkfp= us ,d n`'; ifjiDork Hkh nhA bu

;qok dykdkjksa dks cM+k dk;Z djus dk volj izkIr gqvkA fHkfÙkfp= dh viuh ,d vkRek

gksrh gSA tks dFkkRed vkokt nsrh gSA ftlls ,d n'kZd mldh laosnuk dh vksj Lor%

[khapk pyk tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr ;g ,d lapkj dk l'kDr ek/;e gSA blfy, ftl

fHkfÙkfp= esa ftruh vf/kd lwpuk vkSj lapkj cks/k gksxk og mruk gh izklafxdrk fy,

gksxhA  

162

dqekÅ¡ ds Hkouks ls yqIr gksrk dk”B f’kYi

yfyr vk;Z lafonk izoDrk

n`’; dyk ladk; ,lŒ ,lŒ ts ifjlj vYeksM+k

dqekÅ¡ ds ikjLifjd Hkouksa esa dk”B esa ,d eq++[; miknku ds :Ik esa fd;k tkrk jgk gS A iwoZ esa ;gk¡

tula[;k ds vuqikr esa ou lEink izpqj ek=k esaa miyC+/k gksrh Fkh] vkSj lekt esa iSls dk vf/kd egRo

ugha Fkk] dsoy oLrqvksa ds vknku& iznku ls gh lekt dk gj leqnk; viuh vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ dj

ysrk Fkk ;gh dkj.k Fkk] dh iwoZ esa ydMh dh dkjhxjh egRoiw.kZ ,ao lEeku tud fLFkfr esa Fkh] ftlds

QyLo:Ik dqek¡Å ds Hkouksa esa iz;qDr ydMh esa [kqclwjr uDdk’kh dh tkrh gS Fkh] vkSj Hkouksa ds }kjks dks

lqUnj rjhds ls vayd`r fd;k tkrk Fkk] ftuesa f[kMfd;k] njokts vknh ij lqUnj fMtkbu fd tkrh Fkh]

vkSj ml le; ds dk”B f’kYih lEekutud faLFkfr ij gqvk djrs Fkss] vkSj dk”B f’kYi vius pje ij Fkh A

Hkou f’kYi & e/; fgeky; esa feV~Vh] iRFkj vkSj ydM+h ls Ckuus okys ijEijkxr edku vc Hkh fo|eku

gSA gkykafd bl lkexzh ls cus edkuksa dk ds LFkku ij lhesaV vkSj daadzhV ls cus edkuksa dk ;qx vk x;k

gSA dqekÅ¡ ds xk¡oksa esa Hkh lhesaV vkSj lfj;k ds iz;ksx ls cus edkuksa dh la[;k fnuksa fnu c<+ jgh gSA iqjkus

ijEijkxr izdkj ds edku fuf’pr gh ml okLrq f’kYi dh rduhd vkSj lajpuk ls vUrj j[krs gS ftldk

iz;ksx eSnkuh {ks=ksa esa vkokl fuek.kZ esa gksrk gS A vc xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa Hkh iVkyksa ds <kyw Nrnkj edkuksa dk

izpyu lekIr izk;% gSA blfy, iVky dh Nr ij lw[krs dn~nw ?kkl ds <sj Hkh utj vkus de gks x;s gSaA

uxjksa esaa Hkh iVky vFkok lq[kZ yky jax dh Vhuksa okys edku ;k rks yqIr gks x;s ;k fQj budh txg

/khjs&/khjs fyaVy okys edku ysrs tk jgs gS A bZV]lfj;k lhesaV ,safxy ds yxkrkj iz;ksx ls cuus okys bu

uxjh; Hkouksa dh u rks lajpuk u gh f’kYixr lqUnjrk igkM+ ds lkSUn;Z ls esy [kkrh gSAtgka rd ewy

dqekÅ¡uh Hkouksa dh f’kYixr ,oa okLrq lajpuk dk iz’u gS vf/kdka’k Hkou nks eaftys gh cuk;s tkrs gS A

dHkh&dHkh rhu eaftys Hkou Hkh cuk;s tkrs gSA bu Hkouksa esa ,d fuf’pr LFkkuh; ‘kSyh dk iqV gSA

LFkkuh; yksx /kj dks dqM+ dgrs gS A

Hkwfe dh vf/kdrk ds QyLo:Ik edkuksa dh lajpuk esa bl izdkj dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gS fd edku dk

Hkfo”; esa foLrkj Hkh gks ldsA bl izdkj ls foLrkj gksrs&gksrs edku Hkwfe ry ds lekukUrj Ja[kykCk++) dbZ

edkuksa dk lewg gks tkrk gS A dbZ ckj Ja[kykc) edkuksa dk izkjEHk ls gh fuek.kZ fd;k tkrk FkkA bu

lcdh uhao dh [kqnkbZ ,d lkFk gh gksrh vkSj Nr dk fuekZ.k Hkh ,d lkFk gh fd;k tkrkA ;|fi ;g

edku ckgj ls ns[kus esa rks ,d gh edku fn[kkbZ nsrk ijUrq vUnj ls ,dne i`Fkd gksrk gSA vYeksM+k uxj

ds phuk[kku eksgYys esa ukS?kj dh lajpuk ,slh gh gSA bldk Hkwfery ds lekukUrj foLrkj fd;k x;k gSA

163

dQM+[kku ds ikl fot;iqj ikfV;k esa Hkh dHkh ukSyf[k;k ikaMs dk fo’kky Hkou Fkk A ftlds vo’ks”k vc

ls dqN o”kZ iwoZ rd ns[ks tk ldrs Fks A dgk tkrk gS fd ,d ckj /kks[ks ls ,d ck+?k bl edku ds vUnj

?kql vk;kA Hkou esa brus vf/kd dejs Fks fd og bu dejksa dh Hkwy HkqyS;k esa [kks x;k vkSj ckgj ughaa

fudy ik;kA Hkouksa dh bl izdkj dh js[kh; lajpuk dks ck[kyh dgk tkrk gSA ;|fi dqekš {ks= esa cus

nks &<kbZ lkS lky iqjkus Hkouksa ds HkXuko’ks”k vkt Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrs gS ijUrq vf/kd iqjkus Hkouksa dh lajpuk

vkSj foU;kl dks le>us dk nqHkkZX; ls dksbZ izkekf.kd lk{; miyC/k ugha gSA yksd xkFkk,sa]yksd dFkkvksa esa

lSdM+ksa lky iqjkus Hkouksa dk txg &txg mYys[k vk;k gSA buls yxrk gS fd HkwdEih; {ks= esa fLFkr gksus

ds dkj.k rRdkyhu Hkou f’kYih Hkouksa ds fuekZ.k esa lq~n`<+rk ds lkFk dykRed vkSj lq:fpiw.kZ vyadj.k

tM+us dk Hkh iz;kl djrs FksA lhesaV] yksgk tc Hkou fuekZ.k dh dYiuk esa Hkh u Fks rc Hkh vV~Vkfydk,sa rks

curh gh FkhaA bl rjg ds fo’kky cgqeaftys Hkou friqj &pkSiqj dgs tkrs Fks A gok ds eUn&eUn >jks[ks

ukf;dkvksa ds ckyksa ls bUgha Hkouksa esa vB[ksfy;k¡ djrs FksA dkys ‘kjkjrh ckny f[kM+fd;ksa &>jks[kksa ls

?kqldj ukf;dkvksa ds lkFk NsM+NkM+ djrsA MafM;kyh ‘kCn NTTkksa ds fy, iz;qDr gqvk gSA ;g LFkku uk;d

ukf;dkvksa ds feyu dh Hkh Tkxg gksrhA xkFkkvksa esa ftu Hkouksa dk o.kZu vkrk gS muesa Hkh vukt ,oa Ik’kq

/ku ds fy;s vkt ds Hkouksa dh gh rjg Hkwry vksCkzk dgykrkA vksczs dk vUUk okyk dejk MksCkM+k gksrkA

pksj]nq’eu vkSj jkf= ds vU/kdkj esa vkus okys vutku vkxUrqd ls ;fn fdlh izdkj dk [krjk gksrk rks

mls Hkh xksB esa gh cUn dj fn;k tkrk FkkA

Xkzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vHkh rd Hkou fuekZ.k dh rduhdh esa fo’ks”k ifjorZu ugha vk;k gS A bl {ks++++= esa eosf’k;ksa

dks ikyus dk izpyu izkphu le; ls gh jgk gS A nq/kk: Ik’kqvksa dks j[kus ds fy, xksB cuk;s tkrs FksA

xksB edku dk Hkwry okyk fgLlk gksrk A ekSle dh izfrdwyrk vkSj Ekosf’k;ksa ds Åij T;knk utj j[kh tk

lds] lEHkor% bl vk’k; ls gh xksB dks Hkwry esa cukus dh ijEijk iuih gksxhA orZeku esa Hkh bldh

Å¡pkbZ vis+{kkd`r de j[kh tkrh gSAa ,slk xksB dks xeZ j[kus ds mn~ns’; ls fd;k tkrk gSA Hkwry esa gh

LVksj bR;kfn Hkh cuk;s tkrs gSA eosf’k;ksa dks vf/kdrk ds dkj.k xksB esa gh dbzZ ckj j[kuk lEHko ugha

gksrkA blfy, i`Fkd ls XokM+ ¼xks’kkyk½ dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS A xks’kkyk dk fuekZ.k ,slh txg ij

gksrk gS tgk¡ [ksrh T;knk gks] pkjk utnhd gksA ikuh miyC/k gksA xksB dk iz;ksx dUn vkfn dks lqjf{kr

j[kus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA vkyw ]xMsjh] fiaukyw vkfn dks Hkwry esa ekfnjs ;k /kku ds Hkwls ds chp nck

dj j[k fn;k tkrk gS vkSj fofHkUu ekSleksa esa bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A dbZ ckj xksB dk iz;ksx [ksr esa

tc rc dke djus okys etnwjksa ds jgus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gS A xksB ls lBk [kqyk d+{k xksB~eky

dgykrk gSA ;g dikVjfgr gksrkk gS A o”kkZ dky rFkk xfEkZ;ksa esa xksB~eky dk iz;ksx pkjs] bZ/ku vkfn ds

j[k j[kko ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA m/oZNan ;kstuk esa edku nks Hkkxksa esa foHkxr gksrk gSA bls B~;k vkSj

iku dgrs gS A izFke ry dks ^e>;kyksa^ eath] e>syh dgk tkrk gSA edku dk nks eaftyk vkerkSj ij nks

rhu dejksa dk gksrk gS A buesa gok izdk’k ds izos’k dh leqfpr O;oLFkk gksrh gSA vkjke ds {k.kksa esa eaft esa

gh efgyk;sa vius dke fucVkrh gS] lEiUurk ds vuqlkj bldk foLrkj dj T;knk Hkh dejs cuk;s tk

ldrs gSaA bl Hkkx esa cuk;k x;k ckgjh d{k cUn jgus ij ^pk[k^ dgykrk gS vU;Fkk ;fn ;g cjkens

ln`’k [kqyk jgrk gSA rc ^Nkt~^ dgykrk gSA edku ds njokts NksVs vkdkj ds gksrs gSA bldk dkj.k

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lEHkr% ;g fo’okl gS fd edku ds vUnj >qd dj fouezrk iwoZd gh izos’k djuk pkfg;s A dbZ xk¡oks esa

vkt Hkh ,sls jjokts ns[ks tk ldrs gSA pk[k dk iz;ksx Mªkxbax:e ds :Ik esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrs gSA pk[k

LFkku ds vuqlkj rypk[k vkSj eypk[k esa Hkh foHkDr gks ldrh gSA edku dk eq[; njoktk [kksyh ;k

eqgkc dgykrk gSA ck[kyh esa ,d ls vf/kd Hkh [kksyh gks ldrh gS A [kksyh ij fofHkUUk vyadj.k mdsjs

tkrs gSA i`Fkd~ &i`Fkd dejs [kaM ds uke ls tkus tkrs gS A jlksbZ bR;kfn edku ds i`”B Hkkx cuk;h tkrh

FkhA i`”B Hkkx esa vkxau ls feyk izLrj [kaM ckSuyh dgykrk gS A bldk iz;ksx crZu] diMs+ bR;kfn /kksus ds

fy, fd;k tkrk gSA dHkh &dHkh bldk iz;ksx ugkus bR;kfn ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA xUnk ikuh ,d=

djus dh txg vyx ls cuk;h tkrh gSA i`”B dk ;g Hkkx dj;kM+h dgykrk gS A lw;Z ds izdk’k ds izos’k

fy, f[kM+fd;ka cuk;s tkus dh ijEijk gS A budk LFkku fuf’p; ugha gS A edku eas ;g lqfo/kk ds vuqlkj

fudkyh tk ldrh gSA f[kM+fd;ksa dks ^eksfj^ dgk tkrk gSA Hkou dh Nr ^ik[k^ dgykrh gSA ;g iVkyksa ls

vkPNkfnr jgrh gSA Hkou ds lkFk izk;% Luku/kj vkSj ‘kkSpky; cukus dk izpyu ugha FkkA ysfdu

vfrlEiUUk yksx /kjksa esa Luku/kj dh O;oLFkk Hkou ds i`”B Hkkx esa djrs gSA+++++ Hkwry ls nwljs ry esa izos’k

djus ds fy, Hkh izos’k }kj ds :Ik esa [kksyh & eqgkc cuk;h tkrh gSA blds ckn nwljh eafty ls freafty

tkus okyh lhf<+;ksa dks njksM+ dgk tkrk gSA

dqekš eaMy esa Hkwfe ds fglkc ls tula[;k fojy gSA blfy, izkphu le; esa Hkou fuekZ.k ds fy, Hkwfe

dh fnDdr u Fkh A ;gk¡ ds lekt esa /kkfeZd i{k izcy gS] blfy, Hkwfe dk fof/kor p;u dj iqjksfgr ls

tehu dh ‘kq++)/krk ds lEcU/k esa iqNok;k tkrk gS A izk;% ml LFkku dh tehu mi;qDr ekuh tkrh gS tgk¡

ij ikuh utnhd esa gh miyC/k gks] ixMaMh ikl gks] x/ksjk bR;kfn uk gks] tehu [ksrh ds v;ksX; gks rFkk

uhao ds fy, [kksnrs le; pV~~Vku ^ny^ tYnh gh fey tk;s A edku ds fy, Hkwfe dks rS;kj djus ds fy;s

lery djus dh izfdz;k] Fkkrh ryuk dgykrh gS A cqfu;kn ;k uhao Mkyuk pkSjk’k dgykrk gS A uhao ds

fy, [kksnrs le; ;fn ny tYnh u fey lds rks ml LFkku dks izk;% NksM+k tkrk FkkA ny dk feyuk

blfy, t:jh Fkk D;ksafd ;fn ny ij Hkou ugha cuk vkSj tehu detksj gqbZ rks edku /kjk’kk;h gks

ldrk gSA iqjkus le; esa lhesaV rduhd ds miyC/k u gks ikus ds dkj.k uhao esa lhesaV Hkj dj d`fre uhao

Mkyus dh ijEijk ugha Fkh A uhao dh eksVkbZ izk;% pkj ls ikap QqV rd j[kh tkrh Fkh A uhao ds fy,

iRFkj xzsukbV tSlk l+[r gksrk gS rFkk cM+s&cMs+ iRFkjksa dks rksM+ dj ;k dkV dj uhao esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk

gSA ijEijkxr :Ik ls iRFkjksa ds chp ds LFkku eas xkjs dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA uhao dh fpukbZ orZeku dh

rjg Hkwfe ry ls 20 lseh0 Åij rd dh tkrh gS rFkk dqN fnukas ds fy, uhao dks [kkyh Hkh NksM+ fn;k

tkrk gSA dHkh &dHkh vko’;drk dks ns[krs gq, QkSju gh fpukbZ dk dke izkjEHk fd;k tk ldrk gS A

nhokjs cgqr eksVh vkSj etcwr cuk;h tkrh gSA nhokj dh eksVkbZ bl ckr ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gSA fd Hkou

fdrus eafty dk gksxkA ;fn Hkou ,d eaftyk gksrk rks mldh eksVkbZ Ms<+ ls nks QqV ;fn nks eaftyk gksrk

rks nks ls <kbZ QqV rFkk ;fn blls T;knk gksrk rc <kbZ ls rhu QqV rd nhokjsa eksVh gks ldrh gSA nhokj

ds fy, uhao ds nksuksa rjQ ls ˆ&ˆ bap txg NksM+ dj fpukbZ izkjEHk dh tkrh gSA gj ry ij nhokj dh

eksVkbZ blh dze ls de gksrh tkrh gSA fpukbzZ ds fy, feV~Vh dk xkjk izeq[k gSA uhao esa xkjs dh ek= de

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vkSj nhokjksa esa xkjs dh iz;kZIr ek=k iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA xkjs dh ,d lrg fcNkus ds ckn gh nhokj dk

dke izkjEHk fd;k tkrk gS ;g fo’ks”k /;ku j[kk tkrk gS fd nhokjksa dh fpukbZ esa Maklh iRFkj dk iz;ksx u

gksA /kkfeZd fo’okl ds dkj.k Mkalh iRFkj dk iz;ksx Hkou fuekZ.k dk;Z esa fu”ks/k gSA bls oS/k ekuk tkrk gSA

gk¡] uhao j[krs le; ds deZdk¡M esa Mkalh iRFkj ds dqN nqdMs+ vo’; gh Hkwfe esa j[ks tkrs gSA Mkalh iRFkj

dks nsork dk iRFkj ekuk tkrk gSA nhokj ds fy, dVs gq, gh iRFkj iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA iRFkjksa ds chp

dk LFkku xkjs ls Hkyh izdkj ls Hkj fn;k tkrk gSA gj lrg ij blh izdkj iRFkj vkSj xkjs ls nhokj Åij

mBkbZ tkrh gSA f’kYih bl ckr dk Hkh /;ku j[krs Fks fd nhokj ds ,d tksM+ ij nwljk tksM+ uk vkus ik;s]

blls nhokj dh etcwrh de gks tkrh gSA fpukbZ dh bl fo/kk dks ^/kM+h^ vkSj ^eqM+h^ dgk tkrk gS A

xkjs ds fy, feV~Vh dks Nku dj iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA feV~Vh ftruh fpduh gksxh Hkou mruk gh etcwr

jgsxkA blfy, iz;kl ;g fd;k tkrk gS fd feV~Vh vf/kdkf/kd fpduh gksA dHkh&dHkh fpduh yky feV~Vh

Hkh feykbZ tkrh gSA eafnjksa dh gh Hkk¡fr mM+n dh nky dh filkbZ dj Hkouksa esa mldk iz;ksx gksus dh ckr

Hkh lqukbZ nsrh gS ijUrq bldk fo’oluh; izek.k ugha fey ik;k gSA lEiUu yksx gh bldk iz;ksx djrs

gksaxsA xgr dh nky dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA ;g ckr Hkh dbZ cqtqXkksZ us crkbZ gSA iykLrj ds :Ik esa

iz;qDr gksus okyk xkjk vo’; dqN fo’ks”k izdkj dk gksrk gSA blesa xk; dk xkscj Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk

ldrk FkkA feV~Vh esa xsgw¡ dh Hkwlh] fi:y ¼phM+ ds iRrs½ ckchyk ?kkl dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA ;g loZEkkU;

rF; gS fd bl izdkj dh lkexzh ds feykus ls xkjs dh etcwrh vkSj tksM+us dh {kerk esaa o`fn~/k gks tkrh

gSA iky dks nhed ls cpkus ds fy;s mlesa laxq.k ¼Dicranopteris linuaris½ uked QUkZ dks dkV&dkV

dj feJ.k esa feyk nsrs gSA edku ds ckg~; Hkkx esa iyLrj djus dk izpyu ugha FkkA vUn:uh fgLlksa esa

iyLrj xkjs ls gh fd;k tkrk FkkA nhokj ij xksCkj feyh feV~Vh dh eksVh rg dk iyLrj p<+kdj ml ij

xkscj ls fyikbZ dh tkrh vkSj desV feV~Vh ls iksr fn;k tkrkA Hkou dk Q’kZ iky dgykrk gS vkSj

bldks Hkh feV~Vh] /kku dh Hkwlh&phyk] o xkscj dh feJ.k ls gh cuk;k tkrk gSA ysfdu ;gk¡ fyikbZ ds

fy, xkscj vkSj fpdu yky feV~Vh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ydM+h dk iz;ksx Hkouksa esa cgqrk;r ls fd;k

tkrk gSA ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa ouksa dh O;kidrk ds dkj.k ydM+h dh dHkh deh ughaa jgh A ydM+h ds iz;ksx ls

edku u dsoy gYds gks x;s oju bl {ks= esa gks jgs HkwdEih; ifjorZuksa dks Hkh ,sls edku vklkuh ls >sy

ldrs gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd nks&nks lkS lky ls T;knk iqjkus Hkou vkt Hkh vts; nqXkZ dh rjg [kM+s fn[kkbZ

nsrs gSA

ydM+h vf/kdka’k rqu] nsonkj vFkok phM+ dh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA fcrS.k uked o`{k dh ydM+h Hkh Hkou

fuekZ.k esa iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA dgk tkrk gS fd fcrS.k vkSj mlesa dhM+k Hkh ugha yxrkA njokts ds Åij

yxus okys iVko esa bl ydM+h dk iz;ksx T;knk gksrk gSA njokts dh pkS[kVas rqu ¼Toona ciliata½ dh

cuk;h tkrh gSA uDdk’kh dk dke vf/kdka’kr% rqu ij gksrk gSA tgk¡ rd iRFkjksa dk iz’u gS fd iRFkjksa esa

xzsukbV] DokV~Zt iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSA iRFkj eSnkuh {ks=ks ls vk;kfrr ugha gksrk] LFkkuh; iRFkjksa dk gh

iz;ksx gksrk jgk gSA lokZf/kd ftl iRFkj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS og esan iRFkj ;k <q³ gSA bu iRFkjksa dks

LFkkuh; Hkk”kk esa dVkas] dejl vkSj lkxj uke fn;s x;s gSA ;g iRFkj fpukbZ esa vklku gS vkSj dVus esa

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ftruk ljy mruk gh {kerk esa lqn`<+ Hkh gSA Nrksa esaa yxus okys pkSMs+ ijUrq de eksVs LysV tSls iVky ;k

iRFkj dgs tkrs gSA xqly[kkus ;k diMs+ /kksus ds fy, ftu iRFkjksaa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS os dkQh cMs++

gksrs gSA vke rkSj ij rhu QqV rd pkSMs+ vkSj ikap QqV rd YkEcsA bUgaas FkM+ dgk tkrk gSA vk¡xu ds fy,

lkekU;r% iVky vFkok FkM+ dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA og rksd dgykrk gSA fuek.kZ lkexzh dks ns[kus ls

izrhr gksrk gS fd xzsukbV dh l[r pV~Vkuksa ls dkVs x;s iRFkj gh lcls csgrj ekus x;sA pw¡fd jkt bl

is’ks dks oaa’kkuqxr ijEijk ls viuk;s gq, gSa blfy, mUgksaus ek= Nsuh&gFkkSM+s dh lgk;rk ls iRFkj dks

euksuqdwy :Ik esa <kyk vkSj iz;ksx fd;kA nhokj mBkus ds lkFk&lkFk dVkbZ NaVkbZ Hkh pyrh jghA iyLrj

djus ds fy, Hkh vkStkjksa ds :Ik esa dsoy dUUkh dh gh lgk;rk yh x;hA dHkh&dHkh Hkou fcuk xkjs ds

Hkh fufeZr djus dk izpyu jgk gSA iRFkj ds bu cM+s&cM+s VqdM+kas dks jn~nk dgrs gSA ,d ds Åij ,d

etcwrh ls tek;s x;s iRFkj ds Hkou lqn`<+rk esa lhesaV dadhV rduhdh ls fdlh izdkj ls de ugha gksrsA

uk gh budh lqUnjrk gh de gksrh gSA vkt Hkh bl ‘kSyh ds iqjkus Hkou ns[ks tk ldrs gSA iwjs fgeky;h

{ks= esa Hkou&fuekZ.k dh bl dyk esa ikjaxr f’kYih vkt Hkh ekStwn gSA ;s f’kYih fcuk lhesaV dh bl mUur

dyk esa viuh n{krk ds tc rc izek.k nsrs jgrs gSA ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa Hkwfe ry ,d leku u gksus ds dkj.k

edkuksa dh lajpuk esa Hkwry] izFke ry rFkk f}rh; ry dh fLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu gks ldrk gS] dHkh&dHkh

Hkou dk vxzHkkx Hkwry cu tkrk gS rks dHkh igkM+ dks dkVdj edku cukus ds QyLo:Ik i`”B Hkkx esa

f}rh; ry Hkwry tSlk yxrk gSA

Hkou fuekZ.k ds fy, Hkwfe dk p;u /kkfeZd vuq”Bkuksa ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gS tks izk;% dqy iqjksfgr ds

funsZ’kkuqlkj liRuhd lEiUu gksrk gSA Hkw iwtk dk ioZrh; {ks= esa fo’ks”k fof/k fo/kku gS tks uhao ds fy,

[kqnkbZ djus ls igys lEiUu gksrk gSA xzgksa dh ‘kkfUr ds fy, Hkh vuq”Bku fd;k tkrk gSA uhao dh fpukbZ

ds ckn iRFkjksa ds NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa dh Hkwfe ij ,d eksVh rg cuk;h tkrh ftldks fdlh Hkkjh oLrq nqjeqV

bR;kfn ls rc rd dwVk tkrk tc rd og lery ugha gks tk;s rFkk ;g fo’okl u gks tk;s fd ;g Hkwfe

vc uhps dh vksj cSBsxh ughaA rRi’pkr blds Åij feV~Vh dh rg fcNkdj iqu% nqjeqV dh lgk;rk ls

dwVk tkrk gSA vUr esa ikuh dk fNM+dko djds mldh iqu% dqVkbZ dh tkrh gSA blls NksVs&NksVs fNnzksa esa

Hkh xkjk Hkj tkrk gSA bl izfd;k ls Hkwry dk Q’kZ curk gSA ;fn edku dk Hkwry iVkyksaa ls fufeZr fd;k

tkrk gS rks mlds fy, Hkwfe dks igys nqjeqV ls dwV dj mlds Åij feVV~h dh rg fcNkbZ tkrh gSA

rRi’pkr fuf’pr vkdkj esa iVkysa dkV dj feVV~h dh lrg ds Åij j[kh tkrha gSA iVky ds tksM+ksa dks

xkjs ls feyk fn;k tkrk gSA ;g fo’ks”k /;ku j[kk tkrk gSa fd iVky Hkkjh vkSj lqUnj vkdkj dh gksaA

bldk iRFkj Hkh dBksj gh gksuk pkfg;sA iVkyksa dks fcNkus ds fy, ;g Hkh vko’;d gS fd Hkwfe iwjh rjg

lery gks x;h gksA blds fy, vPNs dkS’ky dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA fcuk lery djs Hkwfe ij iVky

etcwrh ls ugha tqM+s jg ldrsA leryhdj.k ns[kus ds fy;s lwr ds /kkxs dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gSA

Ekdku esa yxk;h tkus okyh ydM+h dh lcls Hkkjh vkd`fr Hkjk~.k ¼beam½ gksrh gS ftlds fy;s fcuk yhlk

fudkys phM+ ¼pinus roxburghii½ dk ruk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bldks nks rjQ ls NhYk fy;k tkrk gS bl

rjg ;g pkjksa vksj ls lery gks tkrk gSA tc fdlh edku esa Hkjk~.k yxkuk gksrk rks iwjk xk¡o gh

167

dHkh&dHkh fueaf=r fd;k tkrk gSA Hkjk~.k yxkus ds fy, xk¡o ds ukStoku tks ‘kjhj ls g”Viq”V gksrs] fo’ks”k

:Ik ls vkrs gSA ;g xk¡o dh ,drk vkSj lkewfgdrk dk Hkh izrhd gSA Hkjk.ks ykus ds fy, rus ds nksuksa

vksj ckfcys dh jLlh ck¡/k dj lkSds ¼nks cfYy;ka½ mlesa cka/kh tkrh gSA vkSj dU/ks ij bu cfYy;ksa dks j[k

dj xksB rd yk;k tkrk gSA Hkjk.ks dks xksB esa Hkyh izdkj ls {kSfrt yxkdj mls nksuksa nhokjksa ds chp

Qalk fn;k tkrk gSA Hkjk.ks okys isM+ dh TkM+ okyk fgLlk if’pe dh vksj rFkk isM+ dk ‘kh”kZ&Hkkx iwjc dh

vksj yxk;k tkrk gSA HkjkM+s la[;k esa ,d ls vf/kd Hkh gks ldrs gSA HkjkM+s dks Vsd nsus ds fy;s FkqeM+h

yxk;h tkrh gSA FkqeM+h Hkjk~.k dks Vsd nsus ds fy;s vk/kkj aLrEHkksa dk dk;Z djrh gSA ftl o`{k ij otzikr

gks pqdk gks mldh ydM+h dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA phM+ o`{kksa ds rus iytw dgykrs gSA phM+ ds gh

NksVs&NksVs o`{kksa dks cquh dgk tkrk gSA bu NksVs&NksVs o`{kksa dks chp ls QkM+ dj Hkj.ks vkSj nhokj ds chp

iytw j[ks tkrs gSA budh nwjh nks QqV rd gks ldrh gSA budk ,d fljk nhokj ij rFkk nwljk Hkjk~.ks ij

vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA buds Åij phM+ ds r[rs ftUgs QM+fd;kVs dgk tkrk gS] j[ks tkrs gSA nks eafty esa

nhokj ls ckgj dh vksj QM+fd;kVksa ds uhps ydM+h dh cfYy;ksa ds Hkkx fudys jgrs gSA os rksMs+ tSls Hkkx

nqunkj dgykrs gSA cYyh ij txg&txg bl izdkj ls dVkbZ&N¡VkbZ dh tkrh gS fd cquh etcwrh ls CkSB

tk;sA r[rksa dks yxkus esa dq’kyrk dk ifjp; fn;k tkrk gS ftlls blesa lqUnjrk vk tk;sA budks yksgs

dh cM+h dhyksa ls tM+ fn;k tkrk gSA xksB esa iytw ckgj dh vksj ugha fudkys tkrs gSA

xksB ds ckgj tk~o tkys cukus dk izpyu gS blesa xksew= j[kk tkrk gS ftlls x`g izos’k ds le; xksew=

‘kq+)rk ds fy, ‘kjhj ij fNM+dk tk ldsA xksB dh nsgyh xksBEcko dgykrh gSA xksB ds njokts esa ydM+h

dk ,d lqj{kkRed ;a= tSlk cuk;k tkrk gSA bldks yxkus ds fy, njokts esa ckfcyk ?kkl dk Qank cuk

dj Qkalk tkrk gSA dikV dks Q¡lkus ds fy, vkM+k uked ydM+h dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dikVksa esaa Nsn

dh O;oLFkk gksrh gS D;ksafd ck?k tSlk pkykd tkudj ckgj ls vkM+k gVk ldrk gSA blfy, dikVksa esa

gkFk Mkydj mls Hkyh izdkj ls cUn dj fn;k tkrk gSA bls gw/kj dgk tkrk gSA xksB esa tkuojksa dks

cka/kus ds fy, fdy cuk;s tkrs FksA phM+ ds fdys etcwr fdLe ds rus gksrs gSaA buesa jLlh ds Qans iM+s

jgrs gSaA fdys~ ds fljs Qanksa esa Q¡lk;s tkus ds fy, O;oLFkk gksrh gSA edku esa vukt ihlus ds fy,

pk[kk ¼pDdh½ dh LFkkiuk Hkh ,d vko’;d dk;Z ekuk x;k gSA igys vks[kyh edku ls gVkdj Hkh cukbZ

tkrh Fkh ijUrq vc vkaxu esa vks[kyh dh O;oLFkk edku dk vfuok;Z vax ekuk tkrk gSA vkaxu dks

dHkh&dHkh iVkyksa dh fofHkUu izdkj dh fMtkbu ls Hkh ltk;k tkrk gSA vkaxu ls uhps [ksr esa mrjus ds

fy, iRFkj nhokj esa Qalk;s tkrs gSA

izk;% vkVk ihlus ds fy, pDdh dh LFkkiuk Hkwry] xksB~eky ;k pk[k ds ,d dksus esa dh tkrh gSA dejs

dks xeZ j[kus ds fy, jkSu ¼fire place½ dh O;oLFkk gksrh gSA ;g Hkh fEkV~Vh ls gh cuk;k tkrk gSA

ysfdu /kq¡vk nhokj dh lrg ds vUnj cuk;s x;s fNnz esa ls ckgj fudyus dh O;oLFkk bl izdkj ls dh

tkrh gS fd jkSu dk eq¡g Nr ij [kqyrk gSA blesa vkx tyk dj u dsoy pk[k dks xeZ j[kk tkrk gS oju

iwjk edku gh xeZ gksrk gSA dbZ ckj pk[k esa Hkwry ls lh/ks [kksyh ds vfrfjDr vUnj dh vksj ls jkLrk

168

cuk;k tkrk gSA ;g izk;% ydM+h ds NksVs&NksVs Rk[rksa dh lgk;rk ls cuk;k tkrk gSA bls njkM+ dgrs gSA

njkM+ ds Åij taxyk tSlk ydMh+ dh lajpuk cuk;s tkus dk Hkh izpyu FkkA pk[k esa ikuh j[kus ds

fy;s]nhokj esa i.;wV cuk;h tkrs gS] budk vkdj cM+s tkys dh rjg gksrk gSA i.;wV dh Å¡pkbZ bruh

j[kh tkrh gS fd ikuh bR;kfn cPPkksa dh igq¡p ls nwj jgsA dwekZpyh; edkuksa ds jlksbZ /kj esa ‘kq++)/krk dh

vksj fo’ks”k /;ku fn;k tkrk gS blfy, Hkkstu ds fy, pwYgs feV~Vh ds cuk;s tkrs gSA ftu pwYgksa esa Åij

ls feV~Vh ds mHkkj mBs gksrs gS] ftuls vkx /kqvka ckgj fudy lds] mUgsa xY;wV dgk tkrk gSA pkSds esa

cSBus ds fy, vVkjh ,slk iwoZ fuf’pr LFkku Fkk ftlesa CkSB dj Hkkstu fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ftu yksxksa ds

ozrca/k ugha gksrs ,sls yksxksa dks Hkkstu ds fy, vVkjh Lohd`r txg ugha gSA bUgas jlksbZ ls ckgj Hkkstu

djok;k tkrk gSA [kksyh dh yEckbZ Hkou ds vkdkj ds vuqlkj fuf’pr dh tkrh gSA [kksyh Hkou Lokeh

dh lEiUurk dk Hkh izrhd gSA blfy, bls izk;% fo’kky j[kus dk iz;kl gksrk gSA [kksyh dqN Å¡pkbZ ij

cuk;h tkrh gSA blds fy, [kksyh fuekZ.k ls igys ,d oXkkZdkj vFkok vk;rkdkj pcwrjk cuk fn;k tkrk

tks vUnj dh vksj bl izdkj fufeZr fd;k tkrk gSA fd dqN txg NwV tk;sA rc lqfo/kkuqlkj lhf<+;k¡

cuk;h tkrh gSA [kksyh cuus ls lhf<+;ks ds ihNs tks LFkku cprk og dqBsM+h dgykrk gSA blesa Hkh Qkyrw

lkeku j[kus dh O;oLFkk gksrh gSA NRk dks Ikk[k dgrs gSA blds fuekZ.k ds fy, chp dk fljk ftlesa eq[;

cYyh &/kqjh Qalrh gS og e/; dh vksj vU; LFkkuksa ls Å¡pk gksrk gSA blds fdukjksa ij nks fo’kkydk;

ckals j[ksa tkrs gSA vU; ckals FkksM+s de nwjh ij gksrs gSA ckalks ds Åij yEcor nqunkj j[ks tkrs gSA fjDr

LFkku dks phM+ ds NksVs&NksVs QkM+s gq, ruksa ls Hkj fn;k tkrk gSA

Ckkgjh nhokjsa ftUgsa nU;kjh dgk tkrk gS] ds Åij pkSdksj iVky j[kdj mUgsa Š&ƒŒ bap ckgj j[kk tkrk

gSA iVkyksa dks ,d nqljs ds Åij j[kdj tksM+us dk izpyu lokZf/kd feyrk gSA blds ckn xkjk j[kdj

lwr dh lgk;rk ls dkjhxj fuf’pr <ky cukrs gSA ,d iVky ds Åij nwljh iVky j[k dj ikuh dk

fjlko vUnj dh vksj u gks ik;s oju og ckgj ls gh fudy tk;s] ,slh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA jlksbZ/kj ds

Åij lfCt;ksa vkfn dks lq[kkus ds fy, o leku j[kus ds fy;s ,d Å¡pk LFkku cuk;k tkrk gS ftls

HkjikVh dgrs gSA ik[k esa jlksbZ ls /kq¡vk fudyus ds fy, /kw?kj dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gS tks vkd`fr esa

fpeuh tSlk gksrk gSA blds Åij Hkh ,d iVky j[kh tkrh gS ftlls cjlkr dk ikuh vkfn jlksbZ esa u

vk ldsA blds lkFk gh iVkyksa esa ,slh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gS fd dqN NksVh&NksVh f[kM+fd;ka cu tk;ssa tks

vLFkkbZ :Ik ls [kqy vkSj cUn gks ldrh gksA blds fy, ljdkus okyh iVky dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bls tk~o

dgk tkrk gSA pk[k dh ckg~; nhokj esa e/kqefD[k;ksa ds fy;s ^ekSu dk tkyk^ cukus dh izFkk gSA pk[k ds

vUnj dh vksj [kksyus cUn djus ds fy;s r[rk yxkdj mls feV~Vh ls yhi nsrs gSA [kksyh esa vUnj dh

vksj nsgyh ds Åij ydM+h dk ^nsbZ ekFk^ cukus dh ijEijk gSA blesa [ksrksa ls dke dj okil ykSVus ij

vkStkj Hkh j[ks tkrs gSA

Hkouksa dk dk”B f’kYi & izkxSfrgkfld ekuo ds dne T;ksa&T;ksa lH;rk dh vksj c<+s mldh igyh utj

ydM+h ij iM+h tks viuh izd`fr ds dkj.k ekuo vkJ;ksa ds vfHkizk; x<+us ds fy, dgha T;knk mi;qDr

169

FkhA T;ksa&T;ksa ekuo dk dyk vkSj vaydj.kksa ds izfr >qdko Ck<+rk x;k mlus dkykUrj esa viuas vkokl dks

HkO; :Ik nsuk izkjEHk fd;kA ckn esa rks dk”B dyk us ,d fo/kk dk gh :Ik ys fy;kA lkfgR; esa _Xosn ds

vfrfjDr vFkZoosn esa Hkh mifer] izfrfer ,ao ifjfer vkfn ‘kCnksa ls dk”B dh ‘kgrhjksa dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa

dk irk pyrk gSA tks [kMs+] iMs+ vFkok frjNs gksrs FksA ;K’kkykvksa esa yxs LrEHk fo”[kac] [kaHk ;k L;k.kq

ydM+h ds gksrs FksA dHkh ydM+h ds dkjhxj vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ ,ao lEekutud fLFkfr esa Fks D;ksafd ;q+)

jFkksa dk fuekZ.k buds }kjk gh fd;k tkrk FkkA euq ds le; rd budk tkrh; Lo:Ik fuf’pr gks x;k FkkA

lw=/kkj ‘kCn dk izpyu izeq[kr% dk”B f’kfYi;ksa ds fy, gh gqvk gSA f’kYilw= vkSj o`gRlafgrk LFkkiR; dh

tkudkjh nsus okys izkphu xzaFk gSA ftuesa Hkou ds fy, iz;qDr dh tkus okyh dk”B ds fy, o`{k dks

/kjk’kk;h djus] dk”B deZ ds fy, ‘kgrhjksa dks rS;kj djus rFkk fofHkUUk mi;ksa ds fy, dk”B ds pquko dh

foLr`r tkudkjh nh x;h gSA ydM+h dh izd`fr ‘kh/kz u”V gksus dh gS bl dkj.k izphu le; esa fd;s x;s

dk”B f’kYi ds izek.k i;kZIr ek=k esa miyC/k ugha gSa rks Hkh ,sfrgkfld ,ao lkfgfR;d vk/kkjksa ij dgk tk

ldrk gS fd rRdkyhu Hkouksa esa lkSUn;Z o`f) djus ds fy, vyad`r dk”B xok{k rFkk izos’k}kj cukus dh

izFkk izpfyr FkhA ex/ka ds jktegyksa ds Lo.kZ [kfpr n~okj vkSj LrEHkksa dk o.kZu ,sfrgkfld :Ik ls ekStwn

gSA vtark tSls izkphu xqgk eafnjksa ds dk”B f’kYi n’kZuh; gSA

ioZrh; {ks=ksa ds xzkeh.k ifjos’k esaa vkt Hkh iqjkus njokts vkSj f[kM+fd;ka ftuds Åij eghu uDdk’kh dh

x;h gS] ekStwn gSA ;|fi izek.k dh n`f”V ls ;gk¡ Hkh izkphu lk{; vYi gh gS fQj Hkh yk[kkeaMy ¼x<+oky½

ds dk”B N= vkSj pEikor ls izkIr dk”BfufeZr izfrek i;kZIr izkphu ekuh tkrh gSA x<+oky eaMy dk

fVgjh]mÙkjdk’kh vkSj peksyh tuin rFkk dqekÅ¡ eaMy esa vYeksM+k vkSj fiFkkSjkx<+ tuin dk”B uDdk’kh

dh n`f”V ls le`) gS ysfdu uSuhrky tuin esa dk”B uDdk’kh dk dk;Z mruh izpqjrk ls ugha gqvk gSA

ioZrh; {ks= ds izkphu eafnjksa esa N= vFkok fctkSjk fufeZr djus dh ijEejk Hkh Ik;kZIr iqjkuh gSA bu fctkSjkas

dh ‘kSyh vkSj Hkouksa ds xok{kksa dh ‘kSyh esa Ik;kZIr lkE; gSA ioZrh; {ks=ksa iqjkus Hkouksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh

T;knkrj dk”B iz;ksx ls gh gqvk gSA ,d rks bl {ks= esa gYds Hkouksa dh ;gk¡ dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr;ksa ds

dkj.k t:jr jgh nqljs bl bykds esa dk”B Hkh izpqjrk ls miyC/k FkhA bl dkj.k ckg~; lajpuk rks

vf/kdka’kr% ydM+h dh gh cuk;h tkrh FkhA uDdk’kh ds fy, iz;qDr gksus okyh dk”B izk;% fcuk yhlk

fudkys phM+ vFkok nsonkj ;k rqu dh gksrh FkhA mÙkjdk’kh ds Hkouksa esa v[kjksV dh ydM+h iz;ksx djus dh

ckr Hkh tkudkjh esa vk;h gSA nsonkj dh ydM+h dh ifo=rk vkSj mlds ‘kh?kz [kjkc u gksus ds xq.k ds

dkj.k bldk iz;ksx cgqrk;r ls gqvk tcfd phM+ dh ydM+h ds ‘kgrhj vk/kkj ds fy, iz;qDr gksrs FksA ;gk¡

ds Hkouksa esa f[kM+fd;ka] njokts pkS[kVksa bR;kfn ds vfrfjDr dHkh&dHkh nwljh eafty ij tkus okyh vUnj

dh lh<+h vkSj Q’kZ Hkh YkdM+h ds r[rksa dk gh cuk;k tkrk gSA nks eafty Hkouksa ds Q’kZ dks Hkh r[rksa ls

Nk¡o dj mu ij feV~Vh dh iky fcNkbZ tkrh FkhA

edku ds pk[k ;k ckg~;d{k esa izos’k djus ds fy, cuk izos’k }kj [kksyh dgykrk gSA [kksyh dh la[;k

Hkou dh fo’kkyrk ds vk/kkj ij ,d ls vf/kd Hkh gks ldrh gSA ;g izk;% rhu ls lk<+s rhu QqV pkSM+h

rFkk lkr ;k vkB fQV Å¡ph gks ldrh gSA izos’k }kj ds eq[; LrEHk }kjd[kke dgykrs gSA blds Åij

170

dh pkSdksj ‘kgrhj dks tks izk;% „Œ ls „‡ lseh‐ rd pkSM+h gks ldrh gS] iVko dgrs gSA iVko ds ckg~;

ifjdj ij nso vkd`fr;ka mRdh.kZ dh tkrh gSA vf/kdka’k vkd`fr;ka bl iVko ij mRdh.kZ dh tkrh gSA

vkf/kdka’k vkd`fr;ka bl iVko ij mRdh.kZ oxkZdkj mHkkj okys gkf’k;s ds vUnj gksrh gSA oxkZdkj [kaMksa dh

la[;k izk;% fo”ke gksrh gS] ;fn le la[;k esa [kaM cuk;s tkrs gS rks vUnj dh vksj ds [kaM nsokd`fr;ksa ls

lts gksrs gSA b/kj&m/kj QqYy in~e csycwVs cukdj bu iSuyksa dks HkO; :Ik fn;k tkrk gSA eafnjksaa ds

yykV fcEc dh rjg ;gk¡ Hkh ije fo?us’oj x.ks’k }kj ds iVko ij izpqjrk ls miyC/k jgrs gSA iVko dk

Åijh fdukjk vis{kkd`r de pkSM+h ftl dk”B dh cYyh ls tqM+k gksrk gS] og xYrdje’kky dgykrh gSA

blds Åij dHkh lkns rks dHkh fofHkUu Ik’kq&i{kh ln`’k rksMs+ yxk;s tkrs gSA Hkou ds vUnj ds ‘ks”k }kj

Eoky dgykrs gSA buij [kksyh dh vis{kk vyadj.k de gksrs gSA

ckg~; xok{k ;k f[kM+fd;ka Ja[kyk esa cuk;h tkrh gSA ;s vyx&vyx [kaMks esa foHkDr gksrh gSA vaf/kdka’k

f[kM+fd;ksa dk uhps dk ,d frgkbZ Hkkx cUn jgrk gSA ;fn ;g Hkkx cUn ugha gksrk rks xok{k Nktk

dgykrk gSA ;g lw;Z iFk dze esa jgrk gSA Åij dh ‘ks”k lajpuk }kj vFkok [kksyh ls lkE; j[krh gSA

f[kM+fd;ksa dh egjkcsa v/kZpUnzkdkj gks ldrh gSA budks Hkh i= iq”iksa ds vfrfjDr nsovkd`fr;ksa ls vyad`r

fd;k tkrk gSA esgjkcsa dbZ nqdM+ks esa cukdj Åijh pkS[kV esa bl izdkj ls tksM+ nh tkrh gS fd muds

tksM+ lkekU;r% fn[kkbzZ ugha nsrsA uewuksa ds tksM+ Hkh vkil esa ckjhdh ls fey tkrs gSA [kksyh dh yEcor

lajpuk dks dVko nsdj ifV~V;ksa esa ckaVk tkrk gSA njokts ds vkdkj ds vuqlkj blesa Hkkjh otu ds }kjd

[kke ¼}kj LrEHk½ yxkus ds fy, ,slk ruk NkaVk tkrk gS ftldh eksVkbZ Ik;kZIr gks rFkk og etcwr dikVksa

dks laHkkyk ldsA yEckbZ ds vuqlkj bldks lkr rd yEcor ifV~V;ksa esa rjk’k fn;k tkrk gSA nhokj ls

lVh iÍh dks dbZ ckj i=ofYy;ksa ls [kfpr fd;k tkrk gSA vUrjax dVkoksa dks lkB va’k rd vUnj dh

vksj dkVk tkrk gSA budks Hkh i=kofy;ksa ls vyad`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA }kjd[kke dks e/; esa Åij dh

vksj esgjkc ls tksM+ dj ltk;k tkrk gSA n~okjd [kke esa uhps dh vksj ekaxfyd izrhd ?kM+s dks i=iq”iksa ls

ltk dj ?kViYyo&cuk;k tkrk gSA dbZ ckj /kViYyo da/ks dh Å¡pkbZ rd Hkh cuk;s tkrs gSA njoktksa dk

tqM+ko nsgyh vkSj iVko esa Nsn dj ydM+h dh ,d fof’k”V ‘kSyh esa fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa yksgs ds dCtksa

dk vHkko gksrk gSA njokts ls tqM+h dk”B /kqjh dk dk;Z djrh gSA

iVko nhokj ds vUnj }kjd [kke dks vk/kkj nsus dk dk;Z djrk gS blfy, vUnj dh vksj ;g nks fQV

rd pkSM+k gks ldrk gSA iwjk iVko ,d gh ‘kgrhj dk cuk gksrk gSA blds Åij ds fdukjs ls feys gq,

LFkku ij fpfM+;ksa ds ?kksalys cukus ds fy, txg NksM+h tkrh gSA xYrdje’kky dks vyad`r ugha fd;k

tkrkA rksM+s ;fn vyad`r fd;s tkrs gS rks muesa fofHkUUk Ik’kq if{k;ksa dh vkd`fr;ka fu:fir dh tkrh gSA

buesa gkFkh] /kksMs] eksj] rksrk] ukx vFkok dbzZ ckj O;k/kz izeq[k gS tks ns[kus esa ,slk yxrk gS tSls vUnj dh

cfRy;ksa dk fgLlk gh rksM+ks esaa cny x;k gksA

dikV dkQh Hkkjh gksrs gSA buesa dHkh lkns rks dHkh iq”Ik yrk;sa] jktiq:”k] efgyk,s] ’kL=/kkjh ;ks)k] guqeku]

x.ks’k] v’o] xt] flag] ;qxy rksrs] eNyh] n’kkorkj vkfn vafdr fd;s tkrs gSA

171

edku dk forku Hkh dk”B iSuyksa vFkok lksiku cuk dj iw.kZ fodflr deyny ls vkPNkfnr fd;k tkrk

gSA dHkh&dHkh oxkZdkj ydM+h ds r[rksa ij iq”i bR;kfn cukdj mUgsa Nr esa TkM+ fn;k tkrk gSA vYeksM+k

cktkj esa yxh ,slh Nrsa n`”VO; gSA buesa oxkZdkj [kaM cukdj QqYy dey [kfpr fd;s x;s gSA edkuksa ds

ckg~; Hkkxksa dks dHkh&dHkh iwjh rjg dk”B dh ifV~V;ksa ls bl izdkj ls vkPNkfnr fd;k tkrk Fkk fd

mlesa f[kM+dh ln`’k vkd`fr;ksa vkSj okLrfod f[kM+fd;ksa nksuksa dks fufeZr fd;k tk lds rFkk nksuks esa vURkj

djus ds fy, yxk;h x;h iV~Vh ij Åij ls uhps dh vksj FkksM+h&FkksM+h nwj ij nsork vkSj csycwVs vafdr

fd;s tk ldsaA buesa izeq[k :Ik lsa xnk/kkjh guqeku] nqxkZ ds fofHkUu :Ik cuk;s tkrs gSA cM+h f[kM+fd;ksa ds

iVks esa pkjksa vksj ls vyad`r >jks[kk Hkh cuk;k tkrk FkkA dbZ ckj bls vyad`r tkyh ls cUn fd;k tkrk

gSA vyad`r iVksa esa nsoky;ksa ds y?kq :Ik Hkh cuk;s tkrs gSA bl lewps fuekZ.k ds fy, iwjs ckg~; ifjdj dks

N% fgLlksa esa foHkDr tSlk fd;k tkrk gSA blh ds vuqlkj vxy&cxy] Åij uhps f[kM+fd;ka cuk;h tkrh

FkhA

iVko esa QqYy in~e ds vfrfjDr Hkh eRL;korkj]okjkgvorkj] flagokfguh nqxkZ] xnk/kkjh guqeku] xqynLrk]

v”Vdks.kh;a= vkfn Hkh ik;s tkrs gSA vYeksM+k fLFkr foosdkuan fo|keafnj ds Hkou esa lqUnaj okjkg vorkj

dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA dbZ txg ujflag vorkj o ekSnd /kkj.k fd;s x.ks’k gSaA oSls fo/us’oj x.ks’k dk

lkekU; vadu izpqj :Ik ls gSA vf/kdka’k iVkoksa esa x.ks’k ds nksuksa vksj nsork fo|eku gSA rksM+s lokZf/kd

xt:i] mlds ckn v’o:i]vUr esa ukx ln`’k gSA jktdh; laxzgky; vYeksM+k dh [kksyh esa jkey{e.k dks

LdU/kksa ij cSBk;s guqeku n’kZuh; gSA dgha&dgha gkfFk;ksa ls ;qDr nhik/kkj ds vk/kkj LrEHk dk”B dyk dh

ckjhdh n’kkZrs gSaA ;nkdnk rksM+ks ij urZfd;ksa dks ltk;k x;k gSA ysfdu oulaj{k.k vf/kfu;e ds dkj.k

orZeku esa ioZrh; {ks= Hkh ydM+h dh deh dk ladV >sy jgk gS blfy, Hkou fuekZ.k dk ijEijkxr dk;Z

;gk¡ Hkh yqIr gksrk tk jgk gSA

lUnHkZ &

ƒ‐ ik.Ms cnzhnÙk% dqekÅ¡ dk bfrgkl ƒƒ‹Œ % ƒƒƒ

„‐ tks’kh iz;kxnÙk % dqekÅ¡&x<+oky dh yksdxkFkk;sa ƒ‹‹Œ % „‹

…‐ tks’kh ogh % rnSo % „‹

†‐ tks’kh enu eksgu % vYeksM+k uxj ds Hkouksa dk okLrq ‘kkL+=h; v/;;u ¼y?kq ‘kks/k izcU/k½ & vizdkf’kr

172

dqekÅ¡ e.My esa dR;wj dkyhu ewfrZf’kYi

dSyk’k flag

vuqlaf/kRlq] fp=dyk foHkkx

dqñfoñfoñ] ,lñ,lñtsñ] ifjlj] vYeksM+k

lkroha lnh ds mRrjk)Z esa mÙkjk[k.M esa dR;wjh jktoa’k dk vH;wn; gqvk] ftlus lkroha lnh

ds mÙkjk)Z ls X;kjgoha lnh rd ’kklu fd;kA1 yxHkx 9oh ls 10oh ’krkCnh ds e/; tc

dR;wjh jktoa’k vius pjeksRd"kZ ij Fkk] rc budk lkezkT; lEiw.kZ mÙkjk[k.M o if’peh

usiky esa QSyk FkkA2 vfHkys[kh; lk{;ksa o f’kYi vo’ks"kksa ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd budh ’kklu

iz.kkyh fdruh lqlaxfBr FkhA bUgha vo’ks"kksa ls budh vkfFkZd lEiUurk o /kkfeZd izo`fÙk;ksa dk

Hkh lgt gh vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA dR;wfj;ksa }kjk efUnjksa] ewfrZ;ksa] ukSys ¼tyk’k;½

vkfn dk cgqrk;r ls fuekZ.k djok;k x;kA muds }kjk fufeZr lSdM+ksa nsoky; o muesa

LFkkfir ewfrZf’kYi vkt Hkh muds xkSjo rFkk dykfiz;rk dh xkFkk lquk jgs gaSA

;¡w rks mÙkjk[k.M esa ewfrZf’kYi dk fodkl bZlk dh rhljh ’krkCnh ls gksus yxk] 3 fdUrq dqekÅ¡

esa LFkkiR; dyk o ewfrZdyk dk okLrfod vkjEHk dR;wj dky ls gh ekuk tkrk gSA4 lk{;ksa ls

Kkr gS fd ;g dky jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd o dyk ds mRd"kZ dk dky Fkk] blhfy, fo}kuksa o

bfrgkldkjksa }kjk dR;wjh jktoa’k ds dky dks dqekÅ¡ ds bfrgkl dk egRoiw.kZ o **Lof.kZe

dky** dgk x;k gSA dR;wjh jktoa’k ds ’kkldksa }kjk vius lEiw.kZ jkT; {ks= esa lSdM+ksa nsoky;

cuok, x,A ftuesa ls dqekÅ¡ esa tkxs’oj] dVkjey dk lw;Z efUnj] }kjkgkV efUnj lewg]

cStukFk efUnj lewg] ckxs’oj vkfn rRdkyhu dyk ds vuqie mnkgj.k gSaA ;s lHkh efUnj

LFkkuh; cyqvk izLrj ls fufeZr g]Sa ftuesa nsoh&nsorkvksa dks izfr"Bkfir fd;k x;k gS rFkk

mUgsa vyadj.kkRed vfHkizk;ksa ls lqlfTtr fd;k x;k gSA

fo"k; & **izfr"Bk laxzg** uked xzUFk esa izfrek dks efUnj :ih ’kjhj dh vkRek dgk x;k gS

¼izzfrek tho mPp;rs½A5 ftl izdkj fcuk vkRek ds ’kjhj fu"izk.k gS mlh izdkj cxSj ewfrZ

LFkkiuk ds efUnj Hkh fu"iz;ksT; gSaA dR;wj dkyhu dq’ky LFkkifr;ksa }kjk fufeZr bu vuqie

okLrq’kSyh ds nsoky;ksa dks ewfrZ f’kfYi;ksa us thoUr djus dk dk;Z cM+h dq’kyrk iwoZd fd;k

gSA efUnjksa ds xHkZ x`g esa nso izfrek,a izfr"Bkfir dh xbZ gSA lkFk gh }kj LrEHkksa rFkk fHkfÙk

173

iVyksa dks Hkh ukuk izdkj ds nsoh&nsorkvksa rFkk vU; vyadj.kkRed vfHkizk;ksa }kjk lqlfTtr

fd;k x;k gS] tks muds f’kYi dkS’ky ds ifjpk;d gSA

dR;wjh efUnjksa esa lokZf/kd efUnj Hkxoku f’ko ls lEcfU/kr gS] blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd

e/; fgeky; ds bl Hkw&Hkkx ds dR;wjh ’kkld 'kSo FksA 'kSo ds vfrfjDr muds efUnjksa esa

oS".ko lEiznk; dk Hkh vn~Hkqr vadu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA

dR;wjh ’kkld f’koiq= dkfÙkZds; dks viuk j{kd ekurs FksA6 buds nsoky;ksa esa dkfÙkZds; dh

vyx&vyx izdkj dh ewfrZ;k¡ ik;h xbZ gSaA ftuesa ,d eq[kh o prqHkqZth rhu eq[kh o f}Hkqth

rFkk ,d eq[kh o f}Hkqth eqfrZ;k¡ gSaA lkFk esa loZ= buds okgu eksj dk vadu Hkh ns[kus dks

feyrk gSA

f’ko ds vB~Bkblosa vorkj ydqfy’k dh izfrek,a bl vapy esa vR;f/kd la[;k esa izkIr gqbZ gSaA

dR;wjh ’kkldksa ds le; ydqfy’k lEiznk; vR;f/kd Qyk&QwykA m/oZ fyax] ,d gkFk esa MaMk

fy, nsork dk vadu efUnj dh ’kqdukl] jfFkdkvksa esa vFkok LorU= :i ls fd;k x;k gSA7

dR;wj dky esa lw;Z izfrekvksa dk fuek.kZ Hkh izpqjrk ls gqvk gSA buds vf/kdka’k nsoky;ksa esa

lw;Z izfrek ns[kus dks feyrh gSA lw;Z nso ds i`Fkd :i ls iz/kku nsoky; Hkh fufeZr fd, x,

gSaA dVkjey ¼vYeksM+k½ dk lw;Z efUnj ,slk gh iz/kku nsoky; gS] ftls **cM+kfnR;** uke ls Hkh

tkuk tkrk gSA lw;Z izfrek,a jFkk:<]+ LFkkud o vkluLFk eqnzkvksa esa feyrh gSaA dbZ txg

lw;Z nso dk vadu uoxzgksa dh iafDr esa Hkh fd;k x;k gSA lkFk gh lw;Z izfrekvksa dks nsoky;ksa

ds }kj LrEHkksa rFkk ckgjh fHkfÙk;ksa ij Hkh mRdh.kZ fd;k x;k gSA

buds vfrfjDr dR;wj dky esa ’ks"k’kk;h y{ehukjk;.k] n’kkorkj] f’ko&ikoZrh] efg"kklqjefnZuh]

ekf=dkvksa] u`flag] x.ks’k] dqcsj] uoxzg] uUnh vkfn nsoh&nsorkvksa dk mRd`"V vadu ns[kus dks

feyrk gSA

miknku & dR;wj dky esa rhu miknkuksa ls ewfrZ fuekZ.k fd, tkus ds izek.k gaSA izFke izLrj]

nwljk /kkrq] rhljk dk"BA izLrjk/kkfjr ewfrZf’kYi lokZf/kd la[;k esa miyC) gSaA /kkRok/kkfjr o

dk"Bk/kkfjr ewfrZ f’kYiksa dh la[;k cgqr de gSA

izLrjk/kkfjr ewfrZf’kYi LFkkuh; cyqvk izLrjksa ls fufeZr gaSA buesa Ik;kZIr fHkUurk ns[kus dks

feyrh gSA vYkx&vyx LFkkuksa ls izkIr izLrjksa ds jaxksa o cukoV esa fHkUurk gSA buesa lokZf/kd

:i ls Hkwjh] uhyh ;k gjh >kbaZ okys izLrjksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA d.kksa dh cukoV ds

vk/kkj ij Hkh izLrjksa esa fHkUurk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA dqN eksVs d.k okys gSa ftUgsa LFkkuh;

174

Hkk"kk esa *ekssVh vk¡[k okyk iRFkj* dgk tkrk gSA dqN ckjhd d.k okys gaS ftUgsa *ckjhd ;k

eghu vk¡[k okyk iRFkj* dgk tkrk gSA ckjhd vka[k okys izLrj esa vf/kd ckjhd mRdh.kZu

fd;k x;k gS rFkk oks eqyk;e o pedhys gaSA eksVh vka[k okys izLrjksa esa vis{kkd`r de ckjhd

mRdh.kZu gks ik;k gS] ftl dkj.k oks [kqjnjs o vifj"d`r gaSA ,d ewfrZdkj gksus ds ukrs eSaus

Hkh LFkkuh; izLrj ¼eksVh vk¡[k okys½ ij ewfrZf’kYi x<+dj bl ckr dh O;fDrxr iqf"V dh gS

fd fdl izdkj dR;wj dkyhu f’kYih ek/;e dh lhek esa jg dj gh viuh vfHkO;fDr dks

vkdkj nsrs Fks o fdl lhek ds ckn mUgsa viuh NSuh dks fojke nsuk iM+rk FkkA fo}kuksa }kjk

mYys[; gS fd dgha&dgha bu ewfrZ;ksa ij dkyk ysi Hkh fd;k x;k gS ftlls ;s dkys izLrj ls

fufeZr izrhr gksrh gaSA

dR;wjh ’kklu dky esa /kkrq }kjk Hkh ewfrZ;k¡ x<+h xbZ] ftuds mnkgj.kksa esa tkxs’oj ds

tkxukFk efUnj o dVkjey ds lw;Z efUnj esa izfr"Bkfir ^^ikS.kjkt** dh vknedn ewfrZ;k¡

fo’ks"k mYys[kuh; gSaA fdUrq ;s ewfrZ;k¡ ewfrZ rLdjksa ds }kjk pqjk yh xbZ gaSA8

dVkjey lw;Z efUnj ds 9oha ’krkCnh ds dk"B LrEHk vo’ks"k blds mnkgj.k gaS fd dR;wj dky

esa dk"Bk/kkfjr ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh gqvk gksA dk"B LrEHk ij ,d iw.kZ iq:"kkd`fr ds

lkFk&lkFk edj cYyjh vkSj ukx osf"Vr iw.kZ?kV dk lqUnj vadu gSA9 ;s dk"B LrEHk vo'ks"k

vc jk"Vªh; laxzgky; ubZ fnYyh esa lqjf{kr gSaA bl miyC) dk"B vo'ks"k ls ;g izekf.kr

gksrk gS fd dR;wj dky esa dk"Bk/kkfjr f'kYi dk Hkh izpyu Fkk fdUrq uk'koku lkekxzh gksus

ds dkj.k vkt blds vf/kd vo’ks"k miYkC) ugha gSaA lEHkor% bu LrEHkksa dk iz;ksx }kj ds

ikl fd;k tkrk gks ftUgsa le;&le; ij Cknyk tkrk gksxk A

dR;wj dkyhu bfrgkl dk Kku muds f'kykys[k] rkezi= o f'kYi vo'ks"kksa ls feyrk gSA

vfHkysf[kr lk{;ksa ls mudh ftl lqlaxfBr ’kklu iz.kkyh] /kkfeZd izo`fÙk;ksa o vkfFkZd

lEiUUrk dk Kku gksrk gS] mldks ewrZ :i esa ;s LFkkiR; f’kYi o ewfrZf’kYi iq"V djrs gSaA

muds 'kklu ds brus vf/kd f’kYi vo’ks"k bl ckr dks izekf.kr djrs gSa fd f'kfYi;ksa dks

jktkJ; izkIr Fkk rFkk muds Hkj.k&iks"k.k dh lkjh O;oLFkk jktk gh fd;k djrk FkkA dR;wjh

'kkldksa }kjk cuok, x, nsoky;ksa o ewfrZ;ksa ls rRdkyhu le; dh /kkfeZd vkLFkk dk lgt

gh vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj lkFk gh blls muds jkt ’kklu dh vkfFkZd lEiUurk

Hkh Li"V gksrh gSA vkfFkZd :i ls lEiUu gksus ds dkj.k gh os brus fo’kky o dykRed

fuekZ.k djok ik,A

175

fu%lUnsg LFkkiR; dyk o ewfrZdyk ds mRd’kZ dk ;g dR;wjh dky dqekÅ¡ ds bfrgkl dk

cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ o Lof.kZe dky FkkA dR;wjh dky ds f’kfYi;ksa o muds }kjk jfpr f’kYiksa

dk fo’ks"k egRo gS tks Hkkjrh; dyk bfrgkl esa dqekÅ¡ ¼mÙkjk[k.M½ dks xkSjokfUor djrk gSA

dR;wjh dky ds dfri; f’kYi mnkgj.k dky dyfor gks pqds gSa vkSj dbZ ttZj voLFkk esa

gaSA ftudk ,d dkj.k LFkkuh; cyqvk izLrj dk vR;f/kd etcwr o LFkkbZ u gksuk Hkh gSA

LFkkuh; cyqvk izLrj vf/kd xq.koÙkk okyk gksrk rks ;dhuu dR;wj dkyhu f’kYi vkSj Hkh

vf/kd Js"B fLFkfr dks izkIr djrkA

lUnHkZ &

1- tks’kh] egs'oj izlkn] mÙkjk¡py esa lkaLd`frd ifjorZu] _f"k&1] mÙkjkapy fgeky;]

lekt] laLd`fr] bfrgkl vkSj iqjkrRo] 1994] i`0 la0 & 15&17

2- Joshi Maheshwar p., Uttaranchal, (kumaun–Garhwal) Himalaya, 1990, Page

No- 49

3- ’kekZ] Mhñ Mhñ] mÙkjk[k.M dh yksd dyk,a ,oa f’kYi dkS’ky] 2009] i`0la0& 168

4- nqEdk] pUnz’ks[kj,] mÙkjk[k.M% bfrgkl vkSj laLd`fr] 1999] i`0la0&32 tks’kh] ?ku’;ke

5- 'kekZ] Mhñ Mhñ] iwoksZDr] i`0la0&173

6- eBiky] ;’ksk/kj] dqekÅ¡ dh lw;Z ,oa dkfÙkZds; izfrek,a] 1994] i`0la0 27

7- lDlsuk] dkS’ky dqekj] dqekÅ¡ dyk] f’kYi laLd`fr] 1994] i`0la0 47

8- ’kekZ Mhñ Mhñ] iwoksZDr] i0la0 177]178

9- dBksp] ;’koUr flag] e/;fgeky; [k.M&1]laLd`fr ds in fpºu] 1996] i`0la0&83

176

fpf=r 'kSykJ; dqekš ds lanHkZ esa

MkWñn;k iUr

izksQslj ,oa foHkkxk/;{k

bfrgkl foHkkx

dqekš fo'ofo|ky;] uSuhrky

,l-,l-ts- ifjlj] vYeksM+k ¼mÙkjk[k.M½

ekuo thou dk orZeku Lo:i lH;rk ds ml fodkl Øe ls xqtjk gksxk ftlesa gtkjksa

o"kksZa dk le; yxkA lH;rk fodkl ds izkjfEHkd pj.k esa euq"; us vkleku dh [kqyh

Nr ds uhps viuk vkJ; cuk;kA ekuk tk ldrk gS fd izkjfEHkd ekuo us vius vkJ;

ds fy, mu LFkkuksa dks pquk gksxk tgk¡ mls izd`fr iznÙk [kk| lkexzh ljyrk ls

miyC/k gks tkrh Fkh vkSj Hkwe.My ij rRdkyhu ifjfLFkr;ksa esa [krjukd tho&tUrqvksa

ls Lo;a dks lqjf{kr j[k ikuk Hkh rRdkyhu ekuo ds fy, ,d cM+h pqukSrh FkhA /kwi dh

riu] 'khr rFkk cjlkr dk Hkku rks izkjafHkd ekuo dks Fkk ghA blhfy, vkt tSls

rduhdh Kku ds vHkko esa xqQkvksa ,oa danjkvksa dks vius vkokl gsrq pqukA bl lanHkZ esa

dqekš ds izkxSfrgkfld xqQkfp= egRoiw.kZ gSaA bfrgkl fofHkUu nLrkostksa] f'kykys[kksa]

rkezi=ksa] eqnzkvksa] fofHkUu iqLrdksa vkfn ls l`tk tkrk gSA dyk] f'kYi] LFkkiR; vkSj

yksdxkFkk,¡ Hkh bfrgkl dks ifjiq"V djrh gSA ekuo fufeZr dyk dk tUe xqQkvksa esa

gqvk blds izek.k gesa dqekš x<+oky ds vusd 'kSykJ;ksa esa feyrs gSaA

dqekš 'kCn laLd`r ds dqekZapy ls fodflr gqvk gSA /ofu ifjorZu ds dkj.k ;g

dqekZapy dqekZpyksa] dqEekvvksa vkSj fQj dqekš esa ifjofrZr gqvkA1 ,slk ekuk tkrk gS

fd izkjEHk esa pEikor ds vklikl dk Hkw&Hkkx gh dqekZapy uke ls fo[;kr jgk gksxkA

dkykUrj esa pUn oa'k dh jkt/kkuh pEikor gksus ds dkj.k muds jkT; {ks= esa vkus okys

orZeku fiFkkSjkx<+] pEikor] vYeksM+k] ckxs'oj] uSuhrky rFkk Å/keflag uxj ftys gh

dqekÅ¡ ;k dqekZapy dgyk;sA bldh lhek,¡ vkt dqekÅ¡ e.My ds vUrxZr ogh gSa tks

dHkh dqekš jkT; dh FkhA izkd`frd :i ls bls e/; fgeky; dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax

ekuk tkrk gSA2 dqekš ds rjkbZ Hkkcj rFkk x<+oky ds nsgjknwu {ks= ds vfrfjDr leLr

Hkw&Hkkx ioZrh; J`[ykvksa ds lkFk&lkFk NksVh&cM+h ufn;ksa] ?kkfV;ksa rFkk ouksa ls

vkPNkfnr gSA3 fof'k"V izkd`frd fLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k dqekÅ¡ dh HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krk,¡

Li"V gSaA ;gk¡ ,d vksj 26 gtkj QhV rd Å¡ps ioZr f'k[kj gSaA tks lnSo fgekPNkfnr

jgrs gSaA nwljh vksj yEch pkSM+h ?kkfV;k¡ gSa tks d`f"k ds fy, moZjd gSaA4

;|fi e/; fgeky; dk dqekš Hkw&Hkkx viuh lkaLd`frd ijEijkvksa ds fy, izkphu

dky ls gh izfl) jgk gS rFkkfi dqekmuh laLd`fr dh fof'k"Vrkvksa dks mn~?kkfVr djus

esa fofHkUu igyqvksa ds lkFk&lkFk ;gk¡ fofHkUu :iksa esa fo|eku fp=dyk 'kSyh dk Hkh

177

egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA fp=dyk dh lHkh fo/kkvksa esa tgk¡ ,d vksj bZ'ojh; lÙkk dh Lrqfr

dk vkHkkl gksrk gS ogha nwljh rjQ og rr~;qxhu lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd ijEijkvksa dks

Hkh vfHkO;Dr djrh gSA dqekš ds fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij fo|eku xqQkfp=ksa ls bl ckr dh

iqf"V gksrh gS fd ;g ioZrh; {ks= izkjfEHkd ekuo ds fy, mi;qDr jgk gksxkA

mYys[kuh; gS fd mDr izkxSfrgkfld xqQkfp= tgk¡ bl nsoHkwfe ds lUnHkZ esa tkuus ds

fy, egRoiw.kZ iqjkrkfRod lzksr gS ogha dqekš dh yksd fp=dyk ^,si.k* esa /kkfeZd

Hkkoukvksa dk lekos'k gS] tks orZeku esa Hkh ;gk¡ ds yksd&thou ds vfHkUu vax gSaA vr%

izLrqr ys[k esa izkxSfrgkfld xqQkfp=ksa ds lkFk&lkFk dqekš ds yksd thou esa

ijEijkxr :i ls jps&cls fp=dyk 'kSyh dks gh mn~?kkfVr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk

jgk gSA

vYeksM+k ftys esa vYeksM+k&fiFkkSjkx<+ eksVj ekxZ ij ckM+sNhuk vkSj isV'kky ds chp esa

egRoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld ,oa iqjkrkfÙod LFky y[kqmfM;kj vofLFkr gSA bfrgkldkjksa ,oa

iqjkfodksa dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djrs gSaA cfYd fp=dyk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,oa 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa

ds fy, Hkh y[kqmfM;kj ds 'kSyfp= egRoiw.kZ gks ldrs gSaA dyk euq"; thou dk

vfHkUu vax gSA bfrgkl vkSj dyk dk laca/k Hkh vVwV gSA y[kqmfM;kj ds 'kSyfp= Hkh

dyk ,oa bfrgkl ds vVwV laca./kksa dks mn~?kkfVr djrs gSaA lu~ 1974 esa tkus ekus

iqjkrÙofon vkSj dqekÅ¡ fo'ofo|ky; esa bfrgkl fo"k; ds iwoZ foHkkxk/;{k izksñ ,eñ ihñ

tks'kh us bu 'kSy fp=ksa dks mn~?kkfVr fd;kA blds mijkUr Hkkjrh; iqjkrÙo losZ{k.k ds

lkykuk tujy ¼IAR 1984-85½ esa Hkh y[kqmfM;kj ls lEcfU/kr egRiw.kZ rF;ksa dks

mn~?kkfVr fd;k x;kA rc ls fo}rtuksa }kjk y[kqmfM;kj ds 'kSyfp=ksa ds laca/k esa

vusdkusd ys[k izdkf'kr gksrs jgs gSaA ysfdu vkt bu 'kSyfp=ksa ds dyk i{k dks Hkh

mn~?kkfVr djus dh vko';drk gSA

izkxSfrgkfld ;qx ds vUrxZr lkekU; :i ls mu iqjko'ks"kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS

tks fd ekuo ds /kkrqdeZ Kku ls iwoZ dky ds gSa] ;Fkk&ik"kk.k midj.k] v'ehHkwr ;k

[kVhHkwr oLrq] fpf=r ;k mRdh.kZ f'kyk ;k 'kSykJ; ,oa vuqdwy tyok;q esa gM~Mh]

ydM+h vkfn ds midj.k] mi;qZDr izdkj ds iqjko'ks"kksa esa ls e/; fgeky; esa ik"kk.k

midj.k ,oa fpf=r vFkok mRdh.kZ f'kyk vkSj 'kSykJ; izkIr gksrs gSaA5 ;gk¡ ;g

mYys[kuh; gS fd dqekš ifj{ks= esa izkIr gksus okys fofHkUu xqQkfp=ksa dks izkxSfrgkfld

Js.kh esa j[kk x;k gSA izkxSfrgkfld dky esa tc ekuo lH;rk ds izFke pj.k esa fopj.k

dj jgk gksxk ml le; Hkh ekuo LoHkko ds vuqdwy mlds }kjk izkd`frd lkSUn;Z ls

Hkjiwj vis{kkd`r Å¡ps LFkkuksa dks vius vkokl ds fy, pquk x;k gksxkA laHkor%

izkxSfrgkfld ekuo us vius xqQk vkoklksa dks viuh le>&cw> ,oa Kku ds vk/kkj ij

lqlfTtr djus dk iz;kl Hkh fd;k x;kA QyLo:i rr~;qxhu ekuo ds }kjk viuh

vuqHkwfr;ksa dks u dsoy fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls iznf'kZr fd;k x;k vfirq muds }kjk bu

xqQkfp=ksa dks fofHkUu jaxksa ls vkd"kZd cukus dk dk;Z Hkh lEiUu fd;k x;kA vkSj

178

orZeku esa ;s xqQkfp= dsoy izkjfEHkd ekuo ds d`frRo dh vuqie d`fr;k¡ gh ugha gS

cfYd bfrgkldkjksa ,oa iqjkrRofonksa ds fy, 'kks/k dk fo"k; Hkh cuh gqbZ gSA

dqekš {ks= esa y?kqmM~;kj] QM+dkukSyh] dlkjnsoh] YosFkki] isV'kky] gFoky?kksM+k]

Qylhek vkfn ,slk LFkku gS] tgk¡ fpf=r 'kSykJ; ik;s x;s gSaA vYeksM+k uxj ds ikl

gh lqvky ?kkVh esa dkyekVh ls ckM+sNhuk tkus okys lM+d ekxZ ls yxh gqbZ ,d foLr`r

ioZr Ja[kyk gS] T;knkrj fp=ksa okyh pÍkusa blh {ks= esa gSA6 y[kqmM~;kj dk fpf=r

f'kykJ; vYeksM+k uxj ls vYeksM+k&fiFkkSjkx<+ ekxZ ij 3 fd0eh0 dh nwjh ij nycS.M

ds lehi fLFkr gSA xqQk fp=ksa dh n`f’V ls y[kqmM~;kj uke ls Kkr ;g LFkku loksZÙke

gSA ftls orZeku esa Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k }kjk lqjf{kr j[kk x;k gSA ;gk¡ ;g

mYys[kuh; gS fd dqekmuh cksyh esa xqQk ds fy, mM~;kj 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk

gSA blh Øe esa ^^YosFkki** uke ls Kkr izkxSfrgkfld xqQk fp= Hkh mYys[kuh; gSA ;g

LFkku vYeksM+k fculj ekxZ ij Mhukikuh ls rhu fd0eh0 nf{k.k dh vksj fLFkr gSA ;g

LFkku lkSUn;Z dh n`f"V ls Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA y[kqmM~;kj ,oa YosFkki esa ,d ntZu ls

vf/kd ekuo vkd`fr;k¡ ,d iafDr esa n'kkZbZ xbZ gSA buesa ls dqN dk vkdkj yEck vkSj

dqN dk fBxuk n'kkZ;k x;kA vf/kdka'k vkd`fr;k¡ gkFk ckgj dks QSyk;s] mBk;s ;k FkksM+s

uhps >qdk;s n'kkZ;h x;h gSA dqN mnkgj.kksa esa ;s vkd`fr;ksa dks fdlh tkudj dk

eq[kkSVk] pksVh ;k i'kq ln`'k f'kjksos'k igus fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA dqN vkd`fr;k¡ ycknk

ln`'k oL= /kkj.k fd;s izrhr gksrh gSA buds vfrfjDr y[kqmM~;kj esa nks ekuo

vkd`fr;k¡ vius&vius da/kksa esa dkaoj ln`'k ,d&,d naM /kkj.k fd;s gSa ftuesa dksbZ

jLlh ln`'k yEch vkd`fr yVds gq, fn[kykbZ xbZ gSA ;g laHkor% eNyh] liZ ;k ouSy

¼liZ ln`'k eNyh½ gks ldrh gSA Qylhek esa ,d ekuo vkdfr nksuksa gkFk QSyk;s vkSj

,d gkFk esa NM+h ln`'k oLrq /kkj.k fd;s N= ln`'k v)Zo`Ùkkdj esa n'kkZbZ x;h gSA

isV'kky esa ycknk /kkj.k fd;s nks ekuo vkd`fr;k¡ nksuksa gkFk esa ,d&,d NM+h ln`'k

oLrq Fkkes fn[kkbZ x;h gSaA buesa ls ,d vkdfr vR;f/kd rqfUny gS] ekuks fd xHkkZoLFkk

esa ukjh vafdr gksA7

dqekš {ks= esa <ksy] uxkM+s vkt Hkh yksd ok| ;a=ksa ds :i esa izpfyr gSaA laHkor% blh

ijEijk dks /;ku esa j[kdj MkW0 eBiky us mDr rqfUny vkd`fr dh igpku <ksy okndksa

ls dh gSA8 vYeksM+k ls vkB fd0eh0 nwj dlkjnsoh igkM+h ij dbZ f'kykJ; gSa ftuesa ls

nks esa fp=.k ds fu'kku ekStwn gSaA izFke f'kykJ; lM+d ls yxHkx 100 ehVj dh Å¡pkbZ

ij fLFkr gSa] ftlesa xqykch ,oa yky jaxksa ls fpf=r urZd e.My vkfn ds /kwfey fp=

n`f"Vxkspj gksrs gSaA dlkjnsoh eafnj ds fudV gh ,d o`gn~ f'kyk ij izkphu f'kykys[k

[kqnk gqvk gSA ;g f'kykys[k Li"V fn[kkbZ ns bl dkj.k bl ij ihyk jax yxk;k x;k

gS] ftlds dkj.k mldh viuh ekSfydrk gh lekIr gks x;h gSA bfrgkldkjksa dk bl

f'kykys[k ds fo"k; esa ekuuk gS fd bl f'kykys[k esa csfryk ds lqiq= :nzd }kjk

:nzs'oj egknso dh LFkkiuk dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA9 gFoky?kksM+k uke mu fo'kky

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f'kyk[k.Mksa dks fn;k x;k gS tks diM+[kku esa lkr fdeh iwoZ esa /kkSyNhuk ekxZ ls lM+d

ls yxHkx ,d fdeh nwj fLFkr gSaA ,d HkO; f'kyk[k.M esa izkd`frd {kj.k }kjk cM+s&cM+s

xM~Ms cuus ds dkj.k LFkkuh; ykssx bls Hkhelsu dh ijkr] dVksjs vkfn ds uke ls Hkh

tkurs gSaA bl pV~Vku ij xgjs yky jax }kjk dqN /kq¡/kyh d`fr;k¡ Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA

blh Øe esa vYeksMk ls vkB fdeh nwj Qylhek xk¡o esa nks fdeh vkxs ,d [kM+h

pV~Vku ls lery iV ij tehu ls ek= nks ehVj dh Å¡pkbZ ij izkphu fp= cus gq,

gSaA ukuk jaxksa ls cus ;s fp= dqN ekuo vkd`fr;ksa ds :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA10 mDr

lHkh izkxSfrgkfld fp=.k 'kSyh esa fofHkUu vkdkj&izdkj ds fp= n'kkZ;s x;s gSaA

bfrgkldkjksa ,oa iqjkrRofonksa us bu xqQkfp=ksa ds vyx&vyx vfHkizk; lq>k;s gSaA

bu izkxSfrgkfld xqQkfp=ksa ds lUnHkZ esa izfl) iqjkrRofon izks0 ,e-ih- tks'kh fy[krs gSa

& ;fn Vs<+h&es<+h js[kkvksa dks liZ eku fy;k tk; rks i'kqvksa esa lcls vf/kd vadu liZ

dk gS tks yxHkj gj 'kSykJ; esa fpf=r gSA y[kqmM~;kj esa ,d LFkku ij iafDrc)

efNy;ksa ;k fNidfy;ksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA11 laHkor% dqekš ds izkxSfrgkfld xqQkfp=ksa

ds lUnHkZ esa tks vfHkizk; iznf'kZr fd;s x;s gSa mudks ysdj fo}ku bfrgkldkjksa esa

erSD; ugha gSA y[kqmM~;kj ds fp=ksa esa vxzoky ,oa [kdZoky iafDrc) fNidfy;ksa ,oa

eNfy;ksa dks cgqiknh; fNidfy;ksa ds :i esa igpkurs gSaA12 isV'kky dh nks i'kq

vkd`fr;kas dk mYys[k eBiky uhyxk; 13

vFkok cdjh ,oa ykseM+h ds :i esa djrs gSaA14

;gk¡ ;g mYys[k djuk lehphu gksxk fd mDr igpku esa fHkUurk fn[kykbZ nsrh gSA

vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd buesa ls yxHkx lHkh fp= /kwi] 'khr ,oa cjlkr ds FkisM+ksa

dks nh?kZdky ls >syrs gq, vius ewy :i ls ifjofrZr gksrs jgs gksaxsaA

y[kqmM~;kj dk vfHkizk; ,d iapeq[kh lajpuk n'kkZrk gS ftlds 'kh"kZ lrg esa vkd`fr

bldks Nwrs gq, n'kkZbZ xbZ gSA ekuks og bl iapHkqtkdkj lajpuk dh j{kkjr gks eBiky

bls eNyh Q¡lkus dk ^Xon* ;k cPps dh ikyus dh Vksdjh ¼p¡oj½ ds :i esa igpkurs

gSaA ijUrq ;g dksbZ <k¡pk ;k xqQk dk vadu izrhr gksrk gSA Qylhek esa fpf=r vfHkizk;

^bZaV* ln`'k uewuksa dks feykdj cuk;k x;k gSA blds lcls ck¡;s [kkus esa jkseu fyfi ds

^D* ln`'k v{kj dks cuk;k x;k gS] rFkk blh [kkus ds uhps nksuksa gkFk QSyk;s vkSj izR;sd

gkFk esa ,d&,d NM+h ln`'k oLrq fy;s ,d ekuokd`fr cukbZ xbZ gSA ;g vfHkizk; ;k

rks ,d ekuo vkd`fr dks ,d fo'kky eNyh [khaprs vFkok tky ys tkrs gq, n'kkZrk

izrhr gksrk gSA15

izksñ ,eñ ihñ tks'kh ftuds }kjk dqekÅ¡ ds xqQk fp=ksa ij ekSfyd ,oa foLr`r 'kks/k dk;Z

fd;k x;k dk ekuuk gS fd e/; fgeky; esa izkIr ygjnkj js[kkvksa vkSj Qylhek ds

tfVy vfHkizk; dks NksM+dj tks vis{kkd`r lw{e js[kkvksa ls fufeZr gS 'ks"k fp=.k LFkwy

:i esa gSaA vr% lq>k;k tk ldrk gS fd budk vadu fdlh Hkh lk/kkj.k rwfydk ls

fd;k x;k gksxkA fpf=r vfHkizk;ksa esa ekuo vkd`fr;k¡] ykseM+h ln`'k i'kq vkd`fr ,oa

180

dqN vU; vLi"V i'kq vkd`fr;k¡ y?kq :i esa n'kkZbZ xbZ gSaA tcfd fNidfy;k¡@eNfy;ksa

dh drkj okLrfod vkdkj esa fpf=r izrhr gksrh gSA lHkh ekuo ,oa i'kq vkd`fr;k¡ Bksl

:i esa n'kkZbZ xbZ gS vkSj ^flygwVh* ln`'k gSA f'kyk fp=.k esa fdlh izdkj dh Hkwfe dk

fuekZ.k ugha gqvk gSA vkSj jaxksa dk iz;ksx lh/ks f'kyk esa fd;k x;k gSA16 ekuk tk ldrk

gS fd rr~dkyhu ekuo ds }kjk bu xqQk fp=ksa dks cukus esa ftu jaxksa dk iz;ksx fd;k

x;k og lHkh izkd`frd :i ls ouLifr;ksa vkfn ls gh cuk;s x;s gksaxsa tks rr~;qxhu

ekuo ds rduhdh Kku dks Hkh mn~?kkfVr djrh gSA

dqekš ds izkxSfrgkfld 'kSy fp=ksa dks vkt Hkh viuh izkd`frd NVk esa latks;s j[kus dk

xkSjo izkIr gSA vYeksM+k tuin ds QM+dkukSyh] Qylhek] ckM+sNhuk esa ;s 'kSyfp=

fo|eku gSA bu fp=ksa esa rhu iz/kku jax gSa & ';ke] dRFkbZ] yky vkSj 'osrA ';ke fp=

lcls fuEu Lrj ds ekus x;s gSaA fp=.k dk eq[; fo"k; lewgc) urZu gS] ijUrq js[kkvksa

,oa fcUnqvksa ls cus T;kferh; fp=.k Hkh gSaA tcfd dqekš dh yksd fp=dyk rFkk

rkfU=d vfHkizk;ksa dk la;kstu gSA ftlesa izrhdkRed fp=kadu ;gk¡ dh tuHkkoukvksa dh

vkLFkk ds vuq:i o blls ijs Hkh ijEijkxr rjhds ls fp=kafdr gksrh vk;h gSA17

nsoHkwfe dqekš dh laLd`fr dk viuh ijEijkxr fp=dyk 'kSyh ds dkj.k Hkh fo'ks"k

egRo gSA

ioZrh; {ks= esa orZeku esa tks dyk lokZf/kd izfl) gS og yksd fp= ijEijk ,si.k ;k

vYiuk iwoZ e/; dky esa mn~Hkwr gqbZ izrhr gksrh gSA tc Hkkjr ds vU; jkT;ksa ls vk;h

dbZ tkfr;k¡ ;gk¡ vkdj] ;gk¡ ds /kkfeZd vkSj lkekftd thou dks izHkkfor djus yxh

FkhA18 dqekÅuh yksd fp=dyk ,si.k dh ,sfrgkfldrk ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, ^l[kk*

fy[krs gSa fd dqekÅ¡ esa vYiuk rFkk fHkfÙkfp=ksa dk izR;{k :i o pyu pUn 'kkludky

ls gksrk gSA os vkxs fy[krs gSa fd ,si.k o fHkfÙk fp=dyk ijEijk dqekÅ¡ esa ek= lkg o

czkã.kksa esa gh vius laiw.kZ fodflr Lo:i rFkk thou ds leLr lkaLd`frd dk;Zdykiksa

dh xgjkbZ dh gn rd tqM+h gqbZ gSA19 MkW0 fo|klkxj lkg ,si.k dyk dks ta=&ra= ls

tksM+rs gq, fy[krs gSa fd dqekÅ¡ esa 'kk;n gh dksbZ vuq"Bku gks ftlesa ;gk¡ dh ta=&ra=

ij vk/kkfjr yksd fp=dyk dh >yd u feysA muds vuqlkj lkekU;r% dqekmuh yksd

fp=dyk ¼,si.k½ dks vxzfyf[kr pkj Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS20 &

1- 'kkL=h; :i & buesa mu vfHkizk;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa f=Hkqt]

lh/kk] mYVk rFkk la;qDr] f'ko ihB] fo".kq ihB] pkeq.Mk uoLokfLrd vkfn vkrs

gSaA

2- ,sls vfHkizk; tks lh/ks tM+ izd`fr ls lacf/kr gSa & tSls unh dh /kkjk,¡] bls

olq/kkjk dgrs gSaA lw;Z] pUnz] i'kq&i{kh] o`{k] eNyh] ?kksa?kk] ygjsa] ukn] xt dk

fo"k;kuqlkj LFkku&LFkku ij budk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

181

3- os vfHkizk; tks dqekÅuh tuekul }kjk tknw&Vksuk] ra=&ea= ls NqVdkjk ikus ds

fy, iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA blesa eq[;r% ?kq ;k¡ ukrk rFkk L;ks dk fp=.k fd;k

tkrk gSA ;g ;gk¡ dh vkfne izo`fÙk dk ifjpk;d gSA

4- yksd fp=dyk dk og :i ftlesa /kkfeZd dFkkvksa&vk[;kuksa ij nsoh&nsork dks

fojkV ,oa ekuoh; vkdkjksa esa n'kkZrs gSaA

;|fi dqN fo}rtuksa dk ekuuk gS fd dqekš ds lekt esa ,si.k vFkok fp=dyk

ijEijk ,d oxZ fo'ks"k esa gh fo|eku gS ysfdu bldk izHkko lHkh oxksZa esa ns[kus dks

feyrk gSA 'kqHk ,oa lqyHk izo`fÙk;ksa dk vuqdj.k fdlh Hkh lekt ds ekuo dk ,d

fo'ks"k LoHkko gSA blfy, dqekmuh fp=dyk ijEijk ;gk¡ fuokl djus okys lHkh oxksZa

,oa lHkh tkfr lewgksa esa deksos'k nf"Vxkspj gksrh gSA dqekmuh lekt esa yksd fp=dyk

dh fofHkUu fo/kkvksa dk lekos'k fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] yksxksa }kjk vyx&vyx ioksZa ,oa R;kSgkjksa

ds volj ij bu fofHkUu fo/kkvksa dk vadu 'kqHk y{k.kksa ds :i esa fd;k x;k gSA

dqekšuh yksd dyk ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa dk laf{kIr ifjp; vxzfyf[kr gS21 &

1- ,si.k & Hkwfe] }kj] nsgyh] osnh o ydM+h ds iV~V vkfn ij vafdr ,si.kA

2- fHkfÙk fp=&cj&cw¡n] Vqiqd] olqU/kjk] vyadj.k] fgekapy o vU; vkd`fr ij[k

tSls& T;wafr] nqxkZFkkis] d`".k tUek"Veh vkfn ls lEcfU/kr fp=A

3- iV~V fp= &dkxt] diM+s o ydM+h ds iV~Vs vkfn ij vafdr T;wafr] cVlkfo=h]

fo:M+k"Veh] ukx&iapeh] d`".k tUek"Veh] nqxkZFkkik] xkso/kZu iV~V o /kqyhv/kZ

vkfn fp=A

4- vU;&osnh vadu] tUei=h o iksFkhfp=] [k"Vh pkSdh] gkFk ds Nkis] easgnh] lsyh]

L;ks] dkals dh Fkkyh esa y{eh vadu] ikfFkZo iwtk esa vafdr dh tkus okyh f'ko

ihB] diky ij [kksfM+;k dk vadu] lQsn deht ds i`"V ij tusÅ vadu]

xksnuk] ekbZ ihtu vFkok Eokyh] fiNksM+] fookg ds eqdqV] dqdqMh] ekdqM+h ds

eqdqVksa o xaxk n'kgjk i= vkfn dk vaduA

dqekÅ¡ ds fHkfÙkfp=ksa ,oa Hkwfe vadu okys bu ,si.kksa esa iz;qDr ladsr dks.k] fcUnq] js[kkvksa

vkSj jaxksa ds fuf'pr vFkZ gksrs gSaA T;warh ,oa ekr`dk iV~V vkfn ij tSu dyk 'kSyh dk

izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] tks xqtjkr esa viuh izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa ^viHkza'k 'kSyh* ds :i esa

fodflr gqbZ FkhA blh dk fodflr :i ^jktLFkkuh* rFkk ^ekyok 'kSyh* ds uke ls ckn

esa jktLFkku esa Hkh izpfyr gqvk FkkA mÙkjh Hkkjr esa otz;ku ,oa ckS) rkaf=d ijEijk Hkh

jgh gSA vkfn 'kadjkpk;Z us vkBoh lnh esa tc lexz fgeky; izns'k dh ;k=k dh rks

tkxs'oj esa 'kfDrihB dh LFkkiuk Hkh dhA laHkor% blds ckn mÙkjk[k.M esa vkus okykasa

ds lkFk gh vYiuk dyk Hkh ;gk¡ ds fofHkUu /keZ lEiznk;ksa ls izHkkfor gqbZA vYiuk ds

ewy esa ra='kkL=ksa ds ra=ea= ds fuekZ.k esa iz;qDr gksus okyh ;eykvksa dk vk/kkj Hkh fy;k

x;k gSA blesa tSu ckS) rFkk 'kSo lEiznk;ksa ds rkaf=d vuq"Bkuksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa dks

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vPNh rjg [kkstk tk ldrk gS] ;Fkk & tSu /keZ dk izrhd fpUg LokfLrd rFkk ckS)

/keZ dk izrhd fpUg v"VpØ dqekmuh vYiuk ds lkFk izk;% izR;sd volj ij cuk;k

tkrk gSA22

tSlk fd izkjEHk esa bl rF; dks mn~?kkfVr fd;k x;k gS fd ,si.k dyk

dqekÅ¡ ds lkg ,oa czkã.kksa esa vf/kd izpfyr gSA ysfdu gekjk ekuuk gS fd ;gk¡ ds

lHkh yksx izR;sd 'kqHk volj ij vius nso eafnj ,oa ?kj }kj ij vYiuk cukuk ilUn

djrs gSaA

dqekš dh vYiuk ij rkaf=d izrhdksa dk dkQh izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bls caxkyh

vYiuk dk izHkko Hkh ekuk tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd ogk¡ Hkh ra= 'kkL= dk dkQh QSyko jgk

gSA pkoy dk /kksy] y{eh ;a=] y{eh ds ikS ¼iSj½ ioZ] mRlokuqlkj fHkUu&fHkUu vYiuk]

v"Vnydey] dy'k] ojcw¡n] ekrdk iV~Vk vkfn nksuksa {ks=ksa esa yxHkx leku :i ls

izpfyr gSaA23 dqekš dh fp=dyk 'kSyh esa n`f"Vxkspj gksus okys fofHkUu Lo:iksa dk

lEcU/k Hkkjr ds fofHkUu mu izns'kksa ls Hkh gks ldrk gS tgk¡ ls le;&le; ij iyk;u

gksdj yksx ;gk¡ vkdj cl x;s FksA dqekÅ¡ dh fp=dyk 'kSyh esa n`f"Vxkspj gksus okys

fofHkfUu Lo:iksa dk lEcU/k Hkkjr ds fofHkUu mu izns'kksa ls Hkh gks ldrk gS tgk¡ ls

le;&le; ij iyk;u gksdj yksx ;gk¡ vkdj cl x;s FksA dqekÅ¡ ds bfrgkl ls ;g

tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS fd orZeku esa ;gk¡ fuokl djus okyh tkfr;k¡ ;gk¡ ds ewy

fuoklh ugha FksA vr% vkt tks yksx dqekÅuh laLd`fr ds okgd gSa og dHkh caxky]

xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª rFkk jktLFkku ls vkdj ;gk¡ cl x;s FksA vr% mDr izkUrksa dh

laLd`fr Hkh dqekÅ¡ dh ewy laLd`fr esa fefJr gks xbZ tks ;gk¡ dh ijEijkxr fp=dyk

'kSyh esa nf"Vxkspj gksrh gSA

eq[;r% dqekš dh yksd fp=dyk 'kSyh vYiuk dk lEcU/k izd`fr ls gh rks gSA tks Hkwfe

fp=.k esa iz/kku LFkku j[krh gSA bl gsrq iwtk osnh] nsgyh ;k olq/kkjk gsrq fu/kkZfjr

LFkku ij yky feÍh vFkok xs: ls fy[kkbZ djds vk/kkj rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA rRi'pkr~

Hkhxs gq, pkoyksa dks ihldj mldk ?kksy rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS ftls ^fcLokj* dgrs gSaA

dqekš esa bl fcLokj esa vaxqfy;ksa ds iksjksa dks Mqcksdj Hkwfe ij lqUnj vkys[ku mdsjus

dh ijEijk fo|eku gSA ysfdu vk/kqfudrk ds izHkko ls vYiuk cukus dh ewy ijEijk Hkh

izHkkfor gksus ls ugha cp ik;h gSA yky feÍh@xs: rFkk ^foLokj* ds LFkku ij vc tu

lkekU; rSyh; isUV dk iz;ksx djus yxs gSaA bruk gh ugha cktkj esa osnh] }kj] nsgyh

vkfn ds fy, dkxt ij cus gq, Nkis ;qDr ,si.k Hkh vkus yxs gSa] ftUgsa yksx O;Lrrk

ds dkj.k viukus ds fy, ck/; gSaA ;gk¡ ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd dHkh iwoZ eaas bl

fp=dyk ds lkFk dqekÅuh lekt dh tks Hkkouk,¡ o J)k tqM+h gqbZ Fkh muesa fujUrj

deh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA Lej.kh; gS fd yksd dyk dh ;g fo/kk tks fo'ks"kdj

dqekmuh efgykvksa ls tqM+h gqbZ gS vkSj bl lUnHkZ esa efgykvksa }kjk vkus okyh ih<+h dks

tks laLdkj feyrs Fks og Hkh vk/kqfudrk rFkk HkkSfrdrkoknh thou 'kSyh ds pyrs U;wu

183

gks pqdh gSA ,sls esa dqekmuh fp=dyk 'kSyh dks laj{k.k iznku djus rFkk blds ewy

Lo:i dks cuk;s j[kus dh vko';drk gSA

dq¡ekÅ dh HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa us u dsoy izkjfEHkd ekuo dks ,d mi;qDr okrkoj.k

iznku fd;k cfYd ;gk¡ ds izkd`frd ifjos'k us Hkh izkjEHk ls orZeku rd ekuo dks ,d

fof'k"V fp=dyk 'kSyh dks fodflr djus dh vksj izsfjr fd;k gSA QyLo:i bl

Hkw&{ks= esa izkxSfrgkfld xqQkfp=ksa ls izkjEHk gqbZ fp=dyk 'kSyh dk le`) Lo:i orZeku

dh yksddyk ds fofo/k vk;keksa esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA orZeku esa yksd izpfyr mDr

fp=dyk 'kSyh esa izd`fr lEc) csy&cwVksa ,oa yrk iq"iksa dk vadu vf/kd ns[kus dks

feyrk gSA

ftl izdkj fetkZiqj] gks'kaxkokn] iape<+h vkfn vusd LFkkuksa ij izkxSfrgkfld xqQkvksa

dh fHkfÙk;ksa ij vusd izdkj ds js[kk fp= feys gSa mlh izdkj e/; fgeky; {ks= esa Hkh

;=&r= izkxSfrgkfld ekuo ds fpf=r 'kSykJ; [kkst fudkys gSaA dqekš izkxSfrgkfld

'kSyfp=ksa dks vkt Hkh viuh izkd`frd NVk esa latks;s j[kus dk xkSjo izkIr djrk gSA

bl {ks= o gekjh fojklr dk nqHkkZX; gh dgs vFkok gekjh vufHkK;rk ds dkj.k

LFkkuh; yksxksa dh gh vuqefr ls o"kZ 1962 esa vYeksM+k fiFkkSjkx<+ ekxZ fuekZ.k dk;Z djrs

le; Bsdsnkj th us ;gk¡ ij lhesUV dh dV~Vksa ¼cksfj;k¡½ dks j[kus ls 'kSykJ; ds gkykr

vkSj [kjkc gks x;sA bl LFky ij ftrus Hkh fp= vFkok isfUVax dh x;h Fkh mlds

jklk;fud izHkko ls lHkh fp= [kRe gks x;s vkSj ;g nq"izHkko yxHkx 7 ehVj dh ifjf/k

esa jgk gSA vFkkZr~ ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd gekjh fojklr le; ls iwoZ gh gekjh ,d

NksVh lh Hkwy ls dky&dofyr gks x;sA

;g lR; gS fd vkfne dky esa fufeZr ;g vkM+h&frjNh js[kk;sa rkRdkfyd ekuo lewg

dh vfHkO;fDr Hkh FkhA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ;g mudh Hkk"kk Hkh Fkh vkSj dyk HkhA

ekuo dks tc /khjs&/khjs bl rjg ds jaxksa dk ek/;e feyk rks mlus vius laosxkRed

Hkkoksa dks buds ek/;e ls izLrqr fd;kA eu ds ;g Hkko tc iw.kZ mUeqDrrk ds lkFk

vfHkO;Dr gq, rks ;g yksd dyk ds vax cus vkSj buesa oSpkfjdrk dk rRo lek x;k ;k

dgsa fd bUgsa ifj"d`r dj izLrqr fd;k x;k rks og 'kq) dyk ds :i esa mHkj dj ge

lHkh ds le{k vk;hA bls cpk;s vkSj cuk;s j[kuk ge lHkh dk mÙkjnkf;Ro gSA

lUnHkZ &

1- Fkify;ky] js[kk 1991] izkphu e/; fgeky;]i`0 1] ukWnuZ cqd lsUVj] ubZ fnYyhA

2- flag] vks0ih0] 1983] ^^n fgeky;u uspj eSu ,.M dYpj**] i`0 67A

3- okfYn;k] 1980] ftvksykWth vkWQ dqekš ySlj fgeky;k i`- 08] okfM;k

bULVhV~;wV vkWQ fgeky;u ft;ksykWth] nsgjknwuA

184

4- Fkify;ky] js[kk] 1991] ogh] i`0 3

5- tks'kh] ,e-ih-] 1+998] ^^izkxSfrgkfld e/; fgeky;**] i`0 69] ekuo 69&92]

y[kuÅA

6- mfu;ky] gsek] 2005 flEcj ^izkphure lkSUn;ZfHkO;fDr;k¡ gekjs fpf=r 'kSykJ;*]

i`0 28] mÙkjkapy if=dk] lEiknd nhik tks'kh] nsgjknwuA

7- tks'kh] ,e-ih-] 1998] ogh] i`0 73&74

8- eBiky] ;'kks/kj] 1995] ^jkWd vkVZ bu dqekš fgeky;k*] i- 62] vk;Zu cqDl

b.Vjus'kuy] ubZ fnYyhA

9- mfu;ky] gsek] flrEcj 2005] oghA

10- oghA 11- tks'kh] ,e-ih- 1998] ogh] i`- 74

12- vxzoky] Mh0ih0 ,oa thou flag [kdZoky] 1998 lsUVªy fgeky; % ,u

vkdZykSftdy fyaX;wfLVd ,>M dYpjy flUFksfll] i`0 43] fp= 2-16] ubZ

fnYyhA

13- eBiky] ;'kks/kj] 1995 ogh] i`0 62] Qyd 2 AA

14- vxzoky] Mh-ih- ,oa thou flag [kdZoky] 1998] ogh i`0 55&56] fp= 2-30

15- tks'kh] ,e-ih- 1998] ogh] i`- 75

16- ogh] i`- 77 17- tks'kh] 'ks[kj pUnz] 2004] mÙkjkapy dh fp=dyk 'kSyh] i`- 197] mÙkjkapy ds

lkfU/; esa 197&201] laiknd & pUnz eksgu vxzoky] izdk'kd % bf.M;u

ifCy'klZ fMLVªhO;wVlZ] fnYyhA

18- HkÍ] fnok] 1999] fgeky;h yksd thou] i`- 202] vk/kkjf'kyk izdk'ku] gY}kuhA

19- l[kk* lkg fo'oEHkj ukFk] 1992 ,si.k % dqekš dh vkys[ku ijEijk] i`0 40]

igkM+ 5@6 % laiknd & 'ks[kj ikBd] uSuhrkyA

20- 'kkg] fo|klkxj] 1995] ^dqekmuh yksd fp=dyk vkSj ukjh*] i`- 47( iqjoklh]

gqDdk Dyc Jh y{eh Hk.Mkj] vYeksM+kA

21- cSjkBh] d".kk 2001] ^dqekÅ¡ dh yksd dyk* i`- 47&48( ;qx&;qxhu mÙkjk¡py %

laiknd & pUnzeksgu vxzoky] izdk'ku&bf.M;u ifCy'klZ fMLVªhO;wVlZ] fnYyhA

22- HkÍ] fnok 1999] ogh] i`0 209&10 23- ogh] i`0 204

185

Arts, Crafts, Folk and Tribal

186

txUukFk eqjyh/kj vkfgoklh ¼1901&1973 bZ0½ ds fp=kas esa vU; dykvksa dk vUrlZEcU/k 

o"kkZ flag

'kks/k Nk=k

fp=dyk foHkkx] n`'; dyk ladk;

dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh

fofHkUu dykvksa ds vkilh fj'rksa dk viuk ,d vyx vkSj fof'k"V egRo gSaA gesa ;g Kkr

gS fd vusd dfo&dFkkdkj fp=dyk ds {ks= esa] vusd fp=dkj dfork ,oa dyk ds vU;

ek/;eksa esa lfØ; jgs gSaA jfoUnzukFk VSxksj] egk nsoh oekZ] 'ke'skj cgknqj flag] txnh'k

xqIr] y{ehdkUr oekZ] jkedqekj] fofiu vxzoky] pUnzdkUr nsorkys] jkts'k tks'kh vkSj ujsUnz

tSu vusd ,sls fp=dkj ,oa lkfgR;dkj gSa ftudh jpkukRedrk vius&vius <ax ls jax

vkSj js[kkvksa ds ek/;e ls fudydj lkeus vk;h gSa vkSj vkxs Hkh vkrh jgsaxhA ;g ckr

flQZ Hkkjrh; lUnHkZ esa gh ugha lkfcr gksrh gS ,sls mnkgj.k gesa ;wjksi ,oa nqfu;k ds vU;

ns'kksa esa Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA Ýkalhlh dfo ,iksfyus;j vkSj vkUnzsczsarks rks vius le; ds

izfl) vfr;FkkFkZoknh dyk vkUnksyu ls Hkh tqMs jgsa FksA blds vfrfjDr gjcVZ jhM vkSj

vULVZ fQ'kj tSls fopkjdksa us dyk ij vius lqfpfUrr v/;;u izLrqr fd;s gSaA gekjs ns'k

esa jfoUnz ukFk VSxksj] ,oa egknsoh oekZ tSlS egku O;fDrRoksa us bl ijEijk dk fuokZg fd;k

gSA

edcwy fQnk gqlSu mu fcjys dykdkjksa esa 'kqekj gSa ftUgksaus vU; dyk:iksa ds izfr,d

lpsr] lkxzg fnypLih fn[kkbZ gSA mUgksaus vius dyk ds lUnHkZ esa lkfgR;] laxhr] u`R;

ewfrZdyk] LFkkiR;] fQYe vkSj jaxeap dk ft+Ø vDlj fd;k gSA muds vusd fp=ksa esa ,d

dgkuh] ,d dfork] ,d jkx] ,d eqnzk] tSlh fo'ks"krk;sa lek;s jgrh gSaA fooku lqUnje us

Hkh vius dyk thou ds 'kq:vkrh nkSj esa ikCyks us:nk dh dforkvksa ij dqN isafVaXl cuk;ha

FkhA ckn esa og baLVkys'ku vkVZ dh rjQ eqM+ x;s rRi'pkr~ mUgksaus fQYesa Hkh cuk;ha vkSj

bZaLVkys'ku esa ohfM;ks dk Lrseky fd;k gSA

bl izdkj ,d dykdkj dh dbZ ek/;eksa esaa lfØ;rk jgrh gSaA bl lfØ;rk vkSj le> ls

mldh dyk ij vU; dyk ek/;eksa dk lh/kk lEcU/k ,oa izHkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA blh

izdkj fp=dkj Jh txUukFk eqjyh/kj vfgoklh ds fp=ksa esa Hkh vU; dyk ek/;eksa dk

vUrlZca/k ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA Jh txUukFk eqjyh/kj vfgoklh cztoklh Fks vkSj czt laLÑfr

dyk ,oa laxhr ls mudk xgjk lEcU/k Fkk] os czt Hkk"kk ds xhr o inks ads vPNs Kkrk FksA

vfgoklh ds dyk ds vU; ek/;eksa :fp FkhA os vU; ek/;eksa esa Hkh lfØ; jgrs FksA

187

vfgoklh Lo;a oS".ko /keZ dh v"VNki iqf"VekxhZ; 'kk[kk ds vuq;k;h Fks] os gosyh laxhr

xkrs Fks vkSj eafnjksa esa Hktu dhrZu djus Hkh tk;k djrs FksA blls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd

dykdkj vius lekt] vius okrkoj.k esa mifLFkr vU; dyk ek/;eksa ls og ,dne vNwrk

ugha gks ldrk gSA vU; dykvksa dk lekt ls vkSj lekt ls dykdkj dk vkilh lEcU/k

gksrk gSA vfgoklh th us Hkh fp=dyk ds vfrfjDr vius lekt ,oa okrkoj.k esa mifLFkr

vU; dykvksa ls vNwrs ugha FksA mudh Hkh vU; dyk ek/;eksa esa lfØ;rk gksrh FkhA os vius

fo|kFkhZ thou esa fo|ky;ksa esa gksus okyh ukVdksa esa Hkkx ysrs Fks rFkk fo|kFkhZ thou ds ckn

Hkh mudk ukVd ,oa fQYe txr ls] blls lEcfU/kr yksxksa ls lEidZ jgk Fkk ftlls

mudks ukVd ,oa fQYe ls lEcfU/kr lkSUn;Z cks/k dk Kku FkkA bu dykvksa ls tqM+s rRo

gesa muds fp=ksa esa Li"V utj vkrs gSa ;gk¡ mnkgj.k ds :i esa eSa Jh txUukFk eqjyh/kj

vfgoklh th dk ,d fp= **eS;k eSa ugh ek[ku [kk;ksa** uked fp= izLrqr dj jgh gw¡A

 izFke n`"V;k bl fp= dks ns[krs gh gekjk /;ku fp= ds fo"k; ij tkrk gSA vfgoklh th

dk ;g fp= lwjnkl }kjk jfpr in ij vk/kkfjr gSA eq[; vkÑfr ds:i esa Ñ".k vkSj

;'kksnk fp= ds chp esa vafdr gS vkSj nks cky vkÑfr ik'oZ esa [kEHksa ds ihNs ls >k¡d jgs

jgha gSA

bl fp= ds fo"k; dks Hkkjrh; e/;dkyhu HkfDr dkO; ds dfo lwjnkl ds in ^eSa;k eSa ufg

ek[ku[kk;ks* ls fy;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr ;gk¡ ,d vkSj dyk ek/;e jaxeap dk izHkko

Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ftl izdkj jaxeap dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gS vkSj mls lqlfTtr fd;k

tkrk gS] ftl izdkj ik=ksa dk LFkku fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gS ftlls fo"k; ,oa eq[; ik=ksa

dks izHkkoiw.kZ rjhds ls izLrqr fd;k tk ldsA bl izdkj dh ukVdh;rk ,oa jaxeaph;

fo'ks"krk,a ;gk¡ Li"V gSaA blds vykok eSa ;gk¡ vfgoklh ds lUnHkZ esa dykvksa ds vUrlZEcU/k

dks vkSj Li"V djus gsrq & mudh ,d vkSj fp= *iquLZFkkiuk* dk mnkgj.k izLrqr djuk

188

pkgrh gw¡A jfoUnzukFk VSxksj us 1829 esa ,d dfork fy[kh Fkh & *iqtkfjuh* rRi'pkr~ 1926

esa ,d ukVd *uVhj iwtk* ds uke ls ,d ukVd dk eapu fd;k x;kA iqtkfjuh vkSj

uVhjiwtk nksuks jpukvksa dk fo"k; ,d gSaA ;s nksuksa gh jpukvksa dk fo"k; ckS) xzaFk

*vonkulrd* esa of.kZr *Jherh* dh dgkuh ij vk/kkfjr gSA jfoUnzukFk Vxksj us bl fo"k;

ij vk/kkfjr MªkWbXl Hkh cuk, FksA ^Jherh* ¼vtkr'k=q ds egy esa urZdh Fkh½ dh dFkk ;g

gS fd og egkRek cq) dh vuq;k;h Fkh vkSj vius mikL; dh iwtk djuk pkgrh Fkh ijUrq

jktk vtkr'k=q ds jkT; esa cq) dh iwtk vpZuk djuk oftZr FkkA bl dFkk dk vUr

Jherh ds }kjk Lrwi ij nhi izTofyr dj cq) ewfrZ dh iquLZFkkiuk djrs gq, gksrk gSA

 blh fo"k; ij vk/kkfjr Jh txUukFk vfgoklh us *iquLFkkZiuk* uked fp= jpuk dh gSA

bl fp= esa ,d ukjh vkÑfr] ftldh 'kkjhfjd y;kRedrk ls ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd og

,d urZdh gS] eafnj esa cq) dh LFkkiuk djds gkFk esa iw.; dh Fkky fy, }kjk ls ckgj

fudy jgh gSA bl fp= esa :i fuLiknu vR;Ur lqUnj gqvk gSA fofHkUu dykvksa ds chp

,d rjg dk vO;D; lEcU/k gksrk gS] muds dyk gksus dk lEcU/kA vkt ds le; esa ty

thou ds vusd i{k ,d&nwljs dks izHkkfor djrs gSa rc fofHkUu dyk ek/;eksa ds chp izHkko

;k lEcU/k gksuk dksbZ vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha gSA ;gk¡ izFke fp= dkO; ,oa jaxeap vkSj nwljk

fp= lkfgR; lEcfU/kr gSA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd fdl rjg vfgoklh th dh

fp=dyk esa dyk ds vU; ek/;eksa dk vUrlZEcU/k ifjyf{kr gS vkSj lkfgR;] dkO;] ,oa

ukVd ds lkFk gh vius le; ds lekt ,oa okrkoj.k ls izsj.kk xzg.k fd;k x;k gS A

lUnHkZ&

1- uhykHk & **dykvksa dk vUrZlEcU/k**] dyk;sa vkl ikl] lEik0 fouksn Hkkj}kt]

yfyr dyk vdkneh i`0 la0 67A

2- ogh] i`0 la0 69A

3- ogha] i`0 la0 98A

4- mudh iq=h Jhnsoh es< ,oa ikS= xkSre esa< ls gqbZ okrkZ ij vk/kkfjrA  5- vfgoklh]ts0 ,e0 & *fp=eatw"kk*] dSVykWxA

6- fp=dkj v'kksd HkkSfed ls dh x;h okrkZ ij vk/kkfjrA    7- Jh txUukFk eqjyh/kj vfgoklh & *fp=eatw"kk*] dSVykWxA

8- Studies on Ravindra Nath Tagor, Mohit Kumar Ray, Vol. 1, Page. No. 205

 

189

Lakxhre; y; & rky ls fFkjdrh ^^VSxksj dyk**

 ’kkfyuh jkuh ’kks/k Nk=k] fp=dyk foHkkx ouLFkyh fo?kkihB] jktLFkku

^^lHkh dykvksa esa ,d y;kRed çokg gksrk gSA y; dk lEcU/k xfr ls gSA dfork] laxhr

,oa u`R; esa y; dk Li"V vkHkkl gksrk gS fdUrq fdlh Hkou] fp= vFkok ewfrZ dks ns[krs

le; gekjh n`f"V dze’k% vkxs c<+rh pyrh vkSj fofHkUu Å¡ps & uhps LFkkuksa ij mBrh &

fxjrh jgrh gSA bl ls Hkh y; dh gh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA y; dk vkjfEHkd fopkj ^^laxhr**

dh nsu gSA**1 vkSj blh laxhre; y; & rky ls fFkjdrh dyk ^^VSxksj dyk** gSA johanzukFk

VSxksj ds fp= dfo dYiuk çlwr] y;kRed o Lor% ful`r gSA ,d egku dfo vkSj

laxhrdkj gksus ds dkj.k muds fy, lnSo y; dk fo’ks"k egRo jgk gS o blh y; us

muds fp=ksa esa LFkku ik;k gSA ;gh y; muds fp=ksa dks lkSan;kZRed :i çnku djrh gSA

^^,srjs; czkgj.k esa dgk gS fd dyk gh vkRe&laLdkj dk lk/ku gS] ogh vkRek dks NUne;

cukrh gSA lRrj o"kksZa ds thou esa lkfgR; vkSj laxhr dh vfofPNUu lk/kuk ds ek/;; ls

xq:nso us ogh voLFkk] lRrk dh ogh Nane;rk ¼y;kRedrk½ izkIr dh FkhA

dkO; vFkok Nanksc) in&jpuk esa tks viwoZ vkd"kZ.k ’kfDr vkSj lkSan;Z dk ewy dkj.k gksrk

gS] fp= esa ogh js[kk vkSj jax dks Hkh izk.koku cukrk gSA lRrj o"kZ dh mez esa xq:nso ;ksa gh

[ksy&[sky esa fp= cukus dh vksj izo`Rr gq, FksA mlds igys lkjs thou dfBu lk/kuk }kjk

os lkfgR; vkSj laxhr ds {ks= esa fo’ks"k flf) izkIr dj pqds FksA eku vkSj izek.k ] xzg.k

vkSj otZu] xfr vkSj ;fr dk ijLij ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj laqnj iz;ksx& bu lcdk jgL;

mudh eqV~Bh esa FkkA bu lc dh lgt LokHkkfod /kkj.kk ds vHkko esa dykdkj dk dke Hkh

ugha pyrk A fdlh Hkh :i l`f"V dk ;g fuf’pr midj.k vkSj miy{k.k gksrk gSA vkSj

:i&l`f"V ds {ks= esa budk ijLij larqyu Hkh vko’;d gksrk gSA mudh izfrHkk esa ;g

rknkRe; xq.k izpqj ek=k esa lefUor FkkA blhfy, ge ikrsa gSa fd rwfydk gkFk esa ysus ds

iwoZ gh mudh izfrHkk esa :i&l`f"V ds fy, vfuok;Z rhu ekSfyd xq.kksa dk iw.kZ fodkl gks

pqdk FkkA os xq.k gSa&Nan&cks/k] eku&ifjek.k dk Kku ¼ek=k&cks/k½ ,oa rUe;rkA**2

vr% VSxksj dyk esa ge mijksDr dfFkr xq.kksa ds n’kZu djrs gSA VSxksj dyk esa laxhre;

y; ¼Nan½ dk cks/k eq[; xq.k gSA ^^Nan dsoy dfork esa ugha gksrk] :i esa Hkh gksrk gSA Nan

ds vHkko esa dksbZ Hkh :i u rks vkdkj xzg.k dj ikrk gS u vFkZ&og vFkZ tks mldk

fof’k"V Hkkoyko.; gS] Lo:ifHkO;fDr gSA fdlh fp= dk lkSan;Z fof’k"V Nanksa ds lekos’k

vkSj leUo; ds QyLo:i gh O;Dr gksrk gSaA fp= jpuk esa Nanksa dk oSfp=~; dgka rd

190

,dkdkj gks ldrk gS blh ij dykdkj dh lQyrk dh ek=k fuHkZj djrh gSA f[kyus okys

Qwy dk Nan vyx gksrk gS] fxjh ia[kqM+h dk vyxA izsj.kk ds vuqlkj bu nksuksa esa

fHkUu&fHkUu Nanksa ls nks rjg ds fp= cu ldrs gSa vkSj nksuksa dks vaxkaxh Hkko ls feykdkj

fp=dkj ,d ubZ l`f"V Hkh dj ldrk gSA lkFkZd Nan dh viuh izk.koRrk gksrh gSA

johanzukFk us tks dqN Hkh vkadk gS mlds Nan esa izk.kksa dk ;g Lianu] ;g izk.k’kfDr bruh

rhoz vkSj bruh izpqj gS fd vkt ds ;qx ds lqizfl) Js"V dykdkjksa dh dyk d`fr;ka Hkh

mlds lkeus dqN Qhdh] dqN fu"izk.k gh yxrh gSaA johanzukFk ds fp=ksa esa ;fn vkSj dksbZ

xq.k u Hkh gksrk rks dsoy bl izk.k’kfDr dh vfHkO;atuk ds dkj.k gh muls vka[ksa gVkuk

vlaHko gksrk A**3

izLrqr fp= ¼1½ dks nsf[k, tgk¡ ,d L=h u`R; eXu utj vkrh gSA fp= dks ns[krs gh le>

esa vkrk gS fd L=h dh ?kqekonkj fo’ks"k eqnzk iq.kZ Nane; gSA ;gk¡ ge L=h dh u`R; eqnzk esa

yxs ,d vn`’; vkst dks Hkh eglwl djrs gSA mldh xfre; voLFkk ns[krs gh curh gSa

tgk¡ n’kZd iq.kZr; vkukafnr gksrk gSaA

fp= la[;k & 1

johanzukFk ftrus vius dkO; fuekZ.k esa la;e vkSj vuq’kklu ls ca/ks jgrs Fks] ,slk yxrk gS

fd fp= cukrs le; os mrus gh LoPNanrk dh pje lhek rd ?kqe vkrs FksA muds bl

dke esa uk dksbZ dk;nk Fkk] vkSj u gh dksbZ dkuwu] dsoy Nan txr] js[kk dk y; ds lkFk

u`R;A fp= ¼2]3½ dks nsf[k, izLrqr fp= esa n’kZd dh n`f"V lEiw.kZ fp= ij Åij ls uhps

vkSj uhps ls Åij rd ?kwerh gSA dgha Hkh fp= ls ckgj ugha tkrh gSaA fp= dks ns[kdj

ekuks yxrk gs fd tSls fuf’pr vkdkj fu/kkZfjr dj ty dh /kkjk izokfgr dj nh xbZ gks

tks Lo;a de ;k vf/kd {ks= izkIr dj iw.kZ fp= esa ,d lqUnj vkdkj fufeZr djrh gSA

dykdkj us viuh dqph dks ,d y;kRed /kkjk esa izokfgr fd;k gSA ;g fp= y;] xfr]

izokg] Nan dk lqUnj mnkgj.k gSaA

191

fp= la[;k&2 fp= la[;k&3

vius fp=ksa esa y; ds fy, Lo;a VSxksj us dgk gS&^^fd esjk izf’k{k.k ;qok voLFkk esa Hkh

dsoy ^y;* ls gqvk gS vkSj ;g y; fopkjks esa y;] /ofu esa y; ls gaSA^^the only training which I had from my young day was the training in rhythm in thought, the rhythm in sound.**4

;gh y; buds lkfgR; dh eq[; fos’ks"krk gS vkSj lkFk gh fp=dyk dh HkhA VSxksj us crk;k

gS&^^fd ;s vius Hkrhts vohUnzukFk Bkdqj ds dk;Z dks ns[krs gS vkSj bUgksaaus ;gk¡ ;g eglwl

fd;k fd lHkh dykvksa esa ,d leku fl)kar gksrk gS vkSj og gS ^y;* dkA vkxs ;s dgrs gS

fd tks eq>s cpiu ls gh y; dk izf’k{k.k feyk gS rks esjs fp=ksa esa js[kk o jax dksbZ lwpuk

dks vfHkO;Dr ugha djrs gSa cfYd ;s ,d y;kRed vfHkO;fDr dks O;Dr djrs gSaA**5

bl izdkj VSxksj ds fp=ksa dk çeq[k xq.k mudh laxhre; y;kRedrk gS] ,d ,slh Hkk"kk tks

y; ds ek/;e ls VSxksj ds xgjs euksHkkoksa dks çLrqr djus esa lkFkZd gSA blds fy, VSxksj

js[kk ls] jaxksa ls] vkdkjksa dh y;dkjh ls [ksy djus esa ,d le`) n{krk dks çpqj ek=k esa

vius ikl j[krs FksA dgus dk rkRi;Z gS fd VSxksj ds fp=ksa esa ;g xq.k js[kkvksa] jaxksa o

vkdkjksa ls vk;k gSaA VSxksj ds fp=ksa esa n’kZd dh n`f"V ^y;* ds lgkjs iw.kZ fp= esa Hkze.k

djrh gS o vkuafnr gksrh gSA ¼nsf[k, fp= 2]3½ VSxksj ds fp=ksa dh y; muds eu ds

LoHkko o Hkkoksa dks çLrqr djrh gSaA tSls fd lHkh tkurs gSa VSxksj ,d laxhrK FksA tks ,d

Lojksa dh rkjrE;rk ;k dgsa ^y;*] *xfr* laxhr esa gksrh gS oSls gh VSxksj ds fp=ksa esa Hkh

Hkkoksa dh rkjrE;rk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA tks mudh jaxksa o js[kkvksa ds y;kRed gksus ds dkj.k gS

vkSj js[kkvksa o jaxksa ls ;g laxhre; y;kRedrk Lo;a VSxksj ds LokHkko ds dkj.k gSaA

Lo;a VSxksj us Hkh vius fp=ksa ds lanHkZ esa dgk gS fd]^^esjs lanHkZ esa] esjs fp= fdlh fu;e ]

vuq’kklu] ijEijkikyu ,oa fun’kZu ds gsrq dh xbZ iz;kltU; ps"Bk ds ifj.kke ugha gSa

192

oju~ mudk ewy] eq> esa fufgr y; dh ewy izo`fRr ,oa jaxksa o js[kkvksa ds lkeatL;iw.kZ esy

ls mRiUu vkuUn dh izo`fRr esa gSaA**6]7

vr% ;g y;kRedrk] ^izk.koar*] ^thaor* Hkko gh VSxksj dyk dh viuh fo’ks"krk gS vkSj

Hkkjrh; :i l`tuk dh ijEijk dks mudh Nan dh fo’ks"k nsu HkhA gekjs vkt ds fp=dkj

blls ykHkkfUor gks ldrs gSaA VSxksj dh laxhre; y;&rky ls fFkjdrh dyk ls vo’; gh

izsfjr gks ldrs gSaA

lanHkZ &

1- v’kksd]^^dyk lkSUn;Z vkSj leh{kk’kkL=**]lat; ifCyds’kUl] vkxjk] "k"Be laLdj.k]

2008] i`"B lañ&46

2- clq] uUnyky]^^n`f"V vkSj l`f"V**] fo’oHkkjrh xzUFk foHkkx] dydRrk] Hkknz 1398

caxkCn] i`"B lañ&219

3- ogh] i`"B lañ&220

4- Tagore, Rabindranath(edited by Neogy, Prithwish)“Art & aesthetic”, International cultural center , New Delhi, 1961, p.no. -97

5- ogh] i`"B lañ&99 6- vxzoky] fu’kk] ^^l`tu’khyrk vkSj lkSUn;Zcks/k**] izdk’kd&izHkkr feJk ’kkL=h]

bykgkckn] izFke laLdj.k 1985] i`"B lañ&41 7- Tagore, Rabindranath(edited by Neogy, Prithwish)“Art & aesthetic”,

International cultural center , New Delhi, 1961, p.no. -102

193

jktLFkku esa Ykksd dyk ds fofo/k :Ik

lfjrk fo’uksbZ

ts-vkj-,Q- 'kks/k Nk=k

fgUnh foHkkx] ouLFkyh fo|kihB

dyk laL—fr dh ewy gSA ekuo ds tUe ds lkFk gh yksd dyk dk tUe gqvk gSA

VkyLVkW; ds vuqlkj ^^dyk ,d ps"Vk gS] ftlesa ,d euq"; viuh mu Hkkoukvksa] ftudk

mlus vius thou esa lk{kkRdkj fd;k gks] KkuiwoZd dqN ladsrksa ds }kjk izdV djrk gSA

vkSj mu Hkkoukvksa dk nwljksa ij izHkko iM+rk gS] os Hkh mudh vuqHkwfr djrs gSaA1 O;kid :Ik

ls dyk ,d ekuo vfHkO;fDr gSA yksd ’kCn laL—r ds yksd n’kZu /kkrq ls ^/ka´* izR;;

djus ij fu"iUu gqvk gSA ftldk vFkZ gS ^ns[kuk*A2 vaxzsth esa ^yksd* ’kCn ds fy, ‘Folk’

’kCn iz;qDr gksrk gSA yksd ’kCn dk iz;ksx tulk/kkj.k ds vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA3 yksd

lekt dk og Hkkx gS tks vfHktkR; laLdkj] ’kkL=h;rk] ikf.MR; dh psruk vkSj ikf.MR;

ds vgadkj ls ’kwU; gS tks ,d ijEijk ds izokg esa thfor jgrk gSA yksd dyk og izfrfCkaCk

gS] tks ekuo dh lkekftd] /kkfeZd ,oa lkaL—frd Hkkoukvksa dk ys[kk tks[kk izLrqr djrh

gSA lkSUn;Z dks n`’; :Ik esa izdV dj nsuk gh dyk gSA tc ikf.MR; izn’kZu ls loZFkk nwj

jgus okyk yksd&lekt dk dykdkj viuh lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr dks fp=] laxhr] u`R; vkfn ds

ek/;e ls O;Dr djrk gS] og yksd dyk dgykrh gSA yksd dyk ds ek/;e ls yksd

laLd`fr dk Lo:Ik mtkxj gksrk gSA mlls yksd dh lkekftd] /kkfeZd ,oa vk/;kfRed o`fÙk

dk irk pyrk gSA vr% yksd dyk dk Hkh viuk egÙo gSA yksd dyk esa fp= dyk] ewfÙkZ

dyk] vYiuk] Fkkis] xksanuk] ekaM.kk] laxhr dyk vkfn fofo/k :Ik feyrs gSA

fp=dyk & jktLFkku esa fp=dyk nks :iksa esa miyC/k gksrh gSA fHkfÙk fp= (Fresco Painting) ,oa iV fp= (Canvaus Painting)A4 fHkfÙk fp= vf/kdka’kr% xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa

ns[kus dks feyrs gSA bl izdkj ds fp=kadu dks yksdxhrksa esa ^mjsguk* dgk tkrk gSA ;g

fp= ?kj ds ckgjh fnokjksa ij cuk;s tkrs gSA fHkfÙk fp=ksa ds vkys[ku esa izeq[kr% pwuk]

gYnh] flUnwj] dkty] xs: vkSj pkSjB vkfn iz;qDr gksrs gSA bu fp=ksa dks cukus ls igys

fnokjksa dks igys pwus ls lQsn fd;k tkrk gSA blds Ik’pkr~ pkSjB esa ikuh vkSj filh gqbZ

gYnh Mkydj mldk ysi rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA rRi’pkr~ ckal dh iryh ’kk[kk dks dw¡p

dj bldk cz’k cukdj blls xzkeh.k fL=;k¡ pkSjB rFkk gYnh ds fefJr ysi ls fp= deZ

djrh gSA

ewfrZdyk & jktLFkku dk xzkeh.k dykdj ewfrZ dyk esa Hkh fuiq.k fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA ewfrZdkj

iRFkj] feV~Vh vkfn ij xkSjh rFkk x.ks’k dh vkd"kZd ewfrZ;k¡ cukdj viuh dyk dkS’ky dk

ifjp; nsrk gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fofHkUu izdkj dh ewfrZ;k¡ fufeZr gksrh gS ftuesa ls izLrje;

ewfrZ;k¡] dk"Be; ewfr;k¡] e`.Me;h ewfrZ;k¡] /kkrqe; ewfrZ;k¡ vf/kdka'kr% miyC/k gksrh gSA5

194

vYiuk & jktLFkku esa izkphudky ls gh ekaxfyd ,oa /kkfeZd voljksa ij vYiuk cukus dh

izFkk gSA fookg tSls ekaxfyd volj ij ?kj&}kj dh iwtk dh tkrh gS vkSj ml LFkku dks

xkscj ls yhi nsrs gSA blds Ik’pkr~ vkVs ls LofLrd dh vYiuk cuk;s tkrs gSA fryd]

fookg] ;Kksifor] nhokyh vkfn ekaxfyd voljksa ij fofHkUu izdkj ds vYiuk ds vYiuk

cuk;s tkrh gSA ftUgsa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ^pkSd iwjuk* dgk tkrk gSA blh rjg dkB ds r[rs

;k ih<+k ij fofHkUu jaxksa ls lqLfTtr pkoy ls cM+h lqUnj vYiuk dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk

gS ftuesa ^vksbe~* rFkk ^LofLrd* dh dyk—fr cukbZ tkrh gSA

Fkkis & gkFk dh vaxqfy;ksa ls Fkkik ekj dj tks fp= vafdr fd;s tkrs gSa] mUgsa ^Fkkik* dgk

tkrk gSA fookg e.Mi esa tks gjs ckal xkM+s tkrs gS mu ij nqYgu dh ikapksa vaxqfy;ksa ds

Fkkis yxok;s tkrs gSA ;g Fkkik pkoy dks ikuh esa ihl dj rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA ioZrh;

LFkyksa ij nhokyh ds volj ij x`g}kj ij y{eh ds x`g izos’k gsrq Fkkis ls ltk gqvk ekxZ

rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA ;g yky vkSj lQsn jaxksa dks feykdj eqV~Bh dk Fkkik cuk;k tkrk

gSA tks fd dkQh dykRed vkSj vkd"kZd gksrk gSA

Xkksanuk & ’kjhj dks lqLkfTtr djus dh n`f"V ls xksanuk xqnokus dh ijEijk dk fodkl

gqvkA xksanuk izk;% xzkeh.k L=h ,oa iq#"k vius 'kjhj ij xksanokrs gSA xzkeh.k yksxksa ds ikl

Ik;kZIr /ku ,oa vkHkw"k.k u gksus ds dkj.k os ’kjhj ds fofo/k vaxksa ij xksanus xqnok dj

viuh lkSUn;Z Hkkouk dks lrq"V djrs gSA ;|fi vkt xksanus ds fy, vusd ;a=ksa dk

vkfo"dkj gks x;k gS rFkkfi xkoksa esa vkt Hkh xqanokus dk ;g dke ckagksa esa lwb;ksa dks

pqHkksdj fd;k tkrk gSA xksanuk esa Qwy] iÙkh] LofLrd] vksbe~ vkfn dh vk—fr mRdh.kZ dh

tkrh gSA vkSjrs yykV ij pkan] fryd] vkM+ xqnokrh gSaA xnZu ij d.Beky] Hkqtkvksa ij

fofHkUu nsoh&nsorkvksa o Ik’kq&if{k;ksa dh vk—fr;k¡ Hkh xqnokrh gSA

ekaM.kk & yksddyk esa ^ekaM.kk* dh ijEijk vfr izkphu gSA jktLFkku esa ek.Muksa dk izpyu

lHkh txg O;kIr xzkeh.k tu&thou esa ek.M.kksa dk fof’k"V egÙo gSA ?kj] vk¡xu] }kj]

’kjhj ds vax] oL=] vL=&’kL= vkfn lHkh oLrqvksa dks ek.M.kksa ls lqlfTtr fd;k tkrk

gSA eka.M.ks ekaxfyd voljksa ij fo’ks"k :Ik ls ekaMs tkrs gSaA ;gk¡ dFkkor Hkh izpfyr gS

fd ^^yM+dk pkgs dqaokjk jg tk;s] ijUrq vk¡xu dHkh dqaokjk ugha jguk pkfg,A blhfy,

vk¡xu dh yhik&iksrh djus ds ckn mls [kkyh ugha jgus fn;k tkrk gSA vk¡xu dks

^ekaM.kk* foghu vi’kdqu ekuk tkrk gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ekaxfyd volj ij ukfj;k¡ cgqr

:fp ls vk¡xu esa lQsn [kfM+;k] xs:] ikaMw ls rjg&rjg ds ^ekaM.ks* ekaMrh gSA fofHkUUk

mRloksa vkSj R;kSgkjksa ds vuq:Ik vusd izdkj ds eka.M.ks ekaMs tkrs gS tSls lkou ds R;kSgkj

ij lkrQwy] ikap Qwy] QwyM+h vkfn ekaMs tkrs gSA nhokyh ds volj ij fyNeh thjk

ixY;k] dy’k] ukfj;y] nh;k pkSd] canjeky] daoyks] pkSd pDdj Qwfy;ks vkfn ij

ek.M.ks ekaMus dk fo/kku gSA gksyh ds volj ij fL=;k¡ pax] pkSiM+] pkSd] cktksV] cht.kh]

ia[kh] pkS[kwaVh vkfn ekaM.ks ekaMdj viuh ijEijkxr dyk laL—fr dks O;Dr djrh gSaA

195

vk¡xu ds ekaM.kksa ds lkFk&lkFk ?kj ds eq[; }kj] ’k;ud{k] vfrfFk&d{k bR;kfn dks Hkh

ekaM.kksa ls lqlfTtr fd;k tkrk gSA ekaM.kksa dks lQsn] yky] uhyk] ihyk] gjk vkfn fofHkUu

jaxksa ls vkd"kZd cuk;k tkrk gSA ekaM.kksa esa f=dks.k] prq"dks.k] "kV~dks.k] v"Vdks.k] o`Ùk vkfn

dh vk—fr;k¡ cuk;h tkrh gSA eka.Muksa esa LofLrd x.kifr dk izrhdkRed fpg~u gSA

LofLrd dks fo".kq dk lqn’kZu pØ Hkh ekuk x;k gSA blh rjg "kV~dks.k y{eh dk izrhd

gSA f=Hkqt vkSj f=ewfrZ czg~ek] fo’.kq vkSj egs’k dk izrhd gSA blh rjg prq"dks.k pkjksa

fn’kkvksa dk izrhd :Ik gSA jktLFkku ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ek.Musa ds fofo/k :Ik ns[kus dks

feyrs gS6 &

1- ’kjhj ds vaxksa ij vafdr ek.M.kk % ’kjhj ds vaxksa dks vLFkkbZ :Ik ls lqlfTTkr

djus ds fy, ekaM.kksa ekaMs tkrs gSA egkoj] esagnh] dqadqe vkSj pUnu vkfn dk iz;ksx

fd;k tkrk gSA lkSHkkX;orh ukfj;k¡ gkFkksa o ikoksa esa esagnh ,oa egkoj yxkrh gSA

fofHkUu ioksZ] R;kSgkjksa] mRloksa] ozr&miokl ds le; fL=;k¡ ,oa ckfydk,¡ rwfydk ls

gkFkksa ,oa iSjksa esa esaganh ls ckjhd ekaM.ks ekaMrh gSA

2- oL= ij vafdr ek.M.ks % xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa oL=ksa ij Hkh ekaM.ks cuk;s tkrs gSaA ;gk¡

oL=ksa ij d<+kbZ djds ;k ca/kst ;k NikbZ ls oL=ksa ij ekaMus cukus dh dyk cgqr

izfl) gSA ca/kst esa oL=ksa dks /kkxs ls cka/kdj] jax esa Mwcksdj pqnM+h] iksepk] ygfj;k¡

vkfn vk—fr;ksa ds ekaMus cuk;s tkrs gSA buds vfrfjDr ihyk] iraxHkkar] iapjaxk]

Qkxf.k;k] vks<+.kh Hkh jaxkbZ NikbZ tkrh gSA oL=ksa ij dykor o js’ke ds /kkxs ls

lqUnj&lqUnj csy&cwVs] Qwy&ifÙk;k¡ cuk;h tkrh gS vkSj mUgsa fofo/k izlk/kuksa ls

ltk;k tkrk gSA

3- crZuksa ij vafdr ek.Mus % jktLFkku esa fofHkUu crZuksa ij Hkh ekaM.ks cuk;s tkrs gSA

crZuksa ij cuk;s tkus okys ekaM.kksa esa LFkkbZ jaxksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA feV~Vh ds

crZuksa esa eVdh] yksVk] fxykl] gkaMh] <Dduh vkfn dks yky jax ls jax dj [kfM+;k

feV~Vh ;k pwus ls ek.Mus ekaMs tkrs gSA feV~Vh ds crZuksa ds vfrfjDr pkanh o /kkrqvksa

ds crZuksa ij Hkh ekaM.kksa ls uDdk’kh dh tkrh gSA

4- vL=&’kL= ij vafdr ek.M.ks % jktLFkku ds jktk&egkjktk] lkeUr] lsukifr vius

vL=&’kL=ksa ij Hkh ekaM.ks cuokrs gSA budh ryokj] dVkj] <ky vkfn ij lqUnj

uDdk’kh dj ryokj dh uksd ij ngkM+rs flag dh eq[kk—fr o laki dh eq[kk—fr

196

cukbZ tkrh gSA /khjs&/khjs vL=&’kL=ksa dk izpyu de gksus ds bu ij ekaM.kksa dh

ijEijk yqIr gksrh tk jgh gSA

MkW- uUnyky dYyk ds vuqlkj ^^ek.Mus ek= fp= gh ugha gS cfYd lexz ekuo psruk ds

T;ksfr :Ik gSaA buesa gekjs lkaL—frd vkn’kZ fufgr gSA yksd eaxy dh Hkkouk fo|eku gSA

lq[k lEink] vkjksX;&lqgkx] /ku&/kkU; iznku djus okys ;s ekaM.ks Kku dk izdk’k QSykrs

gSA**7 jktLFkku ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa yksd dykvksa dk v{kr Hk.Mkj izkIr gksrk gSA ftuesa

yksd dyk ds ;s lHkh :Ik ljyrk ,oa lgtrk ds xq.k ds dkj.k tulk/kkj.k esa vkt Hkh

izpfyr gSA bu dykvksa esa yksd vfHk:fp;ksa vkSj euksHkkoksa dh l{ke vfHkO;fDr ds fnXn’kZu

fd;s tk ldrs gSA yksd laL—fr dh l`tukRed /kkjk dk izokg bu yksd dykvksa ls gh

thfor gSA blh /kkjk dks gesa viuh vk/kqfud lH;rk esa iqu% LFkkfir djuk gS rkfd thou

dh /kkjk l`tukRed dk;ksZa ds izfr c<+sA

lUnHkZ & 1 Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk vkykspukRed v/;;u] ftUnkl tSu] jktgal izdk’ku efUnj]

esjB] 1997] i`- 1 1 gkM+kSrh dh yksddyk esa ekaMus] MkW- jk/kkjkuh ’kekZ] uothou izdk’ku fuokbZ 2007] i`- 24 1 jktLFkkuh yksd lkfgR; dk foospu] MkW- lksgunku] i`- 3 1 yksdla—fr dh :ijs[kk] MkW- —".knso mik/;k;] yksdHkkjrh izdk’ku] bykgckn] 1988 i`-

258 1 yksdla—fr dh :ijs[kk] MkW- —".knso mik/;k;] yksdHkkjrh izdk’ku] bykgckn] 1988 i`-

259 1 jktLFkkuh yksd lkfgR; ,oa laL—fr] MkW- uUnyky dYyk] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj]

i`- 116&117 1 jktLFkkuh yksd lkfgR; ,oa laL—fr] MkW- uUnyky dYyk] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj]

i`- 11

197

fot;nku nsFkk ds lkfgR; esa yksddyk 

lUrks’k fo’uksbZ]

ts- vkj- ,Q-'kks/k Nk=k

fgUnh foHkkx] ouLFkyh fo|kihB

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa ^yksd* 'kCn vusd vFkksZa esa iz;qDr gqvk gSA oS;kdj.kksa ds ,d oxZ us

yksd dh O;qRifÙk yksd&n’kZu /kkrq esa /ka izR;; yxkdj dh gS] ftldk vFkZ ns[kus okyk

gksrk gSA ikf.kuh —r v"Vk/;k;h] iratfy —r egkHkk"; rFkk Hkjreqfu —r ukV~;’kkL= esa

yksd dks ’kkL=sÙkj] osnsÙkj rFkk lkekU; tu ds lUnHkZ esa iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA izk—r rFkk

viHkza’k esa iz;qDr ^yksd* turk rFkk ^yksd vIiok;* ’kCn lk/kkj.k tulewg ds dk;Z O;kikj

dh vkSj funsZ’k djrs gSaA fgUnh esa yksd ’kCn dk iz;ksx lar lkfgR; esa dchj] rqylh us

vyx&vyx vFkksZa esa iz;qDr fd;kA vusdkusd LFkyksa ij Li"V :Ik ls tulk/kkj.k rFkk

yksd lekt ds vFkZ esa gh yksd dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA O;kid vFkZ esa yksd lEiw.kZ lalkj

ds fy, rFkk mlesa vofLFkr ekuo leqnk; ds fy, iz;qDr gksrk gS vkSj fof’k"V vFkZ esa

lkekU; tuleqnk; ds fy,A MkW- ';ke ijekj ^yksd dks ukxfjd vkSj xzkeh.k laL—fr ls

tksM+dj ns[krs gS& ^^^yksd* lk/kkj.k tulekt gS] ftlesa Hkw&Hkkx ij QSys gq, leLr izdkj

ds ekuo lfEefyr gSA ;g 'kCn oxZ&Hksn jfgr O;kid ,oa izkphu ijEijkvksa dh Js"B jkf’k

lfgr vokZphu lH;rk&laL—fr ds dY;k.k ,oa fodkl dk |ksrd gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa

ukxfjd ,oa xzkeh.k nks fHkUu laL—fr;ksa dk izk;% mYys[k fd;k tkrk gS] fdUrq ^yksd* nksuksa

laL—fr;ksa esa fo|eku gSA ogha lekt dk xfr’khy vax gSA**

Ykksddyk yksd laL—fr dk yksdfiz; vkSj thoar :Ik gS] ftldk fodkl lkewfgd thou ds

lrr~ laca/kksa esa fodflr gksrk pyrk gS tks yksd thou dks foiqy lkSUn;Z vkSj vfer

vkUkUn ls vya—r djrk gSA yksddyk yksdlaL—fr ,oa yksd thou dks le>us dk lw=

vkSj ek/;e rks gS gh] lkFk gh og vius ;qx ds bfrgkl dks Hkh vius ân; esa lesVs gq, gSA

Ykksddyk dks viuh dye ds }kjk mdsjus okys esa jktLFkku ds izfl) jpukdkj fot;nku

nsFkk dk fof’k"V LFkku gSA fot;nku nsFkk dk lkfgR; Hkkjrh; thou ewY;ksa ds lkFk yksd

laL—fr o yksddyk ds fofo/k i{kksa dks lelkef;d fLFkfr;ksa ls tksM++us dh ,d l’kDr

dM+h gSA lkfgR; dh dksbZ Hkh fo/kk fot;nku nsFkk ds dye ls vNwrh ugha jgh gS rFkk

muds lkfgR; dk fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gqvk gSA muds lkfgR; l`tu ^ckrka jh

QwyokM+h] nqfo/kk] liufiz;k] my>u] nksgjh ftUnxh] ytoUrh] mtkys ds eqlkfgc] vys[kwa

fgVyj] f=os.kh] ek¡ jkS cnyks rFkk egkfeyu vkfn jpukvksa ds vfrfjDr dfork,¡] fucU/k]

198

cky dgkfu;k¡ vkfn esa yksd dyk dk fnXn’kZu feyrk gSA ekuo thou vkSj dyk dk

vU;ksU;kfJr laca/k jgk gSA ekuo us vius fodkl ds vk;keksa dks dyk ds ek/;e ls

vfHkO;fDr fd;k gS ogha dyk us ekuo dks ekuo cuus dh izsj.kk iznku dh gSA dyk ds

blh izsjd Lo:Ik us ekuo thou esa egÙoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr fd;k gSA Hkkjr ds bfrgkl ,oa

laL—fr ds fodkl Øe esa dyk viuh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrh gSA dyk laL—fr dk

vfHkUu vax gksrh gSA lH;rk ds fodkl ds lkFk dyk Hkh fodflr gksrh jgrh gSA MkW-

eqa’khjke us dykdkj dh lÙkk ij vius fopkj izdV djrs gq, dgrs gSa] ^^tSls lw;Z dh

fdj.ks vusd izdkj ds iq’iks dks fodflr djrh gS] Hkwfe dks gfjr nwokZ ds dksey e[keyh

xn~nksa ls lqlfTtr dj nsrh gS] [ksrh dh Lo.kZ’kkfy;ksa esa eafMr dj nsrh gS] oSls gh

dykdkj vius gkFk dh dyk }kjk vlqUnj dks lqUnj vkSj dq:Ik dks lq:Ik cuk nsrs gSaA**

yksd dykvksa esa rRdkyhu lekt dh laL—fr ,oa lH;rk ds fodkl dks tkuk tk ldrk

gSA dykvksa esa ekuo dh gkFkksa dh lQkbZ dk vf/kd egÙo jgrk gSA dykdkj ds gkFk esa

feV~Vh Hkh ltho vkdkj izkIr dj ysrh gSA Ykksd }kjk fufeZr dks ^yksd dyk* dgk tkrk

gSA yksd }kjk fufeZr laxhr] u`R;] ukV~;] xksnuk] ekaMuk] lkfgR;] fp=dyk] ewfrZdyk vkfn

dyk,¡ yksddyk ds vUrxZr vkrh gSA Hkkjr dh yksddykvksa ds egÙo ij izdk’k Mkyrs

gq, MkW- jkes’oj n;ky fy[krs gSa] ^^Hkkjr dh izR;sd yksddyk bruh lEiUurk vkSj fofo/krk

ls dqlfEkr gqbZ gS fd mldk o.kZu vusd ftYnksa esa gh gks ldrk gS] ftl izdkj mifu’knksa

vkSj xhrk dk Kku n’kZu vkSj /keZ esa laLkkj dk vxz.kh cuus dk nkok dj ldrk gS] mlh

izdkj ftl ns’k esa ,yksjk dh ewfrZdyk] vtUrk dh fp=dyk] okYehdh vkSj O;kl ds

egkdkO;] dkfynkl ds dkO; vkSj ukVd ;g ns’k Hkh dyk esa lalkj ds vxz.kh ns’k cuus

dk nkok dj ldrk gSA** fot;nku nsFkk ds dFkk lkfgR; esa gesa yksddyk ds fofo/k :iksa esa izkIr gksrs gSA

yksdlaxhr yksddyk dh gh ,d :Ik gSA yksd esa thou dk dksbZ dksbZ Hkh volj ,slk ugha

gksrk tc dksbZ xhr u xk;k tkrk gksA pkgs tUe gks] lxkbZ gks] fookg gks ;k dksbZ ekaxfyd

volj gks dksbZ u dksbZ xhr vo’; xk;k tkrk gSA yksdlaxhr dk Lo:Ik fu/kkZj.k yksd

/kqus djrh gSA ;s yksd /kqus fo’ks"k vapy dh laxhfrd igpku cukrh gSA yksd ds laxhr dh

iz—fr vkSj izo`fÙk lgt gSA fot;nku nsFkk ds lkfgR; esa yksd/kqus o yksdlaxhr dh Nki

dgha pjokgksa ds }kjk xk;s x;s xhrksa esa rks dgha ifugfju ds }kjk xk;s x;s xhrksa esa lqukbZ

iM+rs gSA ^^dk¡xjh dh >adkj ds lkFk gh ^<ksyk&ejo.k* ds izsek[;ku dh igyh iafDr dk

’kqHkkjEHk gh mlus ,sls feBs Loj esa fd;k fd lquus okyksa ds dysts d.Bksa esa lek x;sA dqN

gh nsj Ik”pkr~ lcdh vk¡[kksa ls vugn vkuUn ds vk¡lw cgus yxs lks Fkes gh ughaA fo;ksx

dh jkfxuh fNM+rs gh pkanuh dk vUrl~ Hkh Hkj vk;kA**

 

199

yksd ok| vkfne vkSj fodflr lekt ds lfefJr foosd ls mits gSA yksd esa izR;sd

ok|ksa dh mRifr vkdkj&izdkj] fuekZ.k] Loj vkfn dh feFk dFkk,¡ gSA tgk¡ Hkh ioksZa] mRloksa

;k fdlh ’kqHk volj dk o.kZu fd;k gS] ogk¡ ok|ksa ds dkj.k e/kqj Lojksa dh Loj ygfj;ksa

dk lqUnj vuqla/kku Hkh fd;k gSA fot;nku nsFkk dh dgkfu;ksa esa <ksy] <ksyd] ?kf.V;k¡]

?kqa?k:] eathj] ’kgukbZ] vyxkstk vkfn ok|ksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA ^dkUg&Xoky* esa vyxks>s

dh e/kqj /ofu dk lqUnjre o.kZu fd;k x;k gS& ^^mlus xk;ksa dks flj uokdj vknsj

vyxkstk ctkuk ’kq: dj fn;kA lglk gok dk rst >ksadk ,dne Fke x;k] tSls og Hkh

lquus dks vkrqj gksA /khjs&/khjs gok esa feBkl ?kqyus yxkA mlus rUe; gksdj vk¡[ks can dj

yh] ’kk;n va/ksjs dh izsj.kk ls vf/kd vPNk ctk ldsA vkSj lpeqp mls Hkh vyxksts dh

Vsj T;knk eksgd yxhA dgha vyxkstk vius&vki rks ugha ct jgk gS\**

 yksddyk ds vUrxZr yksdukV~; esa yksdeu dh lEiw.kZ vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA fot;nku nsFkk

ds lkfgR; esa jktLFkku izkUr ds fofo/k yksdukV~; dk fu:i.k gqvk gSA yksdukV~; dk

mn~ns’; ljy vfHkO;fDr }kjk yksdkuqjatu djuk gksrk gSA jktLFkkuh yksdukV~;ksa esa [;kr]

jEersa] ekp] rqjkadyaxh] jkt/kkjh] jklyhyk] jkeyhyk] HkokbZ vkfn izeq[k :Ik jgs gSA

fot;nku nsFkk us jEer yksdukV~; dk vkd"kZd vkSj lqUnj o.kZu fd;k gSA ftldks i<+us

ij izR;{k lfp= yksdukV~; izLrqrhdj.k dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA ^ckrka jh QqyokM+h* esa

fot;nku nsFkk fy[krs gS& ^tV fo|k dksuh vkoS* esa uVuh vkSjr }kjk izLrqr jEersa lEiw.kZ

{ks= esa izfl) gS ftldk djrc ns[kus gsrq nwj&nwj ds yksx mls fuea=.k nsrs gS& ^^vsd

uV.kh vkijS >h.kk djrcka okLrS lxyk eqyd esa pkoh ghA jtokMka fcuk jkaer dks djrh

uhaA jko] mejko] jktk vj ekjktk m.kjh jkaer ns[k.k uS rjlrkA cjlk esa dnS bZ ekSdkS

gkFk ykxrkSA esg jk cknyka uS djlk mMhdS T;wa jktk m.k uV.kh jh jkaer ns[k.k lk:

Mhdrk gkA**

 yksd thou dh leLr laosnukvksa dks vkRelkr~ djus dh {kerk yksd lkfgR; esa jgh gSA

ukuwjke laLdrkZ ds ’kCnksa esa& ^^yksd lkfgR; ân; dk lkfgR; gS] mlesa izk—rrk ds n’kZu

gksrs gSA mlesa “kkafr] LoHkko] vkReSD; vkSj vkilh fo’okl ds Hkko iyrs gSaA lân;rk]

ljyrk] fuHkZ;rk ,oa izxk<+ izse ds uequs yksd lkfgR; ds flok; dgk¡ feyrs gS\

Kku&foKku] O;ogkj&ok.kh] os’k&Hkw"kk vkfn okLrfod O;kikj yksd&lkfgR; dh tku gSA

yksd lkfgR; dh izxfr gh iz—fr dh iwtk gSA**

 fot;nku nsFkk ds lkfgR; esa yksd ekul dh fpÙko`fÙk;ksa] ewY;ksa] fopkjksa] fo”oklksa]

Hkkoukvksa rFkk laosnukvksa dk fnXn’kZu gksrk gSA bUgksaus yksdthou ds leLr ekuoh;

200

fØ;kdykiksa] yksdkuqjatuksa] ioksZa] mRloksa rFkk lkekftd&vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkaL—frd

xfrfof/k;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA yksddyk,¡ yksdthou dh mit gS] blfy, lk/kkj.k

tu ds fudV dh oLrq gSA yksd fp=dyk] u`R;] laxhr] dFkk,¡] xkFkk,¡ vkfn lc

yksddykvksa ds mi ’kh"kZd uke gSA fot;nku nsFkk us yksddykvksa dk o.kZu vius dFkk

lkfgR; esa fd;k gSA ftldk mnkgj.k ^nwtkS dchj* dgkuh esa Li"Vr% ns[kus dks feyrk gSA

blesa dchj dh dkjhxjh vR;Ur yksdfiz; gSA mldh dyk dks ns[kdj lHkh pfdr jg

tkrs gS&^^dkyhu] “kky vkSj dacyksa esa csy&cwVs] >kM+&>a[kkM+ o Qwy&iÙks ,sls cqurk Fkk

xks;k lpeqp ds gksA mlds gkFkksa cqus dkyhu ds Qwyksa ij Hk¡ojs Hkze ls e¡Mjkrs Fks vkSj dHkh

ids Qwyksa ds Hkqykos esa rksrs pksap ekjrs FksA**

 fot;nku nsFkk us vius lkfgR; esa yksddyk dk lQyrkiw.kZ vadu fd;k gSA yksddyk ds

ftu :iksa dk fp=.k fot;nku nsFkk us vius lkfgR; esa fd;k gS mldh egrk vkt ds

lekt esa izcy :Ik esa fo|eku gSA yksddyk esa lekt vkSj laL—fr dk vn~Hkqr lkeatL;

dj vius lkfgR; dks thoUrrk iznku dh gSA

lUnHkZ &

1- Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR;] MkW- ';ke ijekj] jktdey izdk’ku] fnYyh] i`- 10

2- oSfnd laL—fr vkSj lH;rk] MkW- eqa’khjke ’kekZ] i`- 295

3- e/;;qxhu —".k&HkfDr ijEijk vkSj yksd laL—fr] MkW- jkes’oj n;ky] i`- 205

4- mtkys ds eqlkfgc] fot;nku nsFkk] Hkkjrh; KkuihB] ubZ fnYyh 2000] i`- 177

5- mtkys ds eqlkfgc] fot;nku nsFkk] Hkkjrh; KkuihB] ubZ fnYyh 2000] i`- 177

6- ckrka jh QwyokM++h] fot;nku nsFkk] rsjg Hkkx] lkfgR; vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 69

7- jktLFkkuh yksd lkfgR;] ukuwjke laLdrkZ] i`- 15

8- ytoUrh] fot;nku nsFkk] okXnsoh izdk’ku] chdkusj] 2001 i`- 24

   

201

yksd dyk ,oa vkfne dyk & yksd dyk

MkW0 jhrk 'kekZ] O;k[;krk

isfUVax foHkkx

dyk ,oa f’kYi egkfo|ky;] iVuk] fcgkj

yksd 'kCn vaxzsth ds ^Qksd* 'kCn dk Ik;kZ;okph gS] fo}kuksa }kjk nh x;h ifjHkk"kkvksa dh

leh{kk djus ij ,slk vuqHko gksrk gS fd yksd dk vFkZ O;kidrk lesVs gq;s&ljy]

LokHkkfod ekuo lekt tks viuh lgt voLFkk esa thou O;rhr djrs gSa] rFkk ftudh

dyk ds gj fo/kk esa ljyrk fu"i{krk ,oa lgtrk dk ,d lgt Hkko jgrk gS] yksd dyk

dgk tkrk gSA yksd 'kCn tkfr] o.kZ /keZZ&lEiznk; uxj&xzke] f’kf{kr&vf’kf{kr

/kuh&fu/kZu] fodflr vfodflr ds nks"k Hksnksa ls mij mBdj lef"V ds fy;s O;ogkj esa

vkrs gSaA

yksd dyk dh mRifr vkfne dky ls gS ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk blesa u;s

vk;ke tqM+rs x;s bles fLFkjrk vk;h] yksd Hkkouk dk tUe gqvk bl rjg vkfne dyk o

yksd dyk lkFk&lkFk pyrh jgha] izkjaHk esa vkfne dyk dh lH;rk ds ekuoh; Lrj esa

dksbZ foHksn ugha fn[krk gS] izkd`frd fHkUurk dks ;fn NksM+ ns arks leLr ekuo izkd`fr dh

,d :irk gh vkfne ekuo dh ewy izd`fr Fkh] vkfne e;kZnk ds QyLo:Ik vkt Hkh mldh

O;kidrk dk cks/k 'ks"k jg x;k gS] 'kusS% 'kuS% lH;rk o laLd`fr ds fodkl esa ,slk oxZ

curk x;k tks yksd ;k Qksd *Qksd* dykvksa ls vyx gksrk pyk x;k gSA ijUrq vkt Hkh

yksd ijaijk dh dbZ fo/kk,a fofHkUu :iksa esa fn[krh gSA

izkphu Hkkjr o"kZ esa yksd 'kCn dk iz;ksx tu ds lanHkZ esa fd;k x;k gSA _xosn ds iq:"k

Lkwä tu 'kCn dk iz;ksx yksd O;ogkj esa fd;k x;k gS] ikf.kuh us v"Vk/;k;h esa yksd 'kCn

dk mYys[k gS] izfl) xzaFk xhrk esa Hkh osn ds lkFk yksd ds egRo dks izfr"Br fd;k x;k

gSA izkphu xazFkksa esa yksd lkfgR; vkSj yksd laLd`fr dk mYys[k ckjaEckj fd;k x;k gSA

ijarq bldh vyx laLd`fr vFkok i`Fkd lkfgR; dk mYys[k u ds cjkcj gSA izfl) lekt

'kkL+=h Mk- ckdZj us viuh iqLrd *n LVMh vkWQ vksfj,UVy Qksd yksj* esa yksd 'kCn dh

O;k[;k bl izdkj ls dh gS] ** vk/kqfud LkH;rk ls vyx jgus okyh laiw.kZ tkfr ;k lekt

gh yksd gS* bl yksd ds }kjk jfpr dyk gh yksd dyk gS** blh rjg gjuVZ jhM us yksd

dyk ds fy;s *ihtsUV vkVZ* 'kCn dk iz;ksax fd;k gS muds 'kCnksa esa** bV bt+ , vkVZ vkWQ

202

flEiy ,.M vulkSfQfLVdsVsM fiiy vkj uksu ,st+ iht+sUV vkVZA bV bt+ ,u vkVZ vkWQ

fLizaXl QkWeZ , lkSfQfLVdsVsM yo vkWQ flfEiyhlhVh ,.M flEiy ykbZQA** Ekgku

jktuhfrK ysfuu ds 'kCnkssa esa dyk tu dh LkEifr gS mldh tM+s lekt ds vanj rd

ig¡qpuh pkfg;s rFkk og tu ds fy;s cks/kxE; vkSj fiz; gksuh pkfg;sa] bl dlkSVh ij yksd

dyk vFkok ihtsUV vkVZ [kjh mrjrh gSA Ykksddyk lkekftd jhfr fjoktksa ds vuqLBku ,oa vusd egRoiw.kZ voljksa ij fpf=r dh

tkrh gS] ;g dyk cxSj fdlh vkJ;] izyksHku] fo}rk] f’k{kk ds fujarj vkxs vkxs pyrh

jgrh gS D;ksa fd bldk vVwV laca/k gekjh Hkkoukvksa ls gS nwljs 'kCnksa esa ge dgsa yksd dyk ls rkRi;Z mu iznf’kZr yksd /kehZ dykvksa ls gS] tks xk¡oksa] dLoksa] vU:uh bZykdksa esa izpfyr

gS] rFkk ijaijkxr jhfr ls LFkkuh; lkexzh ds }kjk ns’kh vkStkjksa dh lgk;rk ls lqUnj]

lkSUn;Ziw.kZ oLrq,as yksdksi;ksx ds fy;s cuk;h tkrh gSaA bl dyk vFkok xzke dyk] ;k

dLckbZ dyk dk fodkl vdLekr ugha cfYd izkxSfrgkfld dky ls vc rd tkjh gS] ;g

xR;kRedrk fujarj izxfr’khy jgha gS] xgjs ekuoh; ewY;ksa ls ifjiw.kZ] vfr laosnu 'khy

rFkk egRoiw.kZ gS] ijEijk ls izkIr ;g yksd dyk ekuo ds psruk/khu Hkkx esa lqjf{kr jgrk

gS] yksd dykvksa ds 'kks/k v/;u ls ge izkfpu laLd`fr rFkk blds ewy esa fufgr rRoksa dh

tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSa] Ykksd dyk dk fo"k; vlhfer gS blesa lkSn;Z izlk/kkukRed ,oa O;og`r dh x;h vfHkO;fDr

ds Lo:Ik dks LFkwy :Ik ls pkj izdkjksa esa foHkä fd;k tk ldrk gS& ¼1½ vkaafxd ¼2½

okfpd ¼3½ fufeZr rFkk ¼4½ vfHkus;A

vkafxd& vfHkO;fä ds varxZr fHkÙk fp«k] jaxksyh] vYiuk] ,siu] pkSd iwjuk] esagnh yxkuk]

xksnuk xqnkuk] oL= NikbZ ,oa ioZ mRloksa esa vafdr dh tkus okyh vkd`fr;k¡ vkrh gSA

okfpd ds&varxZr yksd laxhr] yksd lkfgR; bR;kfn vkrs gSaA fufeZr ds & varxZr

f[kykSus] x`g lTtk lkexzh] vyadkj vkfn rFkk vfHkus; ds & varxZr yksd ukVd] fofHkUu

rjg ds u`R;ksa ds ek/;e vfHkO;r djuk vkfn vkrs gSaA

vkfnoklh dyk leLr fo’o dh vkfnoklh dyk muds LFkkuh; okrkoj.k izd`fr vkSj

vko’;drkvksa ds vuq:Ik rks gksrs gS] ijUrq bl dyk dh lgt vuqHkwfr dk i{k xgu gksrk

gS ftldh vfHkO;fä izk;% lHkh LFkuksa ij ,d lh gksrh gS] vkdkjksa dh 'kSyhxr fo’ks"krkvksa

esa LFkkuh; rRo gksus ds dkj.k mls fdlh ns’k] tkfr ;k LFkku fo’ks"k dh dyk ds :Ik esa

tkuk tk ldrk gS fdUrq blds vkReh; rRo ds :Ik esa ns’k o dyk dk dksbZ ca/ku ugha

gksrk] vkfnoklh midj.kksa rFkk viuh izkFkfed vuqHkwfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fufeZr dykvksaa dh

203

'kq) o fof’k"V igpku cuh gqbZ gS] tks vk/kqfud ;qx ds lk/kuksa dh miyfC/k ds chp Hkh

vkfneRo ls tqM+h gq;h gSaA blh dkj.k vaxks ds izek.k ;k ifjizs{; ds Kku ds vHkko esa Hkh

izkxSfrgkfld dyk dk viuk egRo gS ftlesa vkdkjksa ds ck?; ;FkkFkZ dks tkuus dh

vko’;drk gh ugha gSA ns[kk tk; rks izkjafHkd xqQk fp+=ksa dh Hkkafr vkfnokfl;ksa ds fHkfRr

fp= Hkh xs:,] yky o lQsn jaxksa ls gh vf/kd curs gS rFkk blesa vfHkO;fr dh Hkh

lekurk lgtrk rFkk 'kq)rk fn[krh gSA

vkfnoklh lekt izk;% viuh Lora=rk dk vkuan ysus okyk lekt gS] ca/kueqDr fopj.k

djrs jgus ds dkj.k gh os o`gn lekt ds fu;eksa ls nwj vkiuk i`Fkd lalkj cuk, gq, gS]

;gh fo’ks"krk mudh jpukvkas esa Hkh izdV gksrh gSA os vius lkeus vkus okys Hk;] vkuan o

thou dh LokHkkfod vk’kk&fujk’kvkas dk dkj.k <w<+rs gS] ftldk fujkdj.k ;FkkFkZ esa u gks

lds rks LoIuksa dh ckr djrs gS ifj.kke Lo:Ik vusd jpuk,as tUe ysrh gS ftlesa i`Fkdrk

fn[kkbZ nsrk gS rFkk blh fdz;k’khyrk esa u;s :ikdkj o uohu l`tu dk Lor% izdVhdj.kk

gks tkrk gS] vkfnokfl;ksa ds thou vkSj dk;Z dh vkRek ds 'kks/k o fof’k"V v/;;u ls

muds vfHkizk;ksa dh 'kq)rk dks le>k tk ldrk gSA fo’o dh leLr yfyr dykvksa dk

ewy Hkh vkfne vkSj vkfnoklh dyk gS ftls vius&vius LFkkuh; {ks=ksa esa fodflr djrs

jgus vkSj mldh ekSfydrk cuk, j[kus dh vko’;rk gSA

vkt ds ;kf=dh ;qx us lgt gh miyC/krk pedrh gq;h oLrqvksa us rFkk vius gh ifjos’k

ls mtkM+ fn;s tkus ls vkfnokfl;ksa dh cM+h la[;k ds le{k pqukSrh mRiUu gS ftlds

QyLo:Ik vkfnoklh dyk dh HkkoxakfHk;Zrk vkReijdrk o blds jgL; okn dh ewy

fo’ks"krk ls nwjh c<+ jgha gSA

vkfnokfl;ksa dh ekU;rkuqlkj ej.kskijkar i`Foh ls ,d ek= lk{kh dk :Ik vax vkys[ku gSa

tks euq"; ds lkFk tkrs gS bl ekU;rk ls xksnuk izFkk ;k dgsa xksnuk dyk dk tUe gqvk

bl izFkk us ekuuh; Hkkoukvksa] vkdak{kvksa ,oa lksSan;Z ds izrhd dk :Ik ys fy;k vkt

vkfnokfl;ksa dh bl izkfpu dyk dk foLrkj vU; lektksa esa Hkh fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS Ykksd dyk vkfnoklh dyk esa lekurk gksrs gq, Hkh bu tkfr;ksa dh dyk esa Lora+=rk dk

vkuan o rktxh gS] ftlesa eqä vadu ds dkj.k lgt vfHkizk;] izkd`frd o l`tukRed

Hkkouk,asa vfHkO;Dr gksrh gSA  

204

Hkkjrh; gLrf’kYi ,oa dyk esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk

Mk0 jsuw izdk’k]

vflLVSaV izksQslj lekt ’kkL=]

,l0,l0ts0 ifjlj vYeksM+k

dq0fo0fo0 uSuhrky ¼mRrjk[k.M½

izkphu dky ls gh Hkkjrh; gLrf’kYi dk lEiw.kZ fo’o esa ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku jgk

gSA dykRed ,oa lkaLd`frd txr esa Hkkjrh; gLrf’kYi vkt viuh ,d Li"V

igpku cuk, gq, gSA Hkkjrh; gLrf’kYi dh bl igpku dks cukus esa Hkkjrh;

efgykvksa dk Hkh vewY; ;ksxnku jgk gSA fofHkUu gLrf’kYi dks mUufr ds f’k[kj ij

igqpkus esa efgykvksa us ljkguh; Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu fd;k gSA

bl lUnHkZ esa izfl) bfrgkldkj Mh0 ,u0 xkMfxy us dgk gS fd] ^^<kdk dh

izfl) eyey] caxky dh NhV] cukjl dh lkfM+;k vkSj lwrh diM+s] eqjknkckn ds

ihry ds crZu] ’kky ij d’ehj vkSj yqf/k;kuk dh d’khnkdkjh] vkU/kz izns’k dk

ySnj iV~Vw] vYeksM+k dk LVksu dkfoax] fcgkj dk VSjkdksVk] ukxiqj egkjk"Vª dh

fpUnh njh] ef.kiqj dk csar f'kYi] gfj;k.kk ds lsUMyoqM] dydRrk dk twVflYd u

dsoy vius ns’k esa yksdfiz;rk ds pje f’k[kj ij gS oju~ fons’kh /kjrh ij Hkh

Hkkjrh; f’kYi ,oa dyk dh thoUr rLohj ’kku ls izLrqr djrk jgk gSA ;gka ds

dq’ky nLrdkj ,slh js’ke dh lkM+h cuk fy;k djrs gS] tks fd vaxwBh ¼gkFk esa

iguus okyh½ esa ls vklkuh ls fudy tkrh gSA ,sls dq’ky ,oa n+{k f’kYih gekjs

;gk gq, gS ftuds f’kYi ,oa lkSUn;Z dks ns[kdj n’kZd LrfEHkr jg tkrs gSA 1

fdlh Hkh ns’k dh lkekftd vkfFkZd izxfr dks tkuus ds fy, ogka dh efgykvksa

dh fLFkfr ,oa Lrj dk vkdyu djuk vfr vko’;d gSA lekt esa efgykvksa dh

Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA efgykvksa dks eq[; /kkjk ls tksM+s fcuk fdlh lekt] jkT;

,oa ns’k dh vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj jktuSfrd fodkl dh dYiuk Hkh ugh dh tk

ldrh gSA Hkkjr ,d d`f"k iz/kku ns’k gS ftldh 72 izfr’kr tula[;k xkoksa esa

fuokl djrh gSA ;g tula[;k] d`f"k] dqVhj&m|ksx rFkk gFkdj?kk tSls dk;ksZ ls

tqM+h gqbZ gSA Hkkjr ljdkj us xzkeh.k fodkl esa jkstxkj dh Hkkxhnkjh c<kus ds fy,

le;&le; ij uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa ds lexz fodkl

dks okfNar xfr iznku djus ds fy, 1985 esa ekuo fodkl ea=ky; ds vk/khu

efgyk vkSj cky fodkl foHkkx xfBr fd;k x;kA 2006 esa bls Lora= ea=ky; dk

ntkZ ns fn;k x;k gSA efgykvksa vkSj cky fodkl ea=ky; efgykvksa ds fodkl dh

ns[k js[k djus okyh izeq[k ,stsUlh ds :Ik esa ;kstuk,sa] uhfr;ka vkSj dk;Zdze rS;kj

djrk gSA efgykvksa ds ckjs esa dkuwu cukrk gS vkSj muesa la’kks/ku djrk gS rFkk

205

efgykvksa ds fodkl ds {ks= esa dke djus okys ljdkjh vkSj xSjljdkjh nksuksa rjg

ds la?kVuksa ds iz;klksa dk fn’kk funsZ’ku vkSj leU;o; djrk gSA2

efgyk mRFkku uhfr o"kZ 2001 ds izeq[k fcUnq&

1- ns'k esa efgykvksa ds fy, ,slk okrkoj.k rS;kj djuk ftlls mUgsa yxsa fd os vkfFkZd

o lkekftd uhfr;ka cukus esa lgHkkxh gSA

2- ekuo vf/kdkjksa dk iz;ksx djus gsrw efgykvksa dks l{ke cukuk o mUgsa iq:"kksa ds

lkFk lHkh {ks=ksa esa vk/kkjHkwr LorU=rk dk leku :Ik ls lgHkkxh cukukA

3- ns’k esa efgykvksa dh f’k{kk] LokLF;] jkstxkj rFkk lkekftd lqj{kk esa lgHkkfxrk

lqfuf’pr djukA

4- efgykvksa ds izfr fdlh Hkh rjg ds HksnHkko dks nwj djus ds fy, dkuwuh iz.kkyh

vkSj lkeqnkf;d izfdz;k fodflr djukA

5- ns’k dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuSfrd thou esa efgykvksa dks cjkcj dk Hkkxhnkj

cukukA

6- lekt esa efgykvksaa ds izfr O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ykus ds fy, efgykvksa o iw:"kksa ds

cjkcj dh Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, c<kok nsukA 3

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa lekt ds detksj oxksZ vkSj efgykvksa ds mRFkku o fodkl ds

fy, fo’ks"k ;kstukvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA lafo/kku ds ÞjkT; ds uhfr funsZ’kd

rRoksÞ esa efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj vkSj muds fodkl ls lacf/kr gSA efgyk m|fe;ksa

dks fo’ks"k rkSj ij izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, vusd ifj;kstukvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k

x;k gS] ftuesa vDrwcj 1998 esa dsUnz }kjk xzkeh.k efgyk fodkl ,oa l’kfDrdj.k

ifj;kstuk ds uke ls 186 djksM+ :Ik;s dh ykxr ds lkFk ikap o’kZ dh vof/k ds

fy, fcgkj] NRrhlx<+] xqtjkr] gfj;k.kk] >kj[k.M] dukZVd] e/; izns’k] mRrjkapy

vkSj mRrj izns’k jkT;ksa esa Lohd`fr iznku dh xbZA bl ifj;kstuk dk mn~ns’; gS fd

vk; mRiknd xfrfof/k;ksa gsrw n{krk,sa iznku djdss csgrj thou Lrj ds lalk/kuksa

rd efgykvksa dh igWqp c<kukA vHkh rd bl ifj;kstuk ds rgr 16000 Loa;

lgk;rk lewgksa ds y{; dh rqyuk es 17]647 Lo;a lgk;rk lewg xfBr fd;s tk

pqds gSA ;g ifj;kstuk, la;qDr :Ik ls fo”ocSad rFkk d`f"k fodkl gsrw

vUrjk"Vªh; fuf/k ¼vkbZ0,Q0,0Mh0½ ls lgk;rk izkIr gSSA 4

blh izdkj efgykvksa ds fy, izf’k{k.k ,oa jkstxkj dk;Zdze ¼,lVhbZih½ dks pyk;k

x;kA ;g dk;Zdze xjhc lEifrghu efgykvks dks jkstxkj ds vkB ijaijkxr {ks=ksa

vFkkZr d`f"k] Ik’kqikyu] Ms;jh] eNyh ikyu] gFkdj?kk] gLrf’kYi] [kknh ,o xzke

m|ksx rFkk js’ke dhV ikyu ds {ks=ksa es v/;;u] dkS’ky ,oa uohu tkudkjh

miyC/k djokus dk iz;kl gSA ;g ;kstuk mu ljdkjh laxBuksa] jkT;ksa] fuxeksa]

ljdkjh laLFkkvks] la?kks vkSj LosfPNd laxBuksa ds ek/;e ls fdz;kfUor dh tk jgh 206

gSA tks de ls de rhu o"kZ dh vof/k ls vfLrRo esa gSA bl ;kstuk dk mn~ns’;

efgykvksa dks LFkkbZ vk/kkj ij jkstxkj vFkok Lojkstxkj izkIRk djus esa lgk;rk nsusa

dh n`f"V ls mUgsa izf’k{k.k vkSj dkS’ky miyC/k djokuk gSA dqN O;olk; ftuesa

izf’k{k.k fn;s x;s gSA dEI;wVj izksxzkfeax] esfMdy VªkaLkfdzIlu] vlSEcfyax] miHkksDrk

bySDVªkfud ejEer] jsfM;ksa ,oa Vhoh ejEer] oL= fuekZ.k] gFkdj/kk cqukbZ] gLr

f’kYi] lSdszfVfj;y izSfDVl] lkeqnkf;d LokLFk dk;Z ,oa dlhnkdkjhA bl ;kstuk ds

vUrZxr 2003&04 ds nkSjku 71]240 efgykvksa dks ykHkkfUor djus okys 463 izLrko

vuqeksfnr fd;s x;sA 5

blds vykok jk"Vhª; efgyk dks"k] ¼vkj,eds½ ds vUrZxr efgykvksa ds fy, jk"Vªh;

_.k fuf/k ds :Ik es tkus okyh bl dks"k dh LFkkiuk Ms;jh] d`f"k] nqdkunkj] Qsjh]

rFkk gLrf’kYi tSlh vk; mRiknd xfrfof/k;k ’kq: djus ds fy, xjhc efgykvksa

dks _.k lgk;rk rFkk y?kq&foRr dh lgk;rk iznku djus dh n`f"V ls lkslkbVh

iathdj.k vf/kfu;e 1860 ds rgr ,d iathd`r laLFkk ds :Ik esa 30 ekpZ 1993 dks

dh xbZA 2003&04 esa jk"Vªh; efgyk dks’k ds ek/;e ls 32]765 efgykvksa dks

ykHkkfUor djrs gq, 25 djksM+ :Ik;s dh jkf’k Lohd`r dh xbZA 6

gLrf’kYi ,oa dyk ds {ks= esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk &

izkphu dky ls gh efgyk,sa diM+k jaxus] dk<+us o Vksdjh cukus bR;kfn m|ksxksa esa

viuh izeq[k Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu djrh FkhA eksgu tksnM+ksa o gM+Iik ds vo’ks"kksa esa Hkh

,sls mnkgj.k feyrs gS] fd ml dky esa fL=;ka lwr dkrus o diM+k cquus dk dk;Z

djrh FkhA tc iq:"k feV~Vh ds crZu cukrsa Fks rks fL=;ka mu ij fp=dkjh dk dk;Z

djrh FkhA7 ;|fi efgyk l’kDrhdj.k ds bl nkSj esa ns’k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks lqn`<+

djus esa bu efgyk f’kfYi;ksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA ,d fjiksZV ds vuqlkj o"kZ

2005 esa 11-30 djksM+ efgyk,sa vlaxfBr vFkZO;oLFkk esa dke dj jgh gSA bu

efgykvksa dh Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dsa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼thMhih½ esa 10 Qhlnh

fgLlsnkjh gSa ;kfu 5-660 vjcA o"kZ 2004&05 esa Hkkjr dh lcls cM+h dkiksZjsV

dEiuh fjykabl dk VuZvksoj thMhih dk 2-3 Qhlnh gSA ns'k dh 96 Qhlnh efgyk

Je”’kfDr vlaxfBr {ks= esa dk;Z djrh gSA blesa 77 izfr’kr efgyk,sa d`f"k esa 10

izfr’kr eSU;wQSDpjhax es vkSj 4 Qhlnh O;kikj vkSj gksVy esa dke djrh gSA8

Hkkjrh; gLrf’kYi ,oa dyk ds {ks= esa Hkh efgykvksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedkvksa dks

udkjk ugh tk ldrk gSA dqN egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk;sa fuEuor~ gSA

1- js’ke m|ksx & orZeku le; esa js’ke m|ksx ,d izeq[k m|ksx ds :Ik esa LFkkfir gks

jgk gSA ftlesa efgykvkssa dk ;ksxnku loksZifj gSA lEiw.kZ fo’o esa js’ke mRiknu ds

{ks= esa Hkkjr dk js’ke mRiknu yxHkx 18 izfr’kr gSA fo’o dh lEiw.kZ vFkZO;LFkk eas

js’ke mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk LFkku nwljk gSA 9

207

2- peM+s dh twfr;k & jktLFkku ds t;iqj ftys ds dLcs pkSew ls 7 fdeh0 nwj cls

mn;iqfj;k xzke dh efgykvksa us ^^”;kek Lo;a lgk;rk lewg^^ o ^^vkjrh Lo;a

lgk;rk lewg^^ }kjk vkfFkZd LokyEcu izkIr fd;k rFkk ;gka dh efgyk,s peM+s dh

twfr;k cukrh gSA bu lewgksa }kjk efgykvksa dk O;olkf;d izf’k{k.k o _.k

lqqfo/kk;sa Hkh nh tkrh gSA ftlls og Lojkstxkj ’kq: dj lds ;s twfr;k fnYyh]

t;iqj lfgr dbZ LFkkuksa ij esayksaa esa csph tkrh gSA blls efgyk, vkRe fuHkZj gqbZ

gSA 10

3- gLrf’kYi & gLrf’kYi izkphu dky ls gh xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk dk izeq[k vk/kkj jgs

gSA jk"Vªfirk egkRek xkW/kh ds xzke Lojkt dh ladYiuk esa gLrf’kYi o xzkeksa|ksx gh

vFkZ jpuk ds vk/kkj FksA vf/kdka’k f’kYidkj vius gh ?kjksa ls viuk O;oLkk; pykrs

gSA buesa efgykvksa dk izeq[k LFkku gSA buesa efgykvksa }kjk isij ToSyjh] ckfVd]

isfUVax }kjk diM+sa rS;kj djuk] cSar }kjk dykRed oLrq,sa cukuk] lqUnj d<kbZ

djds ilZ&cSx] oL= vkfn cukuk] igkM+h {ks=ksa esa ’kky bR;kfn efgykvksas }kjk ?kj

ij gh cqudj rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSA gLrf’kYi ds }kjk efgyk;sa ih<h nj ih<h viuh

dyk dks vxzlkfjr djrh gSA11 lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa yxHkx lkB yk[k tula[;k

gLrf’kYi dykvksa ls viuh vkftfodk pykrh gSSA ftlesa lokZf/kd efgyk f’kYidkj

’kkfey gSA egRoiw.kZ :Ik ls jktLFkkuh VsjkdksVk] oqM dkfoZax] Mksy esfdax] cU/kst]

rksj.k}kj] dk"B ySEi iksLV] leqnzh ’khi ls cus ltkoVh midj.k] oSdaVfxjh tjh

fLkYd] vk/kza dh tkenkjh] CySd iksVjh] cksu dkfoaZx] Åuh nu dkyhu] eksecRrh rFkk

ekse ls cuh fofHkUu vkd"kZd oLrq,sa rFkk phM+ dh ydfM+;ksa ij dh xbZ dlhnkdkjh

vkfn izeq[k gSA

4- fefFkyk dyk & fcgkj dk fefFkyk {ks= izkphu dky ls gh dyk ,oa gLrf’kYi esa

viuk ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA dsoy Hkkjr esa gh ugh cfYd fefFkyk yksd

dyk] fp=dyk] f’kYidyk vkt fo’o Lrj ij viuh ,d fof’k"V igpku cuk;s agq,

gSA vkfn dky ls gh fefFkyk dh yksd fp=dyk] f’kYidyk rFkk laLd`fr ,d

ijEijk jgh gS rFkk feV~Vh] yksgs] rkWacsa rFkk iRFkj ls fufeZr f’kYidyk ;gk dh fp=

dyk ds izeq[k /kjksgj ds :Ik esa ekU; gSA e/kqcuh dh efgyk f’kfYi;ksaa us viuh

,fIyd dk;ksZ esa viuh fo’ks"k igpku cuk;h gSSA ,fIyd dk;Z ,d ,slk f’kYid`r

dk;Z gS ftlesa QVs iqjkus vkSj cps gq, diM+ks ds VqdM+ksa dks O;ogkj esa ykdj phtksa

dks euHkkou cuk;k tkrk gSA fefFkyk dyk eq[;r;k pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkDr gSA

1&Hkwfefp= vFkok vfjiuA

2&fHkfRrfp= vFkok dksgoA

3&e`.ke; ewfrZ rFkk vU; oLrqvksa ls fufeZr ewfrZ;k ,oa xqfM+;kA

4&fofHkUUk jaxksa dh dykRed mu;ksxh oLrq,A12

5- dqeakmuh yksd fp=dyk & dqekÅa esa yksd fp=dyk dk /kkfeZd vuq"Bkuksa] laLd`fr

,oa fofHkUu mRloksa esa ,d fo'ks"k LFkku jgk gSA dqekÅa esa izR;sd 'kqHkdk;Z dk izkjEHk

,i.kksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA tks dsoy lkSUn;Z n`f"V ewyd gh ugh mi;ksfxrkoknh Hkh

gSA efgyk,a xkscj ls yhih Hkwfe rFkk fHkfRr;ksa ij xs: rFkk fcLokj ¼ihls pkoy dk 208

?kksy½ ls rkf=ad taU+=h] ljy rFkk orqZy js[kkvksa ds iz;ksx ls ukuk izdkj ds ,si.kksa

dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA dqekÅa dh yksd fp= dyk ij dsoy efgyk oxZ dk gh

,dkf/kdkj gSA bldk iznZ’ku fHkUUk&fHkUUk ioksZa egkRloksa ,oaa laLdkjksa ds vuq:Ik

ikSjkf.kd vk[;kuksa] yksd izpfyr lkfgR; ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA13

mijksDr foospuk ds vk/kkj ij Li"V gS fd Hkkjrh; gLrf’kYi ,oa dyk esa izkphu

dky ls gh efgyk f’kfYi;ksa dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA lkFk gh ns’k dh

vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks lqn`<+ djus essa Hkh budh izeq[k Hkwfedk jgh gSA ijUrq bu lcds

gksrs gq, Hkh efgyk nLrdkjksaa ,oa f’kYidkjksa dh fLFkfr lkspuh; gSA efgyk

f’kYidkjksa dks ftu izeq[k leL;kvksaa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA og fuEukafdr gSA

1- ;|fi dqN egRoiw.kZ ;kstuk,sa xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; }kjk efgyk mRFkku ds fy,

pykbZ tk jgh gSA tks efgykvksa dks jkstxkj _.k] izf’k{k.k vkSj foi.ku dh lqfo/kk

iznku djrk gSA fdUrq vufHkKrk] f’k{kk dh deh o jkstxkj laca/kh fofHkUu ;kstukvksa

ds izfr mnklhurk ds dkj.k ;s ;kstuk,sa mu rd ugh igqp ikrh gSA ftlls og

budk mfpr ykHk izkIr ugh dj ikrhA

2- dqVhj m|ksaxksa dh LFkkiuk ds fy, vklku fdLrksa esa ljdkj }kjk fOkfHkUUk ;kstukvksa

ds rgr _.k rFkk vU; lqfo/kk,sa iznku dh tk jgh gSA fdUrq efgyk ds uke fdlh

vpy laifr dk uk gksus ds dkj.k dksbZ Hkh cSad ;k fofRrh; laLFkk _.k nsus esa

vleFkZrk trkrh gSA la;qDr jk"Vª vkS|ksfxd fodkl laXkBu dh fjiksZV ls ;g Li"V

gqvk gS fd vf/kdka’k efgyk O;olk;h fdlh Hkh izdkj ds m|ksx dks ’kq: djus ds

fy, _.k ysus esa lcls vf/kd dfBukb;ksa vkSj leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djrh gSA

3- Hkkjrh; gLr f’kYi rFkk dyk dks ;|fi jk’Vªh; rFkk vUrjk"Vªh; O;olkf;d [;kfr

izkIr gS]ijUrq bu lcds ckotwn gekjh efgyk f’kYidkjksa dks izk;% mudh esgur dh

mfpr dher ugh fey ikrh gSA vkSj ;s fcpkSfy;ksa ds ’kks"k.k dk f’kdkj gks tkrh

gSA fcpkSfy, cgqr de dher ij buls lkeku [kjhndj cM+s&cM+s ,Eiksfj;e rFkk

HkO; ’kks:eksa esa mPp dherksa esa csp nsrs gSA vr% esgur dh mfpr dher uk fey

ikus ds dkj.k gLr f’kYi fuekZ.k esa izeq[k ;ksxnku gksus ds ckn Hkh efgyk

f’kYidkjksa dks nks twu jksVh dk tqxkM+ Hkh eqf’dy ls gks ikrk gSA

4- orZeku le; esa ,d efgyk vkfFkZd :Ik ls LokoyEch rFkk vkRefo’oklh cuh gS

ijUrq xzkeh.k Lrj esa vkt Hkh efgykvksa esa vkRefuHkZjrk dh deh gSA vlaxfBr ,oa

vlaqjf{kr ekgkSy esa og izR;{k :Ik ls vius gquj rFkk dyk dkS’ky dks mfpr :Ik

ls uk rks mtkxj dj ikrh gS vkSj u gh mldk mfpr ewY; mls fey ikrk gSA

5- efgyk l’kfDrdj.k rFkk efgyk f’kfYi;ksa dks c<kok nsus ds fy, lcls izeq[k ck/kk

lekt esa ikjaEifjd lksp rFkk fyaxHksn gSA vkt Hkh efgykvksa dks fuEu Lrj dk 209

ekudj muls nks;e ntsZ dk O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r;k xzkeh.k Lrj ij

vf/kdka’k efgyk f’kYidkj vf’kf{kr gksrh gS vkSj uk gh fdlh izdkj dk izf’k{k.k

bUgksusa izkIr fd;k gksrk gSA vRk% eksyHkko dh {kerk dk iw.kZ vkHkko gksus ds dkj.k

buds ifjJe dk mfpr ykHk bUgssa izk;% ugh fey ikrk gSA

lq>ko & vRk% Li"V :Ik ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd gLrf’kYi Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k

leqnk; dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk jgk gSA gLr fufeZr dykRed oLrqvksa dk Hkkjr esa

gh ugh oju vUrZjk"Vªh; cktkj esa Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA Hkkjrh; efgykvksa esa

viuh n{krk rFkk dkS’ky ls tgka ,d vksj Hkkjrh; f’kYi vkSj dyk dks jk"Vªh; vkSj

vUrjk"Vªh; igpku fnykus esa viuh izeq[k Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu fd;k gS] ogh nwljh

vksj gekjh ikjEifjd fojklr dks Hkh ih<h nj ih<h gLrkfUrfjr djus dk Hkh

ljkguh; dk;Z fd;k gSA vr% efgyk nLrdkjksa rFkk f’kYidkjksa dks c<kok nsus rFkk

mudh fLFkfr dks lqn< djus ds fy, dqN izeq[k lq>ko fuEukafdr gSA

1- efgyk dkjhxjksa dks dPpk eky vklkuh ls de ewY;ksa esa miyC/k djk;k tk;saA

2- gLrf’kYi oLrqvksa ds fy, ns’k vkSj fons’k nksuksa esa cktkj miyC/k djkus dh O;oLFkk

dh tk;sA

3- gLr f’kYi fu;kZr dks c<kok nsus ds fy, ljdkjh Lrj ij fo’ks"k iz;kl ds lkFk u;s

m|fe;ksa o m|ksxksa dks c<kok fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

4- xzkeh.k Lrj ij efgyk f’kYidkjksa dks fu’kqYd fo’ks"k izf’k{k.k dk;Zdzeksa le;&le;

ij fn;s tk;s ftlls og dyk esa ikjaxr gksdj vkRefuHkZj cu ldsA

5- xzkeh.k LRkj ij jkstxkj ds oSdfYid lzksr ds :Ik esa y?kq dqVhj m|ksx /kU/kksa dks

fodflr fd;k tk;s rFkk efgykvksa dks vklku fdLrksa ij _.k iznku fd;k tk;s

rFkk lkFk gh _.k lEcU/kh ;kstuk;sa ljy gksuh pkfg,A

6- jkT; Lrj ij Hkh efgyk fodkl dk;Zdzeksa ds fuek.kZ dks c<kok fn;k tkuk

vko”;d gSA y?kq dqVhj m|ksaxksa ls lEcfU/kr izf’k{k.k rFkk fofRr; lgk;rk lEcU/kh

tkudkjh Hkh miYkC/k djk;h tk;sA

7- gLr f’kYi oLrqvksa dks cspus ds fy, esyksa o iznZ’kfu;ksa dk vk;kstu ljdkjh Lrj ij

fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tgka [kjhnnkj izR;{k :Ik ls bu oLrqvksa dks [kjhn lds ftlls

fcpkSfy;ksa ls futkr fey tk;sxhA lkFk gh fofo/k jkT;ksa ds gLrf’kYi ,d gh txg

ij ns[kus dks fey tk;saxsaA

lUnHkZ &

1- ;kstuk] ebZ 1995 ist ua0 43

2- owesu bUVjizhU;ksf’ki % izkCyEl ,.M izksLisDV~l 2011 lkfgR; laLFkku

xkft;kckn ist ua0 232

210

3- owesu bUVjizhU;ksf’ki % izkCyEl ,.M izksLisDV~l 2011 lkfgR; laLFkku

xkft;kckn ist ua0 266&67

4- Mk0 js.kq f=ikBh& xzkeh.k fodkl vkSj fu/kZurk mUewyu vksesxk ifCyds’ku

2008 ist ua0164A

5- Mk0 js.kq f=ikBh& xzkeh.k fodkl vkSj fu/kZurk mUewyu vksesxk ifCyds’ku

2008 ist ua0164A

6- Mk0 js.kq f=ikBh& xzkeh.k fodkl vkSj fu/kZurk mUewyu vksesxk ifCyds’ku

2008 ist ua0165A

7- infefu lsu xqIrk] owesu oDlZ vkWQ bfM;k] ,fl;k ifCyds’ku gkml cksEcs1960

ist u0 02

8- owesu bUVjizhU;ksf’ki % izkCyEl ,.M izksLisDV~l 2011 lkfgR; laLFkku

xkft;kckn ist ua0 273

9- owesu bUVjizhU;ksf’ki % izkCyEl ,.M izksLisDV~l 2011 lkfgR; laLFkku

xkft;kckn ist ua0 283

10- owesu bUVjizhU;ksf’ki % izkCyEl ,.M izksLisDV~l 2011 lkfgR; laLFkku

xkft;kckn ist ua0 285

11- owesu bUVjizhU;ksf’ki % izkCyEl ,.M izksLisDV~l 2011 lkfgR; laLFkku

xkft;kckn ist ua0 285

12- ;kstuk vizSy 2005 ist ua0 41&43

13- Ykskd laLd`fr fo’ks"kkad ^^ iqjoklh^^ 1995 ist ua0 47&49

211

/kkfeZd fp=ksa dh vfHkO;fDr esa MkW xksiky e/kqdj prqoZsnh dh dyk

Ikwtk

'kks/k Nk=k] fp=dyk foHkkx

,l0,l0ts0 ifjlj] vYeksM+k] mŸkjk[k.M

Hkkjrh; n`f"Vdks.k lnSo ls gh /kkfeZd jgk gS] ;gk¡ /kkfeZdrk ekuks d.k&d.k esa lekbZ gS]

ekuo dh blh /kkfeZd o lkSUn;Z dh Hkkouk us dyk ds fofo/k :iksa }kjk vfHkO;fDr nh gSA

dyk ds l`tu esa /kkfeZd vuqHkwfr gsrq dykRed lk/kuk dh vko’;drk gksrh gS vkSj ;g

lk/kuk dykdkj dh dykRed vfHkO;fDr dks tkx`r djrh gSA /keZ ls /kkfeZd psruk tkx`r

gksrh gSA /keZ ,oa bZ’oj gekjs thou dk gh ,d vax gS blds vuqlkj tks oLrq /kkj.k dh

tk, ogh /keZ gS] bl izdkj dyk o /keZ dk vU;ksU;kfJr lEcU/k gSA /keZ us yksdksŸkj

vuqHkoksa dk }kj lHkh dykvksa ds fy, [kksy fn;k] mnkŸkrk] vykSfddrk] peRdkj] nsoRo]

fo’o&dY;k.k] ekuoh; “kwnzrk] bZ’oj dh egŸkk] bZ’oj ds izfr ÑrKrk] ri] R;kx vkfn ds

Hkkoksa dk lEcU/k /keZ lk/kuk dh vuqHkwfr;kas ls gSA

/keZ us gh dyk ds ek/;e ls viuh /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa dks tu&tu rd igq¡pk;k gSA

dykdkj viuh futh vUrnZ`f"V ds ek/;e ls gh dyk ds fu;eksa ds fy, izrhdksa dh jpuk

djrk gS ftuds ek/;e ls og viuh vuqHkwfr dh O;atuk djds dyk&l`f"V djrk gSA dyk

Hkko rFkk vkuUn ds vfrfjDr] ekuo dh dykRed vfHkO;fDr mlds fparu ds vuqlkj Hkh

gksrh gS ekuo dk eu ftruk fu'diV vkSj LoPN gksxk mldh lksp mruh gh LoPN o

ifo= gksxh ,oa og mruk gh fLFkjrk dks izkIr gksxk tks fopkj] Hkko rFkk lkSUn;Z ls ifjiw.kZ

lkLor dyk dks tUe nsrk gSA

dyk mRifRr ds {k.kkas esa dykdkj viuh dyk ds ek/;e ls dykd`fr dk fuekZrk gks tkrk

gS ml fnO; vkuUnkuqHkwfr dks izdV djus okyh dyk mlds }kjk vfHkO;Dr ugha oju~

vorfjr gksrh gSA tc dykdkj dh d`fr n’kZdks dks vk’p;Z vkSj LQwfrZ ls Hkj nsrh gS rks

dykdkj ds fy, ;g mldh riL;k iwjh gksus tSlk gksrk gSA dykdkj fofHkUu e/;eksa rFkk

’kSfy;ksa es dke djrs vk;s gSA *,d vPNk dykdkj dyk dh ,d gh ’kSyh ls lUrq"V ugh

gksrk oju~ og loZnk viuh dyk ls lrr~ u;s&u;s vfHkO;taukvksa esa u;s&u;s ek/;eksa dk

lekos’k djuk pkgrk gSA dyk ds {ks= esa os gh dykdkj tkx`fr mRiUUk dj ldrs gS

ftuesa Lo;a vfHkO;tauk ds {ks= dh foLrkj dh bPNk gks ftlls lekt dks izsj.kk izkIr gks

ldsA*

dykd`fr dk y{; bfUnz;lq[k dks mRiUu djuk gSA bldk ije~ lk/; vk/;kfRed vuqHko

dks lEHko djuk gSA dyk dk dk;Z ekU;rkvksa dks izsf"kr djuk gS pkgs os /kkfeZd gksa ;k

212

fdlh vU; izdkj dh dykÑfr;ksa dh jpuk] ftl lekt ds fy, gksrh gS] ogh ;g fuf’pr

djrk gS fd dyk D;k laizsf"kr djs ftlls mlesa LFkkf;Ro rFkk fujUrjrk cuh jgsA

Hkkjr dh ewy ijEijk cgqr izkphu jgh gS tks iqjk.k] xzUFk vkt izkIr gS muds cht oSfnd

dky esa ekStwn FksA osn eU=ksa dh jpuk ls iwoZ iqjkru dFkkvksa ds dgus dk pyu Fkk mUgh

dFkkvksa ds vk/kkj ij iqjk.k o xzUFkksa dh jpuk gqbZ vkSj bUgh /kkfeZd xzUFkksa esa of.kZr ’yksdksa

ds vk/kkj ij dykdkj us viuh dykRed ’kfDr }kjk fp=ksa dks fp= :Ik esa vfHkO;Dr

fd;kA /keZ o /kkfeZd fp=ksa dh vfHkO;fDr esa dykdkj ds ân; dh Hkkouk,a fufgr gksrh gS

D;ksafd og bZ’oj dh vuqHkwfr vius ân; ls djrk gS vr% dyk esa mldh vfHkO;fDr

LokHkkfod gksrh gSA

izkphu dky esa egkdkO;ksa dh jpuk gqbZ ftuesa jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] v"Vk/;k;h egRoiw.kZ gSa

bu egkdkO;ksa esa vusd dykRed fp=ksa dk mYys[k feyrk gS ftlds thoUr mnkgj.k

lalkj dh loZJs’B dykÑfr;ksa esa ns[kus dks feyrs gaSA /kkfeZd fp=ksa dh jpuk esa vusd

dykdkjksa us izkphu nsoh&nsorkvksa rFkk iqjk.kksa ls lEcfU/kr fp= cuk;s ftuesa jktk jfo

oekZ] ;keuh jk;] eathr ckok] jkepUnzu vkfn dykdkjksa fd Ñfr;k¡ izeq[k gSaA

bl Ja[kyk esa MkW0 xksiky e/kqdj prqosZnh th dk /kkfeZd fp=ksa ds l`tu esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku

jgk gSA /kkfeZd fo"k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr fp=ksa esa prqosZnh th dh vk/;kfRed izo`fRr dk ladsr

Li"V :Ik ls feyrk gSA prqZosnh th ds fp=ksa esa bZ’oj dk lkfu/; lekfgr gS mudh vkRek

esa mBk *lR;e~ f’koe~ lqUnje~ * dk ukn muds fp=ksa esa ewrZ gqvk gSA **MkW0 xksiky e/kqdj

prqosZnh th dk tUe 18 fnlEcj 1932 dks Hkkjr ds mRrj izns’k ds bVkok tuin esa ,d

czkãe.k ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA prqosZnh th dh ekrk dk uke Lo-ljLorh nsoh o firk dk uke

Lo- jke fcgkjh yky prqosZnh Fkk**A

prqosZnh th viuh ekrk th dks gh viuk izFke xq: Lohdkjrs jgs] D;kssafd mUgha dks

ikjEifjd R;kSgkjksa ij fp= cukrs ns[k vkids ân; esa fp=dyk ds izfr mRlqdrk c<+hA bu

fp=ksa dks os viuh uUgh v¡xqfy;kas ls dkih ij fpf=r fd;k djrs FksA prqosZnh ds eu esa

fp=dyk ds izfr yxu us gh vkt mudks dyk dh Å¡pkbZ;ksa rd igq¡Pkk;k gSA prqosZnh us

viuh vuqHkwfr;ksa dks o.kZ:ikf;r djds ckY;kdky ls gh NksVs&cM+s fp=ksa dks cukuk vkjEHk

fd;kA prqosZnh th us vusd /kkfeZd fp=ksa dh jpuk dhA og dgk djrs Fks fd **czã dks

ikus ds fy, vius dks [kks nsuk iM+rk gS] viuk vga feVk nsuk gksrk gS&tSls ufn;ka leqnz esa

feydj viuk vfLrRo mlh esa yhu dj nsrh gS**A

213

,d mnkgj.k /;kor gS&

Jh jke us guqeku ls dgk& guqeku!jko.k&o/k gks pqdk] lhrk eqDr gks okil vk xbZ] fQj

vc rqEgkjk D;k dke jg x;k] vc rqe eqDr gks] tgk¡ pkgks tk ldrs gksA rc guqeku

cksys&

Hkxoku! nsg cq/;k rks nklks ge~

tho cq/;k rq va’kde~

vkRe cq/;k rq os okge~

izHkq! Tkks vki gSa ogh rks eSa gw¡A eSa++------- eaS gw¡ gh dgk¡] vki gh vki rks gSaA

vki fdlls dg jgs gSa&

czã Kku gksrs gh] pgqa vksj izdk’k gh izdk’k QSy tkrk gS] ml izdk’k esa izdk’ke; czã ds

vfrfDr vkSj dqN fn[k ugh ikrkA

prqosZnh th us u{k= e.My vkSj Qfyr&T;ksfr"k ds uo&xzg dks vius fp=ksa esa fpf=r

fd;kA o`gRlafgrk]:i&eUMu] Hkkjrh;] f’kYi&lafgrk ,oa oSfnd rFkk ykSfdd&lkfgR; esa

bu xzgksa ds lEcU/k esa tks dqN feyk mls laxzfgr fd;k ftuesa :i&jax] ifj/kku vk;q/k

okgu rFkk muds vkHkw"k.kksa esa iz;qDr gksus okys izLrj&jRu vkfnA dykdkj us ek¡ xk;=h dks

dbZ :iksa eas ns[kk vkSj fp= :i esa fpf=r fd;k vkSj vkxs c<+ dj v"B&flf);ksa vkSj

uo&fuf/k;kas dh ryk’k dh vkSj bUgsa fpf=r fd;kA

prqosZnh th us czã izkfIr dh lkr vUrnZ’kk,a Hkh [kksth vkSj mUgsa fp= Hkwfe esa :ikUrfjr

fd;k ftuesa&tkx`r] LoIu] lq’kqfIr] rqjh;%] rqjh;krhr] Hkxor psruk vkSj czã psruk vkfn

gSA mUgsa ek¡ dkyh [kIij vkSj eqaMokyh ugh fn[krh os tc /;kueXu gksrs gSa rc mUgsa ek¡ dk

Lo:i vR;f/kd lkSE;] lqUnj] lkjs txr dks lq[k&lkS[; iznku djus okyh] vius HkDrksa

dks vHk; iznku djus okyh ds :i eas fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA muds fp=ksa esa v/kZukjh o uoxzg]

cãizkfIr ds lIrlksiku] lw;Z xzg.k] v"Vflf) ,oa uofuf/k;ksa] jkx&jkxfu;ksa]

uk;d&ukf;dkvksa dk :ik;u n’kZuh; gSA dykdkj dh —fr gh mldh viuh vfHkO;fDr

gksrh gSA

dykdkj dh —fr gh mldh viuh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA ftlesa og izk—frd lkSUn;Z ds

vusd vk;keksa dks vius fp=ksa esa lekfgr djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA dyk dh vfHkO;fDr ds

fy, prqosZnh th us fp=dyk ds fy, vusd ek/;ekas dk viuh fp=dyk esa iz;ksx fd;k

tSls& ty jax] rsy jax] okW’k i)fr] isafUly Ldsp vkfn mUgkasus *D;wc rFkk ,ClVªsd* esa Hkh

dk;Z fd;k gSA jaxksa ds p;u esa os lnSo pVdhys jaxksa dks ilUn djrs FksA yky rFkk ihyk

jax mudk fiz; Fkk] ftldk iz;ksx mUgksaus viuh fp=dyk esa vf/kd ek=k esa fd;k gSA og

dgk djrs Fks fd&**,slk esa fpf=r ugh djrk] ij tc og fp= iw.kZ gksrk gS rks bZ"V ls

214

lEcfU/kr fcEc u tkus dgk¡ ls mlesa mHkj vkrs gSa vkSj u tkus fdl le; esjh rwfydk ls

og ewrZ gks mBrs gS**A prqosZnh th lnSo ls gh vius lEiw.kZ O;fDrRo dk foy; dj jpuk

fd;k djrs Fks og Lo;a dks Hkwy dj ,d ;ksxh ds :i esa lk/kuk Lo:i vfHkO;fDr fn;k

djrs Fks ftlls mldk eu efLr"d iqu% fØ;k’khy gksdj *olq/kSo dqVqEcde~* dk fgr lksp

ldsA

lanHkZ &

1- dyk rhFkZ&vtUrk] MkW Lo.kZyrk feJ] us’kuy cqd vkxZukbts’ku] ubZ fnYyh] izFke

laLdj.k]1117

2- Hkkjr dh fp=dyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl] yksds’k pUnz ’kekZ] esjB

3- lkSUn;Z”’kkL=] MkW eerk prqoZsnh] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2011

4- MkW0 ’ks[kj pUnz tks’kh] vk/kqfud fp=dyk dk bfrgkl] izdk’k cqd fMiks] cM+k

cktkj] cjsyh] 2003

5- MkW0 Ekksgu flag ekoM+h] Hkkjrh; dyk lkSUn;Z] r{kf’kyk izdk’ku] valkjh jksM] ubZ

fnYyh] 2002

6- L=ksr] ;h’kw ;kno] vizdkf’kr ’kks/k xzUFk] #gsy[k.M cjsyh fo’ofo|ky;] cjsyh]

2004

7- L=ksr jktho dqekj] vizdkf’kr y?kq ’kks/k] yfyr dyk foHkkx cjsyh fo’ofo|ky;]

cjsyh] 2009

8- vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] fxjkZt fd’kksj vxzoky] lat; ifCyds’ku] vkxjk] 2009

9- jke pUnz ’kqDy] vk/kqfud dyk leh{kkokn] lkfgR; laxe] ywdjxat bykgkckn] 2006

10- MkW0 ’kqdnso {kksf=;] dyk fopkj] Nfo izdk’ku] vkn’kZuxj] Hkksik jksM] eqt¶Qjuxj

m0 iz0]1990

11- MkW0 xksiky e/kqdj prqosZnh] izkphu Hkkjrh; fp=dyk fof/k&fo/kku] lkfgR; laxe]

ywdjxat] bykgkckn]1999

215

  

x<+oky dye

MkW0 fueZy flag clsM+k]

johUnz flag clsM+k vflLVsUV izksQslj] bfrgkl foHkkx]

Mh0,l0ch0 ifjlj] uSuhrky

Hkkjr eas egku eqxyksa dk vfLrRo foyqIr gks tkus ds ckn fgUnw dyk us viuh

lH;rk vkSj laLd`fr ds Hkwys oSHko dks iqu% nqgjk;kA eqxy njckj ls fujkfJr fgUnw

fp=dkjksa us izkarh; jtokM+kas dk vkJ; ysdj ftl u;h fp= ’kSyh dks tUe fn;k

mlls Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dh fofPNUUk ijEijk iqu% ,dlw= eas xzfUFkr gqbZA1 Hkkjrh;

fp=dyk dh igkM+h ’kSfy;ksa esa x<+oky fp=’kSyh dk Hkh izeq[k LFkku gSA fgeky;

dh miR;dkvksa ds fudV vofLFkr x<+oky dh ’kklu&ijEijk dk izekf.kd

bfrgkl dR;wjh vkSj ijekj jktoa’kksa ds le; 9 oha ’krh bZ0 ds e/; Hkkx ls

vkjEHk gksrk gSA2

Xk<+oky dh fp=dyk vU; igkM+h dykvkas dh HkkWfr eqxy fp=dyk ls izHkkfor

jktiwr fp=dyk dk igkM+h :ikarj gSA3 igkM+h dyk ij fy[kus okyksa esa fe0

vkpZj fo[;kr gSa] mUgksaus ^^x<+oky isafVx** eas Lohdkj fd;k gS fd ^Hkkjrh;

fp=dyk ds {ks= esa x<+oky dh cgqr cM+h nsu gSA x<+oky dyk dh fp=kadu fof/k

viuh fujkyh gSA**4 x<+oky fp=dyk ds vk/kkj LrEHk eqxy njckj ds nks fp=dkj

Fks tks fnYyh ls x<+oky vk cls FksA ;s nksuksa firk&iq= ’;kenkl vkSj gjnkl lu~

1658 esa ’kkgtknk lqyseku f’kdksg ds lkFk Jhuxj ¼x<+oky½ vk;s FksA5 Lkqyseku

f’kdksg ds okil fnYyh ykSV tkus ds ckn ;s dykdkj x<+oky esa gh jgs rFkk bUgsa

;gk¡ viuh dyk vkSj dkS’ky ds fy, njckj esa LFkku Hkh feykA6 ;s dykdkj vPNs

Lo.kZdkj vkSj fp=dkj FksA7 dykdkj dh bl oa'k&ijEijk esa eaxrjke gqvk tks

dk"B&dyk esa ikjaxr FkkA blh eaxrjke ds lqiq= dk uke eksykjke Fkk vkSj og

x<+oky dye ds fl)gLr fprsjs ds #i eas tkuk x;kA8

216

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d`fr;ksa ls

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fp= jgs gkasxs

xbZ gSa ftu

vf/kadk’k ,s

nsrh] Li"V gS

us viuh iq

gS9

h izfrHkk dk

l feyrk gS

iuh dykd`

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uls eksykjke

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enueksgu ¼tUe

1813 bZ0½

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e

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le; rd m

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¼”

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vkREkkjke

eqdqanjke

e

eueksgu

dk'khjke

y; ifjp;

ftldk if

vusd fp=ksa

frfjDr ml

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ds fp=kadu

e dh dyk

mldh dyk

cukjlhnkl

¼fnYyh½

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¼1658 bZ0½

gjnkl

ghjkyky

eaxrjke

eksykjke ¼1740&1823½

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cStukFk

¼1½ esa bl

fjp; geas m

dk ladyu

lds lkfFk;ksa

Ik`"B ij dq

dk lh/kk i

vius fof’k

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ckydjke ¼tUe 1867

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mldh fp=

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217

  

esa fy[ks inksa ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd mu fnuksa mldk ;qod eu viuh

ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls la?k"kZ dj jgk Fkk vkSj ftl ekU;rk dh og vis{kk djrk Fkk og

mls ugha fey ik jgh FkhA ;g lEHko gS fd bl le; ckgj ls dqN fl)gLr

dykdkj x<+oky igq¡ps gksa vkSj eksykjke dk ^;kSou* vkSj ^dykdkj* ml fLFkfr dks

vius fy, pqukSrh le> cSBk gksA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa og vkRe fo’okl ds lkFk

dgrk lqukbZ iM+rk gS fd vUr esa fot; mldh gh gksxhA 1775 bZ0 dh viuh ,d

dkO;&d`fr esa Hkh og ekU;rk ds fy, vius la?k"kZ&;qDr eu dks gh vfHkO;DRk

djrk gSA ,slk yxrk gS fd eksykjke dh ;g ekufld fLFkfr x<+oky dye dk

vkjfEHkd la?k"kZ gS vkSj blh dyk esa ckgj ls tks fprsjs vk;s gksaxs] dkykUrj mudh

ns[kkns[kh LFkkuh; izfrHkk esa ifj"dkj vo'; gqvk gksxkA10

vkjEHk esa x<+oky “kSyh esa fdUgha :ifp=ksa dk izpyu jgk gS ysfdu ftl izdkj

igkM+h fp=dkjksa dks vU;= d`".k ds izsekpkj ds vadu esa viuh dyk dkS”ky

fn[kkus dk volj feyk] mlh izdkj x<+oky 'kSyh Hkh blh fo"k; dh vfHkO;fDRk esa

fu[kjhA bl fp=.k dh i`"BHkwfe esa fuf’pr gh laLd`r rFkk fgUnh dh le`)

dkO;/kkjk FkhA dkO; vkSj dyk ds lqUnj lfEeJ.k dk ifjp; gesa x<+oky ’kSyh esa

Hkh feyrk gSA11 lqfo/kk ds fopkj ls x<+oky dye dk fodkl nks pj.kksa esa fn[kkbZ

nsrk gSA igys pj.k dk vkjEHk 1770 bZ0 ds yxHkx gqvk vkSj 1775 bZ0 rd

x<+okyh fprsjs ,d fof’k"V 'kSyh dk ifjp; nsus esa leFkZ utj vkrs gSaA xqysj esa

loZizFke igkM+h dyk ds f’k"V vkSj lqlaLd`r #i ds vH;qn; dk ifjp; feyrk

gSA ckn esa xqysj ds ;s fp=dkj dkaxM+k vkSj x<+oky dh rjQ Hkh c<+s vkSj mUgksaus

LFkkuh; ijEijk dks u;s vk;ke nsdj f’k"V dyk dk ,d lqfuf'pr Lo:Ik LFkkfir

fd;kA12 dkaxM+k ds dykdkjksa ds lEidZ esa vkus ls iwoZ eksykjke eqxy ’kSyh esa

^fp=ys[ku* djrk FkkA13 x<+oky fp=dyk dkaxM+k vkSj mlds fudVorhZ igkM+h

fj;klr ifV;kyk vkfn ls feyrh tqyrh gSA14 x<+oky esa ,d oSlh gh lqUnj]

jlhyh] yko.;e;] jksekapd vkSj fpUrkd"kZd 'kSyh dk fodkl gqvk] tSlh 'kSyh

iatkc dh ,d vU; igkM+h fj;klr dkaxM+k esa fodflr gqbZA15

218

  

nqHkkZX; ls 1803 esa gq, xksj[kk vkØe.k ls x<+oky dye rgl&ugl gks x;hA

,slh voLFkk esa dyk rFkk dykdkjksa dh fu;fr dk lgt vuqeku yxk;k tk

ldrk gSA ysfdu eksykjke fo’ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ckn Hkh viuh Hkwfe dks u R;kx

ldkA og Jhuxj esa gh jgkA xksj[kk iz’kkld gfLrny ds lkFk xBTkksM+ dj og

mldk fo’oklik= cu x;k FkkA16 1815 esa tc fczfV'k lsuk us x<+oky dks xksj[kksa

ds fu;a=.k ls eqDr fd;k rks eksykjke us ubZ lÙkk ¼fczfV'k½ ls vius lEcU/k cuk

fy;sA mlds iq= Tokykjke us fczfV'k vk;qDr ds ;gk¡ ukSdjh dj yhA Tokykjke

us vc ubZ iz’kklfud vko’;drkvksa ds vuqdwy viuh dye dk mi;ksx fd;kA17

1829 bZ0 esa dkaxM+k dk “kkld jktk vfu:)pan viuh nks cguksa ds lkFk xksj[kk

vkØe.k ds QyLo:Ik Hkkxdj x<+oky vk x;k FkkA mlds lkFk dkaxM+k jkT; ds

fprsjs rFkk dykd`fr;ksa dk vPNk [kklk HkaMkj Hkh x<+oky vk;k FkkA dkaxM+k dh

bu nksuksa jktdqekfj;ksa dk fookg x<+oky ds jktk lqn’kZu’kkg ds lkFk lEiUu

gqvkA izFkkuqlkj ngst esa cgqr lh vU; oLrqvksa ds lkFk lqUnj fp= Hkh fn;s x;s

vkSj lkFk vk, fp=dkjksa dks ;gk¡ jkT;kJ; Hkh izkIr gqvkA bUgha fprsjksa us x<+oky

’kSyh dks iqu% fu[kkjk tks x<+oky dh LFkkuh; dyk] xqysj dyk rFkk dkaxM+k dyk

ds leUo; ds #i esa mUUkhloh ’krkCnh ds vkBosa n’kd rd fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA18

x<+oky ’kSyh igkM+h fp=dyk dh vU; ’kSfy;ksa dh rjg Qyh&Qwyh] ysfdu

x<+oky esa vusd fp= vU; LFkkuksa ls igq¡ps gSa tks LFkkuh; dyk ds ewY;kadu esa

Hkzkafr iSnk djrs gSaA x<+oky ’kSYkh dkaxM+k ’kSYkh lh leFkZ o l{ke ugha Fkh ysfdu

ckgjh izHkkoksa ds ckotwn mlesa Ik;kZIr futh o LFkkuh; fo'ks"krk,sa jghaA19 izkd`frd

lkSUn;Z dk izn’kZu x<+oky fp=dyk dk ,d fo’ks"k y{k.k gSA20 x<+oky ds

fp=dkjksa us vius fp=.k ds fy, ykSfdd rFkk vykSfdd nksuksa izdkj dh fo"k;oLrq

dks viuk;kA viuh vykSfdd fo"k;oLrq ds fy, tgk¡ mUgksaus fpjifjfpr

bfrgkl&iqjk.kksa dh lgk;rk yh] ogha vius ykSfdd fp=.k esa n`’;&oLrq dks

viuk;kA21 muds n`’;oLrq ds fp=.k esa ukjh dk lkSUn;Z ,d vuqie egRo j[krk

gSA x<+oky fp=dyk vU; igkM+h fp=dykvksa ls ukjh ds lkSUn;Z cks/k vkSj mlds

fp=.k esa cgqr vkxs gSA x<+oky fp=dyk esa jef.k;ksa ds dksey dkUr fp= uktqd

219

  

vkSj eueksgd gSaA ;gk¡ ds fp=dkj dsoy dkUrk ds #i lkSUn;Z dk izn’kZu djus

esa gh fuiq.k ugha Fks oju~ Lo.kZdkj gksus ds dkj.k os muds vkHkw"k.kksa ds fp=.k esa

Hkh cM+s izoh.k FksA x<+oky ds fp=dkjksa us tsojksa dk fp=.k cM+h ckjhdh vkSj

;FkkFkZrk ds lkFk fd;k gSA muds vkHkw"k.kksa dk lkSUn;Z vkSj ckjhdh vuU; gSA

muds oL= vf/kd ikjn’khZ rFkk vkd"kZd gSaA22

x<+oky ds fp=dkjksa us iq"iksa vkSj Ik'kq&if{k;ksa ds LorU= rFkk vyx&vyx fp=

cgqr de cuk, gSaA ijUrq ukf;dkvksa ds fp=.k rFkk ikSjkf.kd vkSj ,sfrgkfld

dFkkudksa ds fp=ksa ds vax&Hkwr izkd`frd lkSUn;Z dk izn’kZu djrs gq, mUgksaus

tho&txr rFkk o`{kksa vkSj dqlqeksa dk fp=.k izkpq;Z ds lkFk fd;k gSA Ik’kq&if{k;ksa

ds fp=.k esa bu fp=dkjksa us ftl rknkRE; dk izn’kZu fd;k gS] mlesa ,d Hkkoxr

leUo; ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA Ik’kq&if{k;ksa dh Hkkouk vkSj mudk O;ogkj] euq";ksa ds

lkFk mudk lHkh izdkj ls lEcU/k&lkekU; iznf'kZr djrs gq, mudk fp=.k

x<+oky ds dykdkjksa dh uSlfxZd fo’ks"krk gSA23 x<+oky ds fp=ksa esa ,d mnkl

lk] volkniw.kZ] Hkkjh vkSj xEHkhj okrkoj.k vf/kd gSA ;g eksykjke dh dyk vkSj

leLr x<+oky fp=dyk dh ,d O;kid fo'ks"krk gSA x<+oky dyk ds Qwykas esa

,d foy{k.k lkSUn;Z vkSj vkd"kZd e/kqjrk gS vkSj mudks jaxksa esa fpf=r djus esa

tks lqdqekjrk rFkk uohurk gS mldh izfrd`fr dj mls nqgjkuk vlEHko gSA24

^^x<+oky ds fp=dkjksa us ftl ckjhdh ds lkFk vkyadkfjd ltkoV dk lfoLrkj

fp=.k fd;k gS vkSj lkSUn;Z rFkk izd`fr ds lkFk tSlk mudk izse gS] mlds dkj.k

vU; lHkh jktiwr dykvksa ls x<+oky dh dyk mPprj gSA okLro esa igkM+h dyk

ds fp=ksa esa vf/kdka’k ,sls fp= ftueas izkd`frd n`’;ksa dk je.khd fp=.k fd;k

x;k gS] fo’ks"kr;k os fp= ftuesa gesa NksVs&NksVs xqykch vkSj ’osr jax ds iq"i&Ikqat

iYYkoksa esa feyrs gSa] mudks fujkin #i ls x<+oky dyk dh nsu ekuk tkrk gSa-------

jktiwr fp= dyk ds fo"k; esa fy[kk gqvk dksbZ Hkh izcU/k rc rd ifjiw.kZ ugha

ekuk tk ldrk] tc rd mlesa x<+oky ds ew/kZU; fp=dkj eksykjke dh d`fr dk

lknj mYys[k u gksA fuLlansg x<+oky dh fp=dyk esa loksZÙke rFkk mPPkre

O;fDRkfu"B d`fr dk eksykjke izfrfuf/k gSA**25

220

  

Lke; ds lkFk x<+oky fp=dyk dk vfLrRo lekfIr dh vksj vxzlj gks x;kA

x<+oky esa fp=ys[ku dh ijEijk dk yksi gksus dk fo'ks"k dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd

viuh dyk dh xw<+ ckrsa] mlds xgu izkfof/kd ¼VsfDudy½ eeZ rFkk jax rS;kj

djus dh fof/k eksykjke us vius yM+dksa vkSj f'k";ksa dks Hkh ugha crk;hA mlus ;k

fdlh vU; O;fDRk us x<+oky dh turk esa fp=dyk ds izfr isze vkSj vuqjkx

mRiUu djus dk vkSj mlds izfr vknj dh Hkkouk QSykus dk iz;kl ugha fd;kA

gekjs ns’k dk nqHkkZX; gS fd ;gk¡ ds fo’ks"kK rFkk dykpk;Z viuh xw<+ ckrsa nwljksa

dks ugha crkrs FksA blh dkj.k Hkkjrh; dyk] foKku] oS/kd rFkk vU; fo/kkvksa dk

leqfpr fodkl ugha gks ik;kA izk;% ;s fo/kk;sa mUgha fo'ks"kKksa dh e`R;q ds lkFk

yqIr gks tkrh FkhaA blds vfrfjDRk x<+oky dh fp=dyk ds âkl vkSj var esa

mlds yqIr gks tkus dk ,d vkSj foy{k.k dkj.k gS] og ;g gS fd Tokykjke

¼eksykjke dk T;s"B iq=½ ds ckn mlds oa’kt] tks fp=kys[ku djrs jgs] muesa ls

dqN fof{kIr gksus yxs FksA muds ikxyiu dk lEcU/k fp=dyk ls ekuk x;kA

blh dkj.k muds oa’ktksa us viuh iSr`d rFkk oa’kkuqxr dyk ls ihB Qsj yh vkSj

fp=dyk ls viuk lEcU/k lnk ds fy, rksM+ fy;kA26

lUnHkZ &

1- xSjksyk] okpLifr] 1972] Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl] yksdHkkjrh

izdk’ku] bykgkckn] i`0& 83A

2- mijksDRk] i`0& 89A

3- eqdqUnh yky] 1983] ^x<+oky fp=dyk*] izdk’ku foHkkx] Hkkjr ljdkj]

i`0& 19A

4- mijksDRk] i`0& 6A

5- mijksDRk] i`0& 1A

6- oS|] fd’kksjhyky % gkaMk] vksepUn] 1969] ^igkM+h fp=dyk*] us’kuy

ifCyf’kax gkml] fnYyh] i`0& 144A

7- xSjksyk] okpLifr] 1972] Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl] yksdHkkjrh

izdk’ku] bykgkckn] i`0& 89A

221

  

8- oS|] fd’kksjhyky % gkaMk] vksepUn] 1969] ^igkM+h fp=dyk*] us’kuy

ifCyf’kax gkml] fnYyh] i`0& 144A

9- lkad`R;k;u] jkgqy] 1953] fgeky; ifjp; ¼1½] bykgkckn] i`0&133&134A

10- oS|] fd’kksjhyky % gkaMk] vksepUn] 1969] ^igkM+h fp=dyk*] us’kuy

ifCyf’kax gkml] fnYyh] i`0& 145A

11- mijksDRk] i`0& 145&146A 12- mijksDRk] i`0& 146A 13- eqdqUnh yky] 1983] ^x<+oky fp=dyk*] izdk’ku foHkkx] Hkkjr ljdkj]

i`0& 9A

14- Lokeh] MkW0 vkuUn dqekj] 1916] ^jktiwr isfUVaXl* ftYn 1] vkDlQksMZ]

i`0& 23A

15- vkpZj] MCY;w0 ih0] ^x<+oky iasfVx* ¼bUVªksMD’ku½ Hkwfedk] i`0& 2A

16- oS|] fd’kksjhyky % gkaMk] vksepUn] 1969] ^igkM+h fp=dyk*] us’kuy

ifCyf’kax gkml] fnYyh] i`0& 146&147A

17- mijksDRk] i`0& 147A 18- mijksDRk] i`0& 147&148A 19- mijksDRk] i`0& 148A 20- eqdqUnh yky] 1983] ^x<+oky fp=dyk*] izdk’ku foHkkx] Hkkjr ljdkj]

i`0& 28A

21- mijksDRk] i`0& 23A 22- mijksDRk] i`0& 23A 23- mijksDRk] i`0& 35A 24- Ýsap] ts0 lh0] ^fgeky;u vkVZ* yanu] i`0& 58&63A

25- ?kks"k] vftr] 1929] ^:iys[kk* la[;k& 2] fnYyhA

26- eqdqUnh yky] 1983] ^x<+oky fp=dyk*] izdk’ku foHkkx] Hkkjr ljdkj]

i`0& 4A

222

dqek¡Å esa gLrf’kYi dyk dh fLFkfr ,oa lEHkkouk,sa

Jherh uhye fc"V

vuqlaf/kRlq fp=dyk foHkkx

,l0 ,l0 ts0 ifjlj vYeksM+kA

dqek¡Å izkphu le; ls gh ekuo fodkl vkSj laLd`fr dk dsUnz jgk gSA iqjkrkfRod [kkstksa ls

;g fl) gks pqdk gS fd dqek¡Å esa ik"kk.k ;qxhu ekuo fo|eku FkkA ftlus ;gka ij fofHkUu

izdkj ds ik"kk.k ;qxhu midj.k ,oa dykRed fpf=r f’kykJ; NksM+s gaSA ekuo laLd`fr dk

vkjEHk ik"kk.k ;qx ls gqvkA izkjEHk esa ekuo viuh vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, ik"kk.k

midj.k Lo;a fufeZr djrk FkkA /khjs&/khjs ekuo lkekftd izk.kh cu x;k vSkj mlus lekt

dk fuekZ.k fd;kA le; ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd tfVyrk,sa Hkh c<+rh xbZA bu lkekftd

tfVyrkvksa ds lek/kku gsrq o.kZ O;oLFkk cukbZ xbZA lekt dks pkj o.kkasZ czkºe.k] {kf=;] oS’;

vkSj ’kwnz o.kkasZ esa ck¡Vk x;kA pkSFks o.kZ ’kwnz dk dk;Z f’kYi dk;Z FkkA bl oxZ us viuh

f’kYidyk ls lekt dh gj rjg ls lsok dhA bl izdkj f’kYi lEcU/kh dk;Z djus ds dkj.k

;g oxZ f’kYidkj uke ls fo[;kr gqvkA

f'kYi fuekZ.k lEcU/kh dk;Z f’kYidkj oxZ ljy midj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls gkFkksa ds }kjk djrs

FksA bu f’kYiksa ds fuekZ.k esa e’khu dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk FkkA bl izdkj gkFkksa ds }kjk bu

f’kYiksa ds fuekZ.k ds dkj.k bUgsa gLrf’kYi dgk x;kA bu oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k gLrf’kYi dyk

ds :i esa izfl) gqvkA gLrf’kYi esa ;gka ds yksxksa ds nSfud thou esa mi;ksx vkus okyh

leLr oLrq,a vkrh gaSA tSls /kkrq vk/kkfjr rk¡cs vkSj yksgs ds crZu] rk¡cs dh ijkr] xxjh] rkSys]

dlsjk] yksVk blds vfrfjDr /kkfeZd vuq"Bkuksa esa mi;ksx esa yk;s tkus okys ik=ksa iapik=]

vkpeuh] nhi] v?kZ] nhik/kkj vkfn ok|;U=ksa esa <ksy] uxkM+s] neq,] rqjgh] j.kflaxk] Hkwdj] gqM+dk

vkfn rk¡cs ds cus gksrs gaSA rkez lEcU/kh f’kYi dk dk;Z VEVk tkfr ds gLrf’kfYi;ksa }kjk fd;k

tkrk gSA rkez f’kYi ds lkFk&lkFk ykSg f’kYi dk Hkh dqek¡Å esa egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA ?kjsyw

mi;ksx gsrq yksgs dh cuh d<+kbZ] rok] Hknsyk] MkMw ¼dNhZ½] fpeVk iwtk ikB gsrq /kqiS.k] f=’kwy]

223

yksgs ds nhid] ’kfu] ukx vkfn nsorkvksa dh izfrek,a d`f"k dk;Z gsrq] njkrh] xaSrh] QkoM+k]

dqnky] ?ku] dqYgkM+h] Nsuh] pkdw vkfn ykSg f’kYi ds vUrxZr vkrh gaSA d`f"k mi;ksxh

midj.kksa vkSj x`g mi;ksxh ik=ksa ds vfrfjDr ;q) mi;ksxh midj.k vFkkZr vLr&’kL=] rhj]

ryokj] deku] Hkkyk vkfn dk fuekZ.k Hkh ykSg /kkrq ls fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj bu /kkrq

vk/kkfjr gLrf’kYiksa dk nSfud thou esa egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA

dk"B vk/kkfjr gLrf’kYi ds vUrxZr ?kjsyw mi;ksx gsrq vks[kyh] ewly] Bsdh] MkSd ¼eV~Bk

ekFkus okyk ik=½ jkSyh ¼ngh eFkus gsrq mi;ksx esa yk;s tkus okyk midj.k½] gM+fi;k¼?kh j[kus

dk ik=½ dqgM+h ¼rsy j[kus dk NksVk ik=½ vkfnA df"k midj.k gy] nusyk] fMykj] iVsfy

vkfnA vUu j[kus gsrq Hkdkj ¼ydM+h dk cM+k cDlk½ vUu ekius gsrq ilsjh vkfn vkrs gaSA

ikjEifjd ?kjksa ds [kksyh NTts] njokts ds pkS[kV vkfn dk"B ds cuk;s tkrs gSaA blh izdkj

okuLifrd rUrq vk/kkfjr mi;ksxh oLrqvksa esa ckal vkSj fjaxky ls cuh Mfy;k] Nkijh] Mksdk]

fiVkj] pVkbZ vkfn cuk;s tkrs gSaA Hkkax] fHkey vkfn ds js’kksa ls xk; cSy cdjh] HkSal] vkfn

tkuojksa dks ck¡/kus ds fy, jLlh cuk;h tkrh gSA ?kkl <+ksus ds fy, tky] vukt j[kus ds

fy, dqFko] cSyks ds eq¡g esa ck/kus ds fy, ekao vkfn cuk;s tkrs gSaA blh izdkj Åu ij

vk/kkfjr gLrf’kYi ds vUrxZr cfu;ku] FkqYesa] dEcy] pqVds nu] ia[kh] dkyhu vkfn vkrs gaSA

Åu vk/kkfjr gLr f’kYi ds f’kYidkj mPp fgeky;h {ks= esa cls *HkksfV;k* tutkfr ls

lEcfU/kr gksrs gaSA

nSfud thou esa mi;ksx esa vkus okyh mijksDr leLr oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k gLrf’kYih esgur ls

djrs gSaA bu oLrqvksa ds fuekZ.k esa vR;f/kd le; vkSj ykxr yxrh gSA pkgs d`f"k dk;Z gks]

iwtk ;k deZdk.M gks] ;k dksbZ Hkh ’kqHk dk;Z gks dqek¡Å esa yksxksa ds nSfud thou esa gLrf’kYi

dk egÙoow.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA dqek¡Å esa izkphu le; ls gh gLrf’kYi ijEijk;sa jgh gSaA izkphu

le; ls gh dqek¡Å dk vkfFkZd <kapk iw.kZ :i ls d`f"k vkSj gLrf’kYi ij vk/kkfjr FkkA dbZ

o"kkasZ dh xqykeh ds Ik’pkr~ vkSj LorU=rk ds dkQh le; ckn rd ;gka gLrf’kYi ijEijk;sa jgh

gSaA ;gka ij yksxksa ds thou dk eq[; vk/kkj gh gLrf’kYi vkSj d`f"k FkkA pkjksa o.kksZa esa muds

dk;ksZ ds vuqlkj lkexzh dk vknku iznku gksrk FkkA ml le; eqnzk dk izpyu de gksus ds

224

dkj.k gLrf’kYih bu f’kYiksa ds cnys vukt ;k vU; lkexzh ysrs FksA bl izdkj fofue;

iz.kkyh izpfyr FkhA le; ds lkFk&lkFk ;g ijEijk;sa yqIr gks pqdh gaaSA vkt ds vk/kqfud nkSj

esa eqnzk dk cksy ckyk gSA e’khuhdj.k ds dkj.k ;s gLrf’kYi ijEijk;sa lekfIr dh vksj gSaA

;|fi LorU=rk ds Ik’pkr~ Hkkjr ljdkj us gLrf’kYi ds lao/kZu ds fy, dk;kZy; fodkl

vk;qDr gLrf’kYi dh LFkkiuk dhA dk;kZy; fodkl vk;qDr gLrf’kYi }kjk gLrf’kYi vkSj

gLrf’kfYi;ksa ds fodkl gsrq vusd lgk;rk iznku dh tkrh gSA tSls f’kYi mUu;u rduhfd

dk lekos’k djuk] gLrf’kfYi;ksa ds LokLF; gsrq chek ;kstuk;sa] ?kjsyw foi.ku ,oa fu;kZr dks

c<+kok nsus ds fy, foi.ku tkx:drk ,oa lgk;rk lEcU/kh vk;kstu djuk vkfnA dk;kZy;

fodkl vk;qDr gLrf’kYi dk eq[;ky; ubZ fnYyh eas fLFkr gSA ftlds 06 {ks=h; dk;kZy; ubZ

fnYyh] dksydkrk] eqEcbZ] psUubZ] xqokgkVh ,oa y[kuÅ esa gSaA bu {ks=h; dk;kZy;sak ds v/khu

52 foi.ku ,oa lsok foLrkj dsUnz dk;Zjr gaSA ;s dk;kZy; vius {ks= ds gLrf'kfYi;ksa ds

igpku ukekadu ;kstukvksa dk fdz;kUo;u dj jgs gaSA mRRjk[k.M esa vYeksM+k ,oa nsgjknwu esa

dk;kZy; LFkkfir gSaA orZeku le; esa Hkkjr ljdkj gLrf'kYi dks iquthZfor djuk pkgrh gSA

fdUrq vkt ds cnyrs ifjos'k esa e'khuhdj.k ds dkj.k gLrf'kYi ijEijk;sa yqIr gksrh tk jgh

gSaA vkt ds nkSj esa cktkj esa lLrs ls lLrs fodYi miyC/k gSaA e’khuhdj.k ds dkj.k de

ykxr esa nSfud thou esa iz;qDr gksus okyh oLrq,a cktkj esa fofo/krk esa miyC/k gaSA vkt

miHkskDrk ds le{k vusd fodYi gaSA bu ikjEifjd crZuksa dk LFkku dk¡p] LVhy] phuhfeÍh]

IykfLVd ds cRZkuksa us ys fy;k gSA vkS|ksfxdj.k ds dkj.k yksx d`f"k ls foeq[k gksdj uxjksa dh

vksj iyk;u dj jgs gaSA gLrf’kYih gLrf’kYi ds fuekZ.k esa vR;f/kd Je] le; vkSj ykxr

yxus ds dkj.k vius ikjEifjd O;olk; dks NksM+dj vU; O;olk; dh vksj vkd`"V gks jgs gSaA

tks gLrf’kYih ;g dk;Z dj jgs gSa mUgsa vkfFkZd :i ls bl dk;Z ls lUrq"Vh ugha gSA

vr% gLrf’kYi dyk bl pdk&pkaS/k djus okys vk/kqfud le; esa yqfIr ds dxkj ij gSA vkt

dsoy xk¡oksa] dchyksa esa dkQh gn rd gLrf’kYi dyk;sa thfor gaS] ijUrq uxjhdj.k dh gksM+ esa

bu dykvksa dk /khjs&/khjs ºkzl gks jgk gSA vkt gLrf’kYi dyk dsoy iznZ’ku vkSj ltkoV dh

lkexzh cudj jg x;h gSA orZeku esa gLrf’kYi dk vko’;drk ls lEcU/k de gks x;k gSA

225

gLrf’kYi dyk ds xkSjoiw.kZ bfrgkl dk lh/kk lEcU/k ekuo vko’;drk ls FkkA bl

miHkksDrkoknh O;oLFkk esa gLrf’kYi dyk dks fu%lUnsg {kfr igaqph gSA tks gLrf’kYi dyk ds

lao/kZu ds fy, Js"B fLFkfr ugha gSA ;fn vrhr esa gLrf’kYi dk v/;;u fd;k tk; rks

mldk gekjh laLd`fr ls xgjk lEcU/k jgk gSA thou ds izR;sd igyw esa gLrf’kYi dk

vf}rh; ;ksxnku jgk gSA fdUrq orZeku le; esa ;g dyk ek= ltkoV vkSj iznZ’ku dh oLrq

cudj jg xbZ gSA oks fnu nwj ugha tc gLrdyk ek= fdrkcksa vkSj laxzgky;ksa esa fleVdj jg

tk;sxhA

vr% Hkfo"; esa ;g dyk ek= vrhr ds fpUg iznf’kZr djsxhA gekjh lkaLd`frd /kjksgj dks

ltk;s gq, ;g dyk vk/kqfudrk vkSj e’khuhdj.k ds nkSj esa gels NwVrh tk jgh gSA

lUnHkZ &

1- VEVk] lqjs’k pUnz] 2009] oRkZeku vrhr & e/; fgeky; dk f’kYiA

2- 'kekZ] Mh0 Mh0] 2010] mRrjk[k.M dk yksdthou ,oa yksdlaLd`frA

3- 'kekZ] Mh0 Mh0] 2009] mRrjk[k.M dh yksddyk;sa ,oa f’kYi dkS’kyA

4- lDlsuk] dkS’ky fd’kksj] 1999] dqek¡Å dyk] f’kYi vkSj laLd`frA

5- eBiky] ;’ksk/kj] mRrjk[k.M dk dk"Bf’kYiA

6- Tkks’kh] egs’oj izlkn] 1994] mRrjkapy esaa lkaLd`frd ifjorZu ,d lS)kfUr v/;;uA

vU; lzksr&

1- dk;kZy; fodkl vk;qDr gLrf'kYi] vYeksM+kA

2- osclkbVl& www. Indian handicrafts.org.in

226

lkfgR; vkSj dyk lkSUn;Z

eqdqy frokjh

'kks/k Nk=

yksojMkaMk] rYyhrky

uSuhrky] mRRkjk[k.M

fdlh Hkh dyk dk vk/kkj mlesa lkSUn;Z cks/k dk izn’kZu gksrk gSA vkSj lkSUn;Z gj fdlh

dykdkj dks vo’; gh iszfjr djrk gSA vke tu Hkh blls vNwrk ugha jg ikrk] vFkkZr~ vke

tu gks ;k dksbZ Hkh fo/kk dk dykdkj ]tgk¡ mls vkuUn izkIr gksrk gS ogha mls lkSUn;Z dh

vuqHkwfr gks jgh gksrh gSA vkSj mlh lkSUn;Z vuqHkwfr dks dykdkj dh laosnuk xgjkbZ rd ys

tkrh gSA D;ksafd dykdkj dk ân; xgjkbZ;ksa esa rSjus dk] ;k lkspus dk] vuqHkwfr djus dk]

jpuk djus dk gksrk gSA lk/kkj.k vke vkneh dh rjg og Åijh lrg ij mDr dk;Z djus

dk vknh ugha gksrkA uk gh mls ;g ilan gksrk gSA

lkSUn;Z ls ekuo izkphu dky ls gh izHkkfor jgk gSA fdlh Hkh fp= esa lkSUn;Z ds fofHkUu :iksa

dks iznf’kZr djus esa dykdkj viuh iw.kZ jpukRedrk vkSj vfHkO;fDRk izLrqr djrk jgk gSA

ijUrq Hkkjrh; fp=ksa esa vf/kdka’kr% fp=.k ns[kdj yxrk gS fd og Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ls Hkh izsfjr

jgs gaSA vkSj ;g lR; Hkh gS fd Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa lnSo gh izd`fr dk cgqr gh lqUnj vkSj

eueksgd o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ftlls lgt gh vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd lkfgR; dk

;ksxnku Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ds fy, vfoLej.kh; gSA

frryh dks ns[kdj idM+us nkSM+rs gSaA ysfdu fNidyh dks ns[kdj QkSju ut+j ?kqek ysrs gSa] gSa

uk ! xqykc ds Qwy dks rksM+dj lhus ls yxk ysrs gSa] I;kjs uUgsa ls fcYyh ds cPps dks xksn esa

mBkdj iqpdkjus yxrs gSa ysfdu esa<d dh 'kDy ns[krs D;ksa ukd&eqWag fldksM+us yxrs gSa]

lkspk vkius dHkh \ vxj ugh] rks vc lksfp;sA O;ogkfjd :Ik ls lkSUn;Z&’kkL= ^,LFksfVDl^

dk mn~?kkVu ;gha ls 'kq: gks tkrk gSA lkSUn;Z esa izcy vkd"kZ.k gksrk gS] dq:irk esa fod"kZZ.k !

,slk D;ksa \ D;ksafd izd`fr esa oS"kE; gS] lc dqN }a} esa gS] dq:irk Hkjh iM+h gS] blfy, lkSUn;Z

227

dh dnj gS] Lrqfr&oUnuk gSA lkSUn;Z dk vfLrRo gh gjfxt u gksrk ;fn lalkj esa lkFk&lkFk

dq:irk u fn[krhA njvly nksuksa ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSaA nksuksa dk lg vfLrRo gh gesa muds

futLo ds izfr tkx:d cukrk gSA1

lR; gS fd lkSUn;Z vkd"kZZ.k gh gesa ykykf;r djrk gS fd mls Hkksxsa] vius eu vkSj efLr"d

ds ek/;e ls] bl ifjizs{; esa ;g mfpr izrhr gksrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh dyk esa dykdkj viuh

lw{e n`f"V o jpukRedrk ls fdlh Hkh fo"k; esa tc vius Hkko iznf’kZr djrk gS rks lkSUn;Z

cks/k dk fo’ks"k /;ku j[krk gS pkgs og fo"k; lq[k%n gks vFkok nq[k%nA

MkW0 fxjkZt fd’kksj vxzoky us lkSan;Z ds pkj fl)kUr dks [k.Mksa esa foHkkftr dj ml ij vius

fopkj O;Dr fd, gSaA i&;wjksih; lkSUn;Z fl)kUr] ii&bLykeh dyk fl)kUr] iii&phuh

lkSan;Z fl)kUr] iv&Hkkjrh; lkSan;Z fl)kUrA Hkkjrh; ijEijk esa bldk ,d Lo:Ik ^jl'kkL=^

vU; ns’kksa ls iw.kZr% fHkUu] ekSfyd vkSj vf}rh; gSA dyk esa lqUnj vlqUnj] vPNs&cqjs]

mi;ksxh&vuqi;ksxh vkfn dk fopkj phuh rFkk bLykeh ijEijkvksa esa Hkh fd;k x;k gSA2

Hkkjr esa lkSUn;Z ds izfr izkphu dky ls gh vkd"kZ.k jgk gSA oSfnd ;qx ds _f"k;ksa us izd`fr esa

vlhe lkSUn;Z dh >yd ns[kh vkSj mlds izfr vusd mn~xkj izdV fd, gSa( fQj Hkh lkSUn;Z

lEcU/kh 'kkL= ds vUrxZr gh gqvk gS vkSj dkO;srj dykWa, mlh dks Lohdkj djrh jgh gSa]

fo".kq/kekZsŸkj iqjk.k ds fp=lw= esa os gh uo fp=&jl ekus x, gSa tks dkO; esa iz;qDr gksrs gSaA

bldk iz/kku dkj.k ;gh gS fd 'kkL=h; n`f"V ls dykvksa esa Hkko&lkSUn;Z dk gh vf/kd fopkj

gqvk gS vkSj Hkkoksa dh dykxr ekU;rk dkO; rFkk vU; dykvksa esa ,d leku jgh gSA lkfgR;

esa lkSUn;Z dh tks ppkZ gqbZ gS mlh dks fp=dyk esa ;Fkkor~ xzg.k dj fy;k gSA3

izkxSfrgkfld fp=ksa ds fo"k; esa vusd fo}kuksa dh ;g /kkj.kk jgh gS fd muesa mi;ksfxrk]

vfHkpkjijdrk] vfrfo’okl vkfn dh Hkkouk,Wa izeq[k jgh gS( lkSan;Z&ewyd n`f"V ls mudh

jpuk ugha dh x;hA fdUrq ;g er furkUr Hkzked gSA lHkh ns’kksa dh vkfne ,oa izkxSfrgkfld

dykd`fr;ksa dks ns[kdj ;g fufoZokn :Ik esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd bl dyk esa Hkh

lkSUn;Z&Hkkouk gSA4

dyk esa lkSUn;Z ds n`f"Vdks.k ls ukjh o izd`fr nksuksa dks gh dykdkjksa us vusdkusd ckj

vfHkO;Dr fd;k gSA dkfynkl us vfHkKku’kkdqUrye~ esa ekuo&lkSUn;Z vkSj izd`fr lkSUn;Z ds

228

cM+s fpÙkkd"kZd o.kZu izLrqr fd;s gSaA ekuo lkSUn;Z ds vUrxZr 'kdqUryk dk lkSUn;Z o.kZu

vHkwriwoZ gSA5

bruk fuf’pr gS fd fp=fo|k dh l`f"V ekuork ds lkSE; ,oa HkkoukRed lkSUn;Z dk dkj.k

fl) gqbZA mlls lalkj esa dzwjrk rFkk fueZerk dh txg lerk rFkk lân;rk dh LFkkiuk

gqbZA mlus eu"q; esa vuqjkxfiz;rk vkSj lkSUn;Z&ftKklk dk fodkl fd;kA O;f"V vkSj lef"V

dh dY;k.keaxy dkeuk esa fp=fo|k dk ;ksx lnSo cuk jgkA blhfy, ijEijk ls mldk

vknj&lEeku vkSj laiwtu gksrk jgkA6 Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa dkO; rFkk dykvksa dks ,d gh

/kjkry izfrf"Br djus dh ps"Vk Hkh dh x;h gSA ,sls vusd mnkgj.k miyC/k gSa tgkWa lkfgR;

vkSj dykvksa dks lkFk&LkkFk Lej.k fd;k x;k gSA Hkr`Zgfj us lkfgR;] laxhr rFkk dyk foghu

euq"; dks Ik’kq ekuk gSA Hkjr us ukVddkj ds gsrq leLr f’kYiksa] dykvksa rFkk fo|kvksa dk Kku

vko’;d ekuk gSA t;nso us jl dks dyk rFkk dkO; nksuksa esa vfuok;Z ekuk gSA okeu us dyk

vkSj dkO; dh leku jhfr;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA fp=lw= esa lkfgR; ds gh uo jl dykvksa

esa O;ogk;Z ekus x;s gSaA 7

dfo dkyhnkl us izd`fr izse vkSj mlds lkSUn;Z dks ftl rjg izLrqr fd;k og fo’o izfl)

gSaA muds bl lkSUn;Z ls izHkkfor gksdj dykdkjksa us lkfgR; ls izsj.kk ysdj ;k mldks vk/kkj

cukdj dykd`fr;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd dyk vkSj mlds lkSUn;Z dks

fu[kkjus esa lkfgR; dk cgqr lksxnku gSAHkkjrh; dyk esa lR;a] f’koa vkSj lqUnja dh egrh

Hkkouk vksrizksr gSA mlds vk/kkj lR;e;] ifj.kke f’koe; vkSj Lo:i lkSUn;Ze; gSA blh

’kk’or fpRo dks ysdj Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk fodkl&foLrkj gqvkA8 izkd`frd lkSan;Z vkSj

dykRed lkSan;Z nksuksa dk gh lEcU/k gekjh KkusfUnz;ksa ls gS vkSj nksuksa izdkj dk lkSan;Z gekjh

dYiuk dks txkrk gS( rFkkfi dykRed lkSan;Z dh izkfIr gsrq ge tks iz;Ru djrs gSa og iqu%

l`f"V&ewyd gksrk gS vFkkZr~ izd`fr }kjk l`f"V dh gqbZ oLrqvksa ls gh dykRed :iksa dh iqu%

l`f"V djrs gSaA9 osnksa vkSj mifu"knksa dh vis{kk iqjk.kksa esa fp=dyk ds lEcU/k esa vf/kd xaHkhj

vkSj u;s <ax ls dk;Z gqvkA lEiw.kZ Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa iqjk.k gh ,sls xzUFk gSa] ftuesa Lora= :Ik

vkSj foLrkj ls dykvksa ,oa fo’ks"k :Ik ls LFkkiR; vkSj fp=dyk ds fofHkUu vaxksa ij izdk’k

Mkyk x;kA iqjk.kksa dh bl izkekf.kd vkSj foiqy lkexzh ds vk/kkj ij xzUFkdkjksa us vusd fo"k;

229

ds xzUFkksa esa dyk ds egRo ij izdk’k MkykA10 dfo dk {ks= fp=dkj dh vis{kk O;kid gks

ldrk gSA fp=dkj dh viuh lhek,a gksrh gSaA fp=dyk esa dFkk&oLrq dh dqN fuf’pr

lhek,a gksrh gSaA ijUrq dkO; dh dFkk&oLrq dk dksbZ var ughaA blds foijhr dbZ vFkksZa esa

fp=dkj dh fLFkfr dfo ls c<+dj gSA 11

vf/kdka’k fp=dkjksa us ikSjkf.kd] /kkfeZd] lkfgfR;d xzUFk jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] osn] iqjk.k] leLr

lkfgfR;d dkO; xzUFk] x|] vkfn-----pkgs tks Hkh gksa muls] muds dkO; lkSUn;Z vkSj lekt esa

muds vknj o izse rFkk [;kfr ls izHkkfor gksdj mu ij vk/kkfjr fp=ksa dks vo’; gh cuk;kA

blls Li"V gksrk gS fd lkfgR; vkSj dyk nksuksa vkil esa ,d nwljs ds lkSUn;Z ls izsj.kk ysrs

jgs vkSj viukrs Hkh jgsA ftlls fp=dyk dks rRdkyhu lekt esa izfr"Bk izkIr gksrh jgh vkSj

vkt Hkh orZeku esa tks lkfgR; lkSUn;Z ls ifjiw.kZ izrhr gksrk gS mlls fp=dkj ;k dksbZ Hkh

dykdkj vNwrk ugha jg ikrk gSA

lUnHkZ &

1& lkSUn;Z&MkW0 jktsUnz oktis;h] e0 iz0 fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] i`"B&2

2& dyk fucU/k& ^v’kksd^] i`"B&50

3& dyk fucU/k& ^v’kksd^] i`"B&79&80

4& dyk vkSj dye& Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk vkykspukRed bfrgkl]

&Mk0W fxjkZt fd’kksj vxzoky] i`"B&26

5& dqekj lEHkoe~] izFke% lxZ%& MkW0 ikjlukFk f}osnh] i`"B&46

6& Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl& okpLifr xSjksyk] i`"B&13

7& dyk fucU/k& ^v’kksd^] i`"B&84

8& Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl& okpLifr xSjksyk] i`"B&20

9& :ikadu& Mk0W fxjkZt fd’kksj vxzoky] i`"B&16

10& Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl& okpLifr xSjksyk] i`"B&27

11& Hkkjrh; dyk vkSj dykdkj& bZ0 dqekfjy Lokeh& i`"B&04

230

jkes'oj flag }kjk yksd dyk esa u;s iz;ksx dksykt ,oa baLVksys'ku

dq- dkosjh ns'koky] 'kks/k Nk=k

izks- fdju ljuk] izksQslj

n`';dyk foHkkx ouLFkyh fo|kihB¼jkt-½

Hkkjrokfl;ksa dk thou lnk ls dykRed jgk gS vkSj vkt Hkh gSA gekjh izkphu

yfyr dyk;sa mUur xkSjo'kkyh FkhA ijUrq blds lkFk gh vkt tu&thou esa

miyC/k yksd dykvksa dk Hkh dqN de egRo ugha gSA xzkeh.k tu Hkh dk;Z djrk

gSA mls og dykRed jhfr ls lEikfnr djrk gSA xzg&fuekZ.k ls ysdj ckydksa }kjk

?kjkSank cukus rd esa ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh dyk fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA1

yksd dyk fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh lkaLd`frd e;kZnk iw.kZ izLrqfr gksrh gSA bl e;kZnk esa

vuqL;wr fHkUu&fHkUu laLd`fr;k¡ vius ewy :i esa ,d gh n`f"Vxr gksrh gSA

yksddyk ds }kjk gesa lkaLd`frd ,drk dk vkHkkl feyrk gSA bl n`f"V ls yksd

dyk dk lkaLd`frd egRo gksrk gSA gekjh lkaLd`frd HkkoHkwfr dks vfHkflafpr djds

yksd dyk dh /kkjk leku xfr ls fujUrj vkxs c<+rh jgrh gSA gekjs lkekftd

thou ds fdlh Hkh 'kqHk volj ij eaxye;h yksddyk dk vkokg~u fd;k tkrk gSA

izR;sd mRlo ij eaxy?kV dh LFkkiuk dk fo/kku yksd dyk ds vfLrRo dks lwfpr

djrk gSA2 vr% buesa R;kSgkjksa] mRloksa ds lkFk xqFks gSa yksd laLdkj yksd fodkl]

yksd O;ogkj vkSj yksd izFkkvksa ls ;qDr yksd dyk,WaA3

yksd dyk yksd laLd`fr4 dk fuekZ.k djrh gS ,oa yksd laLd`fr fo'kky

tu&leqnk; dh Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djrh gSA5 yksd fp=ksa dh ijEijk vR;Ur

izkphu rFkk fof'k"V jgh gSA okLro esa ^yksd*6 'kCn Lo;a esa fp=dyk dh ns'kt

ijEijk dks le>us esa lgk;d gksrk gS ,oa yksd dh tM+s xgjh gksrh gSA7yksd vkSj

yksddyk og o`{k dh HkkWafr c<+rh gSA budh tM+s vkfne dky rd x;h gqbZ gS]

vkfne dky ls vkt rd ds leLr dky&lanHkZ esa ls ;s viuk [kk| ,oa iks"k.k

xzg.k djrh gS rFkk ckgjh&Hkhrjh rwQkuksa vkSj la?k"kksaZ dks >syrs gq, Hkh le`) gksrh

tkrh gSA yksddyk dh rkfRodrk ;FkkFkZ fo'o HkkSfed gSA8

231

yksd ekul ds ân; dh ljyrk o lqcks/krk yksd dyk ds izk.k gSA yksd dyk,¡

izeq[k :i ls LFkkuh; gksrh gSA LFkkuh; ijEijkvksa dh n`<+rkvksa ds dkj.k bl dyk9

esa iz;qDr dh tkus okyh lkexzh LFkkuh; o vk¡pfyd gh gksrh gSA blh yksd dyk

dh ijEijk ls izsfjr gksdj dqN fp=dkjksa us viuh vfHkO;fDr dk ek/;e yksd dyk

dks cu;k o yksd dyk ds ek/;e ls vius Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr dhA yksd dyk ls

izHkkfor gksdj dk;Z djus okys dykdjksa esa jktLFkku ds Jh jkes'oj flag ,d ofj"B

dykdkj gSaA jkes'oj flag us yksd dyk ds {ks= esa u;s iz;ksxksa }kjk dksykt ,oa

baLVksys'ku dks viuh d`fr;ksa dk ek/;e cuk;kA

jktLFkku ds NksVs ls xk¡o ^nsox<+* esa tUesa jkes'oj flag us vius cpiu ls jax

fcjaxk jktLFkku ns[kk ;gk¡ dh laLd`fr] yksd igukok] yksd dyk] yksd vuqjatu

vkfn cpiu ls gh buds efLr"d ij Nk;s jgsA jkes'oj flag ,d csgn dYiuk'khy

dykdkj10 gS ftuds dke dh viuh vyx rduhd gSA bUgksaus jktLFkku dh yksd

dyk ^QM+* dks viuh d`fr;ksa esa izeq[k LFkku fn;k gSA QM+ fp=.k jktLFkku dh

ijEijkxr yksd&fp='kSyh gSA ;g fo'kq) ls yksd dyk gSA tks xzkeh.k tu&thou

ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA ;g diM+s ds lkFk&lkFk efUnjksa vkSj egyksa dh Hkhrjh nhokjksa ij Hkh

fpf=r dh tkrh gSA vusd pVdhys jaxksa dk iz;ksx bu QM+ fp=ksa dh fo'ks"krk gSA11

vr% jktLFkku esa fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls dFkk dgus dh ,d fo/kk gSA12

jkes'oj flag us viuh d`fr;ksa esa QM+ dks ,d lkdkj :i ls fpf=r djds yksd

dyk dh ijEijkxr 'kSyh dks latks, j[kk gSA jktLFkku dh ijEijkxr yksd

fp=dyk 'kSyh QM+ dks dSuokl ij u, lUnHkksZa esa izLrqr fd;k gSA ;g ikjEifjd

:i ls cukbZ xbZ QM+ fp= dgha&dgha ij lko/kkuhiwoZd tykbZ ;k Cyks dh xbZ gSA

jkes'oj flag dh dyk esa tks QM+ fp=.k fd;k x;k gS og ^^lk/;** ugha] vfirq ,d

^^lk/ku** gS] laØe.k ds bl fu.kkZ;d dky&pØ dh i`"BHkwfe] tks gesa fujUrj vius

lanHkZ&ifjorZu ds lp ls lk{kkRdkj djokrh tku iM+rh gS] yksd ijEijk ds vuq:i

og Qyd ij Øeokj vafadr Hkh ugha gSA vk;kstu ds vuq:i dqN dFkk&[kaM

jkes'oj flag] vius fy, pqu ysrs gSa] ftUgsa og fp=Qyd ij vyx&vyx fgLlksa esa

vafdr djrs gSaA ijEijkxr dSyhxzkQh ;k fp=fyih Hkh bl lcds lkFk tqM+h jgrh

gSA jkes'oj flag dh ^dyMZ QkWe1* d`fr esa ijEijk dk izcy cks/k gSA13 tks buds

O;fDrRo dks jktLFkku dh yksd dyk ls tksM+rh gSA

232

jkes'oj flag us QM+ fp=dyk dh nqfu;k¡ dks djhc ls tkuk o dykdkj ds utfj;s

ls bl le) ijEijk dks :ikafdr fd;kA dSyhxzkQh vkSj dkxt o dSuokl ds dqN

fgLlksa dks tykdj] dkVdj] QkM+dj bUgsa fp=Qyd ij fpidkdj dksykt ds

ek/;e ls bUgksaus viuh futh dgkfu;k¡ dguh 'kq: dhA14

fp=dyk esas ^dksykt* ,d vk/kqfud ;k ubZ fo/kk gh ekuh tkrh jgh gSA fp=dyk esa

vewrZu dk nkSj 'kq: gqvk rks dksykt ds izfr dykdkjksa dh fnypLih c<+h vkSj ns'k

ds dqN izfl) dykdkjksa us le;&le; ij dksykt cuk,A15 jkes'oj flag us blh

vewrZu esa yksddyk 'kSyh] QM+ fp=.k ds ewrZ :i ds }kjk dksykt dk fuekZ.k

fd;kA bUgksaus vius fp=ksa esa QM+ fp=.k ds dqN eq[; Hkkxksa dks QkM+dj] dgha&dgha

ls lko/kkuh iwoZd tykdj fp=Qyd ij vius vuqlkj fpidk;kA lkFk esa

dgha&dgha ij fp=.k Hkh fd;k gSA blh dksykt rduhd ds ek/;e ls bUgksaus yksd

dyk esa izk.k Qwds gSa ,o fHkUu rjhds ls yksd dyk dks vius fp=ksa esa fpf=r fd;k

gSA ^jksekfpax d`".k*16 uked d`fr esa jkes'oj flag us cM+s gh euks;ksx ls yksd dyk

^QM+* ,oa dksykt dk fp=.k fd;k gSA jkes'oj flag us izkphu midj.kksa tSls&

xzkeksQksu vkSj VsyhQksu vkfn ds leUo; ls ,slh fof'k"V d`fr;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k

gSA tks mudh iqjkrRoksa ds izfr vkd"kZ.k ds Hkko dks n'kkZrh gSaA bUgksaus dbZ

baLVksys'ku Hkh fd;s gSaA iqjkru oLrqvksa dks ,d lkFk tksM+dj o viuh fof'k"V 'kSyh

yksd dyk ds ek/;e ls fp=.k }kjk mudks] viuh d`fr;ksa esa egÙoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k

gSA ^xzkeksQksu* uked baLVksys'ku esa xzkeksQksu HkkSaiw o VsyhQksu dks ,d lkFk tksM+dj

baLVksys'ku dk :i fn;k gSA ml ij yksd dyk o QM+ dks euksHkkoh :i esa fpf=r

dj yksd dyk ds ekuoh; Hkkoksa ls vkßkfnr fd;k gSA jkes'oj flag dh blh dyk

l`tukRedrk us vkt yksd dyk dks lekt ds le{k viuh uohu rduhd ds

ek/;e ls dyk dk uohu izLrqfrdj.k fn;k gSA

iqjkru oLrqvksa ls izHkkfor gksdj bUgksaus viuh d`fr;ksa dks lqlfTtr fd;k o iqjkru

oLrq,sa tks vkt yqIr gks jgh gSA17 mUgsa u;s lanHkZ esa lHkh ds lEeq[k j[kk vkSj viuh

d`fr;ksa ds ek/;e ls viuh jktLFkkuh ijEijkxr yksd fp= 'kSyh QM+ dks fo[;kr

dj viuh ,d igpku cuk;hA

jkes'oj flag dh dyk esa jktLFkku] t;iqj] mn;iqj] nsox<+ dh yksd dyk o yksd

laLd`fr >ydrh gSA tks mudh d`fr;ksa esa gesa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA rksrk] mM+uijh]

233

?kksM+k ckbLdksi vkfn dk tekoM+k jkes'oj flag dh tknqbZ d`fr;ksa dk fiVkjk gSA tks

le; ds pØ esa ihNs NwVs le; dks ;kn fnykrk gSA dykdkj us dykRed y; dks

cuk, j[kk ,oa dSuokl ij pV[k jaxksa ds fiVkjs esa izkphu laLd`fr ijkslh gS tks

jktLFkku dh ijEijkxr yksd dyk esa ;gk¡ dh laLd`fr dks n'kkZrh gSA

mi;qDr foospu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd jkes'oj flag us yksd dyk ,oa laLd`fr ds

ifjizs{; esa viuh d`fr;ksa esa fur u;s&u;s iz;ksxksa }kjk dksykt ,oa baLVksys'ku ds

euksHkkoh n'kZu djkus dk iz;Ru fd;k gSA

lUnHkZ &

1- MkW- d`".knso mik/;k; & yksdlaLd`fr dh :ijs[kk] yksd Hkkjrh izdk'ku]

bykgkckn] laLdj.k&1988] i`-la- 257&258

2- okpLifr xSjksyk] Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] fe= izdk'ku izk- fyfeVsM] bykgkckn]

izFke laLdj.k&1963] i-la- 249

3- vk'kqrks"k xqIrk& jktLFkku % lqtl lap;] Mksfefu;y ykW fMiks] t;iqj]

laLdj.k&1998] i`-la- 830

4- yksdlaLd`rh& yksdlaLd`fr fcUnq gS ftldk ukn vkSj lqjfoLrkj gS &

yksdlaLd`frA yksd laLd`fr dk dsUnz gS d`"kd vkSj tUeHkwfe gS xzkeA

vfHktkr laLd`fr dk dsUnz uxj iq:"k gS vkSj Hkwfe gS uxjA yksd laLd`fr dk

izkphu vkfne :i ^vFkoZosn ds vusd tknw&Vksus okys eU=ksa esa lqjf{kr gS

vkSj dqN eU=ksa dk ewy rks izkXoSfnd ;qx gS tc bl ns'k ds vkfne fuoklh

vius nsorkvksa dh izd`fr dh iwtk djrs Fks vkSj bZ'oj ;k Hkxoku dh orZeku

/kkj.kk dk chtkjksi.k Hkh muds eu esa ugha gqvk FkkA

fgUnqLrkuh&lEiknd&jfouUnuflag] viSzy&twu 2013 Hkkx&73] vad&2]

fgUnqrkuh ,dsMseh] bykgkckn] =sekfld if=dk] i`-la-74

5- MkW- lqjs'k xkSre] Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; dks'k&[k.M ¼1½] lat; izdk'ku] ubZ

fnYyh] laLdj.k&2010] i`-la- 396

6- yksd &HkwHkqoZ% LoeZg'pSo tu'p ri ,oa pA lR;yksd'p lRiSrs yksdkLrq

ifjdhfrZrk%AA

234

% Hkwyksd] Hkqo%yksd] Lo% yksd] eg% yksd] tu% yksd] ri% yksd vkSj lgyksd &

;s lkr yksd izfl) gSA ¼vfXuiqjk.k½

MkW- ';ke cgknqj oekZ & fo'o lqfDr dks'k Hkkx la- izHkkr izdk'ku vklQ

vyh jksM+] ubZ fnYyh] laLdj.k&2006] i`-la- 956

% LFkku@lalkj@tgkWa fnO; vFkok lkekU; izk.kh fuokl djrs gksA fdlh Hkh

izdkj dh psruk lÙkk dk fuokl LFkkuA lkekU; rFkk rhu yksd ekus x;s gSa

ftUgsa f=yksd dgk tkrk gSA LoxZ yksd] nsorkvksa vkSj firjksa dk LFkku] e`R;q

yksd euq"; ,oa vU; izkf.k;ksa dk fuokl LFkku vkSj ikrky yksd] nSR;ksa vkSj

jk{klksa dk LFkkuA

fnus'k pUnz 'kekZ] fgUnq /keZ dks"k] jktLFkkuh lkfgR; laLFkku tks/kiqj] izFke

laLdj.k&1998] i`-la- 148

7- MkW- ¼Jherh½ izhrh fo'odekZ] iwokZapy dh yksd fp=dyk] dyk izdk'ku U;w

lkdsr dkWyksuh] ch-,p-;w- okjk.klh] laLdj.k&2009] i`-la- 32

8- MkW- egsUnz Hkukor & yksddyk ewY; vkSj lanHkZ] izFke laLdj.k&1974

9- dyk & lkfgR; laxhr dyk foghu%

lk{kkr~ i'kq% iqPNfo"kk.kghu%A

lkfgR;] laxhr vkSj dyk ls foghu iq:"k iWqaN vkSj lhax ls jfgr lk{kkr i'kq gSA

&¼HkrZgfj] uhfr'krd] 12½

MkW- ';ke cgknqj oekZ & fo'o lqfDr dks'k] Hkkx&1] izHkkr izdk'ku] fnYyh]

laLdj.k&2006] i`-la- 217

% fdlh dk;Z dks fo'ks"k lq:fp iw.kZ] vyadkj ;qDr 'kksHkk;eku :i ls djus dks

dyk dgrs gSaA fo'ks"k n{krkA fp=dyk] u`R; dyk] laxhr dyk] ok| dyk]

ewfrZdyk] xk;u dyk vkfn dyk esa ikjaxr O;fDr dks dykdkj dgrs gSaA

fnus'k pUnz 'kekZ] fgUnq /keZ dks"k] jktLFkkuh lkfgR; laLFkku tks/kiqj] izFke

laLdj.k&1998] i`-la-35

235

10- dykdkj& tks vUrj dks ns[krk gS cká dks ugha] ogh lPpk dykdkj

gSA¼egkRek xkWa/kh] fgUnh uothou] 2&11&1924½

MkW- ';ke cgknqj oekZ] fo'o lqfDr dks'k] izHkkr izdk'ku] fnYyh]

laLdj.k&2006] i`-la-220

11- vkse izdk'k tks'kh] jktLFkkuh dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk] dYiuk ifCyds'ku]

t;iqj] laLdj.k&2013] i`-la- 17

12- MkW- ,y-vkj- HkYyk] lkef;d jktLFkku] jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ,oa laLd`fr]dqynhi

ifCyds'kUl] vtesj] uohu laLdj.k&2000

13- fot;'kadj JhokLro] eksgu yky xqIr & :ikadu] fizUVoSy ifCy'klZ]

fMLVªhC;wVlZ] t;iqj&1995

14- laMs ubZ nqfu;k&lkIrkfgd if=dk] 6 ekpZ&17 ekpZ 2011] i`-la- 40

15- ledkyhu dyk& MkW- T;ksfr"k tks'kh] yfyr dyk vdkneh dk izdk'ku]

vDVwcj&tjojh] 2002&03 vad&23] i`-la- 20

16- d`".k & ijczá ijekRekusa olqnso&nsodh tks iwoZtUeus d';i vkSj vfnfr Fks]

ds ;gkWa yhyk iq:"kksanÙk us Jhd`".k ds :i esa vorkj fy;kA

dY;k.k&HkDreky] vad la-1] o"kZ 87] xhrkizsl xksj[kiqj] lkSj ek?k] fo-la-2069]

Jhd`".k la- 5238] tuojh 2013 bZ- iwoZ la-&1034] i`-la- 46

% Hkxoku Jh d`".k dk vorkj }kij ;qx ds vfUre pj.k esa Hkknzin ekl]

d`".ki{k dh v"Veh o"kZ 3237 ¼bZ-iw-½ esa gqvk ekuk tkrk gSA bUgsa] fo".kq dk

iw.kZ vorkj ekuk gSA

fnus'k pUnz 'kekZ] fgUnq /keZ dks"k] jktLFkkuh lkfgR; laLFkku tks/kiqj] izFke

laLdj.k&1998] i`-la-47

17- dykdkj ds }kjk fy, x;s lk{kkRdkj ds vuqlkj

236

ve`rk ’ksjfxy dh laosnuh; dyk ij ikSokZR; ,oa ik’pkR; ifjos’k dk izHkko

d:.kk

’kks/kNk=k] fp=dyk foHkkx

ouLFkyh fo|kihB Vksad ¼jktŒ½

^^dyk lekt dk niZ.k gSA le; ds izokg dk ml ij Hkh vlj gksrk gSA D;ksafd dykdkj

lcls vf/kd laosnu’khy gksrk gSA le; ds Loj o y; dks leÖkrk gSA jktuSfrd o

lkekftd thou esa chloha ’krkCnh esa tSls&tSls ekuo dks LorU=rk fnykà og

lkspus&fopkjus o vfHkO;fDr esa vf/kd Lora= gqvkA vkSj bl LorU=rk us mls vf/kd

O;fDrijd cuk;kA mldh viuh LorU= n`f"V fodflr gqÃA mldh laosnu’khyrk us dyk

dks vkeksn&izeksn] bfrgkl ;k /keZ ds ek/;e ds :Ik esa gh iz;ksx ugha fd;k oju~ dyk cu

xà lk/ku dykdkj dh Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr dk] rduhdh iz;ksx dk]

ykSfdd&vykSfdd] lalkj dh jpukvksa dkA^^1

^^ve`rk ’ksjfxy dk tUe izFke fo’o;q) ls Bhd igys 1913 esa ¼gaxjh½ cqM+kisLV esa gqvkA

ve`rk ’ksjfxy ds firk Hkkjrh; Fks ij mldh ek¡ gaxkjh FkhA^^2 ;gh ls vFkkZr~ vius ifjokj

ls gh ve`rk dks nks ns’kksa ¼ikSokZR; o Ikk’pkR;½ ds okrkoj.k o laLÑfr dk ifjp; feykA

^^ve`rk ’ksjfxy ds cpiu dk egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gaxjh ifjos’k esa gh chrk] ij vkB lky ds

ckn og Hkkjr esa vPNs&[kkls le; rd jghaA bl rjg ls ve`rk ’ksjfxy ikSokZR; o

Ikk’pkR; dh egRoiw.kZ cgl dks tk¡pus dk ,d fcUnq lk cu tkrh gSA^^3

^^ve`rk ’ksjfxy tSls dykdkj vius le; ds niZ.k gh ugha gksrs cfYd ,sls nwjn’kZd gksrs gS

ftuds tfj, Hkfo"; dks c[kwch igpkuk tk ldrk gSaA^^4 ^^ikSokZR; vkSj Ikk’pkR; laLd`fr;ksa

dk lfEeJ.k gksus ds dkj.k ve`rk dsoy u;s :ikdkjksa dh gh ryk’k esa ugha Fkh] u gh og

dsoy ek= lkejL; dh ryk’k esa FkhA og ;wjksi rFkk ,f’k;k ds chp vk?;kfRed lUrqyu

dh] uohu la’ys"k.k dh vxznwr Fkh] fo’o dyk ds ;qx dh vksj c<+us okyk ,d dne FkhA^^5

^^Ýakl esa vk/kqfud if’peh rduhd esa lQyrk izkIr djds vius fp=ksa esa Hkkjrh; Hkkouk

vkSj Hkkjrh; okrkoj.k ykus ds fy;s mUgsa dM+k la?k"kZ djuk iM+kA^^6 thou ds laosxksa]

vuqHkwfr;ksa] rduhdh Kku o l`tukRed iz;ksxksa }kjk ve`rk ’ksjfxy us u;h dykÑfr;ksa dk

fuekZ.k fd;kA l`tu dh miyfC/k;ksa dh fujarjrk LFkkf;Ro o ewY; ijEijk dk fuekZ.k djrh

gSaA le;kuqlkj blesa ifjorZu vkrk jgrk gSA tSls verk ’ksjfxy us igys ;wjksih; i)fr

ls fp=.k djuk izkjaHk fd;k] fQj Hkkjrh; i)fr lsA ve`rk ’ksjfxy us ;wjksi esa ’kkjhfjd

237

lkSUn;Z ds fp=.k eas n{krk izkIr dh rFkk fd’kksjkoLFkk esa gh os ;wjksi ds dykdkjksa dh Hkk¡fr

uXu & ekuo ekWMy fcBkdj fp=kadu djrh FkhA v)ZoL= iguuk ;wjksi dh laLÑfr ds

vuqdwy Fkk rFkk ogk¡ ds ifjos’k o okrkoj.k ls izHkkfor gksdj ve`rk us uXUkkÑfr o

vkRefp=ksa dk fp=.k fd;kA¼nsf[k, fp= la &1 uXukd`fr½A

fp= la&1

tc ve`rk ;wjksi esa Fkh rks mudh dyk ij ;wjksi dh dyk o dykdkjksa rFkk ogk¡ ds

okrkoj.k dk fo’ks"k izHkko mudh dykd`fr;ksa esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSaA ^^isfjl izokl dk ;g

le; ve`rk ds thou dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dky FkkA mlds thou esa LoPNanrk vkSj fopkjksa

esa uoksUes"kh ØkfUr ds cht blh dky esa vadqfjr gq,A ve`rk ’ksjfxy uoksUes"kh n`f"Vdks.k

okys vxznwrksa (,oaVxkMZ½ ds ukVd ns[kus yxh vkSj dSQs vkfn esa Hkh vius fe=ksa ds lkFk

Lora= :i ls tkus yxh A og tYnh gh vius lgt O;fDrRo] vkd"kZd lkSUn;Z] fo’okl

vkSj cqf) ds dkj.k isfjl dh iznf’kZu;ksa] ukVdksa] ikfVZ;ksa vkSj u`R;ksRloksa esa pfpZr vkSj yksd

fiz; gks xbZA bl voLFkk esa og vius bl thou ls izlUu Fkh vkSj mldh bl lgt

izlUurk ds Li"V fpUg blds rRdkyhu vkRefp=ksa ¼lsYQ iksVsªVl½ esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA^^7

¼nsf[k, fp= la&2 vkRefp=½A

fp= laÛ2

238

vkSj fQj ^^/khjs&/khjs isfjl esa verk dks ;g Hkh ,glkl gksus yxk fd eqÖks Hkkjr tkdj

viuh vfHkO;fDr dks [kkstuk pkfg,A mejko ’ksjfxy ve`rk ds Hkkjr tkus dks ysdj cgqr

mRlkfgr ugh Fks] D;ksafd mUgsa ;g vk’kadk Fkh fd esjh cksgsfe;u csVh esjs Hkkjr ds

ifjokfjd ekgkSy esa dSlh ns[kh tk,xhA mejko ’ksjfxy us ve`rk dks lykg Hkh nh fd rqe

njvly ;wjksi dh gh gks] Hkkjr rqEgkjs fy, ugh gSaA^^8 ijUrq fdlh vksj gh /kqu esa [kksbZ

jgus okyh ve`rk dks nksuksa ifjos’k esa ls ,d ifjos’k ;k okrkoj.k dks ikuk FkkA tks mUgksaus

Hkkjr esa vkdj ik;k vkSj viuh dyk esa laosnu’khyrk ls vfHkO;Dr fd;kA Hkkjr vkdj

ve`rk ’ksjfxy us igkM+h nhu&nq[kh iq:"k vkSj lknxh rFkk ljyrk ls Hkjs xzkeh.k yksxksa dks

utnhdh ls ns[kk] ftldk izHkko muds eu vkSj efLr"d ij vafre dky rd jgkA mUgksaus

dqN izkd`frd n`’;ksa] gkV rFkk O;fDr fp=ksa dk Hkh vadu fd;k gSa ij mudh dyk esa

Hkkjrh; tu & thou ds lkekftd i{kks] fo’ks"k :i ls ukjh ds thou dk Hkh i;kZIr fp=.k

gSA¼nsf[k, fp= la&3 iZorh; efgyk,¡½A

fp= la&3

^^izR;sd O;fDr izd`fr ekuo] i’kq & if{k;ksa dks ns[krk gSa vkSj viuh & viuh laosnu’khyrk

ds vuqlkj mldks vFkZ nsrk gSA jktLFkkuh y?kq fp= ’kSyh dk ;k dkaxMk ’kSyh dk

dykdkj o`{k] dqatks dks tks vfHkO;fDr nsrk gS og tku & dkaLVscy] VuZj] ekus] eksus ugha

nsrsA^^9 fdUrq ve`rk ’ksjfxy tc Hkkjr vk;h rks mUgksaua vtUrk] eqxy] jktLFkkuh] igkM+h

vkfn {ks=ksa dk Hkze.k fd;k vkSj viuh dyk esa bu lc dyk {ks=ksa dh dyk ls mRiUu izHkko

dks laosnu’khyrk ds lkFk vfHkO;Dr fd;kA ^^ve`rk us clksgyh ’kSyh ds igkMh fp=ksa dh

ljy ;kstuk ls fo’ks"k izsj.kk yh ijUrq muds fp= cM+s dSuokl ij rSy jaxksa ls cus gSaA^^10

239

^^cktkj tkrs gq, nf{k.k Hkkjrh; xzkeoklh^^ rFkk ^^czãkpkjh^^ blh nkSj dh miyfC/k;k¡ gSA

vc ve`rk Hkkjrh; ijEijk esa viuh jpukRed igpku [kkst jgh FkhA^^11

ve```rk ’ksjfxy dh n`f"V fHkUu gS] fopkj fHkUu gS] iz;kstu fHkUu gSA ;g lc mudh laosnu’khyrk] le>] ;ksX;rk rFkk n`f"V o vyx & vyx ifjos’k ds okrkoj.k ij gS vkSj lkFk esa vius Hkkoksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus dh rduhdh] fuiq.krk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA izR;sd dykdkj lq:fpiw.kZ okrkoj.k pkgrk gS tks ve`rk ’ksjfxy dks Hkkjr esa vkdj feykA ve`rk ’ksjfxy dh dykd`fr esa ns’kdky ,oa okrkoj.k dh Li"Vr% Nki fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA ve`rk ’ksjfxy us ;wjksih; ifjos’k esa jgrs gq, uXu vkd`fr rFkk vkRefp=ksa dk fp=.k fd;k fdUrq Hkkjr vkus ds i’pkr mUgkasus L=h dh n;kuh; n’kk ns[kh ;gk¡ ij catj Hkwfe esa fdlku dks dke djrs ns[kk mudh lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks le>k o vuqHko fd;k vkSj cM+h gh laosnu’khyrk ds lkFk mudks dSuokl ij mdsj fn;kA Hkkjr ds okrkoj.k esa mUgksaus L=h dks uXu ugh cuk;k ;gk¡ ds ifjos’k ds vuqdwy L=h dks iw.kZ oL= esa fpf=r fd;kA ;wjksi dh ijEijk ds vuqlkj vfrfFk dk Lokxr xys feydj] pqEcu ysdj ;k gkFk feykdj fd;k tkrk gSA fdUrq ve`rk us tc Hkkjr ds okrkoj.k dks ns[kk] ;gk¡ dh laLÑfr dks leÖkk rks mUgksaus ,d dykÑfr ÞHkkjrh; ueLdkjÞ ¼nsf[k, fp= la&4½ dk fp=.k fd;k

fp= la&4 ftlls ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd Hkkjr ds ifjos’k esa ;gk¡ dh lH;rk o laLÑfr ds vuqlkj vfrfFk dk Lokxr gkFk tksM+dj o ’kh’k Ökqdkdj fd;k tkrk gSA ;g muds efLr"d o thou ij iM+us okys izHkko dk mRre mnkgj.k gSaA dyk ij dykdkj ds ifjos’k o LFkku dk izHkko iM+rk gSa] ve`rk ’ksjfxy Hkkjrh; feV~Vh dh xU/k ls iwjh rjg tqM+ pqdh FkhA D;ksafd mudk y{; Fkk fd Þdyk ns’k dh ekVh ls tqM+h gksuh pkfg,A^^

12

240

^^ve`rk ’ksjfxy dk uke dyk txr esa ghjs ds leku nedrk gSaA buds mRlkg] fu"Vk] lk/kuk ,oa egku~ dykd`fr;ksa ds l`tu dh bPNk ’kfDr us bUgsa vYik;q esa gh oh lc djok fn;k ftls dqN dykdkj thou ds vfUre o"kksZ rd ugha dj ik,A ijEijkxr Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] fHkfRr fp=.k ,oa izo`fRr;ksa ds esy ls bUgksaus ekSfyd ’kSyh dh uhoa j[kh] ftlesa fo"k; Hkkjrh; vkSj ’kSyh fosns’kh budk vk/kkj cuhA^^

13

bl rjg ls ,d dykdkj ds thou vkSj mldh dykd`fr ij mldh laLd`fr ,oa lekt ds okrkoj.k dk izHkko iM+k gSaA lUnHkZ &

1- Sharma,Dr. Bhawani Shankar, globalization & art, Navjeewan publication, First published-2007,p.no.-72

2- tks’kh] MkWå T;ksfr"k] ledkyhu dyk] vad 15&16] i`"B lañ&94 3- ogh] i`"B lañ&94 4- iznhi] MkWå fdj.k] Hkkjrh; vk/kqfud dyk] d`".kk izdk’ku] izFke laLdj.k&2003]

r`rh; laLdj.k&2008] i`"B lañ&45 5- d`".k] xksiky] ve`rk ’ksjfxy] yfyr dyk vdkneh] 1984] i`"B lañ&1 6- tks’kh] MkWå T;ksfr"k] ledkyhu dyk] vad 42&43] i`"B lañ&10 7- ogh] ebZ 1990] i`"B lañ&24 8- Hkkj}kt] fouksn] c`gn vk/kqfud dyk dks’k] ok.kh izdk’ku] izFke laLdj.k&2006]

i`"B lañ&84 9- Sharma, Dr. Bhawani Shankar, globalization & art, Navjeewan publication,

First published-2007,p.no.-70 10- oekZ] vfouk’k] ckgnqj] Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk bfrgkl] izdk’k cqd fMiks] izFke

laLdj.k&1968] f}rh; laLdj.k&1973] i`"B lañ&273 11- Hkkj}kt] fouksn] c`gn vk/kqfud dyk dks’k] ok.kh izdk’ku] izFke laLdj.k&2006]

i`"B lañ&85 12- d`".k] xksiky] ve`rk ’ksjfxy] yfyr dyk vdkneh]1984] i`"B lañ&5 13- iznhi] MkWå fdj.k] Hkkjrh; vk/kqfud dyk] d`".kk izdk’ku] izFke laLdj.k&2003]

r`rh; laLdj.k&2008] i`"B lañ&45

241

dk’kh dh l`tukRedrk xhrk fo’odekZ]

'kks/kkFkhZ egkRekxkW/kh fp=dwV xzkeksn; fo’ofo|ky; fp=dwV]lruk] e/; izns’k

dk’kh ekuo lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr dk bfrgkl gSA dk’kh /keZ vkSj laLd`fr dk nwljk :i ekuk tkrk gSA dk’kh ds izfr ,slh /kkfeZd ekU;rk ,oa fo’okl gS fd ;g lalkj dh izkphure~ uxjh gSA iqjkrRoosRrkvksa us [kkst&chu dj rF;ksa ds }kjk bldh izkphurk dks izekf.kr Hkh fd;k gSA dk’kh /keZ ds fy, fo[;kr rks gS] lkFk gh lkFk ;g lkfgR;] ys[ku] iqjk.kksa ,oa izkphu laLd`fr ds fy, fo’ofo[;kr gSA dk’kh uxjh dh laLd`fr dh rhu ewy /kkjk;sa gS % oSfnd] vkxfed ¼rkfU=d½] ikSjkf.kdA dk’kh lnk ls gh f’ko HkDrksa dk dsUnz jgk gS vkSj n’kZu ds fy, Hkh fo[;kr jgk gSA ,d le; ,slk Fkk fd tc ;gkW ds fo}ku vkSj vkpk;Z nwj&nwj ds jkT;ksa ,oa ns’kksa esa tkdj vius /keZ dk izpkj djrs FksA ns’k&fons’k ds cM+s&cM+s fo}ku ;gkW vkdj fo|k/;;u djrs Fks rFkk ;gkW ds vkpk;ksZ ls ’kkL=kFkZ djrs FksA dk’kh /keZ ,oa fo|k dk bruk egku dsUnz gS fd lHkh izdkj ds fy, lalkj Hkj ds yksxksa dh n`f"V dk’kh dh vksj yxh jgrh gSA‘

dk’kh dh mRifRr dc vkSj dSls gqbZ] bl ckr dks ysdj vkt vusdksa er izpfyr gSA iqjk.kksa ds vuqlkj Hkh dk’kh dh mRifRr dks ysdj vusdks er izLrqr fd;s x;s gSA ,d ikSjkf.kd erkuqlkj ^^oj.kk** vkSj ^^vlh** ds chp esa {ks= gksus ds dkj.k bl uxj dk uke okjk.klh iM+kA egkHkkjr esa ^^oj.kk** dks **okjk.klh** dgk x;k gSA blfy, blds rV ij vkckn cLrh dks ^^okjk.klh** dgk x;k gSA ^^oj.kk** o`{k dk Hkh uke gSA ,slh ekU;rk gS fd **oj.kk** o`{k ls ;g uxj <+dk gqvk gS] ftlds dkj.k bl uxj dks okjk.klh dgk x;k gSA **dk’kh** uke iM+us ds ihNs Hkh ,d ekU;rk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd bl {ks= ij **dk’kh** uked jktk dk jkt Fkk] ftlds dkj.k **dk’kh** uke iM+kA dk’kh vFkok okjk.klh dks okjk.klh] dk’kh] vfoeqDr] vkuandkuu] ’ke’kku ;k egk’ke’kku bu ikWpksa ukeksa ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA

dk’kh dh laLd`fr vius&vki esa vuwBh vkSj loZO;kIr gSA dk’kh uxjh f’ko th dh uxjh gS] ftldk Hkkj mUgksaus vius f=’kwy ij mBk j[kk gSA dk’kh dh laLd`fr ifo= ,oa mnkRr gSA blesa leUo; dh vikj {kerk gSA /keZ] n’kZu] lkfgR;] dyk] laxhr ;gkW ds laLdkj laLd`fr ds izk.k gSA dk’kh dh laLd`fr ,slh gS] ftlls ekuo eksg ds cU/ku esa ca/krk ugh cfYd og eqfDr dks izkIr gksrk gSA ekU;rk gS fd dk’kh uxjh esa e`R;q dks izkIr gksus okys thoksa dks tUe&ej.k ds [ksy ls lnSo ds fy, eqfDr fey tkrh gSA okjk.klh iwohZ vkSj if’peh laLd`fr;ksa dk feyu fcUnq jgk vkSj lkFk gh lkFk ;gkW nf{k.k&mRrj dh Hkh laLd`fr;kW vkrh jgh gS] ftlds dkj.k mudh laLd`fr vkSj dyk dk lekos’k gksrk jgk gSA

242

dk’kh /keZ vkSj laLd`fr ds lkFk&lkFk dyk ds fy, tkuh tkrh gSA dk’kh dh izphurk dks ns[krs gq,] ;g vuqeku yxk;k x;k fd dk’kh dh dyk Hkh vfr izkphu jgh gksxhA dk’kh esa dyk dk izkphu :i jgk gksxk] mldh tkudkjh Bhd&Bhd ugha gks ik;h] D;ksafd izek.k miyC/k ugha gSA ijUrq lkjukFk vkSj jkt?kkV dh [kqnkbZ esa ,slh dykd`fr;kW feyrh gS] ftuls ml le; dh dyk ij izdk’k iM+rk gSA lkjukFk esa cq) ls lEcfU/kr vuds ewfrZ;kW] feV~Vh ds f[kykSus rFkk crZu izkIr gq, gSA jkt?kkV dh [kqnkbZ esa gkFkh nkWr dh cuh lkexzh Hkh feyh gSA lkjukFk vkSj jkt?kkV dh [kqnkbZ ds iwoZ okjk.klh dh dyk dk Lo:i Li"V :i ls Kkr ugha gSA

okjk.klh dk dzfed dyk dk bfrgkl lezkV v’kksd ds dky ls izkIr gksuk vkjEHk gks tkrk gSA blh dze esa dfu"d ds dky esa Hkxoku cq) dh tks izfrek,W izkIr gqbZ] mUgha ds vk/kkj ij Hkxoku cq) dh ns’k&fons’k esa izfrek,W cuus yxhA vB~Bkjgoh 'krkCnh esa dqN eqxy 'kSyh vkSj jktLFkkuh 'kSyh ds fp=dkj okjk.klh esa vk;s] ftudh fp=dkjh dk izHkko okjk.klh dh dyk ij iM+kA tc okjk.klh bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ds vf/kdkj esa vk x;k] rks vusdksa jkT;ksa ds dykdkj ;gkW vk;s vkSj mudh dyk dk Hkh izHkko ;gkW ij iM+k gSA bUgha ds izHkko ds dkj.k dEiuh 'kSyh dh fp=dkjh dk izpkj Hkh ;gkW gqvkA blds i'pkr~ tks dqN dyk dh ijEijk ;gkW cph jg x;h] ogha yksd dyk gSA okjk.klh dh yksd dyk vkt Hkh fdlh u fdlh :i esa fo|eku gSA okjk.klh esa fookgksRlo o ekaxfyd voljksa ,oa vU; vusdksa R;ksgkjksa o ioksZ a ij nhokj rFkk njoktksa dks jaxus dh izFkk gSA ;gkW ds lsB] lkgwdkj] jbZl rFkk lk/kkj.k tuksa esa ,sls voljks ij njokts jaxokus dh ijEijk fo|eku gSA lQsn pwus ls iqrh nhokjksa ij 'kq) rsst jaxksa ls fp= cuk;sa tkrs gSA bu fp=ksa esa fo"k;&oLrq] os’k&Hkw"kk dh fHkUurk ds vykok 'kSyhxr fHkUurk Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ;g fHkUurk ;gkW dh dyk ij fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa ds izHkko ds dkj.k gSA okj k. klh e s a tk s yk sd fp=dyk i zp fyr g S ] ml s vDlj ^ ^njoktk j ax kb Z * * dgr s g S D;k s a fd fookg k s Rlo rFk k vU; ek ax fyd voljk s a ij l aLdk fjd okj k. klh d s yk sx ? kj dh i qr kb Z ] lQkb Z rF k k j ax kb Z djoku s d s i’pkr ~ viu s ? kj d s e q[; }kj d s vxy&cxy dh nho kj ij yk sd fp=dkjk s a ¼d q Eg kj k s a ½ dk s c qykdj fp=dkj h djokr s jg s a g S A yk sx k s a dk , slk fo’okl jgk g S fd , slk dj n su s l s ? kj l s H k wr&i z sr H k kx tkr s g S vk S j thou e axye; gk s tkrk g S A fp=dkjh /keZ] vFkZ] dke rFkk eks{k iznku djus okyh vfHkO;fDr gSA ftl ?kj esa bldh izfr"Bk gksrh gS] ogkW eaxy fuokl djrk gSA dk’kh dh yksd fp=dkjh esa vf/kdka’kr% /kkfeZd] ikSjkf.kd nsoh&nsorkvksa ds gh fp= cuk;s tkrs gS] tSls&gkFkh] ?kksM+k] xk;] cSy] 'ksj] ÅWV vkfnA lqUnj ekaxfyd if{k;ksa dk Hkh fp=.k izpfyr gS] tSls rksrk] gal o e;wj vkfnA

243

dk’kh dh blh yksd dyk ds chp ,d u;s Lo:i esa dyk us tUe fy;kA ftldk uke ^*dk’kh 'kSyh** gSA dk’kh 'kSyh dh i`"BHkwfe rks yksddyk gS] ijUrq blesa vk/kqfud dyk ds lHkh ^VªsUMl~* ekStwn gSA dk’kh dh yksd dyk dk vPNh rjg fujh{k.k&ijh{k.k djds mldh fo’ks"krkvksa dks vkRelkr djds] Hkkjrh; izkphu dyk 'kSyh;ksa ls la’kksf/kr djds vk/kqfud izxfr;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ,d uohu fodflr 'kSyh dk 'kqHkkjEHk dk’kh fgUnw fo’ofo|ky; ds yfyr dyk foHkkx ds v/;kidksa ,oa Nk=ksa us fd;kA ftls mUgkssaus dk’kh 'kSyh dgdj lEcksf/kr fd;kA dk’kh 'kSyh esa iwjs Hkkjr o"kZ dh laLd`fr dh >yd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ftlesa jktLFkkuh 'kSyh] eqxy 'kSyh ,oa dEiuh 'kSyh dh fo’ks"krk;sa fuf’pr :i ls lfEefyr gSA dk’kh 'kSyh us 1950 ds n’kd dh vof/k esa dyk txr dks ,d uohu fn’kk fn;k gSA tcfd ml le; caxky 'kSyh yxHkx ne rksM+ jgh FkhA fons’kh 'kSyh ,oa vk/kqfud dyk us Hkkjrh; dyk dks etcwrh ls tdM+ fy;k FkkA ftlesa caxky 'kSyh ncdj jg xbZA ,sls le; tc vusdksa 'kSfy;ksa esa fp=.k dk;Z gks jgs Fks] rc dk’kh 'kSyh us dyk txr dks ,d uohu ,oa lqn`<+ ekxZ fn[kk;kA dk’kh 'kSyh ds dykdkjksa us cM+h fuiqM+rk ls cqf) dk le&lUrqyu fn[kkrs gq, cgqr lksp le>dj mn~ns’; iw.kZ rjhds ls vius u;s vuqHkoksa dks iznf’kZr fd;k gSA ewyr% dk’kh esa cus fHkfRr fp=ksa vkSj dkB ds cus f[kykSus dk’kh ds izsj.kk lzksr gSA bu fHkfRr fp=ksa dh ijEijk vfr izkphu gSA bu fp=ksa esa dkyh eksVh js[kk;sa ,oa pVd jaxks a dh cgqyrk Fkh] ftldk vuq’kj.k dk’kh 'kSyh us fd;kA izk;% yky jax esa egkoj] xs: o ihyk jax esa isoM+h vkSj jkejt] uhyk esa uhy rFkk gjs jax esa yktonhZ dk vf/kd iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA bUgha jaxks a dks dk’kh 'kSyh ds dykdkjks a us vius fp=ksa esa cM+h izeq[krk ls iz;ksx fd;k gSA dk’kh 'kSyh ds fp=ksa esa pV[k ,oa pednkj jaxks a dk iz;ksx dj dykdkjks a us caxky 'kSyh ds jaxks a dh ijEijk dks rksM+us dk iz;kl fd;kA D;ksafd budk ekuuk Fkk fd caxky 'kSyh ds dykdkjks a us vf/kd ls vf/kd 'kq) jaxks a dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA bu jaxks a dk iz;ksx VsEijk i)fr esa fd;k x;k gSA dk’kh 'kSyh dh js[kk;sa loZFkk dksey ,oa cgkonkj gSA fp=ksa dk fo"k; eq[;r% ijEijkxr gS vkSj mlesa jaxksa dk iz;ksx fo"k;kuqlkj fd;k x;k gSA dk’kh 'kSyh esa izkphu ,oa vk/kqfud fo"k;ksa dk iz;ksx cM+h n{krkiwoZd fd;k x;k gSA fp= vR;Ur ljy Hkkoiw.kZ ,oa LoHkkfod gS] tks yksxksa dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djrh gSA dk’kh 'kSyh ,d ,slh 'kSyh gS] ftlus thou ds izR;sd i{k dks cM+h n{krk ls fpf=r fd;k gSA dk’kh 'kSyh esa ikSjkf.kd dFkkudksa ij vR;f/kd dke fd;k x;k gSA dk’kh 'kSyh esa Hkkjrh; jgu&lgu] jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj thou ds lHkh i{kksa dks dykdkjksa us c[kwch fpf=r fd;k gSA dqN fp= ^^jkx&jkfxfu;ksa** ij Hkh cuk;k x;k gSA cgqr ls fp=ksa esa ckjkr] o/kq&izos’k] gksyh] clUr] _rq] oV&lkfo=h iwtu] >wyk] Xokfyuh vkfn fo"k; gSA dk’kh 'kSyh esa /kkfeZd fo"k;ksa dk Hkh lekos’k gS] ftlesa ljLorh] x.ks’k] y{eh] jke&yyk] f’ko&ikoZrh] jk/kk&d`".k vkfn izeq[k gSA fp=ksa esa /keZ dh O;kidrk rks gS] lkFk gh izd`fr dks Hkh c[kwch n’kkZ;k x;k gSA blds vykok i’kq&if{k;ksa] tSls&gkFkh] ?kksM+k] xk;] cSy] fgju] gal] dcwrj] rksrk] eksj vkfn dk ltho fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA blfy, dk’kh 'kSyh tu&eu dh ,d lq:fpiw.kZ fp= 'kSyh gSA ;g 'kSyh izkphu dyk vkSj vk/kqfud dyk ds e/; dh ,d dM+h gSA dk’kh 'kSyh us viuh fo’ks"krk ds dkj.k dqN

244

gh le; esa mRrj Hkkjr esa viuh txg cuk fy;k FkkA dk’kh 'kSyh ds izeq[k dykdkjksa esa jkepUnz 'kqDy] egsUnz flag] dey flag] mek’akdj ik.Ms;] /keZ’khy prqosZnh] dsoykuUn iM+kfy;k] Jh lsu gsjFk vkSj ,u0 d:.kkdj vkfn FksA bu lHkh dykdkjksa us ,d tqV gksdj Hkkjrh; dyk dks ,d uohu Lo:i iznku fd;kA dykdkj egsUnzukFk flag ds fp=ksa esa js[kk;as vR;f/kd y;kRed rFkk mldk izHkko euksoSKkfud gSA ik=ksa ds euksaHkkoksa dks cMsa gh lgt vkSj ltho rjhds ls fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA ^^okRlY;**] ^^izrh{kk**] ^^ri’pj.k** uked fp= esa egsUnz th dh izfrHkk vkSj euksHkko nksuksa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ^^egky{eh** uked fp= ls izks0 jkepUnz 'kqDy dh izfrek fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ^o/kq* uked fp= esa ^^cuh&Buh** dk izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ^^urZdh**] egkx.ks’k uked fp= esa 'kkL=h; ijEijk dk iw.kZ ifjp; feyrk gSA mek 'kadj ik.Ms us xzkeh.k efgykvksa dk fp= cuk;k gS] ftuesa Xokfyu uked fp= fo’ks"k gSA Jh dey flag us cq) dks fpf=r fd;k gSA ogha Jh /keZ’khy prqosZnh us uj&ukfj;ksa ds vyx&vyx fp= cuk;sa gSA dk’kh 'kSyh ds dykdkjksa dk Hkko gh dk’kh 'kSyh ds uohu mRFkku ,oa vyadj.k dks cgqr mRd`"V cukrk gSA dk’kh 'kSyh tu&eu dh ,d :fpiw.kZ fp= 'kSyh gSA ;g 'kSyh izkphu dyk vkSj vk/kqfud dyk ds e/; dh ,d dM+h gSA dk’kh 'kSyh viuh fo’ks"krk ds dkj.k dqN le; esa mRrj Hkkjr esa viuh txg cuk fy;k] rRi’pkr~ /khjs&/khjs 1960 ds n’kd esa iwjs Hkkjr esa viuk foLrkj dj fy;k FkkA lUnHkZ &

1- if=dk ^:i jax*A

2- if=dk HkkjrhA 3- if=dk fgUnh izpkjd ekpZ] 1957 okjk.klhA 4- if=dk fgUnh ifjokj ekpZ] 1952 okjk.klhA 5- nSfud lekpkj i= vkt 5 ebZ] 1957 okjk.klhA 6- ^^dk’kh** uxjh ,d :i vusd ¼izdk’ku lwpuk vkSj izlkj.k ea=ky; Hkkjr ljdkj½A 7- okjk.klh dh fHkfRr fp=dyk esa nqxkZ ¼MkW0 izse 'kadj f}osnh½A

 

245

yksddyk dh ijEijk vkSj izklafxdrk

nhfidk ccsjoky]

'kks/k Nk=k] fgUnh foHkkx]

ouLFkyh fo|kihB] jktLFkku

yksd 'kCn dk iz;ksx tulk/kkj.k ds vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA yksddyk dk ^yksd*

'kCn fdlh tkfr oxZ] o.kZ ,oa leqnk;] uxj] xzkE;] f’kf{kr&vf’kf{kr] /kuh&fu/kZu vkSj

fodflr&vfodflr HksnHkkoksa ls Åij mBdj lef"V ds fy, O;ogkj esa vkrk gSA tgk¡

O;fDr LorU=rk] rkfZdZrk] vga ,oa Loa dk izpkj&izlkj tSlk FkksFkkiu ugha gksrk gSA yksd

blh vk/kqfud dgha tkus okyh oxhZ; n`f"V dk fu"ks/k djrk gSA yksd dk —frRo lEiw.kZ

ekuo ds vH;qn; ds fy, gksrk gSA yksddyk ekuo dh lgpjh ds :Ik esa lnk mlds lkFk

jgh gSA yksddyk dk tUe ekuo thou ds lkFk gqvkA yksddyk dks ge Lukrd oSfnd

;qx ls ysdj vFkkZr~ izkphu ls vokZphu rd dh /kkfeZd] lkekftd] lkaL—frd Hkkoukvksa]

/kkj.kkvksa] vkLFkkvksa vkfn dks yksd dykvksa ds vUrxZr j[k ldrs gSA yksddyk dk izpfyr

vFkZ gS tu lk/kkj.k dk lkfgR;] turk dh dyk] turk tks dqN dgrh gS vkSj lqukrh gS

og lc yksddyk gSA ftl izdkj izR;sd ns’k dh viuh ,d laL—fr ,oa viuh ,d Hkk"kk

gksrh gS] mlh izdkj viuh ,d yksddyk Hkh gksrh gSA dykdkj ds psru&vopsru eu dh

laosxkRed vfHkO;fDr dyk gS] yksddyk gS] ;g dyk Hkko dh vfHkO;fDr gS tks vfr rhoz

xfr ls ekuo ân; dks Li’kZ djrh gS] lqLi"V ’kCnksa esa viuh dyk dh viuh dyk dh

vfHkO;fDr djuk gh yksddyk gSA yksddyk dk tUe turk ds ekul esa gh gksrk gSA

fdlh ,d ns’k dh yksddyk dk fof/kor~ laxzg fd;k tk;s] rks ogk¡ ds fuokfl;ksa dh vrhr

ls ysdj vc rd ds dh ckSf)d] uSfrd] /kkfeZd ,oa lkekftd voLFkk dk lEiw.kZ fp=

gekjs le{k mifLFkr gks tk,xkA

Hkkjr dh laL—fr izkphu gSA Hkkjr esa vkfndky ls gh yksd lekt ds /kkfeZd]

lkekftd igyqvksa ds lkFk dykRed i{kksa dks Hkh vfHkO;fDr feyh gS] tks ml le; dh

yksddyk dh mifLFkfr n’kkZrh gSA ijEijk ls rkRi;Z ml /kkj.kk ls gS tks ,d ckj lekt

esa Loh—r gksdj vuojr viuk;h tkus okyh izfØ;k cu tkrh gS vkSj laL—fr ds ,d

fuf’pr vax ds :Ik esa ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA ijEijk dk fodkl lkekftd n’kZu vkSj ewY;ksa

ds lgkjs gksrk gSA ijEijkxr yksddyk dk tUe lekt dh /kkfeZd] lkaL—frd]

jhfr&fjoktksa ds vk/kkj ij ekuk tk ldrk gSA ;g dyk lHkh oxksZa ds L=h&iq#"kksa ds fy,

izsj.kk dk lzksr gSA yksddyk esa lekt dh ifjofrZr fLFkfr;ksa o okrkoj.k ds lkFk thou

dh tks ijEijk,¡ fodflr gqbZ] mlh ds vuq:Ik yksddyk dk fodkl gksrk x;k tks vkt

orZeku esa Hkh fo|eku gSA yksd dykvksa dh ijEijk esa yksdfp=.k dk i{k Hkh mHkj dj

246

gekjs lkeus vkrk gSA yksd fp=.k esa LFkkuh; lkekftd ijEijkvksa] :f<+;ksa vkSj

jhfr&fjoktksa dk lfEeJ.k jgk gSA ;g ijEijk ih<+h&nj&ih<+h vkt Hkh pyh vk jgh gSA

Ykksddyk esa yksdthou ds dykRed l`tu dh vfeV Nki gksrh gSA tulkekU; dh

dYiuk ls ;qDr yksddyk esa tueu dh vfHkO;fDr dk ifjp; feyrk gS] izR;sd ;qx dh

yksddyk esa ekuo dh lkekftd o ikfjokfjd lkSUn;Z dk cks/k o yksddY;k.k dh Hkkouk

ls ;g ijEijkxr yksddyk,¡ ifjiw.kZ gksrh gSA bldk fodkl ifjJe rFkk vuq’kklu ds

e/; fodflr gksrk gSA yksddyk fofo/k dyk :iksa esa mRFkku&iru] QS’ku ;k izpkj&izlkj

ds izHkko ls lnSo vNwrh gh jgh gSA yksddyk ds vUrxZr izns’kksa o vapyksa ds ioksZa] mRloksa

vkfn ij bu tu vkdka{kkvksa dks izdV djus okys —fr;ksa ds n’kZu gksrs gSA xzkeh.k vapyksa

esa ijEijkxr okrkoj.k gksrk gS] ftlds Hkhrj ijEijkxr yksddyk QyhHkwr gksrh gSA vkt

;g dyk iwtkx`gks] nSfud miHkksx dh oLrqvksa] fofHkUu izdkj ds lkt lekuksa esa ,oa oL=ksa esa

Hkh igq¡p xbZ gSA fookg vkfn 'kqHk voljksa esa vkt vk/kqfudrk ds lkFk ijEijkxr /kkfeZd

Hkkoukvksa o yksddykvksa dk lfEEkJ.k ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;|fi 'kgjksa esa vk/kqfud

fMtkbuksa ds Hkou cuk, x;s gS rFkkfi fookg ds le; bu vk/kqfud Hkouksa ij yksddyk ds

fp=.k gkFkh] ?kksM+s] csy&cwaVs vkfn dk dk vadu vo’; fd;k tkrk gS] tks oSokfgd LFky

gksus dk izrhd :Ik esa ekuk tkrk gSA Li"V gS vkt Hkh vk/kqfud ;qx esa yksddykvksa dk

viuk fof’k"V LFkku gSA

dyk ijEijk oa’kkuqØe ds ek/;e ls gh thfor gSA dqN tkfr fo’ks"k ds yksx tSls

dkycsfy;ksa dk iwaxh ctkdj liZ idM+uk] fNikvksa dk diM+k Nkiuk] tqykgksa dk diM+k

cquuk vkfn tkfrxr iS’kk gSA buds ek/;e ls Hkkafr&Hkkafr dh yksddyk,¡ thfor jgrh gSA

tks fofHkUu xzkeh.k vapyksa esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ;g yksd ijEijk,¡ ih<+h&nj&ih<+h

LFkkukUrfjr gksrh jgrh gSA ftlls vxyh ih<+h dh larkus mlh yksddyk esa fl)Lr gksdj

viuh vkthfodk pykdj vius dqVqac dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djrh gSA yksddyk euq"; ds lEiw.kZ

thou ls laca/k j[krh gSA /kkfeZd] lkekftd ,oa euksoSKkfud vk/kkj ij euq"; us yksddyk

dk lgkjk ysdj vius ;Fks"V Kku dks le`) fd;kA ^^yksddyk laL—fr ,oa lekt dk

niZ.k gSA gekjh iqjkuh lH;rk dh leLr miyfC/k;ksa dks ,oa iqjkuh lH;rk dks vkxs c<+kus

dk Js; blh yksd dyk dks gSA ;g ftrus cM+s iSekus ij vkxs c<+sxh] jk"Vªh;&vUrZjk"Vªh;

Lrj ij bls [;kfr izkIr gksxhA** yksddyk lHkh oxksZa ds yksdfgrksa dks izfrfcEcr djrh gSA

bldh ij[k e/;dky o vk/kqfud dky dk leUo; n’kkZrh gS vkSj u;s dykdkjksa dks viuh

vksj vk—"V dj izsfjr djrh gSA ijEijkxr lkfgR; esa ifjorZu gksus ds lkFk&lkFk

yksddyk esa Hkh ifjorZu vkrs x;s] lkfgR; vkSj yksddyk dk vVwV laca/k jgk gSA

247

yksddyk tuekul ds euksHkkokssa dh dyk—fr gS tks fLFkj o ’kk’or gSA yksddyk esa

ekaMuk }kjk vius euksHkkoksa dks js[kkfp=ksa }kjk ijEijkxr :Ik esa latks;k tkrk gSA dykdkj

us vrhr ds Kku dks yksddyk ds ek/;e ls vkt vk/kqfudrk ds f’k[kj ij igq¡pk;k gSA

vk/kqfudrk us vkt ds e’khuh midj.k ls izkphu midj.kksa dks vfLrRoghu dj fn;k]

ftUgsa ns[kdj dyk dkS’ky dk vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA gLrdyk ds uequs e’khuh

rduhdh ls fufeZr uequkas dh vis{kk—r eagxs feyrs gSA Hkkjrh; dyk dh fo’ks"krk dk

fp=dyk ds lao/kZu] leqUu;u dh n`f"V ls fof’k"V egÙo jgk gSA

gekjs lHkh ;qxksa ds fp=dkjksa us vukfndky dh yksddyk ls izsj.kk izkIr dj viuh dyk—

fr;ksa esa yksdfiz;rk dk rRo Hkjk gSA vk/kqfud fp=dkj yksddyk esa LokHkkfod vfHk:fp

j[krs gSA yksddyk dh ’kSyh dh izsj.kk ls vkt ds izfrf"Br fp=dkj vPNs iz;ksx izLrqr

dj jgs gSA yksd ’kSyh ls izkIr vk/kqfud fp= lkekftd thou esa iwjh fu"Bk ls viuk;s tk

jgs gSA^^yksddyk fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh lkaL—frd /kjksgj gSA bl e;kZnk esa vuqL;wr

fHkUu&fHkUu laL—fr;k¡ vius ewy :Ik esa ,d gh n`f"Vxr gksrh gSA** yksddyk ds }kjk

lkaL—frd ,drk dk vkHkkl gksrk gS bl n`f"V ls yksddyk dk jk"Vªh; egÙo gSA

yksddyk gekjh lkaL—frd HkkoHkwfe dks flafpr djrs gq, vkck/k xfr ls fujUrj vkxs c<+

jgh gS tks lkxj ds lkekUk vuUr ,oa xEHkhj gSA ijEijk ls yksddyk uSlfxZd :Ik ls vkxs

c<+rh jgh gSA bldh ,d:irk o uSjuR;Z ds QyLo:i ;g rktxh ,oa mRQqYyrk ls

eafMr jgrh gSA D;ksafd bldk lac/k gekjs thou ds mRloksa ls gS vr% blesa gekjh

mRQwYyrk vkSj ân; dh lq[kn Le`fr;k¡ ifjO;kIr gSA

lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd n`f"V ls mldk fo’ks"k egÙo gSA izR;sd ioksZa ,oa mRloksa ds fy,

yksddyk ds fHkUu&fHkUu izrhd fuf’pr gSA fdlh esa y{eh] ljLorh] x.ks’k vkSj LokfLrd

cukus dk fo/kku gS] rks fdlh esa dsoy iz—fr ds [kkds cukdj mudks iwtk tkrk gSA _rq

ifjorZu ds ifjpk;d R;kSgkj ij tks yksdfp= cuk;s tkrs gS] muesa iz—fr dk vkg~oku

jk"Vª dh lq[k&le`f) ds fy, eaxydkeuk dk Hkko gksrk gSA gekjs lkekftd thou esa ’kqHk

voljksa ij eaxye; yksddyk dk vkg~oku fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd mRlo oj eaxy ?kV dh

LFkkiuk dk fo/kku yksd dyk ds vfLrRo dks lqfpr djrk gSA ;|fi gekjh yksddyk

dyk izkphudky ls vuojr :Ik esa viuh iw.kZ izfr"Bk dks dk;e fd;s pyh vk jgh gS fQj

Hkh ;g fuf’pr gS fd foxr~ dbZ o"kksZa ds fo/kehZ ’kklu ls gekjh yksddyk izk;% misf{kr

jghA ftlls o"kksZa iwoZ dh pyh vk jgh vtlz /kkjk esa Bgjko vk x;kA ^^lkSUn;Z dk

vkd"kZ.k] laxhr dh e/kqjrk] u`R; dh y; vkSj fp=dyk dh vfHkO;fDr ekuo dh lqUnjre

Hkkoukvksa dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr fd;s jgrh gSA fdlh Hkh ns’k dh tudyk ogk¡ ds

248

tulkekU; dh ân; rU=h dks >a—r fd;s fcuk ugha jg ldrhA ;|fi vkt dk dykdkj

vius ckSf)d rdZ ls dyk dks vfr tfVy ,oa loZlk/kkj.k dh le> dh lhek ls ijs dh

oLrq dks cukus esa lyaXu gSA **yksd ijEijk viuh uSlfxZd vfHkO;fDr dk ekxZ [kkst

fudkyrh gS tks vkRelq[k dk ,d ek= lk/ku gSA vr% yksddyk laL—fr dk vk/kkj gSA

ftlesa gekjk nkf;Ro gksuk pkfg, fd ge mls thfor j[kus dk iw.kZ iz;kl yksddyk dk

fodkl izof)Zr lewg eaMy esa gqvk] tks ,d fodkl ds :Ik esa mldk vuqlj.k djrh gSA

^^yksddyk vusdks ns’kksa ds ikjLikfjd lEidZ ls mRiUu gqbZ gSA vusd izdkj ds lS)kfUr

fpg~u tks gesa izkIr gksrs gS] os izkXkSfrgkfld dky esa Hkkjr esa gh ugha] cfYd ;wuku]

vlhfj;k] feJ] cschyksu] phu] tkok] lqek=k vkfn ns’kksa ds ikjLifjd lEidZ ls mRiUu gq,

gSaA bu izkphu yksddyk ds fofHkUu lkadsfrd fpg~uksa dks ge lw{e lkekftd ijh{k.kksa ds

}kjk gh le> ldrs gSaA eulk nsoh] vksyksoh vkSj ’khryk nsoh vkfn lzksrksa ls mRiUu gqbZ

gSA pØ vkSj LokfLrd vkfn ds fp= taxyh vkSj lH; nksuksa gh tkfr;ksa esa ik;s tkrs gS] tks

thou vkSj ’kkfUr dh vksj ladsr djrs gSA**

izkphu le; ls ysdj vkt rd yksddyk vius vusd :iksa esa fo|eku jgh gSA orZeku

le; esa iq= tUe] ukedj.k laLdkj] ’kknh&C;kg] rht&R;kSgkj vkfn ij euksokafNr

nsorkvksa dks fofHkUu vkdkjksa esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dyk lekt ds fy, vfr

ykHknk;d fl) gksrh gSA yksddyk reke ljy LoHkko okys O;fDr;ksa dh /kkfeZd vkSj

lkekftd ijEijkvksa dh vfHkO;fDr gSA ftlesa LokHkkfodrk dk xgu iqV gSA —f=erk vkSj

izkfo/kd iz;ksxksa dk blesa loZFkk vHkko gS] izrhdkRed Lo:Ik esa izLrqr gksrh gSA

lUnHkZ&

1- gkMkSrh dh yksd dyk esa ekaMus] MkW- jk/kkjkuh ’kekZ] uothou izdk’ku]

fuokbZ] i`- 27 Okgha] i`- 41

2- Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl] okpLifr xSjksyk] fe= izdk’ku izk-

fy-] bykgkckn] i`- 250

3- dyk fl)kUr ,oa ijEijk] MkW- 'kj.kfcgkjh yky ,oa Jhefr lq/kk 'kj.k] i`-

62

4- Okgha] i`- 66

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