Volkmar Hartje Technische Universität Berlin · 2020. 1. 29. · Volkmar Hartje Landscape...

TEEB for Cities and Urban-Rural Interactions with a Special Focus on Wetland Ecosystem Services

Assessment and evaluation of economic effects of green urban

infrastructure

Volkmar Hartje

Technische Universität Berlin

6th Sino-German Workshop on Biodiversity Conservati onGermany | 15-18 July 2013

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Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje

Topics

1. Definitions2. Multifunctionality of urban green3. Importance of net structures4. Example hedonic prices for recreation values of

green areas5. Example Substitution between green and grey

infrastructure: rain water management6. Summary

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1. Introduction

1. Definition of the concept /Approach of the EU Commission

Constituting components:

Green character /Vegetation /degree of naturalness

Network character

Multifunctionality

Here restricted to urban areas

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2. Multifunctionality of urban green areas

Traditional view of urban green areas as areas used primarily for recreation : Parks, children‘s playgrounds, housing gardens

But also in combination with other purposescemeteries, allotment garden, urban forests

Environmental (abiotic) valuation because of lacking/ little soil sealing in Relation to built-up structures (� Objective of lowering soil sealing)

Newer views

• Because of importance for species and habitat protection

• Because of relevance for climate change(vegetation growth as a sink of GHG; cooling effect in adaptation)

• Because of the health effects of physical activities in green areas

• Cost saving for urban rainwater management

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Differentiation of the green area (types):

� Managed by special municipal agencies (Grünflächenämtern)

• Public green areas (public parks, cemeteries, playgrounds, green areas at schools, other public buildings)

• Green vegetation along transportation networks (trees along streets, on parking lots)

� Other managing organizations

• forests; urban agriculture ; gardening

• Green area in housing estates/ Private gardens

• Green rooftops/walls, courtyards

• Surface waters/wetlands/border strips

• Vegetating brownfields

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Categorization and identification of functions and ecosystem services 1. Recreation (and cultural services)2. Production services3. Noise and dust protection4. Retention of rainwater5. Filtering of water discharges6. Sequestration of greenhouse gases7. Cooling effect on urban heat islands8. Induced health effects9. Habitat provision for biodiversity

Categorization varies enormously by author,

by now standardization efforts (CICES by the EEA)

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Description and measurement of individual ecosystem services

source: Gomez-Baggethun2013

Here examples of positive ecosystem services

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2. Multifunctionality of green areas

Description and measurement of individual ecosystem services

source: Gomez-Baggethun2013

Hier die positiven Ökosystemleistungen

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Assignment of ecosystem services to types of green areas

Area type recrea-tion

produc-tion

protecting biodiversity

noise/ dust retention

water retention /filtering

climate change effects

parks +++ o ++ ++ ++ ++

cemetaries + o ++ ++ ++ ++

forests +++ + ++ ++ +++ ++

Street green + o +/o ++ + +

rooftops, walls

+ o + ++ ++ +

green at surface waters

+++ o ++ ++ +++ ++

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Source: Bolund 1999

Assignment of ecosystem services to types of green areas

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Economic valuation of ecosystem services

Services are often public goods; Club goods, but also private goods; quite often non market allocation mechanism

Market prices only for private goods possible (urban green only for forests and gardening)

For the other goods separate economic valuation methods necessary; in the past was a problem; in the meantime development of specific methods and considerable empirical studies;

Today (nearly) all ecosystem services subject to an economic valuation; TEEB Project was start for global summary for practice

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Basic premise: the ecosystem services are separable and the estimates of the economic valuation can be added

The valuation of the ecosystem services of habitat/ region/ ecosystem is based on the concept of Total Economic Value

Basic premise of economics: the valuation takes place for a marginal change (deterioration or improvement)

Economic Assessment of ecosystem services focuses on flows

Distinction between flows and stocks implies the value of stocks (in economic terms assets (natural capital) is the result of all flows for a longer period

Raises the question of discounting (major debate in climate change economics , not in biodiversity policy yet)

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Total Economic Value

Source Pascual et al. 2011

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Economic valuation of urban ecosystem services

Quelle: Gomez-Baggethun2013

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Economic valuation of ecosystemservices

Quelle: Gomez-Baggethun2013

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Not all problems solved

For an economic valuation cooperation between ecologists and economists necessary

Considerable efforts has to be undertaken for empirical research (studies are expensive)

Data basis for broad application in applied policy situation difficult

Most evaluations focus on individual ecosystem service

Applied cases often are generous for multifunctional estimates

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3. Importance of network character

View on the network character adds a new dimension;

some precedents

1. Networks in protected areas to overcome deficits of singular isolated sites

� Creation of ecological networks to improve survival conditions for biodiversity

2. Development of networks structure for recreation areas

hiking, bicycling pathways; Greenway planning USA

Often connected to abandoned railroad tracks, revitalized surface water structures

3. Regional park systems

Connecting park sites and green ways into a network structure

Examples in Germany, Great Britain, USA with separate management organizations

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3. Importance of network character

Ecological networks (= for species and habitat protection)

Definition/Measurement requires species specific knowledge

Definition physically on land area simpler to reproduce

Difficult to apply, limited knowledge for planning purposes

Exception surface water morphological structures according to WFD

Networks for recreation

Definition /Measurement simpler; planning simpler

Little monitoring of use

Spatial interaction for other ecosystem services

Cold air corridors

Green rainwater systems

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4. Examples for economic valuation for urban green

Urban park areasEcosystem service

Measurement of ess Valuation approach State of the ar t

RecreationIn the park

Number of visits Willingness to pay surveyHedonic pricing

Quite commonWell establishedQuite common

View on the park

Number of viewsheds, number of views

Hedonic pricing

Air quality Reduction of concentration of pollutants

Wtp surveyAbatement costs of filter

a.c. quite common, application to green less common

Noise reduction Reduction of noise Wtp surveyAbatement cost of alternative noiseprotection

tested

Carbon sequestration

Sequestered amount of GHG

Damage of GHG Broad range ofestimates

Cold air corridor Reduction of temperature

Wtp for comfortHealth costs for sickness

common

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Willingness to pay for improved maintenance of a park in Berlin

source Klaphake 2003

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Hedonic analysis of urban green looking at housing prices

House/apartment is a heterogeneous good;

Its market value is influenced by a number of factors

• Structural characteristics of the house

• Location in the city

• Neighborhood characteristics

• Green qualities

Effect of green qualities is estimated with a regression function; coefficient of the green variables constitutes the implicit price

Important is the way to specify the green variable

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Hedonic analysis of urban green looking at housing prices

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5. Example: Green rainwater management replacing grey

� Traditional approach: Use of separate rainwater drains and separate storage facilities to discharge rainwater; Major objective priority of drainage

� A number of problems: Capacity of the facilities, high investment costs, Restriction for site selection;

� Cause of water quality problems; overflow pollutants into rivers

� Decentralized system as an alternative (rainwater management instead of drainage)

Reduced degree of soil sealing in settlement areas; + decentralized rainwater infiltration (hybrid technical -green systems for new building; linkage to existing green areas as retention areas)

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Decentralized green systems as alternative

Implies change of the management concept: less engineering oriented design; more search for change in land use in combination of design issues for land owners

Situation in Germany

� No federal standard for a change; instead a number of individual activities of the Bundesländer, municipalities

� Testing in number of cases

� For assessment focus on aspects of water engineering; evaluation based on costs comparison and multiple criteria anlysis(Nutzwertanalyse); Integration of ESS missing

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Cases USA: NYC

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6. Summary

1. Definition and concept green infrastructure incre asing analytical importance

2. Green infrastructure useful concept to analyze ur ban green together with the concept of ecosystem services

3. Basic methods for economic valuation have been de veloped and tested

4. Empirical application longer history in Anglo and Scandinavian countries; Germany at the beginning

5. Economic valuation should be helpful as an inform ation in making land use allocation decisions

6. Stronger links beyond traditional urban green pla nning desirable; e.g. rainwater management; flood protec tion

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Herzlichen Dank für Ihre Geduld!Any questions???

Volkmar Hartje Technische Universität Berlin · 2020. 1. 29. · Volkmar Hartje Landscape...

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