Volcanic processes. Yes No YesNo Yes No « grey » volcanoes More explosive Andesitic Subductions «...
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Volcanic processes
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Magma encounters « external » water
Submarine, surtseyan, phreatomagmatic types
Magma containsdissolved gas
Plinian eruptions Magma is viscous
Domes and block-and-ash flows
(Pelean)
Flows and scoria cones(Strombolian, hawaian)
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
« grey » volcanoesMore explosiveAndesiticSubductions
« red » volcanoesLess explosiveBasalticIntra-plate
Volcanic processesand types
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• Dynamic types related to magma/water interactions
• Dynamic types related to dissolved bubbles
• Dynamic types related to domes growth and collapse
• Dynamic types related to lava flows etc.• Destruction of volcanic edifices• Complex edifices
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Magma viscosity
Figure 4-1. a. Calculated viscosities of anhydrous silicate liquids at one atmosphere pressure, calculated by the method of Bottinga and Weill (1972) by Hess (1989), Origin of Igneous Rocks. Harvard University Press. b. Variation in the viscosity of basalt as it crystallizes (after Murase and McBirney, 1973), Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 84, 3563-3592. c. Variation in the viscosity of rhyolite at 1000oC with increasing H2O content (after
Shaw, 1965, Amer. J. Sci., 263, 120-153).
Viscosity of Anhydrous Magma
Log
Vis
cosi
ty (
poi
se)
10
8
6
4
2
50 60 70Wt. % SiO2
1400o C1200o C1000o C
Oliv
ine
Bas
alt
Bas
alt
And
esite
Dac
ite
Rhy
olite
10
8
6
4
2 4 6 8 10Wt. % H2O
Rhyolite at 1000oC
Log
Vis
cosi
ty (
pois
e)
4
5
3
2
AllLiquid
T (oC)
IncreasingCrystallization
Basalt
Beg
inn
ing
of C
ryst
alliz
atio
n
2
Log
Vis
cosi
ty (
pois
e)
a cb
1400 1300 1200 1100
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Mount Saint-Helens:The post-18 May dome
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Figure 4-7. Schematic cross section through a lava dome.
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Secondary ash fall (+local surges)
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Dome growth and collapse
• Cortex of the dome « chills », interior still hot
• Steep slopes, local collapse– Breccias– Pyroclastic flows: « block and ash flow »
• Dense flow, rich in blocks
• Smaller scale than plinian!!
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Montagne-Pelée, Martinique(lesser Antilles)
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Saint-Pierre, before
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Saint-Pierre, after
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Magma encounters « external » water
Submarine, surtseyan, phreatomagmatic types
Magma containsdissolved gas
Plinian eruptions Magma is viscous
Domes and block-and-ash flows
(Pelean)
Flows and scoria cones(Strombolian, hawaian)
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
« grey » volcanoesMore explosiveAndesiticSubductions
« red » volcanoesLess explosiveBasalticIntra-plate
Volcanic processesand types
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• Dynamic types related to magma/water interactions
• Dynamic types related to dissolved bubbles
• Dynamic types related to domes growth and collapse
• Dynamic types related to lava flows etc.• Destruction of volcanic edifices• Complex edifices
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Lava lakes
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Eruptive fissures
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Bubbles
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Scenic volcanoes!
Stromboli (Italy)
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Scoria cones
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Piton de la Fournaise (Réunion, Indian Ocean)
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Cones groupe in Réunion
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Puy de Pariou (France)(note also the pelean dome of Puy de Dome at the back)
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Scoria cones
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Disrupted cones
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Cones and lava flows
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Etna (Italy)
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Strange things lava flows do…
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No, there is nobody here – it is just a weird but completely natural shape…
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Multiple lava flows
Piton de la Fournaise (Réunion, Indian Ocean)
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Rift zone
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Aa and Pahoehoe
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Lava caves
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Prismation
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Scoria base
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