Journal of Earth Science, Vol. 24, No. 6, p. 935–946, December 2013 ISSN 1674-487X Printed in China DOI: 10.1007/s12583-013-0380-8

Volcanic Facies and Their Reservoirs Characteristics in Eastern China Basins

Chunshuang Jin* (金春爽)

Oil & Gas Survey, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100029, China Wenli Pan (潘雯丽)

Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China Dewu Qiao (乔德武)

Strategic Research Center of Oil & Gas Resources, Ministry of Land & Resources, Beijing 100034, China

ABSTRACT: In these years, with more and more volcanic oil and gas fields being discovered and de-

veloped, the volcanic rocks reveal a great petroleum potential in the eastern basins of China. There are

five volcanic facies identified in the study area, which include volcanic conduit facies, explosive facies,

effusive facies, extrusive facies, and volcanogenic sedimentary facies. The subaerial eruption usually

happened in Mesozoic and Paleocene, and subaquatic eruption in Eocene. The upper subfacies and top

autoclastic brecciation of effusive facies of subaquatic volcanic rocks and pyroclastic flow subfacies of

explosive facies of subaerial volcanic rocks are the most favorable volcanic reservoirs. The intermittent

belt formed between two times of volcanic eruptions is most effective for reservoirs both in subaquatic

and subaerial volcanic rocks. Their main porosity types are interclast porosity, interflow laminar po-

rosity, vesicular and gas pipes porosity, intercrystalline sieve of moldic porosity, secondary dissolution

porosity, and tectonic fracture. Developed between pre-emplacement stage and final cooling, the pri-

mary porosity may lead to high porosity and permeability, and the secondary porosity usually devel-

oped upon them. The porosity of volcanic rocks was less influenced by the compaction and the burial

depth.

KEY WORDS: volcanic facies, volcanic reservoir, porosity, eastern China.

INTRODUCTION

More and more unconventional oil and gas fields are being discovered and developed in the world. There are more than 300 oil and/or gas fields discov-ered in volcanic rocks in the world (Schutter,

This study was financially supported by the National Oil and

Gas Strategic Exploration Project of China (No. XQ-2006-01).

*Corresponding author: jincs2002@163.com

© China University of Geosciences and Springer-Verlag Berlin

Heidelberg 2013

Manuscript received January 4, 2012.

Manuscript accepted May 2, 2012.

2003), with the biggest volcanic rocks oil pool of Ja-tibarang in Indonesia and gas pool of Scott Reef in Australia. The highest reported hydrocarbon deposits occurrences are in basalts, followed by andesite, rhyo-lite tuffs, and lavas and volcaniclastics (Petford and McCaffrey, 2003).

After more than 50 years of exploration in vol-canic rocks, a great deal of important volcanic oil and gas fields was established in eastern China. In these years, the Upper Jurassic and Early Cretaceous ande-sitic volcanic reservoirs in Erlian Basin (Wang et al., 1991; Yu and Tang, 1988), Lower Cretaceous rhyolit-ic volcanic reservoirs in Songliao Basin (Wu et al., 2007; Zhou et al., 2007; Feng, 2006; Liu et al., 2003;

Chunshuang Jin, Wenli Pan and Dewu Qiao

936

Chen et al., 2000), the Cretaceous rhyolitic, and the Paleogene basaltic and trachytic volcanic reservoirs in Bohai Bay Basin (Zhao et al., 2006; Xiao et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2004; Luo and Zhang, 2002; Liu, 2001; Jin and Zhao, 1999; Xiao, 1999), and basaltic volcanic reservoirs in Subei Basin (Tao et al., 1998) were dis-covered. With more and more volcanic oil and gas fields are being discovered and developed, the vol-canic rocks reveal great petroleum potential in China. By the end of 2006, CNPC has submitted about 478 million tons of proved oil reserves and 125 billion m3 of proved gas reserves in volcanic rocks in China (Zou et al., 2008).

Although we have discovered and developed many volcanic oil and gas fields, understanding the particular reservoirs deserves in-depth study. The volcanic reservoirs are usually more inhomogeneous and, in some cases, are more porous and permeable than the adjacent sediments. Many researchers studied the volcanic reservoir space features (Wang and Feng, 2008; Sruoga and Rubinstein, 2007; Luo and Zhang, 2002; Ren and Jin, 1999) and the volcanic facies from deposit system were studied in these years (Lee et al., 2006; Moore et al., 2000). However, the relationship between volcanic facies and their reservoirs characte-ristics is seldom studied. The aim of this article is to discuss volcanic facies and their reservoirs characte-ristics and try to analyze the relationship between them. GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS

From Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, the East Asia tectonic environment, induced by westward sub-duction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate beneath the Asia continent and together with asthenosphere upwelling, transited to intensive intracontinental extension and lithospheric thinning from strong intracontinental compression and lithospheric thickening (Duan et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2004). A large scale of rifting re-sulted in abroad rift basins development (Wu and Zhou, 2007; Liu et al., 2000; Fig. 1), with which vol-cano erupted strongly in eastern China. Neutral-acid volcanic rocks, such as andesite, rhyolite, and volca-niclastic rocks, spread widely in eastern China. During the Late Cretaceous period, the vast area of North China in the west of Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone and

almost all peripheral basins of Northeast China were denudated and only Songliao Basin entered into the stage of intracraton depression.

Since Paleogene, the Paleo-Pacific Plate subduc-tion turned to NWW, which induced the second rifting of eastern China. In Northeast China, rift basins de-veloped along Yishu fault zone and Dunmi fault zone. In the North China, Bohai Bay Basin entered its second rifting basin stage, which leads to basalt and trachyte development in the basin. From Neogene, Bohai Bay Basin entered into the stage of depression.

A large scale of volcanic activities occurred in Early Cretaceous and Paleogene, and lots of oil and gas were found in the volcanic strata developed in these two rifting stages (Table 1). VOLCANIC FACIES

Usually defined as the volcanic activity architec-ture at given environments, volcanic facies affect the porosity and permeability of volcanic reservoirs di-rectly and become the main reason of reservoirs hete-rogeneity. With different authors, the categorizations of volcanic facies are not uniform (Shu et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2007; Liu and Zhu, 2005; Qiu et al., 1996). We categorize volcanic facies as volcanic conduit fa-cies, explosive facies, effusive facies, extrusive facies, and volcanogenic sedimentary facies in eastern China basins in this article. The subaerial eruption usually happened in Mesozoic and Paleocene and subaquatic eruption in Eocene. Volcanic Conduit Facies

Locating underneath and near the center of whole volcanic edifice, volcanic conduit facies are the com-bination of retention and backfill of volcaniclastic rocks (Fig. 2a) or/and lava after magma transited to surface through the conduit (Qiu et al., 1996). Lava, volcaniclastic rock, and welded volcaniclastic rock are the type of volcanic conduit deposits. They are usually angular, no sorting, and hydrothermal alteration that occurred. The reservoirs significance of volcanic conduit facies is not predominant for their localization. However, it is useful to recognize the volcanic edifice in the basin.

Volcanic Facies and Their Reservoirs Characteristics in Eastern China Basins

937

Table 1 Generalized volcanic stratigraphical column with oil and gas producing

horizons in eastern China

Age Volcanic lithology Produced oil/gas in eastern China basins

Erlian Songliao Dayangshu Bohai Bay Subei

Neogene Pliocene

● ● ● ●

●

Miocene

Paleogene

Oligocene

Eocene

T T T

Paleocene

Late Cretaceous

Early Cretaceous

●

▲ ▲

○

○

●

∽ v v

× × ×

v v v

× × ×

Late Jurassic × × × ●

∽ Δ ∽

v v v Andesite Basalt × × × Rhyolite ∽Δ∽ Volcaniclastic rock T T T Trachyte ● Oil ▲ Gas ○ Oil shows

Explosive Facies Explosive facies consists of a multitype of volca-

niclastic rocks formed from volcanic explosion of high viscidity magma. The volcanic explosion may take place in the different stage of volcanism, however, which is most developed in early and climax of vol-cano eruption. In short, the nearer the volcanic conduit, the coarser of volcaniclasts are. Considering volcano eruption style, magma composition, and emplacement feature, the explosive facies is refined as pyroclastic surge, pyroclastic flow, and pyroclastic fall three sub-facies. The model of explosive facies is shown in Fig. 3. Pyroclastic Surge Subfacies

Pyroclastic surges are low density flows of py-roclastic material. The reason they are low density is because they lack a high concentration of particles and contain a lot of gases. These flows are very turbulent and fast. They overtop high topographic features and are not confined to valleys. There are three types of pyroclastic surges: (1) base surge, (2) ash cloud surge, and (3) ground surge. A base surge is usually formed

when the volcano initially starts to erupt from the base of the eruption column as it collapses (Fig. 2b). It usually does not travel greater than 10 km from its source. A ground surge (Fig. 2c) usually forms at the base of a pyroclastic flow. An ash cloud surge forms when the eruption column is neither buoying material upward by convection nor collapsing.

Pyroclastic surges deposits mainly consists of crystal fragment, vitric fragment, magma fragment, and detritus, with partly good layering, cross bedding, partly mantle, and partly infill topography (Fig. 3). They are usually only small volume and close to source. The primary porosity may be rich, but the secondary porosity is usually undeveloped because the pyroclastic surges subfacies is not at the top of cooling unit and because of the lack of weathering and disso-lution.

Pyroclastic Flows Subfacies

Pyroclastic flows subfacies distributed broadly and they are usual in explosive facies. Pyroclastic flows are mixtures of hot gas, ash, and other volcanic rocks travelling very quickly down the slopes or under

Chunshuang Jin, Wenli Pan and Dewu Qiao

938

Figure 1. Structural outline of the Late Mesozoic–Cenozoic rift basins in eastern China and adjacent region (modified from Zhang et al., 2004). 1. Songliao basins group; 2. Zhangqiang Basin; 3. Liaoxi basins group; 4. Erlian basins group; 5. Hailar Basin; 6. Genhe Basin; 7. Liebuya Basin; 8. Xialiaohe Basin; 9. Huanghua Basin; 10. Shijiazhuang Basin; 11. Linqing Basin; 12. Huimin-Dongying Basin; 13. Wuhaozhuang Basin; 14. Middle Tanlu Fault Basin; 15. Jiaolai Basin; 16. Zhoukou Basin; 17. Sanjiang Basin; 18. Boli Basin; 19. Hu-lin Basin; 20. Jixi Basin; 21. Ning’an Basin.

the water, and they deposit for the decreasing of ve-locity of flow. The pooly sorted volcaniclastic rocks infill topography and flat top surface and may be very thick (Fig. 3). Pyroclastic fragments are divided blocks, lapilli (Fig. 2d), and ash.

The deposits mainly consists of ignimbrite (Fig. 2e), and the nonwelded to moderately welded deposits may occur in the upward and downward. Sometimes, there is rich pumice lithic at the top of pyroclastic flow deposits.

Volcanic Facies and Their Reservoirs Characteristics in Eastern China Basins

939

Figure 2. The volcanic rocks of volcanic conduit facies and explosive facies. (a) Volcanic conduit facies, rhyolitic breccias in Songliao Basin (Wang and Feng, 2008); (b) the base surge subfacies, volcanic breccia tuff with parallel and graded bedding in Songliao Basin (Wang and Feng, 2008); (c) the ground surge sub-facies (GS), with effusive facies (EFS) and pyroclastic fall subfacies (PFS) under it, tuff breccia in Yandang Mountain; (d) the pyroclastic flow subfacies, welded volcanic breccia in Erlian Basin; (e) the pyroclastic flow subfacies, ignimbrite in Songliao Basin; (f) the pyroclastic flow subfacies, pumice clasts in the upper subfacies in Yandang Mountain.

The rich vesicular and possible dissolution po-

rosity superimposed by weathering make pyroclastic flow deposits work as most effective reservoirs with high porosity and permeability. In addition, with ab-undance of pumice, the primary porosity of tuff in the upper pyroclastic flow deposits must be very higher (Fig. 2f).

Pyroclastic Fall Subfacies Pyroclastic fall subfacies is uniform deposits of

material, which has been ejected from an eruption plume or eruption column under the action of gravity. The pyroclastic fall deposits include volcanic blocks, volcanic bombs, and lapilli from volcanic explosions, but tuffs are main (Fig. 2c). They are good laying,

Chunshuang Jin, Wenli Pan and Dewu Qiao

940

C

B

A

c

b3

b2

b1

a

Figure 3. The model of explosive facies. A. Pyroc-lastic surge subfacies; B. pyroclastic flow subfacies; C. pyroclastic fall subfacies; a. nonwellded belt; b1 and b3. weakly welded belt; b2. welded belt; c. nonwellded belt.

often graded (Fig. 3), smaller grain size, and thinner with distance from source. Effusive Facies

Effusive facies is the lava characterized by an outpouring of low viscosity magma that has a fairly low volatile content. The distribution of lava is controlled by volcanic architecture topography, which may encircle the crater or may extend along one direction.

For one lava flow unit, or one cooling unit caused by one magma effusion, often four belts, such as un-der belt, middle belt, upper belt and top belt, can be found. The four belts can be considered as the four subfacies of effusive facies, which are shown in Fig. 4. Because of the different cooling conditions, the vol-canic rocks structure, petrotectonic, and other physical property are distinct in these four belts. Autobreccia is developed in the top belt, with rich interclast fracture. The vesicular lava in upper and under belts are rich vesicular and quench fracture, but vesicular belt in the under belt is often thinner. The compact lava in middle belt cannot become effective reservoirs.

With different magma property and eruption en-vironments, the structures of lava flow units are dif-ferent. The autobreccia belt in acid lava flow unit is not as good as that in neutral-basic lava flow unit. For example, broken forth in water, the trachyte and basalt

D

C

B

A

Figure 4. The model of effusive facies. A. Under belt; B. middle belt; C. upper belt; D. top belt.

in the third member of Shahejie series in Bohai Bay Basin are autobrecciated widely and strongly (Fig. 5a), which made them become excellent reservoirs. How-ever, the vesicular and interflow laminar may more developed in the upper belt of acid lava unit than that in neutral-basic lava flow unit (Fig. 5b).

With their special characteristics, the lava in different parts of lava flow unit has different reserving potential. Therefore, it is very important to recognize the top surface, base surface, attitude, and inner belts of lava flow unit for researching volcanic reservoirs characteristics.

Extrusive Facies

Mainly found in acid and neutral volcanic activi-ty, extrusive facies occur in the late of volcanic erup-tion cycle. The lava was squeezed out from earth, when it had solidified, a lava dome formed. Fig. 5c shows the right part of rhyolite dome in Yandang Mountain. Three belts can be differentiated in the dome (Qiu et al., 1996): the autobreccia belt in the margin, the lava alike belt with rich interflow laminar and sometimes with vesicular in the middle, and the dense massiveness belt in the center. The margin and middle belts may work as an effective reservoir. Volcanogenic Sedimentary Facies

After a distance of transport, the volcanic ash and clasts deposit in normal sedimentary environment, which can be formed in every stage of volcanic activ-ity. They may present interbed with sedimentary rocks

Volcanic Facies and Their Reservoirs Characteristics in Eastern China Basins

941

Figure 5. The volcanic rocks of effusive facies, extrusive facies and volcanogenic sedimentary facies. (a) The top belt of effusive belt, trachitic autobreccia, and Liaohe depression; (b) the upper belt of effusive facies, the vesicular and interflow laminar of rhyolite, Yandang Mountain; (c) the extrusive facies, rhyolite dome in Yandang Mountain; (d) the sedimentary facies, volcanogenic conglomerate and mudstones, Liaohe de-pression.

(Fig. 5d). Volcanogenic sedimentary facies deposit both in far end of volcanic apparatus and Caldera Lake.

RESERVOIRS CHARACTERISTICS Types of Porosity

Volcanic rocks develop primary and secondary porosity and permeability, depending on both their lithology and the sequence of processes involved in their formation (Sruoga and Rubinstein, 2007; Ren and Jin, 1999). Primary porosity caused by primary volcanic processes, which are defined as those that are active between the pre-emplacement stage and the final cooling of volcanic rocks under closed-system conditions. Primary processes include welding, deu-teric crystal dissolution, gas release, and flow frag-mentation, which developed the porosity of intershard (Fig. 6a) and intrapumice (Fig. 6b), intrastalline sieve or moldic (Fig. 6c), vesicular and gas pipes (Fig. 6d),

interflow laminar (Fig. 6e), and interclast and shat-tered crystal (Fig. 6f). Primary porosity may lead to high porosity and permeability, and the secondary porosity usually developed upon them.

Secondary porosity caused by secondary processes, which result from the interaction between a rock and its environment and broadly include two dif-ferent types, namely, fracture (Fig. 7a) and alteration (Figs. 7b, 7c, and 7d). Secondary processes (different types of alteration) tend to decrease primary porosity. However, certain secondary processes, such as disso-lution and hydraulic fracturing, may contribute to en-hance total porosity and permeability.

Primary and secondary processes are significant in generating and modifying the petrophysical charac-ter of the rock. Their effects may be cumulative, or alternatively, primary process may be canceled out the effect of secondary process.

Chunshuang Jin, Wenli Pan and Dewu Qiao

942

Figure 6. The primary porosity of volcanic rocks in eastern China basins. (a) Intershard porosity, Songliao Basin (from Zhao et al., 2008); (b) intrapumice porosity, Liaohe depression; (c) intrastalline sieve, Liaohe depression; (d) vesicular and gas pipes, Dayangshu Basin; (e) interflow laminar, Songliao Basin; (f) inter-clast porosity, Erlian Basin. Porosity Features

Since the diagenesis mechanism for volcanic re-servoir generally is condensing consolidation, the po-rosity of volcanic rocks was less influenced by the compaction and the burial depth compared with sedi-mentary rocks (Fig. 8). The collecting capacity of volcanic reservoir will exceed the sedimentary reser-voirs when the buried depth is greater than the thre-shold depth. For instance, the threshold depth is 3 500 m in Songliao Basin; over this buried depth, the sedi-mentary reservoirs changed into tight sand conglome-rate reservoirs, while the volcanic reservoir are domi-nating reservoirs.

The physical properties and the favorable volcanic reservoirs

The positive correlation between porosity and permeability of Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanic in Liaohe depression is shown in Fig. 9, with the correla-tion coefficient of 0.666 9. For those samples with higher with higher porosity and lower permeability, the pore space is dominant; on the other hand, the fractured porosity is dominant. The volcanic reser-voirs are usually strongly inhomogeneous, and those volcanic rocks with both pore and fractures can be-come favorable reservoirs.

In eastern China basins, the explosive rhyolitic volcaniclastic rocks and effusive rhyolite and andesite mainly occurred in Mesozoic and effusive basalt and

Volcanic Facies and Their Reservoirs Characteristics in Eastern China Basins

943

Figure 7. The secondary porosity of volcanic rocks in Liaohe depression. (a) Tectonic fracture; (b) second-ary sieve porosity; (c) dissolution fracture in the groundmass; (d) quench porosity.

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

4 000

4 500

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Porosity (%)

Dep

th(m

)

Cenozoic in Liaohe depression

Mesozoic in Liaohe depression

Mesozoic in Songliao Basin

Figure 8. The correlation between the buried depth and the porosity of volcanic reservoirs in Liaohe depression of Bohai Bay Basin and Songliao Basin.

andesite in Cenozoic. The subaerial eruption usually happened in Mesozoic and Paleocene and subaquatic eruption in Eocene. The explosive and effusive vol-canic rocks extend widely, which can work as favora-ble reservoirs. The volcanic rocks of the top belt and upper belt of effusive facies and pyroclastic flow sub-facies of explosive facies have higher porosities (Fig. 10), which are the most favorable subfacies. Some conduit facies and extrusive facies have higher physi-cal properties; however, these two volcanic facies are not widely distributed, which make them not very important in reserving petroleum. The reservoir cha-racteristics of volcanogenic sedimentary facies are similar with those of sedimentary facies, then we do not discuss much about them.

In rhyolite and rhyolitic volcaniclastic rocks, the upper belt of effusive facies and pyroclastic flow sub-facies subfacies of explosive facies are the most fa-vorable volcanic reservoirs. Their main porosity types are vesicular and gas pipes porosity, intershard and intrapumice porosity, interflow laminar porosity, sec-ondary dissolution porosity, and tectonic fracture.

Chunshuang Jin, Wenli Pan and Dewu Qiao

944

1 000

100

10

1

0.1

0.01

0 10 20 30

Porosity (%)

Perm

earb

ilit

y (

10

m-3

-2�

)

y=0.022 7e0.245 2x

R2=0.444 7

Figure 9. The correlation between porosity and permeality of volcanic reservoirs in Liaohe depres-sion, Bohai Bay Basin.

1 500

1 800

2 100

2 400

2 700

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Porosity (%)

Dep

th (

m)

MIBEF

PFSE

TOBEF

UNBEF

UPBEF

Figure 10. The volcanic rocks porosity in different volcanic facies. TOBEF. top belt of effusive facies; UPBEF. upper belt of effusive facies; MIBEF. mid-dle belt of effusive facies; UNBEF. under belt of effusive facies; PFSE. pyroclastic flow subfacies of explosive facies.

In andesite, basalt, and their volcaniclastic rocks,

the upper subfacies and top autoclastic brecciation of effusive facies and pyroclastic subfacies of explosive facies are the most favorable volcanic reservoirs. Their main porosity types are vesicular and gas pipes porosity, interclast porosity, intercrystalline sieve of moldic porosity, secondary dissolution porosity, and tectonic fracture.

In subaquatic eruption trachytic volcanic deposits, the top autoclastic brecciation and upper subfacies of effusive facies are the most favorable volcanic reser-voirs, and the interclast porosity, secondary dissolu-tion porosity, and tectonic fracture are the main poros-ity types.

CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS (1) Early Cretaceous and Paleogene are the two

stages of basins rifting in eastern China; the compa-nied volcanic rocks established the reserving founda-tion of oil and gas pools. With enough oil and gas source, a lot of oil and gas fields were found in Early Cretaceous, Eocene, and Paleocene volcanic rocks. In the Bohai Bay Basin, there may be a great potential in Early Cretaceous and Paleocene volcanic rocks for the lower exploration in these strata.

(2) In these five volcanic facies, the most favora-ble volcanic reservoirs mainly distributed in the top and upper subfacies of effusive facies and pyroclastic flow subfacies of explosive facies. Furthermore, the lower subfacies of effusive facies, the pyroclastic surge of explosive facies, and outer belt of extrusive facies may be effective. In fact, the intermittent belt formed between two times of the volcanic eruptions is most effective for reservoirs.

(3) The most effective porosity types are inter-clast porosity, interflow laminar porosity, vesicular and gas pipes porosity, intercrystalline sieve of moldic porosity, secondary dissolution porosity, and tectonic fracture. Primary porosity may lead to high porosity and permeability, and the secondary porosity usually developed upon them. The primary process is very important for reservoirs porosity, which may account for that the porosity of volcanic rocks was less influ-enced by the compaction and the burial depth.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was financially supported by the Na-tional Oil and Gas Strategic Exploration Project of China (No. XQ-2006-01). We thank Researcher Yongmin Shi of Peking University for his Yandang Mountain pictures.

REFERENCES CITED

Chen, J. W., Wang, D. F., Zhang, X. D., et al., 2000. Analysis of

Volcanic Facies and Apparatus of Yingchen Formation in

Xujiaweizi Faulting Depression, Songliao Basin,

Northeast China. Earth Science Frontiers, 7(4): 371–379

(in Chinese with English Abstract)

Duan, Q. L., Tan, W. Y., Yang, C. C., et al., 2007. A Review on

the Late Mesozoic Extensional Tectonics on the Eastern

North China Craton. Progress in Geophysics, 22(2):

Volcanic Facies and Their Reservoirs Characteristics in Eastern China Basins

945

403–410 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

Feng, Z. Q., 2006. Exploration Potential of Large Qingshen

Gas Field in the Songliao Basin. Natural Gas Industry,

26(6): 1–5 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

Jin, C. S., Zhao, C. L., 1999. The Volcanic Rocks Geochemical

Features of South of Western Sag in Liaohe Basin. Journal

of China University of Petroleum, 23(6): 17–19 (in

Chinese with English Abstract)

Lee, G. H., Kwon, Y. I., Yoon, C. S., et al., 2006. Igneous

Complexes in the Eastern Northern South Yellow Sea

Basin and Their Implications for Hydrocarbon Systems.

Marine and Petroleum Geology, 23: 631–645

Liu, H. F., Liang, H. S., Li, X. Q., et al., 2000. The Coupling

Mechanisms of Mesozoic–Cenozoic Rift Basins and

Extensional Mountain System in Eastern China. Earth

Science Frontiers, 7(4): 477–486 (in Chinese with English

Abstract)

Liu, S. W., 2001. Characteristics and Favorable Reservoir

Forming Conditions of Igneous Reservoir in Liaohe Basin.

Special Oil and Gas Reservoirs, 8(3): 6–9 (in Chinese

with English Abstract)

Liu, W. F., Zhu, X. M., 2005. Reservoir Space Evolution of

Volcanic Rocks in the Yingcheng Formation of the

Xujiaweizi Fault Depression, the Songliao Basin.

Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 27(1): 44–49 (in

Chinese with English Abstract)

Liu, W. Z., Wang, P. J., Men, G. T., et al., 2003. Characteristics

of Deep Volcanic Reservoirs in Northern Songliao Basin.

Oil & Gas Geology, 24(1): 28–31 (in Chinese with Eng-

lish Abstract)

Luo, J. L., Zhang, C. L., 2002. Characteristics and Oil Source

for Mesozoic Volcanic Pools in Fenghuadian Region. Oil

& Gas Geology, 23(4): 357–360 (in Chinese with English

Abstract)

Moore, A. G., Cas, R. A. F., Beresford, S. W., et al., 2000. Ge-

ology of an Archaean Metakomatiite Succession, Tram-

ways, Kambalda Niprovince, Western Australia: Assessing

the Extent to Which Volcanic Facies Architecture and

Flow Emplacement Mechanisms Can be Reconstructed.

Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 47: 659–673

Petford, N., McCaffrey, K. J. W., 2003. Hydrocarbons in Crys-

talline Rocks. Geological Society, London, Special Publi-

cations, 214: 7–35

Qiu, J. X., Tao, K. Y., Zhao, J. L., 1996. Volcanic Rocks.

Geological Publishing House, Beijing. 10–22 (in Chinese

with English Abstract)

Ren, Z. W., Jin, C. S., 1999. Reservoir Space Feature of the

Volcanic Rocks in the Area of Well Wa-609, Liaohe Sag.

Petroleum Exploration and Development, 26(4): 54–56 (in

Chinese with English Abstract)

Schutter, S. R., 2003. Occurrence of Hydrocarbons in and

around Igneous Rocks. In: Petford, N., McCaffrey, K. J. W.

eds., Hydrocarbons in Crystalline Rocks. Geological So-

ciety, London, Special Publications, 214: 35–68

Shu, P., Qu, Y. M., Ding, R. X., et al., 2007. Research on

Lithology and Facies of Volcanic Reservoirs in Qingshen

Gas Field of North Songliao Basin. Petroleum Geology &

Development in Daqing, 26(6): 31–35 (in Chinese with

English Abstract)

Sruoga, P., Rubinstein, N., 2007. Processes Controlling

Porosity and Permeability in Volcanic Reservoirs from the

Austral and Neuquén Basins, Argentina. AAPG Bulletin,

91(1): 115–129

Tao, K. Y., Yang, Z. L., Wang, L. B., et al., 1998. Oil Reservoir

Geological Model of Basalt in Minqiao, Nofthern Jiangsu

Province. Earth Science—Journal of China University

Geosciences, 23(3): 272–276 (in Chinese with English

Abstract)

Wang, P. J., Feng, Z. Q., 2008. Volcanic Rocks in Petroliferous

Basins. Science Press, Beijing. 39 (in Chinese with Eng-

lish Abstract)

Wang, Z. X., Zhao, C. L., Liu, M. H., 1991. Volcanic

Lithofacies and Their Petrophysical Properties in Abei

Oilfield. Journal of the University of Petroleum, China,

15(3): 15–21 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

Wu, Y. Y., Zhou, L. Q., 2007. Formation and Distribution

Features of Large-Medium Oil and Gas Fields in Main

Fault Depressions in the Songliao Basin. Petroleum

Geology & Experment, 29(3): 231–237 (in Chinese with

English Abstract)

Wu, Z. P., Hou, X. B., Li, W., 2007. Discussion on Mesozoic

Basin Patterns and Evolution in the Eastern North China

Block. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 31(4): 385–399 (in

Chinese with English Abstract)

Xiao, J., Kanaye, T., Wang, H., et al., 2004. Characteristics of

Igneous Rocks and Their Favorable Pool-Forming

Conditions in Nanpu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin. Geological

Science and Tecnology Information, 23(1): 52–56 (in

Chinese with English Abstract)

Xiao, S. B., 1999. Classification of Igneous and Its Related

Reservoir in Bohai Gulf Basin. Special Oil and Gas

Reservoirs, 6(4): 6–10 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

Chunshuang Jin, Wenli Pan and Dewu Qiao

946

Yang, S. L., Liu, W. Z., Yu, S. Q., et al., 2007. Pore Textures

and Its Causes of Volcanic Reservoir in Songliao Basin.

Journal of Jinlin University (Earth Science Edition), 37(3):

506–512 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

Yu, J. R., Tang, T. J., 1988. Preliminary Study on the Abei

Andersite Reservoir in Erlian Basin. Petroleum

Exploration and Development, 1: 38–44 (in Chinese with

English Abstract)

Zhang, Y. Y., Zhao, Y., Dong, S. W., et al., 2004. Tectonic

Evolution Stages of the Early Cretaceous Rift Basins in

Eastern China and Adjacent Areas and Their Geodynamic

Background. Earth Science Frontiers, 11(3): 123–133 (in

Chinese with English Abstract)

Zhao, H. L., Li, X. G., Chen, Z. Y., et al., 2006. Petrology and

Genesis of Mesozoic Volcanic Rocks in Tuo32 Well Block

of Liaohe Oilfield. Oil & Gas Geology, 27(4): 549–556 (in

Chinese with English Abstract)

Zhao, W. Z., Zou, C. N., Feng, Z. Q., et al., 2008. Geological

Features and Evaluation Techniques of Deep-Seated

Volcanic Gas Reservoirs, Songliao Basin. Petroleum

Exploration and Development, 35(2): 129–142 (in Chinese

with English Abstract)

Zhou, L. Q., Wu, Y. Y., Zhang, H., 2007. Zoned-Distribution of

Oil and Gas Accumulation in Fault Depressions in the

Songliao Basin. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 29(1):

7–12 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

Zou, C. N., Zhao, W. Z., Jia, C. Z., et al., 2008. Formation and

Distribution of Volcanic Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in

Sedimentary Basins of China. Petroleum Exploration and

Develoment, 35(3): 257–271 (in Chinese with English Ab-

stract)