VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT

(22/06/2015 – 21/07/2015)

Submitted By:

Nishant Pandey

Third Undergraduate Student

Department of Civil Engineering

Shri Dadaji Institute of Technology and Science

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Iam very thankful to LARSEN AND TOUBRO POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION INDEPENDET COMPANY (L&T CONSTRUCTION PT& DIC) for having given me the opportunity to undertake my Vocational Training in their prestigious 765kV GIS Project, Varanasi. It was a very good learning experience for me to have worked at this site as this project involved many unique construction practices and challenges. I would like to convey my heartiest thanks to Mr. Sameer Kumar Das, Project Manager who accepted me for the Vocational Training. I would also like to give heart-felt thanks to Mr. Girish Chandra Tripathi, Construction Manager who guided and encouraged me all through the Vocational Training and imparted in-depth knowledge of the project. I would like to thank all the department heads of L&T Construction, PT&D IC, for giving their precious time and valuable guidance during my Vocational Training Programme.

Last but not the least; I would like to thank to all the staff at L&T Construction, PT& D IC, for being so helpful during this Vocational Training.

Name: Nishant PandeyDate: 21st July2016

INTRODUCTIONABOUT THE ORGANISATION: Larsen & Toubro is the biggest legacy of two Danish Engineers, who built a world-class organization that is professionally managed and a leader in India`s engineering and construction industry. It was the business of cement that brought the young Henning Holck-Larsen and S.K Toubro into India. They arrived on Indian shores as representatives of the Danish engineering firm F L Smith & Co in connection with the merger of cement companies that later grouped into the Associated Cement Companies.

Together, Holck-Larsen and Toubro founded the partnership firm of L&T in 1938, which was converted into a limited company on February 7, 1946. Today, this has metamorphosed into one of India`s biggest success stories. The company has grown from humble origins to a large conglomerate spanning engineering and construction.

Larsen and Toubro Construction is India`s largest construction organization. Many of the country`s prized landmarks – its exquisite buildings, tallest structures, largest industrial projects, longest flyover, and highest viaducts – have been built by it. Leading-edge capabilities cover every discipline of construction: civil, mechanical, electrical and instrumentation.

L&T Construction has the resources to execute projects of large magnitude and technological complexity in any part of the world. The business of L&T Construction is organized in six business sectors which will primarily be responsible for Technology Development, Business Development, International Tendering and work as Investment Centers. Headquarters in Chennai, India. In India, 7 Regional Offices and over 250 project sites. In overseas it has offices in Gulf and other overseas locations.

PRESENCE IN THE WORLD

PRESENCE IN INDIA

VISION

QUALITY POLICYAt L&T, Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) is given the highest priority. The EHS policy enunciated by the Corporate Management lays emphasis on Environment, Health and Safety through a structures approach and well defined practices. Systems and procedures have been established for implementing the requisites at all stages of construction and they are accredited to the International standards of ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004 and OHSAS 18001:2007.

HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

HR POLICY

THE PROJECT DETAILS

PROJECT: 765 kV GIS

CLIENT: POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA

CONTRACTOR: L&T POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION INDEPENDENT COMPANY

TYPE OF CONTRACT: LUMPSUM CONTRACT

PROJECT COMPONENT: 400Kv GIS BUILDING 765Kv GIS BUILDING R.C.C ROAD MAIN CONTROL

ROOM BUILDING L.C.R BUILDING

PROJECT LOCATION AND AREA: VARANASI, U.P

PLANNING DEPARTMENT

Construction planning is a fundamental and challenging activity in the management and execution of construction projects. It involves the choice of technology, the definition of work tasks, the estimation of the required resources and durations for individual tasks, and the identification of any interactions among the different work tasks. A good construction plan is the basis for developing the budget and the schedule for work. Developing the construction plan is critical task in the management of construction, even if the plan is not written or otherwise formally recorded. In addition to these technical aspects of construction planning, it may also be necessary to make organizational decisions about the relationships between project participants and even which organizations to include in a project.

Essential aspects of construction planning include the generation of required activities, analysis of the implications of these activities, and choice among the various alternative means of performing activities.

In developing a construction plan, it is common to adopt a primary emphasis on either cost control or on schedule control. Some projects are primarily divided into expense categories with associated costs. In these cases, construction planning is cost or expense oriented. Within the categories of expenditure, a distinction is made between costs incurred directly in the performance of an activity and indirectly for the accomplishment of the project. For example, borrowing expenses for project financing and overhead items are commonly treated as indirect costs. For other projects, scheduling of work activities over time is critical and is emphasized in the planning process. In this case, the planner insures that the proper precedence’s among activities are maintained and that efficient scheduling of the available resources prevails. Traditional scheduling procedures emphasize the maintenance of task precedence’s (resulting in critical path scheduling procedures) or efficient use of resources over time (resulting in job shop scheduling

procedures). Finally, most complex projects require consideration of cost and scheduling over time, so that planning, monitoring and record keeping must consider both dimensions. In these cases, the integration of schedule and budget information is a major concern.

A parallel step in the planning process is to define the various work tasks that must be accomplished. These work tasks represent the necessary framework to permit scheduling of construction activities, along with estimating the resources required by the individual work tasks, and any necessary precedence’s or required sequence among the tasks. The terms work "tasks" or "activities" are often used interchangeably in construction plans to refer to specific, defined items of work.

Planning department in L&T uses Microsoft Project as a powering tool for reducing risk. Microsoft Project gives efficiency to plan a project, identify the resources required and identify the tasks required in a sequence, increasing probability of delivery of the project to the time, cost and quality objectives. Microsoft Project gives you a powerful, visually enhanced way to effectively manage a wide range of projects and programs. From meeting crucial deadlines, to selecting the right resources, Microsoft project empowering your teams.

The initial schedule of major construction activities S0 is prepared according to the Clients preference. S0 is the basis for all types of scheduling. Preliminary schedules representing the monthly work estimates are prepared based on experience considering local climate conditions, environment, learning curve, pace of work, mobilization, etc in Microsoft Project. Productivities of different activities are estimated and validated during the course of execution. Man power requirement is calculated based on these productivities. Drawings released by the Client. Revisions and change orders are issued as and when there is a change and distributed to all the units. The planning system is updated in

the first week of every month. Two progress schedules are maintained – original schedule prepared in the starting of the project, planned schedule which is modified according to the requirements and conditions. Actual progress is compared with the planned schedule and in case any delay in progress is then a Catch up schedule is prepared and executed accordingly to overcome the delay.

PROJECT EXECUTION1.METHOD STATEMENT FOR SURVEY WORKS

OBJECTIVE: To formulate guidelines for Setting out and routine surveyWork

REFERENCE: 1. Drawing2. Technical Specifications for Civil Works3. Inspection and test plan 4. Survey layout showing control stations

MAJOR EQUIPMENTS: Calibrated Auto-Level, Theodolite (LC-1), Total Station and other measuring instruments

TOTAL STATIONThe main instrument for surveyors on site today is the “total station”. A total station is a combination of an electronic theodolite, an electronic distance measuring device (EDM) and a micro processor with memory unit. This combination makes possible to determine the coordinates of a reflector aligning the instruments cross hairs on the reflector and simultaneously measuring the vertical and horizontal angles and slope distances. A micro processor in the instrument takes care of recording, readings and the necessary computation.

Above Picture showing use of Total Station for finding out the coordinates outside of the 765kV GIS Building.

AUTO-LEVELAutomatic level is an optical instrument used to establish or check points in the same horizontal plane. It is used in surveying and building with a vertical staff to measure height differences and so transfer, measure and set heights.

Auto Level Setup

1. Setup your tripod as level as possible, step on tripod legs to drive into the ground.

2. Attach auto level to the tripod.

3. Adjust level so bubble is centered in vial.

4. Adjust recital until crosshairs are clear.

5. Adjust the objective lens until object you are sighting on is clear.

Care of Auto Levels

If the instrument becomes wet leave it unpacked. Wipe down instrument, clean and dry transport case. Pack up instrument only when it is perfectly dry. Never touch the glass with fingers, use soft clean lint-free cloth to clean lens.

Checking Auto Level Accuracy

1. Set up instrument in an area that is as level as possible and which is about 220 feet long. Place two matching level rods or two pieces of strapping in the ground about 200 feet apart with the faces toward each other. Position and level the instrument so that the distance from the instrument to each rod is the same measure.

2. Take a reading on each rod with the instrument (or mark each piece of strapping where the crosshair is sighted).

3. Move transit to another spot on the line and take readings and mark both rods again.

4. The difference between the marks on the rod will be the error of the instrument. The error needs to be corrected by a competent repair technician.

Above picture showing an Auto-Level instrument used for taking level of R.C.C Road.

2. METHOD STATEMENT FOR REINFORCEMENT WORK

OBJECTIVE: This procedure covers method for cutting, bending andTying of reinforcement and inspection of works.

REFERENCE: Reinforcement placing and handling shall be as per IS-456

MAJOR EQUIPMENTS: Bar cutting & bending machines, rebar tying tool.

3. METHOD STATEMENT FOR FORMWORK

OBJECTIVE: This Procedure covers fixing and removal of formwork and Checking of formwork.

REFERENCE:1. Approved Drawings 48

2. IS 456 & IS 6461(Part 5)

3. Tender Document

4. METHOD STATEMENT FOR BOLTS PROCUREMENT & FIXATION

OBJECTIVE: This Procedure covers procuring and fixing of bolts.

REFERENCE:

1. Tender Specification2. Approved Drawings

5. METHOD STATEMENT FOR CONCRETING WORKS

OBJECTIVE: This Procedure covers fixing and removal of formwork and checking of formwork.

REFERENCE:1. Tender Specification2. Approved Drawings3. IS 10262, IS 3370 & IS 4564. IS 383

6. METHOD STATEMENT FOR BACKFILLING

OBJECTIVE: The scope of back-filling covers the filling in plinths, pits, trends, depressions in layers 200mm thick including watering and compaction by Roller / plate compactor.

REFERENCE:

1. Drawing

2. Bill of Quantities

METHOD FOR REINFORCEMENT WORK

1. All reinforcement shall be placed above the ground by using wooden sleepers or concrete blocks.

2. For reinforcement, care shall be taken to protect the reinforcement from exposure to saline atmosphere during storage, fabrication and use.

3. Against requirement from site, bars shall be cut and bent to shape and dimension as shown in bar bending schedule based on Good for Construction (GFC) drawings

4. Reinforcement shall be tied as per the latest GFC drawing and any extra bars provided at site shall be recorded in the pour card/ lap register.

5. Unusable cut rods and scrap reinforcement shall be properly placed at yard.

Bar Bending Schedule:

1. Prepare bar bending schedule based on the latest GFC drawings and to be submitted to Engineer for review

2. Bar bending schedule shall clearly specify the following:a) Bar dia.b) Numbers.c) Cut-lengths.d) Shapes.

3. Bar bending schedule shall take into account the following field/ design requirement.

a) Desirable lap locations and staggering of laps.b) Lap lengths.c) Development length/ Anchorage length.

Cutting, Bending and Placing:

1. All reinforcement shall be free from loose mill scales, loose rust and coats of paints, oil, mud or any other substances which may destroy or reduce bond. Use wire brush to clean the reinforcement.

2. Cutting and bending shall conform to the details given in the approved bar bending schedule. Cutting of Rebar by heat is not permitted, only cutting by grinding or shearing is permitted. No heating is allowed to facilitate bending of Rebar.

3. Place the reinforcement as per GFC drawings ensuring the following aspects properly.

a) Type & size of bar. b) Number of bars.c) Location and lengths of laps, splices.d) Curtailment of bars.e) In two way reinforcement, check the direction of reinforcement in various layers.

f) Adequate number of chairs, spacer bars and cover blocks. g) Size of cover blocks. h) All the bars shall be tied with double fold 18g soft GI annealed binding wire.

4. Reinforcement may be placed within the following tolerance whenever required:

a) For effective depth 200mm or less ±10mm.b) For effective depth more than 200mm ±15mm.c) The cover shall in no case be reduced by more than one third of the specified cover or 0 /+ 10mm.d) The cover should suit various cover requirements as per Drawing Notes.

5. The sequence of reinforcement shall be correlated with fixing of inserts, sleeves, conduits, anchors and formworks.

6. In walls, place accurately bent spacer bars wired to vertical or horizontal bars between successive rows.

7. No steel parts of spacers sure allowed inside the concrete cover. Spacer blocks made from cement, sand and small aggregate shall match the mix proportion of the surrounding concrete. Alternatively PVC cover blocks of approved make can be used.

8. Spacers, cover blocks should be of concrete of same strength or PVC

9. Spacers, chairs and other supports detailed on drawings, together with such other supports as may be necessary, should be used to maintain the specified nominal cover to the steel reinforcement.

10. Spacers or chairs should be placed at a maximum spacing of 1.0mtr and closer spacing may sometimes be necessary.

11. All reinforcement shall be placed and maintained in the positions shown in the drawing by providing proper cover blocks, spacers, supporting bars.

12. Rough handling, shock loading (Prior to embedment) and the dropping of reinforcement from a height should be avoided. Reinforcement should be secured against displacement.

METHOD FOR FORMWORKPre Check

1. Check if the shutters are properly cleaned by removing the concrete/ mortar and protruding nails.

2. Formwork shall be made to the exact dimensions within the permissible tolerances as mentioned below.

3. Required thickness and quality of plywood conforming to IS 6461 shall be used to meet the requirements of design and surface finish.

4. For beam bottom & sides, proper size of timber at required spacing shall be provided to take the design loads/ pressure considering sleeves, conduit anchors & inserts.

Erection of formwork

5. Sufficiently rigid and tight to prevent the loss of grout or mortar from the concrete.

6. Capable of providing concrete of the correct shape and surface finish within the specified tolerance limits.

7. Soffits forms capable of imparting a camber if required.

8. The formwork may be of timber, plywood, steel, plastic or concrete depending upon the type of finish specified.

9. Erect staging/shuttering as per drawing/sketches in such a way that deshuttering can be done easily including provision for repropping, if planned.

10. Check the location, line, level, plumb and dimensions of the formwork to ensure that the deviations are within the permissible limits.

11. Provide bracing at proper places & intervals as specified by the manufacturer or as per formwork scheme to take care of lateral loads.

12. Apply mould oil/other coatings as release agents before reinforcement steel is placed.

13. Wire ties passing through beams, columns and walls shall not be allowed .In their place bolts passing through sleeves shall be used. For liquid retaining structures, sleeves shall not be provided for through bolts.

14. Check all the shutters are properly aligned and fixed firmly with required lateral supports and ties.

15. Check all the spanning members have proper bearing at the supports.

16. Wedges or jacks shall be secured in position after the final check of alignment.

17. Forms shall be thoroughly cleaned of all dirt, mortar and other matters such as metals, blocks, saw dust and foreign materials before concreting if required through clean-out openings.

18. Check all the gaps/openings are properly closed to avoid leakages.

19. Check all the inserts/embedments and openings are exactly placed as per the drawings.

20. In case of leakages, bulging and sagging immediate actions shall be taken by tightening wedges or adjusting by jacks which must be done before the concrete takes its initial set.Removal of Forms

21. Formwork components shall not be dropped but shall be lowered without damage to the components and structures. All the removed

formwork materials shall be thoroughly scarped, cleaned immediately and stacked properly for reuse.

22. All forms shall be removed after the minimum period stipulated mentioned below without damage to the concrete including removal without shock as per IS 456

METHOD FOR BACKFILLING1. Backfilling area shall be free from foreign matters (i.e. wooden scraps, plywood pieces rebar bits etc) and tie rods recesses shall be

rendered with polymer based non shrink compound with a subsequent application of curing compound on them.

2. Filling around foundation or other places indicated shall be done with approved material obtained from excavation or approved materials brought from outside.

3. The material shall be good quality soft or hard murrum or Panna sand or other approved back filling material. Back filling soil shall be free from black cotton soil.

4. Filling shall be done in layers not exceeding 20cms thick and each layer shall be watered adequately and consolidated properly by rollers or pneumatic rammers 8 to 10 tonnes wherever conditions permit. If it is not possible, the consolidation shall be done by hand rollers/ heavy pneumatic/ hand rammers/ plate compactor. 5. The surface of the filling shall be finished to lines and levels as required.

6. The approved materials shall be placed in layers, not exceeding 200mm in depth before compaction and shall be compacted to minimum 95% dry density. Layers placed in the top 300mm of the fill shall be compacted to 98% of maximum dry density.

No of Samples:

(I) For foundation filling - one for every 10 foundation for each compacted layer.

(II) For area filling one for every 1000sqm area for each compacted layer.

METHOD FOR CONCRETING

1. Concrete mix design for Different Structure should be as per Notes in the specific approved drawing.2. For Design Mix Concrete, the mix shall be designed to provide the grade of concrete having the required strength, workability & durability requirements given in IS: 456 for each grade of concrete taking into account the type of cement, minimum cement content and maximum W/C ratio conforming to exposure conditions as per tender specifications.3. Mix design and preliminary tests are not necessary for Nominal Mix concrete (M5, M7.5, M10, M15, M20 as Specified in IS 456 - Table 9). However works tests shall be carried out as per IS: 4564. No concreting shall be done without the approval of engineer. Prior notice shall be given before start of concreting.5. Cement shall be measured by weight in weigh batching machines of an approved type; aggregate shall be measured by volume / weight. The machines shall be kept clean and in good condition and shall be checked adjusted for accuracy at regular intervals when required by the engineer. Material shall be weighed within 2.5% tolerances, inclusive of scale and operating errors. 6. Concrete shall be mixed in mechanical mixers of an approved type. In no case shall the mixing of each batch of concrete continue for less than 2 minutes. The water to be added in concrete 3.6 shall be adjusted based on moisture contents in fine and coarse aggregates. During hot and cold weather, suitable methods to reduce the loss of water by evaporation in hot weather and heat loss in cold weather will be adopted as per procedure set out in IS: 7861.7. The compaction of concrete will be done by immersion type needle vibrator which shall be inserted into concrete in vertical position not more than 450 mm apart. Vibration will be 3.7 applied systematically to cover all areas immediately after placing concrete and will be stopped when the concrete flattens and takes up a glistening appearance or rise of entrapped air ceases or coarse aggregate blends into the surface but does not completely disappear. The vibrator shall be slowly withdrawn to ensure closing of the whole resulting from insertion.

8. Unless otherwise approved, continuous concreting shall be done to the full thickness of 3.8 foundation rafts, slabs, beams & similar members. For placing on slope, concreting will be started at the bottom and moved upwards. Concrete shall not fall from a height of more than 1m to avoid segregation.9. Special care shall be taken to guarantee the finish and Water-Tightness of concrete for liquid retaining structures, underghround structures and those if specifically mentioned. The minimum 3.9 level of surface finish for liquid retaining structures shall be Type F-2 and it shall be Hydro tested to approve procedure. Any leakage during hydro test or subsequently during defect liability period, if occurred shall be effectively stopped either by cement /epoxy pressure grouting or any other approved method.10. Curing of concrete with approved water shall start after completion of Initial setting time of concrete and in hot weather after 3 hours. Concrete will be cured for a minimum period of seven days when OPC with high water cement ratio is used, curing for minimum 10 days in hot weather or low water cement ratio is used and where mineral admixture used minimum curing period is 14 days. Freshly laid concrete shall be protected from rain by suitable covering. Curing shall be done by continuous sprays or pounded water or continuously saturated coverings of sacking canvas, hessian or other absorbent material for the period of complete hydration with a minimum of 7 days. Curing shall also be done by covering the surface with an impermeable material such as Polyethylene, which shall be well sealed and fastened. Alternatively Curing compound of approved make can be applied immediately after stripping of formwork.11. The workability of concrete shall be checked by the site engineer. The prepared surface shall be inspected and certified in pour card.12. Staining or discoloration shall be washed out. If surface is not upto the acceptable standard, as 3.13 per IS 456, cement wash is to be provided on exposed concrete surface of foundation, beam, column, wall etc.13. All blemishes and defect if any shall be rectified immediately after the removal of formwork.

14. For each sample of concrete pour 150mm cubes shall be prepared and cured 3nos shall be crushed at 7days and other 3nos at 28 days. Record shall be made for each Test in enclosedormats as per ITP.15. PVC water stoppers shall be provided in construction joints as per AFC drawing confirming to IS-12200. Prior approval shall be taken for location & material. Alternatively G.I.sheet of 200mm wide and 18mm gauge thick shall also be used for the same with the approval of Engineer.

CONCLUSIONIt was a wonderful learning experience at L&T Construction PT & D IC`s site of L&T Project for one month in Varanasi. I gained a lot of insight regarding almost every aspect of site. I was given exposure in almost all the departments at the site. The friendly welcome from all the employees is appreciating, sharing their experience and giving their peace of wisdom which they have gained in long journey of work. I am very much thankful for the wonderful accommodation facility from L&T. I hope this experience will surely help me in my future and also in shaping my career.