Vocabulary SoluteSolventSolubilitySaturatedSupersaturatedUnsaturatedColligative property

Vocabulary AqueousConcentratedDiluteDilutionMolaritym/m percentm/v percent

Vocabularyv/v percentMolalityNormalityMiscibleImmiscible

Solubility How much will dissolve in a specific amount

of a specific solvent at a given temperature.Typically reported as g/100 g solventSolubility of solids and liquids increase with

temperature.Solubility of a gas decreases with

temperature

Rate of solutionSolids and liquids dissolve faster when:

Temperature is increasedIt is shaken or stirredSolute is ground up

Solubility curve

How stuff dissolves

9 types of solutionSolute Solvent ExampleGas Gas airLiquid Gas humiditySolid Gas -----Gas Liquid sodaLiquid Liquid vinegar, antifreezeSolid Liquid Kool AidGas Solid -----Liquid Solid AmalgamSolid Solid Alloy: Brass, steel

Solution statesPhase of matter of final solution

MolarityMMoles solute per liter of solutionMol/L

Molalitym Moles solute per kg solventUsed with colligative properties

Colligative PropertiesFreezing point depressionBoiling point elevationVapor pressure depressionRead p 552-553Depends ONLY on the number of particles in

solution, not what they are.Dissolving 1 mole of NaCl in water results in

2 moles of dissolved particles: Na and Cl

Freezing point depression1. Calculate molality2. Multiply by van’t Hoff factor3. Multiply by freezing point depression

constant (0.512 oC/m for water)4. Subtract from 0oC

Boiling point elevation1. Calculate molality2. Multiply by van’t Hoff factor3. Multiply by boiling point elevation constant

(1.86 oC/m for water)4. Add to 100oC

Dilutions The way that always works: determine

moles, then adjust volume with water.Shortcut : Conc x volume = Conc x volume

Make sure you are working in the same unitsStock solution: the concentrated solution of

known concentration. It is the starting point for dilutions.

Solution stoichiometryUse molarity to find moles of knownUse stoichiometry to find moles of unknownMay have to use moles of unknown and

volume to determine molarity of unknown if asked (rare)