Vocabulary Review Ch 12 Inheritance Patterns and Human Genetics.
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Transcript of Vocabulary Review Ch 12 Inheritance Patterns and Human Genetics.
Vocabulary Vocabulary ReviewReview
Ch 12 Ch 12
Inheritance Inheritance Patterns and Patterns and
Human GeneticsHuman Genetics
One of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex
of an individual
Sex Chromosome
Any chromosome that is not a sex
chromosome
Autosome
A trait that is determined by a gene found on one of the sex chromosomes,
such as the X chromosome or the Y
chromosome in humans
Sex-linked Trait
One of a pair of genes that tend to
be inherited together
Linked Gene
A diagram of gene positions on a chromosome
Chromosome map
In chromosome mapping, an
increment of 1 percent in the frequency of crossing-over
Map unit
Mutation that occurs in an organism’s gametes
Germ-cell mutation
A mutation that occurs in a body
cell
Somatic-cell mutation
A gene or chromosomal mutation
that influences the development of an
organism in such a way that the organism
cannot survive
Lethal mutation
The loss of a part of DNA from a chromosome
Deletion
A reversal in the order of the
genes, or of a chromosome
segment, within a chromosome
Inversion
The movement of a segment of DNA from one chromosome to another, which results in a change
in the position of the segment; also the
movement of soluble nutrients from one part of
a plant to another
Translocation
The failure of homologous
chromosomes to separate during
meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to
separate during mitosis or meiosis II
Nondisjunction
A mutation in which only one nucleotide or
nitrogenous base in a gene is
changed
Point mutation
A mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon in DNA is replaced with a
different nucleotide
Substitution
A mutation, such as the insertion or deletion of a
nucleotide in a coding sequence, that results in
the misreading of the code during translation because of a change in
the reading frame
Frameshift mutation
A mutation in which one or more
nucleotides are added to a gene
Insertion mutation
A diagram that shows the
occurrence of a genetic trait in
several generations of a
family
Pedigree
In genetics, an individual who has
one copy of a recessive autosomal
allele that causes disease in the homozygous
conditionCarrier
An inherited disease or
disorder that is caused by a
mutation in a gene or by a
chromosomal defectGenetic disorder
Describes a characteristic that
is influenced by many genes
Polygenic
A character such as skin color that
is influenced strongly by both genes and the environment
Complex character
More than two alleles (versions of
the gene) for a genetic trait
Multiple allele
A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully
expressed
Codominance
A condition in which a trait in an individual is
intermediate between the phenotype of the
individual’s two parents because the dominant
allele is unable to express itself fully
Incomplete dominance
An autosomal trait that is influenced by the presence of male or female sex
hormones
Sex-influenced trait
A rare hereditary disease of the brain
characterized by involuntary
movements of the limbs or face,
decreasing mental abilities, and eventual
deathHuntington’s disease
A procedure used in fetal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid is removed
from the uterus of the pregnant
womanAmniocentesis
A procedure in which the
chorionic villi are analyzed to
diagnose fetal genotypes
Chorionic villi sampling
The process of testing and informing potential
parents about their genetic makeup and the likelihood that they will
have offspring with genetic defects or
hereditary diseases
Genetic counseling
A technique that places a gene into a cell to correct a hereditary disease or to improve the
genome
Gene therapy