Vocab- Palestine ZionistsTwo State SolutionPLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)

Roman Defeat of Jewish State

Detail of Rome’s Arch of Titus (completed in 85 AD) commemorating Roman destruction of the Temple in 70 ADUltimately led to the exile of the Jews until the rebirth of the Modern state in 1948

This does not mean Jews haven’t lived in Israel continuously since the exile in 70AD

Jews “prefer being prisoners in Jerusalem to enjoy the freedom they could acquire elsewhere….The love of the Jews for the Holy Land which they lost…is unbelievable.” Jesuit Father Michael Naud on his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, 1674

All that remained after the Roman defeat, was the western wall of the Temple

The Birth of Modern Zionism–1897

Zionism is the national liberation movement of the Jewish people who sought to restore their independence in their ancestral homeland.

The dream of restoration and return had been at the core of Judaism and Jewish identity for 2,000 years.

Zionists integrated this historic dream with modern political ideals.

Germany, Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary VS Russia, France, GB, Italy and eventually USA

Good Guys win, now what to do with the conquered land?

Formation of the Modern Middle East

The Middle East After 1919

The Middle East in WWI: The Ottoman Empire Ottomans fought on

the side of Germany and Austria Hungary

Challenge British control of the Suez canal & their colonies

Regain territory lost to Nationalist groups in the Balkans

Ottoman Empire 1915-1918

Outgunned Undermanned Industry couldn’t keep

up Eventually defeated by

British invasions into modern day Iraq and Russia from the north

British Wheelings And Dealings

Muslims: Promise disgruntled

regions full independence if they help Allied Powers in WWI.

Lawrence of Arabia

Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1916The Arab inhabitants of the area were already looking

toward a large revolt against the Ottoman Empire.

The British encouraged the Arabs to revolt and thus hamper the Ottoman Empire, which had become a German ally in the War after November 1914.

Britain is prepared to recognize and uphold the independence of the Arabs in all regions lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif of Mecca....

(If the Arabs helped the alliance against the Ottoman Empire, then the Alliance would support the Arabs to self govern)

Sharif Hussein of Mecca

Wheeling and Dealing continue

•The Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916, officially known as the "Asia Minor Agreement", was a secret agreement between the governments of the United Kingdom and France,

 with the assent of Russia.•It defined their respective spheres of influence and control in Western Asia after the expected downfall of the Ottoman Empire during World War I.•It effectively divided the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire outside the Arabian peninsula into areas of future British and French control or influence. •This conflicted with the promise of self rule negotiated with the Hussein-McMahon letters of 1916.

Sykes-Picot - defined

France was to exercise direct control over the coastal strip of Syria, Lebanon, and the greater part of Galilee, up to the line stretching from north of Acre to the northwest corner of Lake Kinneret -referred to as the "blue zone."

Sykes-Picot - defined

East of that zone, in the Syrian hinterland, an Arab state was to be created under French protection (Area "A").

Sykes-Picot - defined

Britain was to exercise control over southern Mesopotamia (the "red zone"), the territory around the Acre-Haifa bay in the Mediterranean, with rights to build a railway from there to Baghdad.

Sykes-Picot - defined

The territory east of the Jordan River and the Negev, south of the line stretching from Gaza to the Dead Sea, was allocated to an Arab state under British protection (Area "B").

Sykes-Picot - defined

South of France's "blue zone," in the area covering the Sanjak of Jerusalem, and extending southwards toward the line running approximately from Gaza to the Dead Sea, was to be a "brown zone" under international administration.

Sykes-Picot secret Agreement

British Wheeling and Dealing con’t

Jews- Balfour Declaration: 1917

His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine…

Sir Arthur James Balfour,Br. Foreign Sec.

Ottoman Empire-Collapse 1919-1922

Great Britain, and other Arabs eventually defeat the Ottomans

Empire is dissolved by British at end of war Ottoman Empire NOT mentioned in Versailles

Treaty (ending WWI) but Great Britain gets jurisdiction over former Ottoman territory.

Lands are partitioned (divided) Nationalist Groups want independence (those that

were friendly to England were put in charge) Turkey gains independence (former Ottoman Empie reduced

to 1 independent country)

War Ends- Arab world expects deals to be honored

King Faisal of Syria

1917 – Bolshevik revo occurs, they (Russia) leak the Sykes-Picot agreement, Arab mistrust begins

•The King of Syria, was the title briefly used following the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. King Faisal proclaimed the seat for himself, but it was not recognized by either France or BG (Skyes-Picot)

•France sends in troops to get him out, and he is expelled

•On 10 August, the Treaty of Sèvres divided the region into League of Nations mandates governed by France and the United Kingdom.

•The British government decided to step back from direct administration and create a monarchy to head Iraq while they maintained the mandate.

•Faisal agreed to become King following a referendum showing 96% in favor, and on 23 August 1921, Faisal was crowned King of Iraq.

Faisal-Weizmann Agreement On 4 January 1919, Faisal and Dr. Chaim Weizmann, President of the

World Zionist Organization signed the Faisal–Weizmann Agreement for Arab-Jewish cooperation, in which Faisal conditionally accepted the Balfour Declaration based on the fulfillment of British wartime promises of development of a Jewish homeland in Palestine and on which subject he made the following statement:

(See quote)

King Faisal (background info only)

Faisal fostered unity between Sunni and Shiite to foster common loyalty and promote pan-Arabism in the goal of creating an Arab state that would include Iraq, Syria and the rest of the Fertile Crescent.

While in power, Faisal tried to diversify his administration by including different ethnic and religious groups in offices.

He faced great challenges in achieving this because the region was under European, specifically French and British, control and other Arab leaders of the time were hostile to his ideas as they pursued their own political aspirations for power.

In addition, Faisal’s attempt at pan-Arab nationalism inevitably isolated certain religious groups.

Treaty of Versailles

Allied Powers “Win” Central Powers (Germany, Ottoman

Empire, Italy) lose colonies, see territories broken up

League of Nations– Mandate System (next slide)

Mandate SystemUK- Mandates of: UK, France administer

regions until they’re “Ready” for independence

Mesopotamia (Iraq)– Install puppet king (Faisal)– Establish 75-year-long oil

concession Transjordan (Israel, Jordan,

Palestine)– Don’t give full independence– Support more power, land for

Jewish repatriation in region

First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia (Iraq) in 1908.

Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia (Iraq)

Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledging allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul, promised exclusive oil rights to the British.

Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.

In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.

First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia (Iraq) in 1908.

Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia (Iraq)

Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledging allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul, promised exclusive oil rights to the British.

Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.

In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.

Oil discovered in the Middle East

Allies attempt to maintain control over Turkey following WWI conquest of Ottoman Empire, but Mustafa Kemal lead successful fight for independence, establishing modern Turkey. This derails Allied plans to settle the Kurds and Assyrians inside modern Turkey borders, forcing them into Northern Iraq instead, a cause of ongoing conflict with the majority Arab population.

Mustafa Kemal

Arab Independence?

When the Ottomans departed, the Arabs proclaimed an independent state in Damascus (Syria), but were too weak, militarily and economically, to resist the European powers for long, and Britain and France soon established control and re-arranged the Middle East to suit themselves.

New Middle East Syria became a French protectorate thinly disguised as

a League of Nations Mandate. The Christian coastal areas were split off to become

Lebanon, another French protectorate. Iraq and Palestine became British mandated

territories. Iraq became the "Kingdom of Iraq" and one of Sharif Hussein's sons, Faisal, was installed as the King of Iraq.

Iraq incorporated large populations of Kurds and Assyrians, many of whom had been promised independent states of their own.

New Middle East Con’t Palestine became the "British Mandate of Palestine" and was split in

half.

– The eastern half of Palestine became the "Emirate of Transjordan" to provide a throne for another of Husayn's sons, Abdullah.

– The western half of Palestine was placed under direct British administration.

The already substantial Jewish population was allowed to increase. Initially this increase was allowed under British protection.

Most of the Arabian peninsula fell to another British ally, Ibn Saud. Saud created the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.

• The Pahlavi Family: put on the throne of Persia. (In 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi instructed foreign embassies to call Persia by its ancient Persian name, Iran)

In 1921 he headed a British orchestrated coup and occupied Tehran.

He negotiated the evacuation of the British forces stationed in Iran since World War I in 1924 and declared himself SHAH in1925.

created the Pahlavi Dynasty.

ruled from 1925-1941.

initiated some modern reforms.

forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.

In 1921 he headed a British orchestrated coup and occupied Tehran.

He negotiated the evacuation of the British forces stationed in Iran since World War I in 1924 and declared himself SHAH in1925.

created the Pahlavi Dynasty.

ruled from 1925-1941.

initiated some modern reforms.

forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.

Rezah Khan (1877-1944)

Secularization seizure of religious lands.

Adoption of the French civilcode.

Built the Trans-IranianRailroad.

Improved education.

Secularization seizure of religious lands.

Adoption of the French civilcode.

Built the Trans-IranianRailroad.

Improved education.

Reforms in Iran

Problems with the division of the Middle East

Many Nationalist groups not granted independence

Boundaries are drawn indiscriminately

*No attention paid to tribal lands*

Result: Arabs are distrustful of European powers especially the British

Oil and the Middle East• First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia (Iran) in

1908.

• Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 -drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq).

• Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledging allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul, promised exclusive oil rights to the British.

• Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.

• In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.

Oil and the Middle East

• American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gainoil concessions in Bahrainin 1929.

• In 1933, American oil companies win an oilconcession in Saudi Arabia.

• ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.

The Middle East between the Wars

Middle East during WW2

Germans wanted North African Colonies, the Suez Canal in order to gain access to Arabian oil fields.

Germans offered full independence to middle east and African states if they supported Axis cause– Some political and religious leaders

supported Germans in order to attain independence from British, French

Middle East Post WW2 Independence is granted to many states

-same issues arise as in Africa in many cases -tribal loyalties etc.

Cold War begins and both sides lobby for power and influence in the region.

The state of Israel is formed by a British Mandate (with support of the UN & US) in 1948. (impact of Holocaust)-large Jewish populations of Europe leave to go back to their homeland.

Stop here

Arab Reaction & the Cold War US and Western powers support Israel USSR tries to influence Arab countries Several Regional conflicts break out:

Arab Israel War of 19481967 Six day war1968-72 War of Attrition1981 attacked Iraq1982 Lebanon

Israel holds its independence to this day (extreme Anti-Israeli stance in many Middle East countries)

Elsewhere

Iran: 1950s saw US-backed installation of a Shah 1970s: Shah forced from throne again by

Fundamentalist Clerics, led by Ayatollah Khomeini

Elsewhere

Iraq: 1960s Baath party takes control of Iraq Secular Government Late 1970s: Saddam Hussein takes control

Elsewhere

Afghanistan: 1970s- invaded by Soviet Union US-backed muhajideen against Soviets After Soviet Collapse, establishment of

Taliban Government

Elsewhere

Saudi Arabia: people enjoy decent standards of living

financial benefits from government Little- to no social reforms

– Women can’t drive– Limited ability to criticize govt

RESULTS:

US is last major super power left after 1991 with a great interest in the Middle East (no one else left to blame)

Middle Eastern countries have been pawns of the western powers since the early 20th century.

Anti-American, Anti- Western, and Anti-Israeli thought common in many countries and organizations.