VL Eukaryotes and Viruses Zooplankton WS 07 08 · Phylum Nemathelminthes Class Rotatoria...
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Transcript of VL Eukaryotes and Viruses Zooplankton WS 07 08 · Phylum Nemathelminthes Class Rotatoria...
Zooplankton
Textbook:
Biological Oceanography: An Introduction, C.M. Lalli, T.R. Parsons, Elsevier, Open University Oxford, 2000. Chapter 4
Basic ecological divisions of the sea
(Lalli & Parsons 1995)
Marine communities
Plankton: passively drifting, despite some smale scale movementsVirioplankton Bacterioplankton (Bacteria + Archaea)MycoplanktonPhytoplanktonProtozooplankton / Metazooplankton
Nekton: actively moving against currents
Benthos: living in the benthal.Phytobenthos, Zoobenthos, Bacteriobenthos (Bacteria,Archaea)
Holoplankton: entire life cycle as plankton
Meroplankton: only partially planktonic life cycle
Size classes of the plankton
(Sieburth 1978)
A marine pelagic food web
(Garrison 1999)
Classic food chain, microbial loop and viral loop
Phytoplankton Zooplankton Fish„herbivorous“ carnivorous
viruses
protozoans
dissolved organicmaterial
sinking Phytoplankton,
marine snow sinkingfecal pellets
heterotrophicbacteria
Microbial Loop
Abundances of groups of planktonic organisms
Copepods <20 L-1 <102 L-1
Cladocerans <60 L-1 <102 L-1
Rotifers <500 L-1 <103 L-1
Ciliates <100 mL-1 <105 L-1
Flagellates <1000 mL-1 <106 L-1
Algae <1000 mL-1 <106 L-1
Bacteria <1-10 Mio mL-1 <1010 L-1
Zooplankton sampling devices
Niskin bottles mounted on a CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth)
Zooplankton sampling devices
Common hand net Big net
Zooplankton sampling devices
Bongo net Multi-net
Major taxonomic groups of the zooplankton 1
Realm Protista
Phylum Flagellata
often mixotrophic(Euglenophyta, Dinophyta, Cryptophyta, Chromophyta)
Phylum Rhizopoda
Class Amoebina, naked Amoebae, mainly benthic, few planktonic forms.“ Testacea, mainly benthic, wenige few planktonic forms. “ Foraminifera, strictly marine, calcium carbonate frustule, mainly benthic but
several planktonic forms. “ Heliozoa, mainly limnetic“ Radiolaria, strictly marine, silicate frustule, mainly planktonic.
Phylum Ciliata
Besides flagellates most important group of the marine protozooplankton
Protozooplankton (Foraminifera)
Major taxonomic groups of the zooplankton 2
Realm Animalia
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa, manly marine, planktonic stage (medusa, gellyfish), benthic stage (polyp), order Siphonophora strictly planktonic.
“ Scyphozoa, strictly marine.
Phylum Ctenophora, strictly marine.
Phylum Nemathelminthes
Class Rotatoria (rotifers), important limnetic group, very few marine forms, reproduction by parthenogenesis.
Phylum Chaetognata (arrow worm), strictly marine. predator
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda (snails), few holoplanktonic forms (Pteropoda). “ Cephalopoda (octopus), strictly marine, smallest forms are transient to the nekton.
Major taxonomic groups of the zooplankton 3
Realm Animalia ff
Phylum Annelida
Class Polychaeta, few marine planktonic forms.
Stamm Arthropoda
Class Crustacea Subclass Phyllopoda, mainly limnetic, important group of the limnetic
zooplankton, reproduction by parthenogenesis. “ Copepoda, important group of the zooplankton. “ Decapoda, important group of the marine zooplankton.
Euphausiacea (Krill), important order of the decapods.
Phylum ChordataSub-phylum Tunicata
Class Appendicularia, important group of the marine zooplankton. “ Thaliacea, important group of the marine zooplankton.
Major taxonomic groups of the zooplankton 4
Meroplanktonic Larvae of:
Benthic animals
(Trochophora-larvae of polychaetes, Nemertini, Sipunculidae, bryozoans) Veliger-larvae, of Bivalvia (shells), Gastropods (snails), Pluteus-arvae, of seeurchins, Bipinnaria-larvae, of starfish, Nauplii, Zoea, Megalopa of benthic crustaceans.
Insekts (Chaoborus)
Fish
Lalli & Parsons 1995
Meroplankton
Metazooplankton (hydrozoans)Polyorchis sp.
Eutonina sp.
Mitrocoma sp.
Cnidaria (syphonophores)
Lalli & Parsons 1995
Metazooplankton (hydrozoans)
Physophora sp.
Syphonophora
Ctenophora
Pleurobrachia sp.
Bolinopsis vitrea.
Hormiphora sp.
Chaetognath (arrow worm) (Sagitta elegans)
Lalli & Parsons 1995
Chaetognath
SyphonophoraStaatsqualle
Crustacea (copepods)
Paraeuchaeta norvegica
Paraeuchaeta elongata
Copepoda
Eurytemora affinis
CyclopoideaPaired egg cluster
Calanoidea1 egg cluster
Pseudodiaptomus inopinus
Krill (Decapoda, Euphausiaceae)
Euphausia superba
Food web in the Southern Ocean
Lalli & Parsons 1995
Tunicata, Thaliaceae (salps)
Cyclosalpa affinis
Tunicata, Thaliaceae (salps)
Alternation of generationsIasis zonaria
Tunicata, pyrosomes
Pyrosoma tuberculata.
Diel vertical migration of the zooplankton
Lalli & Parsons 1995
Diel vertical migration of the zooplankton
Lalli & Parsons 1995
Diel vertical migration of the zooplankton
Lalli & Parsons 1995
Saisonal vertical migration of the zooplankton
Lalli & Parsons 1995
Trophic levels in food webs– unproductive regions
Lalli & Parsons 1995
6 levels Unproductive regionsPrimary producers: nano- and picophytoplankton.Many transfer steps with low size increments.
Trophic levels in food webs – continental shelf
Lalli & Parsons 1995
4 levels Continental shelf,Primary producers: microphytoplankton.Transfer steps with medium size increments.
Trophic levels in food webs – upwelling regions
Lalli & Parsons 1995
3 levels Upwelling regions, nutrient richPrimary producers: macrophytoplankton.Few transfer steps with large size increments.