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1. Women celebrate seed diversity at a biodiversity festival, Deccan Andhra Pradesh substate site

2. Public hearing at Sombaria, part of the Sikkim BSAP process

3. Preparation of the Ladakh substate BSAP

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1. Display of agricultural biodiversity in Sirsi, part of the Uttara Kannada substate BSAP

2. Participants at the north-east regional workshop in Guwahati, one of five such workshops across the country

3. Posters being localised at the biodiversity festival in Sirsi, Karnataka

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1. Boat rally at Perangapattai (Tamil Nadu), precursor to a meeting with fisherfolk, in the Eastern Coast BSAP process

2. Jaiv Vividhata Panchayat (Village Biodiversity Council) public hearing at Bilaspur substate site, Chhattisgarh

3. Scientists discussing thematic and southern substate BSAPs

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1. Participatory mapping in a village in Sikkim; such resource mapping and data collection was widespread in the NBSAP process

2. National consultation on adivasi and indigenous peoples’ issues relating to biodiversity, New Delhi

3. Session with specially abled children, as part of an attempt to reach out to disprivileged sections

4. Meeting and data collection with fisherfolk, Tamil Nadu

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1. The layered cliffs of the northern Western Ghats, evidence of successive volcanic eruptions over millions of years (Section 3.1.3.1)

2. The cold desert of Ladakh, harsh and beautiful, home to several endemic species (Sections 3.1.3.2 and 4.1.1.1)

3. Marine and island ecosystem of Lakshadweep, part of one of the world's largest coastal and marine areas (Section 3.1.3.5 and 4.1.1.2)

4. Himalayan landscape, the sharply rising altitude of the world's tallest mountains harbouring highly diverse flora and fauna (Section 3.1.3.2)

5. The unique salt desert of Kachchh, an arid desert and seasonal wetland ecosystem found nowhere else in the world (Section 4.1.1.1)

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1. The Cycle of Life: painting at Buddhist monastery, Sikkim (Section 3.2.3)

2. Buddhist stupa at Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, depicting wild animals (Section 3.2.3)

3. Fossils from the Fossil National Park, Madhya Pradesh, part of increasing evidence of the rich prehistoric life of the Indian subcontinent

(Section 3.2.1)

4. Cave paintings from the Narmada Valley, the site of some of the world's earliest human settlements (Section 3.2.1)

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1 Terraced farming and forest mosaic, Nagaland: at least 2,000 years old (Section 3.2.3)

2. India is one of the centres of origin of rice Oryza sativa, one of the long line of agricultural innovations (Section 3.2.2.2)

3. Traditional bamboo aqueduct, one of a bewildering variety of low-impact water harvesting techniques devised through the ages

(Section 3.3.3, also Box 3.4)

4. The Santal hound may be one of the world's first domesticated dogs, still maintained by adivasis in eastern India (Section 3.2.2.2, also

Box 4.20)

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1. Fisherwoman in Manipuri wetland: small-scale technologies suited to the environment (Sections 3.3.3 and 3.3.4, also Box 6.69 )

2. Farming community in Ladakh, making optimum use of harsh growing conditions (Sections 3.3.3 and 3.3.4)

3. The nomadic pastoralist community of Raikas, with a lifestyle eminently suited to fragile environments (Sections 3.3.3 and 3.3.4, and also Box 3.5)

4. Forest-dwelling adivasi, Arunachal Pradesh: a wealth of knowledge and experience on how to live with nature (Sections 3.3.3 and 3.3.4)

5. Adivasi working on bamboo, an ancient skill manifested in diverse ways throughout India

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1. Festooned boat in Lakshadweep: a deep connection between the marine biodiversity and island culture (Section 3.3.3)

2. Model of a temple made of several dozen seed varieties, from Tamil Nadu: celebrating biodiversity (Section 3.3.2)

3. Sacred grove in Bhimashankar, Maharashtra, one of many thousands dedicated to various faiths, that dotted the Indian countryside

(Sections 3.3.3 and 6.1.2.2, also Box 3.3)

4. Textile art, traditionally full of animal and plant motifs (Section3.3.2)

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1. Jarawa indigenous people of Andaman Islands, confined to one reserve, and increasingly threatened by "contact" with the outside world (Section 3.3.4)

2. Dokpas of Sikkim, on their way to extinction because of the stoppage of their ancient nomadic ways (Section 3.3.3, also Box 3.7)3. Snake-charmers, a profession now unsuited to the changing conservation scenario and in need of alternatives that utilise their vast

knowledge of nature (Section 3.3.4)4. Nicobari tribal canoe, capable of going kilometres into the sea; traditional marine technologies are threatened by the introduction of mod-

ern, often more destructive ones (Sections 3.3.3 and 3.3.4)

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1. Grasslands in the semi-arid zone of western India, and (inset) in the Western Ghats amongst India’s most threatened ecosystems

(Section 4.1.1.1)

2. The sandy Thar desert of Rajasthan, home to several endemic species (Section 4.1.1.1)

3. Moist deciduous forests of the terai region in northern India, one of a huge diversity of forest ecosystems in the country (Section 4.1.1.1)

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1. Pangong Tso, one of the many high-altitude lakes in Ladakh, held sacred by the residents (Section 4.1.1.2)

2. Coral reefs in the Indian Ocean, amongst the most biologically diverse of ecosystems (Section 4.1.1.2)

3. Marine stretch with different water depths in Lakshadweep, an astonishingly rich habitat for biodiversity (Section 4.1.1.2)

4. Tall mangrove vegetation in Andaman Islands, finely tuned to the balance of freshwater and saline water on the coast, and breeding

grounds for many marine fish species (Section 4.1.1.2)

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1. Witch's butter, a wood-rotting fungus commonly found across India (Section 4.1.2.1)

2. Gurjan Dipterocarpus sp., one of several species of huge rainforest trees found in the Andaman Islands, north-east India, and southern

Western Ghats (Section 4.1.2.1)

3. Aerides maculosum, an uncommon epiphytic orchid from peninsular India (Section 4.1.2.1)

4. Microbial diversity: Colony morphology of fluorescent pseudomonad (Section 4.1.2.3)

5. Microbial diversity: Siderophore producing bacterial isolates (Section 4.1.2.3)

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1. Mygalomorph spider (Poecilotheria regalis), a large tree-dwelling species found in old growth forest in the Western Ghats (Section 4.1.2.2)

2. Nyctibatrachus sp. of frog, commonly found in forested hill streams, endemic to the Western Ghats (Section 4.1.2.2)

3. Sea anemone in Andaman Islands, several species of which are commonly found in India's oceans and seas (Section 4.1.2.2)

4. One-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), once severely threatened, now relatively secure in Kaziranga and other sites of north-east

India (Section 4.1.2.2)

5. Lesser Flamingos (Phoenicopterus minor) in the Gulf of Kachchh (Section 4.1.2.2)

6. Geckoella nebulosa, a small but distinctly marked ground-dwelling lizard found in central and eastern peninsular India (Section 4.1.2.2)

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1. Typical traditional agricultural landscape in the hills (Section 4.1.3.1)

2. Shifting cultivation in Mizoram: a sophisticated practice well-suited to fragile hilly systems, but in places now unsustainable due to several

factors (Section 4.1.4.1)

3. Pastures in Chanthang, Ladakh; traditionally such sensitive ecosystems were subject to strictly regulated grazing practices by pastroal

communities (Section 3.3.4 and 4.1.1.1)

4. Betelnut orchard in Karnataka, containing several associated species like banana, pepper, cardamom, jackfruit, breadfruit, and others

(Section 4.1.4.1)

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1. Several Indian cities (Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, others) have large stretches of urban forests, providing crucial ecological and social benefits

2. Threatened species such as the Greater adjutant stork (Leptoptilos dubius), can sometimes still be found in urban areas, such as these in

Guwahati, Assam

3. Gulls (Larus sp.) in Jamnagar, Gujarat; traditions such as feeding and protecting wildlife still survive in many towns and cities of India

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1. Crop diversity from the drylands of Andhra Pradesh, part of an astounding range found across India (Section 4.1.4.1)

2. A diversity of indigenous and exotic vegetables in a Karnataka town market; many indigenous vegetables like gourds have been losing out

to 'higher-status' exotic ones (Section 4.1.4.1)

3. Mango (Mangifera indica) diversity on display at a biodiversity festival in Karnataka, a fraction of the over 1000 varieties recorded in India

(Section 4.1.4.1)

4. Pepper (Piper longum), the indigenous spice that attracted European traders centuries ago, and one of several dozen spice species native to

India (Section 4.1.4.1)

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1. Dangi cattle, found in the high-rainfall regions of the northern Western Ghats, a dual purpose (draft and milk) indigenous breed

(Section 4.1.4.2)

2. Rampur hound in Haryana, one of a declining group of indigenous dog breeds (Section 4.1.4.2, also Box 4.20)

3. Deccani sheep, adapted to the hot and dry central Deccan Plateau region (Section 4.1.4.2)

4. Yak in Ladakh, eminently suited to the cold and harsh environment (Section 4.1.4.2, also Box 4.19)

5. Mithun, a semi-domesticated, semi-wild animal used by the indigenous people of Nagaland and other states of north-east India (Section

4.1.4.2)

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1. Biodiversity has always had tremendous spiritual value in India, such as at Sringeri, Karnataka, where the fish in the river are consideredsacred (Sections 3.3.3 and 4.2.1, also Box 3.3)

2. Bamboo and cane species are commonly used for housing, handicrafts, furniture, implements, food, and a diversity of other purposes, suchas this basket-making in Nagaland (Section 4.2.3)

3. Over much of India, forests and grasslands provide a critical hydrological benefit, a fact long-recognised by local communities but not bynational planners and decision-makers (Section 4.2.2)

4. The East Kolkata wetlands provide sewage recycling, high fish and vegetable output, and several other benefits to the city...yet are beingfilled in and constructed upon (Section 4.2.2 and 6.3.2)

5. Rice varieties in an urban supermarket: even city-dwellers are beginning to realise the value of diversity (Section 4.2.4)

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1. Wild relatives of crops and livestock, such as this wild betelnut in Andaman Islands, provide characteristics for the upgradation of agricul-

ture and various other benefits (Section 4.2.5)

2. Several thousand medicinal preparations are prepared from several thousand plants under various health traditions of India (Section 4.2.4 ,

also Boxes 4.25, 4.26, 4.27)

3. Non-timber forest produce, such as these being used by Gond adivasis of Maharashtra, are a source of sustenance for several hundred

million people (Sections 4.2.3 and 4.2.5)

4. A diversity of crops and livestock provides rural populations with food/nutritional security, health benefits, buffer against 'natural' disasters,

relative self-reliance, and the genetic base to continue diversification (Section 4.2.4)

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1. Logging over the last 150 years, supposedly scientific, has caused deforestation over many parts of India (such as in the Andaman Islands)

(Section 5.1.1.1)

2. Mines such as this copper quarry in Madhya Pradesh, have emerged as one of the single biggest threats to biodiversity, including to several

dozen protected areas (Box 5.2, and Table 5.2)

3. Big dams such as this one in western Maharashtra have caused an enormous magnitude of forest and aquatic biodiversity loss (Box 5.4)

4. Irrigation and hydro-electricity channels block migratory paths of wildlife, such as this one at Chilla, Uttaranchal, which has hindered

elephant migration (Box 5.4)

5. Railway line through a forest: the cause of death of many elephants and other wildlife (Section 5.1.1.4)

6. Pipeline going through Marine National Park, Gulf of Kachchh: big companies have managed to get rules relaxed time and again (Section

5.1.1.1, also Table 5.2)

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1. Encroachment of forests, often by powerful vested interests but also by poor people with no alternative, is a serious threat to biodiversity

(Box 5.21)

2. Fuelwood collection for sale, often the only source of livelihood for villagers, is a widespread threat to forests(Section 5.1.1.1)

3. Hunting for skins and other parts, especially to feed the lucrative international market, has reduced several species to the verge of extinction

(Section 5.1.1.2)

4. Forest fires may under controlled conditions benefit biodiversity, but often they rage uncontrolled and cause immense damage

(Section 5.1.1.1)

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1. Exotics such as water hyacinth have taken over many natural ecosystems, displacing native species, choking waterways or colonising forests

and grasslands (Section 5.1.1.3)

2. The Giant African snail (Acatina fulica), an exotic causing damage to native biodiversity in Andaman and Nicobar Islands; fortunately India

does not have too many other destructive faunal introductions (Section 5.1.1.3)

3. The monoculture of trees and crops, and the introduction of exotic breeds of livestock, all part of governmental policy, threaten indigenous

diversity across India (Sections 5.1.2.1, 5.1.2.2)

4. Sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivace) mortality on the Orissa coast, caused by trawling practices, runs into thousands every year (Section 5.1.1.4)

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1. India's model of development is inherently unsustainable and destructive to biodiversity, as seen from this advertisement; it needs a drasticre-orientation(e.g. here at Bandhavgarh National Park) (Section 5.2.1)

2. While villagers are removed from protected areas, hordes of tourists are allowed in, a common form of inequity (Section 5.2.3) 3. Inadequate valuation and respect for the benefits of biodiversity, such as water and health security, lead to diversion of natural ecosystems

for purposes such as tea cultivation in the Western Ghats (Section 5.2.5) 4. Consumerism by the rich has been fueled by the policies of globalisation since 1990s, with disastrous consequences for biodiversity due to

excessive demand for luxury minerals and other products (Section 5.2.4)

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1. Vultures (Gyps sps.) have suffered a catastrophic decline in the space of a decade, caused possibly by a combination of factors includingresidues of Diclofenac (a painkiller used for livestock), pesticide residues, and others [Vibhu Prakash???]

2. The herb Ceropegia attenuata, found in the Konkan area of western India, now on the Red Data list of threatened plant species (Section 5.1.1.2)

3. Amongst the several species already extinct, the Pink-headed duck (Rhondonessa caryophyllacea) once inhabited parts of north-easternIndia; all that remains are a few museum specimens (Section 5.1.1.1)

4. Once roaming almost the whole country, elephants (Elephas maximus ) are now confined to some parts of India, and continue to be threat-ened by 'development' projects and hunting (Section 5.1.1.1)

5. The Great Indian Bustard (Otis Darda), severely threatened due to destruction of grasslands and other factors (Section 5.1.1.1, also Box 5.7

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1. The Kadaknath chicken of central India, one of 18 indigenous breeds of poultry in India, all of them threatened by the introduction of

exotics and other factors (Section 5.1.2.2)

2. Finger millet Eleucine coracana, once a staple food, has declined across India where commercial farming has taken over (Section 5.1.2.2, also

Table 5.5)

3. Mudhol hound, Karnataka: most indigenous dog breeds are threatened due to preference for introduced breeds (Section 5.1.2.2, also Box

4.20)

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1. Corbett, India's first national park, critical not only for species like elephant and tiger but also for the water security of surrounding areas

2. Great Himalayan National Park, Himachal Pradesh, harbouring several threatened species of plants and animals

3. Medicinal Plant Conservation Area at Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Sanctuary, conserved by the Forest Department in collaboration with

NGOs and local vaids (Box 6.20, and Annexure 14)

4. Deliberate burning at Corbett National Park, to maintain the grassland ecosystem; is this always a good practice for biodiversity?

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1. Over 70 sq. km. of rich forest harbouring the threatened Blyth's tragopan, has been declared protected by the tribal community of

Khonoma, Nagaland

2. Kokkare Bellur pelicanry and village in Karnataka; birds and people co-existing for centuries

3. Several hundred hectares of forest have been regenerated and protected by villagers of Jardhargaon, Uttaranchal

4. Migrant Demoiselle cranes (Grus virgo) are given protection and fed by the residents of Kheechan, Rajasthan

5. Sacred wetland protected in the Uttaranchal Himalaya, by villagers

6. Sea turtle nesting sites such as this has been protected by villagers in Kerala and Goa

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1. Botanical parks such as the Gurukul garden in Kerala provide a valuable repository of diversity from which the wild can be restocked if conditions are appropriate

2. The Pygmy hog (Sus salvanius) conservation and breeding centre near Guwahati, Assam, hoping that some day the endangered hogs canbe reintroduced into nearby natural habitats

3. ICAR camel breeding centre in Bikaner, Rajasthan4. Gene banks such as this one harbouring about 20,000 varieties of rice in Chhattisgarh, provide a critical back-up when diversity is being lost

in the field5. Zoological gardens such as this are justified only as captive breeding sites for re-introduction of threatened species into the wild, and/or as

educational tools; but most cater mainly to people’s entertainment

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1. Home garden in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, part of a revival of such practices that are so essential for household level food and health

security

2. At Chilika Lake (including a sanctuary), the Chilika Development Authority involves fisherfolk in sustainably managing the area

3. Women of Indur, Andhra Pradesh, have regenerated barren hillsides with a mixed plantation that now contains over 50 species of trees

4. The villagers of Mendha-Lekha, Maharashtra, have with the Forest Department, help devised sustainable bamboo harvesting

techniques

5. Wild and cultivated foods harvested in small quantities from natural and domesticated ecosystems, such as for this Manipur Market, are

likely to be sustainable

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1. Women of the Shiwalik hills make ropes and other articles from forest produce, the sustainability of which needs to be ensured

2. Sericulture in Uttaranchal, using oak leaves, has become a key stake in the conservation of the Himalayan oak-rhododendron forests (Box

6.32)

3. Organic farming and horticulture is spreading rapidly in India, a combination of traditional practices and new techniques with constant

innovation by farmers

4. Ecologically and culturally sensitive tourism at Periyar Tiger Reserve, one of the few genuine examples of "ecotourism"

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1. File photo of TBGRI scientists with Kani tribal people, Kerala...on way to the 'discovery' of Aarogyapaccha (Trichopus zeylanica), a plant withremarkable medicinal properties, traditionally in use by the adivasis (Box 6.48)

2. Jeevani, the herbal drug from Aarogyapaccha at the centre of an innovative but controversial benefit sharing arrangement (Box 6.48)3. Women farmers in parts of Deccan Andhra have strongly asserted their rights to land, and have demonstrated viable organic and biodi-

verse farming options4. This rice gene bank in Chhattisgarh, with accessions from hundreds of adivasi farmers, was almost opened up to corporate exploitation till

strong people's protest stopped it5. Traditional crops like amaranthus are increasingly used by wider society, but without respecting the intellectual rights of farmers and

appropriate benefit-sharing

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1. People's movement against big dams on the Andhra-Maharashtra border, which threaten to submerge parts of the Indravati Tiger Reserveand displace several hundred villages (Box 6.25)

2. Small-scale and traditional farmers protest against unsustainable trawling and commercial aquaculture, which threatens both wildlife andlivelihoods (Box 6.25)

3. Participatory monitoring at Biligiri Rangaswamy Sanctuary, carried out by NGOs and the Soliga adivasis: aiding in more transparent planning processes (Section 6.1.4.2, also Box 6.11)

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1. Bhairondev people's sanctuary in Rajasthan, protected by community rules (see inset); customary laws are often as powerful or more

effective than statutory law, and are increasingly in use by communities to revive conservation practices (also Box 6.64)

2. Gram sabha meeting in an adivasi village, the ideal local decision-making institutional structure in which all members of the settlement can

take part (also Section 6.1.5.2)

3. Joint meeting of NGOs, forest officials, and villagers at Periyar Tiger Reserve; such collaborative efforts are needed throughout India

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1. Bullock carts used to generate awareness regarding agricultural biodiversity, in the Deccan Andhra region

2. A students' rally to protect the environment in Kohima, Nagaland: students' power needs much greater harnessing for conservation

3. Children from Pune city visit a wetland for birdwatching and nature activities: thousands of groups across India are engaging in such

essential work

4. Outdoor learning is essential but rare, especially in urban schools of India

5. Adivasi museum in Kerala, creating awareness regarding traditional medicine practices; such field-based education techniques are vital

6. Crop diversity display in Delhi; spreading awareness amongst the ecologically illiterate city-dwellers

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1. Sustainable utilisation of seabuckthorn berries through local technology, Ladakh; now threatened by an industrial-scale unit set up by an

outsider

2. Wind and other non-conventional energy sources need much greater attention and resources, to replace conventional sources that are

destructive of biodiversity

3. Unsustainable construction technologies are a major source of ecological damage, and need to be replaced by more eco-friendly ones like

the use of mud as in this building

4. Radio-collared lioness in Gir National Park, Gujarat; sophisticated tracking technologies help to establish wildlife ranges and territorial

behaviour

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