Vitamins Arnab Projects

8/12/2019 Vitamins Arnab Projects

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ecent trends in Vitamins andtheir effects on humans

Arnab Dhar


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The Nature of Vitamins

Vitamins are organic (carbon) compounds

needed for normal function, growth andmaintenance.

Vitamins are cofactors, they dont doanything by themselves.

They are not a source of calories.


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The Nature of Vitamins Organic cofactorswhat is a cofactor?

Water analogy, scissor analogy

Physiological rolespecific metabolicfunction

Prevents diseaseunlike supplements

which may promote some thing or havegeneral metabolic effect

(ex. Omega 3s, fibers)

Natural = Synthetic (except Vitamin E)


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The Nature of Vitamins Nutritional Value lost by:

Light

Heat

Oxidation

Bacteria

Enzymes

Insects (Nutritional value of baby

foodmust be assured.)

Effect of packaging on

nutrient loss in milk.


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The Nature of Vitamins Food processing can

preserve nutrients.


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Vitamin Requirements

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI):

recommendation for individuals(moreaccurate, but would be impossible to label)

Age

Gender Pregnancy

Lactation


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Vitamin Requirements

Daily Reference Values (DRV): standards

established for protein and other dietarycomponents lacking a RDA or nutrientstandard

Constitute part of the Daily Values (DV)used on food labels


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Dietary Supplements$6 Billion Market

They are classified as Nutritional Supplements They are not foods,and not drugs.*

Supplements are Product intended to supplement the diet andcontains vitamins, minerals, botanicals, amino acids, and theirextracts.

NOT consumed as a food replacement Loosely regulated, not evaluated by FDA

By definitiona drug is used to

prevent, treat or cure disease.

These terms cannot be usedwith supplements.

Use of some supplements is backed by

scientific data.


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Fat Soluble Vitamins Aorange, carotenoids, vision, antioxidant- used as

color and antioxidant

Dwe make it with sunlight, deficiency causesrickets, in milk, regulates Ca:P ratios

Etocopherols, antioxidants, role in preventing

stroke, cancer, heart disease- used as antioxidant

Kcontributes to blood clotting factor


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Vitamin A

Lots of double bonds, good anti-oxidant


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Vitamin A Carrotinoids Used in food industry as a

colorant (orange) (label friendly)

Antioxidant (label friendly) Stored in liver

Important for sight

Deficiency causes ~500,000 casesof night blindness worldwide

Genetically engineered rice with highVitamin A can prevent night blindness

Carrotenosis
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.healthjockey.com/images/carrot-juice-honey.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.healthjockey.com/2007/05/04/carrot-juice-with-honey-helps-to-improve-eyesight/&usg=__EU7e7_lELUgNQjVSChEAV6OynqI=&h=200&w=267&sz=27&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=_c3cpxO6BT427M:&tbnh=85&tbnw=113&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcarrot%2Bjuice%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den


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Vitamin D Also known as calciferol due to its role in calcium

absorption

Main role is to maintain calcium and potassiumlevels

It is the only fat soluble vitamin that we can make-in the presence of sunlight

Can be made from cholesterol


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Vitamin D Can be stored in fat tissues (as can all fat soluble

vitamins)

Elderly and shut ins are at risk- not enoughsunlight

We get vitamin D form fortified milk and cereal

Toxicity is very dangerous Occurs only from excess supplementation

Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys, heartand blood vessels


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Vitamin D

Rickets can be caused by lack ofsunlight, but also from insufficient

calcium. Vitamin D linked tocalcium absorption.

(Rickets reported in NYC.)


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Vitamin E A family of eight naturally occurring compounds

Used as an anti-oxidant in foods

Since aging is considered an oxidation reaction,many anti-oxidants are used as dietarysupplements

Deficiencies are not well understood

Role is stroke, cancer, heart, and immuneresponse

Americans spend $300 million per year on vitaminE supplements


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Vitamin K Contributes to synthesis of seven blood

clotting factors

Can be reactivated to continue biological action

Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes two

bone proteins


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Water Soluble Vitamins Relatively cheap to

add to food Only Vitamin C is

used for itsfunctionality


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Water Soluble Vitamins B1, thiamine

B2, riboflavin

B6, pyridoxamine

B12 Biotin

Panothenic acid

Niacin

Folacin Vitamin C


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Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamin B1

Thiamine

Involved in carbohydrate metabolism

Helps body metabolize glucose, affects central

nervous system Deficiency causes Beri beri

(Singlese, I cant, I cant)

B2- riboflavin

Energy metabolism


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Water Soluble Vitamins B6- Pyridoxamine

Neurotransmitter, co-enzyme in over 100reactions

B12

Development of red blood cells Lack of it makes one anemic

Hard for vegans to get


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Water Soluble Vitamins Biotin

Involved in fatty acid synthesis Deficiency causes skin disease and hair loss

Panthothenic acid

Found in many foods Essential for metabolism of carbohydrates,

protein, alcohol and fat


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Water Soluble Vitamins Choline

A major component of cell

membranes Folacin = Folate = Folic

acid

Deficiency causes neuraltube d efects in utero


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Vitamin C Ascorbic acid

Very inexpensive to add to food, marketingtool. Antioxidant

Deficiency leads to bleeding gums,hemorrhages

High in citrus fruits, limes, (Limeys)


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Vitamin C - Scurvy
http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/nutr.htmhttp://www.ok1318.pe.kr/data/vitamin1.htm


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Niacin (B3) Energy metabolism

DiseasepellagraThe Four Ds Dermatitis

Diarrhea

Dementia

Death

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