Vitamin E and C effect on Immune responses against Staphylococcus aureus
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International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
Vitamin E and C effect on Immune responses against Staphylococcus aureus
M.Muruganandam 1 Bobin .M.Varghese2,Veeraye Kanna2,Maheswari.M2.and
Dhyaneswari.G 2.
1.Department of Zoology,
Syed Ammal Arts and Science college,
Ramanathapuram-623504.
2.Department of Biotechnology,
St.Micheal College of Engg&tech,
Kalayar kovil.
Abstract
Two vitamins (vitamin E and C) were provided to separate group of albino rats . Then
inactivated staphylococcus aureus cells were injected to all the albino rats. At the end of the
experiment blood sample were collected to all the albino rats for immune haematological
analysis..In this attempts two vitamins treatment shows more or less equal immunological
responses against staphylococcus aureus.
Keywords: Vitamin E and C, staphylococcus aureus, Immune responses.
Introduction
Vitamins are generally required in relatively small amounts in the diet and if present
inadequate amounts, may result in nutrition related disease poor growth or increased
susceptibility to infection (De Silva and Anderson, 1995) vitamin A play an important role
against cancer cell. The high levels of vitamin A in a cell could complete against
carcinogens it is protective agent against tumours and it acts as a chemoprevention strategy
( Sporn et al, 1976.) Every vitamin has special function. Vitamin E is a good
Immunostimulant. It prevents oxidative diathesis in chicks and white muscle disease in fish
(poston et al 1976)
Vitamin C is necessary for the production and maintenance of intracellular substance
involved in wound repair (pinkeston, 1977; Lim and Lovell, 1978, Janancey et al; 1985) It
is also involved in inducing normal growth and immune responses. In the present study
vitamin, E and C were provided to separate group of albino rats. After that inactivated staph
cells were injected to all the albino rats and studied the immune responses.
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
Materials and Methods
For this study two vitamins immunostimulants were selected (vitamin E and C ) These
vitamins were separately provided ( Vitamin C 250mg and vitamin E 250mg) to two
different group of albino rats One control treatment was also ,maintained. After one week,
inactivated staphylococcus aureus (10-5) cells were injected to all the albino rats. After two
weeks samples were collected for Analysis After one week from the first sample second
blood sample also collected.
Results
Vitamin C and E act as antioxidant and also act as good immunostimulants. In this study, In
this study, Vitamin C and Vitamin E were provided to different group of albino rates..After
that, inactivated staphylococcus aureus was injected to all the treatment including control
group. The vitamin C and E produces equal level of immune responses But control group
has lesser level of immune response compared to other treatments..Vitamin C is a water
soluble vitamin, If add excess level of vitamin C ,it will excreted through urine. But vitamin
E is a fat soluble vitamin, If add excess amount ,it will deposited in body fat tissues,finally it
will develop a dis ease condition .So compared to Vitamin E and C is best to use in loach
feed.
Discussion
Vitamin C plays a important role in inducing immune responses and growth
(Muruganandam, 2013). Optimum level of vitamin E also require for growth and normal
physiology of animals (Muruganandam, 2006) vitamin E also induce immune responses
against disease causing agents. Here comparative study of three vitamin immunostimulants
efficacy against inactivated staph vaccine was studied. In the presence study more or less
equal responses was observed in all treatments. So these a;; vitamins are recommended to
use as bio-adjuvant which is help to enhance the efficacy of vaccines otherwise if use more
quantity of immunostimulants it may suppress the immune function. But during stress and
disease condition the requirement level may increased. So the optimization is essential
step because it determines the functional state of immunesystem.
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
Reference
1.De Silva ,s .s and .A Anderson (1995) fish nutrition in aquaculture pub. By Chapman and
Hall, London, pp.87
2. Sporn,M.B.N.mDonlop, D.L Newton and J.M.Smith Fed proc .Fed Am SocExpBial 35
1332 (1976)
3.Poston H.A, Combs, G.F and Lbovitz.l. 1976) vitamin E and selenium interactions in the
atlanticsolmon gross histological, Biochemical deficiency signs J,Nutri. 106: 892-904.
4.Pinkerton.H. (1977)vitamins and deficiency disease In pathologh (eds Anderson W.A.D)
and kissane J.M) C.V morocco. saint lousi, Missouri pp. 623-639.
5.Juancey K, solaman A and Roberts R.J.Laps (1985) Ascorbic acid requirements in relation
to wound healing in the cultural Tilapia oreochromis niloticus (Trewanas) Aqua cult fish
Manuel 16 , 139-149.
6. Lim.C and Lovell .R(1978).Pathology of Vitamin C deficiency Syndrome in channel
catfish Nutri.103,134-138.
7. Muruganandam.M (2006) Fat soluble vitamins toxicity and deficiency signs in fishes Aqua
Tech.Vol 6 Issue 5.pp70-72.
8. Muruganandam.M (2013) Ascorbic acid in Aqua Nutrition.-book p 104.
Table-1 Vitamin E and C effect on immune response against Staphylococcus aureus
S.No Parameters Control
Sample I II
Vitamin C(250 mg)
I II
Vitamin-E (250 mg )
I II
1 RBC
count(millions)
4.4
3.9
3.0
3.3
3.3
3.6
2 WBC total
count(Cells/Cu
mm)
6,200
4,500
6,900
5,100
6,800
4,900
3 Polymorphic
Neutrophils
Count (%)
54
56
65
70
64
66
4 PCV (%) 36 34 38 33 35 40
5 Haemoglobin
(gm %)
11
10.4
12.0
10.3
10.2
10.1
6 Antibody titre 5 6 8 8 7 7
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
COLORECTAL CANCER VACCINE WITH GRADED LEVEL OF DIETARY
VITAMIN A EFFECT ON IMMUNE RESPONCES
M.Muruganandam
Department of Zoology,
Syed Ammal College of Arts and Science,
Ramanathapuram-623504.
Abstract
Vitamin A is an immunostimulants and naturally it has a property of suppressing
cancer formation. In the present study anti-idiotype vaccine was prepared for colorectal
Cancer and injected group of albino rats. Graded level of vitamin was provided to all the
groups. Later cancer cells were injected than blood sample were collected for analysis. The
maximum immune responses were observed in25, 000 IU vitamin A treatment.
Key words Vitamin A, Vaccine, Cancer,
Introduction
Vitamin A is a essential nutrient for maintaining normal growth and health. The
lower level of vitamin A in diet immune exhibited in poor growth, low feed efficiency and
high mortality rate in fishes. More, quantity vitamin A in diet shows signs in metabolic
distortion and hyper vitaminosis and also suppressed growth rates1,2,3 .In this study anti-
idio type vaccine for colorectal cancer with graded level of supplementary vitamin A was
provided to albino rats and find out optimum dose for produce higher immune responses
were studied.
Material and methods
Colorectal cancer tissue was collected from cancer diagnostic lab in
local hospital. The Cancer tissue (grade-I) split into cells by using trypsin solution, then it is
used to prepare colorectal anti-idiotype vaccine and it was injected to albino rates for study
immune responses.. Graded level of vitamin A (retinal) 0,,25,000, 50,000,75,000,1,00,000,
1,25,000Iu)was provided to different group of vaccinated albino rats at two times with one
week interval. After appropriate time interval inactivated cancer cells (10-4) were injected to
all the albino rats. At the end of the experiment blood samples were collected for analysis.
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
Result
Vitamin A naturally has an antitumor activity. In this study, graded level of vitamin A with
cancer vaccine was provided to different group of albino rats and immune responses was
recorded. The WBC count, polymorphic Neutrophils count, and Antibody titre was increased
in 25,000 IU treatment, .after that it was slowly decreased when increasing supplementation
level of vitamin A. The RBC and Haemoglobin ranges are more or less similar in all the
treatment. The immunity range is maximum in 25,000IU treatment compared to all other
treatments. So it is optimum range, this level is suitable to induce maximum immunity with
vaccine treatment.
Discussion
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the world
colorectal cancer deaths increased exponentially between ten to thirty five years of age group
Large doses of vitamin A inhibit the development of some tumours in higher animal’s
colorectal cancer vaccine A against tumours and it acts as a chemoprevention strategy. In
the present study first anti-idiotype vaccine was developed against colorectal cancer. This
vaccine with graded level of vitamin A provided to albino rats. The highest leucocyte
count was observed in 25,000 Iu treatment compared to other treatments. The highest levels
of antibody level and polymorphic neurotrophil counts were also observed in the same
treatment. So it is concluded that a25, 000IU treatment is best to use as bio-adjuvant with
colorectal cancer vaccine.
References
1.Shim, K.F. andC.H. (1990) The dictary requirement of vitaminA in guppy
(poecccliarericulate peters).The current status of fish nutrition in Aguaculture the proceeding
of the third international symposim of feeding and nutrition in fish, Aug-28-Sep1., 1989
(Toba- Japan, Taleda,m.,Watonabe Teds) pp: 133-140.
2 Soleh.G.Eleraky, W.Gropp, J.M. (1995) A short note on the effects of vitamin A hyper
vitamins on health and growth ofTilapia (oreochromisniloticus)
J.Apl.Ichthyic.Z.AngenIchtayal., 11 (304) 382-386.
3. Muruganandam.M.(2005) vitamin requirement in an airbreathing fish Ph.D thesis
M.S.UniversityThirunelvi South Indiap 176.
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
Table-1.colorectal cancer vaccine with Graded level of vitamin A influence on immune
response in Albino rates.
S.No Parameters Vitamin A(IU)
0 25,000 50,000 75,000 1,00,000 1,25,000
1 RBC
Count(millions)
3.8 3.6 3.5 2.9 4.2 3.9
2 WBC Total
count (cells/cu
mm)
4,200 6,200 3,500 3,200 4,400 4,300
3 Polymorphic
neutrophils l
count (%)
71 75 69 71 52 67
4 Lymphocyte
count (%)
29 25 39 29 48 33
5 Haemoglobin
(gm. %)
11 11.2 10.5 5.5 12.5 11.5
6 Antibody Titer 9 11 10 9 9 9
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
Radiation Stress effect on Survival rate of Pathogenic Bacteria
M.Muruganandam,
Dept. of Zoology,
Syed Ammal arts and Science College,
Ramanathapuram-623513
Abstract
U.V radiation destroys the structure of DNA and other essential components of cell. In this
study, U.V radiation effect on growth and survival of bacteria were studied. First Spread
plates of bacteria were prepared and exposed to U.V radiation with different time intervals (0,
2, 4, 6, and 8 minutes), then they are incubated at 37 o c for 24 hours. After incubation
number of colonies was calculated. If increase the exposure time, the colony numbers were
slowly decreased. In 8 minutes treatment 104 colonies were observed. In the control
treatment(-0 minutes time exposed has 1236 colonies),2 minutes (456 colonies),4
minutes(281 colonies),6 minutes(167 colonies) and 8 minutes (104 colonies) exposure reduce
the colony number slowly. This bacterium has more resistant to U.V radiation.
Key words: U.V radiation, DNA, Mutant, Bacteria.
Introduction
Many physical factors provide physiological stress to the living cells. The U.V radiation is
one among them .The U.V radiation mainly damage DNA and causes genetic mutation.1 The
U.V radiation also alter the growth, virulence and physiology of microorganism. Our
previous lab studies prove that U.V radiation mainly produces mutation in bacterial cells. 2, 3,
4.The exposure of U.V radiation is a major risk for most skin cancers in human beings. It is
very harmful. However it is used to treat some diseases such as rickets, psoriasis, eczema and
jaundice.
The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus causes food borne diseases. The food borne diseases are
major concern worldwide. .Nearly around 250different food borne diseases has been
described and bacteria are the important causative agents. The Staphylococcus aureus is a
leading cause of gastroenteritis resulting from consumption of contaminated food .The
symptoms of food borne diseases are very widely, depending on the etiological agents .The
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
common symptoms of food borne diseases are Diarrhea and Vomiting 5. In this study, U.V
radiation on the growth and survival of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus was studied.
Materials and Methods
The bacterial pathogen was collected from patients in local hospital and it was cultured in
Lab. The pathogen was confirmed by regular microbiological and biochemical tests. First
bacterial spread plates were prepared .After that it was exposed to U.V radiation, at various
time intervals of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 minutes and these plates were incubated at 37 o C. After 24
hours the plates were taken and colonies were counted with the help of colony counter.
Results
Ultra violet radiation slowly damages various molecules of the cell. It mainly damage DNA
molecules. The U.V resistant is an important character. In the study, If increase the duration
of U.V treatment, the bacterial cell was slowly lose their survival rate. It is clearly shows
that the number of colony was decreased during increasing exposure of U.V radiation .In 8
minute treatment 104 colonies were developed..In control treatment,(0 minute exposure
treatment has 1236 colonies),2 minutes (456 colonies),4minutes (281 colonies), 6
minutes(167 colonies) and 8 minutes 9104 colonies) exposure shows reduced the numbers of
colonies.
Discussion
U.V radiation produce mutation and sometimes ,it produce to increase virulence due to
genetic change. The best mutant strains were used to prepare inactivated vaccines 2, 3.During
increase the U.V radiation at certain limit, it produce mutation .These mutation leads to
produce virulence. These virulence strains induce more immune response to host. The
previous studies proves that six minute U.V treated mutant strains produce good immune
response 4.In the present study, if increase the duration of U.V exposure time, thebacterial
population slowly decreased .The eight minute treatment has lesser number of colonies
compared to other treatment. In the other hand, the best mutant strains only survive against
U.V radiation. The non-mutant strains lose their survival. The bacteria have more resistant to
U.V radiation.
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
Reference
1. Narayanan.D.L, Saladi.R.N,Fox.J.L (2010) Ultraviolet radiation and Skin cancer. The
Int.nat.Soc. Der.010 sep.49 (9):978-86.
2. Muruganandam.M, J.E. John Solomon and Mahesh.S.Kini (2010).Mutant Strain vaccine
for Typhoid.Env&Eco.28 (2B) 1414-1415.
3. Muruganandam.M and J.Jana (2016). Ultraviolet radiation alters the virulence of
pathogenic Bacteria.Proce. Seminar Global warming and Climate changes held on 19 the
Aug.2016.
4. Muruganandam.M and K.N.Veerayeekanna (2010) Mutant strain vaccine for
Staphylococcus aureus.J.currt.Sci.15 (10):229-32.
5. Yues Leloir, Florence Baron and Michel Gautier (2003) Staphylococcus aureus and Food
Poisoning.Gen.Mol.Res.vol.2. pp. 63-76.
1236
456
281167
104
0 2 4 6 8
Time (minutes)
Fig 1.Ultraviolet radiation influence on Staphylococcus aureus Colonies
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
COLORECTAL CANCER VACCINE WITH DIETARY VITAMIN E INFLUENCE ON
IMMUNE RESPONSES
M.Muruganandam,
Department of Zoology,
Syed Ammal Arts and Science and College,
Ramanathapuram-623513
Abstract
Nowadays colorectal cancer occurs in adolescents and young adults in most parts of
the world . Vitamin E is a good anti oxidant and Immunostimulant. it stimulate
nonspecific immunity. In this study anti-idiotype colorectal cancer vaccine first developed.
It was provided to all the albino rats. The end of the experiments blood samples were
collected in all the albino rats for analysis. In this study,200mg vitamin E treatment is
acted as optimum dose which is induce higher level of immunity against colorectal cancer
cells.
Key words: Vitamin E,, cancer vaccine, colorectal cancer cells.
Introduction
Vitamin E act as an extra intra-cellular anti-oxidants to maintain homeostasis and also
metabolites in the cells and tissue plasma (Halver, 1980) . It is essential for growth
and reproductive performance .The tocopheral prevents oxidative diathesis in chicks,
white muscle disease in fish ( poston et al 1976) and liver necrosis in rats .IN this study
colorectal cancer vaccine with graded level of vitamin E was provided to various group
off albino rats . The optimum dose which induces maximum immune responses was studied.
Materials and Methods
Colorectal cancer cell are collected from local hospital lab. Anti-idiotype vaccine was
prepared .This anti-idiotype vaccine with graded level of Vitamin E (α-tocopheral ) 0, 200,
400, 600 , 800 and 100mg) was provided to various group of albino rats. After two weeks,
Inactivated cancer cells (10-4) were prepared and injected to all the albino rat. At the end of
the experiment, blood samples were collected for analysis.
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
Results
Graded level of Vitamin E supplementation with colorectal cancer vaccine was provided to
different group of albino rats, then immune response of all the treatment was analysed. The
RBC and Haemoglobin levels are more or less equal range in all the treatment. after control
treatment, the WBC count was slightly increased in 200mg vitamin E supplementary
treatment then it was decreased. Polymorphic neutrophils count. Antibody levels and
lymphocyte count was slightly increased in 200 mg treatment then these were
decreased..Based on this study, It is concluded that 200mg vitamin E treatment is best to use
with colorectal cancer vaccine.
Discussion
Vitamin E is essential to maintain cell growth and physiology. The deficiency of Vitamin
E affects the functions of cell. The testicular degradation has been observed due to
vitamin E deficiency in dogs , Monkey, pigs, rabbits, rats, cockerels, and fish (mason.
1954) But it has certain saturation limit . If provide more than that limit, it affect the
normal physiology of the cell. In this study maximum leukocyte total count and
polymorphic neutrophils count was observed in 200mg treatment, compared to other
treatments. The highest antibody levels one also observed in the same treatment after that
the immunological responses are slowly decreased. Based on this experiment it is
concluded that 200mg treatment is best to use as adjuvant for colorectal cancer
vaccine.
Reference
1.Ha;ver.J.E,(1980) The vitamins Fish feed Technology FAO rome pp 65-103
2.Mason KE (1954) In the vitamin vol3 vii (school with who and harris R ,s, eds )
Academic pres Newyork 524.p
3. Poston H.A, combs G, F and LEbovitz .L (1976) vitamin E and selenium interactions in
the Atlantic Salmon grass Histological and biochemical deficiency signs. Inutr.106: 892-
904.
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
Table-1 Colorectal cancer vaccine with graded level of Vitamin E effects on immune
responses in Albino rats.
Vitamin E Doses (mg)
S.No Parameters 0 200 400 600 800 1000
1 RBC Count
(cells/millions)
5.0
3.2
3.4
4.2
4.5
4.8
2 WBC Total
count (cells/
Cu mm)
6100
6500
4750
4800
4200
4100
3 Polymorphic
Neutrophils
count (%)
67
76
76
68
75
70
4 Lymphocyte
Count (%)
18
30
23
21
25
26
5 Haemoglobin
(gm%)
12
10
10.5
12.5
13.5
11.5
6 Antibody Titre
(Well no)
8
11
10
9
8
8
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
PEPTIDE IMMUNOGENS FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
M.Muruganandam,
Department of Zoology,
Syed Ammal Arts and Science and College,
Ramanathapuram-623513
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Vaccine saves our people from various infectious diseases. In current vaccine
development Research different types of Immunogens are used. The antigenic peptides are
the group of Immunogens which has various immunological efficiency. But they are
effective Immunogens. The production cost is not much more level. So it is highly suitable
for developing countries. If use various peptide immunogen based on their efficacy, we will
develop many vaccines against various infectious diseases.
Keywords: Peptide vaccines, Antigenic peptides, Heat stress protein.
Introduction
Vaccines save millions of young generations and women in developing countries
from many dangerous infectious diseases. Now developing countries need highly effective
vaccines..with low production cost and they need short duration for vaccine development.
Immunogens are different types of subunits used in vaccine development such as, genomic
DNA, Plasmid DNA, Polysaccharides, Peptides, etc. The Peptides are one among them and
they stimulate very effective immunity. There are different types of Antigenic peptides
present in pathogens. During vaccine preparation, various useful Antigenic peptides are
isolated them used to prepare effective Immunogens. Sometimes used single Antigenic
peptides or use more than one peptides used to improve the efficacy of vaccine. Based on the
efficacy and develop vaccine for many dangerous infectious diseases
Whole Cell proteins
Whole cell protein produces good immunity. In our lab trial, various cell components are
isolated and used as Antigens, during Aeromonas Hydrophila vaccine development at that
time the whole cell proteins produces good immunity compared to nucleotide sub ujits
Because it contains many antigenic proteins, It is also suitable for vaccine development .
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
The main advantages of this vaccine is it cannot produce disease. However it produced good
immunity short duration.
Toxoid proteins
Many bacteria produces toxic Compounds, These toxic compounds produces illness and
damage tissues But the inactivated toxic compounds are used in vaccine for induce immunity.
In our lab trial toxins of Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and inactivates and used as
vaccine candidate.. It induces good immunity at certain level. It is suitable to induce
individually or sometimes it is used to mix other vaccine compounds for produce higher level
of immunity.
Heat stress protein (HSP)
HSP has major antigens in many pathogens including a wide variety of bacteria and
parasites. During unfavourable conditions like heat stress a small number of specific genes
will be expressed for save the life of those organisms. Jacoby et al.,(1997) found that most of
the HSP genes exhibited maximal responses at 20 minutes which declined by 30 minutes and
approached in active levels by 140 minutes. In our lab trial 55”C 10 minutes treatment
produced HSP that induce a maximum immune response in the host hence it is also
recommended that these HSP is suitable to staph vaccine development.
Surface Antigenic peptides
Pathogens surface antigenic proteins are portent to produce immunity in the host. These
proteins are highly suitable for produce higher level of immune response and vaccine
development of bacteria and parasites. The antigenic peptides induce immunity at short
duration. Mostly bacteria outer coat polysaccharides are poor immunogenic. So if is linking
to outer coat proteins when the vaccine preparation. The immune system can be led to
recognize the polysaccrides as if it was a protein antigen.
Synthetic peptides
Synthetic peptides are used in vaccine development. Synthetic peptide can be easily
synthesized where the nucleic acid sequence of the gene coding for the relevant protein is
known. The vaccines may stimulate only a humoral response. Many times, the synthetic
peptide mat have weak efficacy at that time, for improve the efficacy; it is linked with
suitable strong adjuvant. The advantages of peptide vaccine are possible to identify crucial
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
epitope on all viruses. In the case of viruses, monoclonal antibodies help to identify different
proteins which inducing protective immunity.
Anti-idiotype peptides
Anti-idiotype vaccine induces immunity against viruses, bacteria and protozoan. It also
induce both humoral and cellular mediate immunity. They have no nucleic acid or
undesirable proteins and that would increase the safety of the vaccine. Usually anti-idiotype
vaccine prepared when the antigen is difficult to grow or hazardous. Anti-idiotype vaccine
was capable of stimulating an immune response in newborns. The Anti-idiotype vaccine
produces new hope to prepare cancer vaccine development research.
Mixer vaccine
More than one best peptide vaccine candidate were identify first then. One or more
antigens are mixed based on their efficacy at various ranges. These mixtures will be test
again once again. Based on the needs, vaccine will be developed. Usually, the peptide
Immunogens like with nucleotides produce more efficacy. The mixer vaccine to be solve
many problems such as children, vaccine, old age people vaccine, water borne disease
vaccine, food borne disease vaccine etc.
Conclusion
There are many antigenic peptides available in pathogens. First identify best peptides
based on their efficacy then develop vaccine based on the needs. These peptide vaccines are
effective, production cost is cheap and highly suitable to developing countries.
Bibliography
1. Muruganandam. M (2019). Anti-idiotype vaccine development for colorectal cancer. Int.
J. Adv. Innov. Res. (2278-7844)/ VOL.8: Issue . IPP:1-2.
2. Muruanandam.M. (2017). Current trends in vaccine Biotechnology-book-p.62.
3. Muruganandam. M.(2013) Engineened plasmid DNA vaccine for staphylococcus aureus-
book p:101
4. Muruganandam. M. (2016) Thermal shocks alter the growth physiological pattern of yeast.
Saccharomyces cervisiae proceeding of the seminor on Global warming and climatic changes
held on 19th August 2016. PP: 55-58
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
5. Muruganandam. M and K.N. Veerayeekanna (2009). Heat stress protein vaccine
development for staphyloccus aureus J,NAT /Con 21(2) 331-334
6. Jacoby T.H., Flanngan.A faykin A.Gseto-c Mattison and I ota (1997) Two porotein
Tyrasine phosphyateses in active the osmatic stress response pathway in yeast by targeting
the mitogen activated protein kinase J.Bio che 272 17749-17755
7 Starpe A.H. Gaulion, G.N Mcdade fields B.N., Greene M.I ., Syngenicmoniclonal anti-
idiotyope Coninduce cellular immunity ro covirus J.exp med 1984, 160; 1195-1205.
8 Gellp G.h MossP.H production of cell mediated immune response to therps simplex by
iummunization with antiidiotype hetaro-antisera J.Gen vial 1965 66 1801-1804.
9 SteinK.E, Soder sesrtrum T. Neonateal administration of of anti idiotype i9f anti idiotype
primers for production against Es cherichia coli: in mice J. exp med 1084: 160-1001 to
1011,
10 Renga Sammi (2003) Fish Biotechnology book _chap- Biotechnology in Health
management for Aquaculture pub Agrobios India.
11. www. Bio informatics Centre.org
12. www.wikipedia.com.
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
FARM MADE SUPPLEMENTARY FEED DEVELOPMENT FOR
SMALL SCALE FISH FARMERS
M.Muruganandam,
Department of Zoology,
Syed Ammal Arts and Science and College,
Ramanathapuram-623513
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Supplementary feed is additional feed apart from normal feeding schedule. But it
reduces the total expenses of feed cost, regular feed consumption level; enhance growth rate,
survival and immunity of the fish during culture. The supplementary feed ingredients are low
cost, commonly available and the feed preparation methodology is easy. The production cost
also low, but it helps to enhance the profits of fish farmers.
Keywords: Farm made feed, supplementary feed Fish culture.
Introduction
Aquaculture is an important alternative source of protein production in growing
population in developing countries. The small scale fish farms or Integrated farms increases
the self employment and enhance the economic status of rural people. Small scale fish farm
needs low investment and manpower. Many people doing as part-time job in rural area. In
the village area many agriculture by products are available with low cost. These low cost
ingredients are best for produce form made feed. The supplementary farm made feed help to
enhance the profit of fish farmers.
Pellet Fish feed
Feed has major cost in all aqua culture operation. If reduces the feed cost with the help
supplementary feed it will produce more profit to small scale farmers many low cost but
good ingredients available in market many bio waste are suitable to use as ingredients in fish
feed and sometimes they will also be directly use as supplementary feed. During
supplementary feed preparation first collect ingredients and study the bio chemical values
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
based on the protein nature of the ingredients the appropriate level will be mixed and feed
will be prepared.
All the ingredients are powdered first then mixed well low level of water after that the
mixture will the boiled with the help of pressure cooker. After reach the cool condition 1%
of vitamin Mix well, then added appropriate special ingredients (eg. Probiotics,
Immunostimulant, medicines, etc) with suitable binder (eg Topiaco flour and antibiotics -----
-minimum level). These mixer are put in the hand pelletizer, pellets will be produced on
small net for dry. After dry condition these pellets are stored in dry plastic container. These
supplementary feed will be provided individually or mix with regular feed .
Natural Feed Sources
Weed plants used as supplementary feed for herbivorous and omnivorous fishes. In collect
suitable Aquatic plants it will be provided as supplementary feed it leads to reduced feed cost
of fish culture operations. The plants provided vitamins minerals and fibre contents to fish.
It also produces good immunity and growth to fish . The important Aquatic weed plants are
Azolla, Lemna, Pistea, Icornia Hydrilla, etc and terrestrial weed plants also used. They used
as such natural condition or it is dried and powered which will be mixed during artificial
supplementary pellet feed preparation.
Growth Enhancer feed
The micronutrients level may be reduced in artificial feed because during processing and
storage, they will denature. At the time of culture we will develop farm made supplementary
feed with more vitamins and minerals. These feed will be provided as supplementary feed or
mixed with main feed. It will increase the growth rate of fish. Another thing is probiotics
feed. If use lactobacillus and yeast in feed, it will also induce growth and immune status of
fish. It may be mixed with regular feed or used separately many supplementary protein
ingredients available in least cost If use these ingredients of prepare supplementary feed , It is
also good It enhance growth rate at maximum level.
Stress Reduces Feed
In more stocking density of fish leads t0o increase more biological stress condition. Usually
antioxidants reduce the stress level. So in supplementary feed, the antioxidant level will be
increase, it will reduce the stress condition in cultural operations. Based on the available low
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
cost ingredients we will prepare supplementary feed with higher level of antioxidants. These
antioxidants reduces the stress and also increases the growth rate more stresses always
reduced the growth rate. If minimize the stress level it will always produce good health
immunity survival and Growth rate.
Immunostimulant Feed
Many Natural components act as immunostimulants and also many nutritional factors such as
vitamin, A, and E etc. Act as good immunostimulants and antioxidants. Based on these
materials we will easily prepare farmmade Immunostimulant feed. It will strengthen immune
system and enhance the no-specific immunity; It will always boost up the immunity which
will avoid pathogenic invasion. However If add more than optimum level it leads to suppress
the immune system of the fish But based on the available ingredients we will prepare low
cost and effective immunostimulants supplementary feed.
Brood fish need more nutrients to development good quality of gametes for breeding. The
brood fish population needs stress reducer supplementary feed and also they need gamete
quality enhancer feed. First prepare supplementary pellet feed with more micro nutrients.
These micronutrients levels always low in stored feed because due to denaturing properties.
If add more micronutrients in diet leads to enhance the ripening of gametes and also produce
good quality of gametes. It will be provided individually or mixed with main feed. In low
budget the supplementary brood fish diet was easily prepared with locally available
ingredients.
Supplementary Protein Feed
Proteins are mainly used to construct muscles of fish and it also essential to normal;
metabolism.. A part from regular pellet feed, fresh protein sources to prepare supplementary
feed. It will enhance the growth rate of culture fish population and it leads to attain more
profit. Many animals and plants bio waste are cheap source of proteins If use in
supplementary diet it reduces the food preparation cost. But it will help to enhance the
profit..
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
Medicinal Supplementary Feed
The probiotic supplementary feed reduces the pathogen load in fish, In the Natural herbal
Immunostimulant based supplementary feed also reduces the disease conditions and
pathogenic bacteria load in culture operations..More herbal items. If incorporate in
supplementary feed it enhances the immunity and reduces the pathogen invasion without side
effects compared to chemical drugs . These medicinal feeds provide individually or mixed
with main feed and reduce the disease condition.
Conclusion
The different types of supplementary feed enhance the growth immunity and survival of fish
in culture. If develop supplementary farm made feed it will enhance the profit cost of small
scale farmers.
Bibliography
1. Muruganandam.M . Jesu Arokiaraj, A., Marimuthu K and Haniffa M.A, (2003)
supplementaryeffect of dietary tocopheral on the growth and survival of channa striatus
Envi & Eco 21 (1) : 131-132.
2. Muruganandam .M., Jesu Arockiaraj.A Marimuthu,K., and Haniffa.M.A (2000) Larval
rearingOF COMMON CARP GYPRINUS CAR PIO IN FORMULATED DIETS, Indian
Env Sci 4(1) 73-78
3. Muruganandam .M., Jesu Arockiaraj.A Marimuthu,K., and Haniffa.M.A (2000 )EFFECT
OF DIETARY VALINE ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF
CHANNASTRIATUs Fry J.Nat .Con 12(2): 195-196.
4. Jesu Arockia Raj, A. Muruganandam, M., Marimuthu.K, and Haniffa.M.A (2001)
Infleuence of Aquatic weed Lemna Minor on growth and survival of the Finger lings
channastriantus J. Inland Fish soc. India 33 (1) 59-64.
5. Muruganandam. M., Jesu Arokiyafraj A Marimuthu.K and Haniffa M.A (2001)
supplementary effect of mationine of the growth and survival of channastriatus Fry J.Exp
Zoo India 4(1 71-72.
6. Muruganandam.M Jesu Arokia raj Marimuthu.K., amd Haniffa .M.a (2002)
Supplementary effect of dietary riboflavin on the growth and surviral of channa stratus
Fry Aquacult Vol.3 (1).
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
7. 2002) Marimuthu Muruganandam .M., Jesu ArockiaRaj and Haniffa M.A.,
(supplementary affect of Dietary glutamic ancide on the growth and survival of
channastriatus fry Aquacult vol.3 (2) 135-136
8. Muruganandam . M., Jesu Aro kiaRaj Marimuannastriatus Fry thu and Haniffa.. (2002) .
Dietary effect phenyl lanine on the growth and survival of Channastriatus fry Aqua
cult vol.3(2) 115-116.
9. Muruganandam . M., Jesu Aro kiaRaj Marimuannastriatus Fry thu and Haniffa .A
Supplementary effect of diatary Folic acid on the growth and survival of channastriatus
Fry Envi & Eco 20 (3) 725-726
10. Muruganandam . M., Jesu Aro kiaRaj Marimuannastriatus Fry thu and Haniffa .A
Supplementary effect of dietary effect of Ascorbic acid with different stocking density on
growth of leidocepalus thermals .Aqua cult vol,3 (2) 37-45.
11. Muruganazndam .., Striped murrel culture through farm raised fry and feed Fishing
chimes vol.23 (7) 23-25.
12. Muruganandam.M., Nagarajan.M and Raja perumalsamy.P., 2004 Supplemenatry effect
of vitamin A on growth performance of catlacatla fly Envir ND 22 (SPOL.2) : 239-241.
13. Muruganandam.M., Geetha,R., and Rama Krishnan .P 2004 Effect of suypplementary
ascorbic abcud ib growth oerfirnabce of tukaoua Coreochromimossamnbicus Juveniles
Environment aand Wcology 22(1) 188-191
14. Muruganandam .M,m (2005) uses of Aquatic weeds in fish nutrition Aquatech May
p.p65-67.
15. Muruganandam.M Nagarajan.N., Rajperumalsamy.P(2005) Supplementary effect of
Vitamin on growth and survival of catla catla Fry aEnvir & Eco 23(4) 753-754.
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
SKIN CANCER
M.Muruganandam,
Department of zoology,
Syed Ammal College Arts and Science,
Ramanathapuram-623513.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Global warming rise the temperature and ozone layer depletion increases Ultraviolet radiation
in sunlight. There arte many factors produce skin cancer, U.V radiation is one among them.
It is a major cause for skin cancer. The peak sunlight and U.V radiation present only in day
time at that time better to avoid unnecessary movement in out side the world However many
people day time life is present in outside world ie) they are exposed to direct sunlight at long
time for their survival. So bin that condition, maximum try to follow all the precaution
methods and avoid exposure of sunlight which help to present skin cancer.
Keywords: Skin cancer, Ultraviolet radiations carcinoma
Introduction
Cancer is a danger disease. It is the common cause of death in the developed countries. In
Europe approximately one in five people die in cancer. Cancer is term used for disease in
which abnormal cell divine without control and are able to invade other tissues. Growth of
cancer cells leads to formation of a tumour. There are two types of turn our one is benign
tumour and on is malignant tumour. The benign tumour will not spread to other part of the
body. But malignrent tumour spread other parts of the body, it is very dangerous one. The
common types of cancers are carcinoma, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, Breast cancer
colorectal cancer and lung cancer. The carcinoma is reported in first place. It is an epithelial
cancer. The skin cancer comes under carcinoma.
Skin cancer
Continues exposure of sunlight for several years leads to damage the Skin . If has on increase
chance of developing one the forms of skin cancer,. Mainly exposure to ultraviolet radiation
increases the risk of developing these cancers while the exact relation ship is not 100%
defined it appears that inter mitten exposure and exposure during childhood and adolescence
are likely important predictors for basal cell carcinoma and Cutaneous malignrent melanoma
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
High levels of chronic exposure such as working out doors, its more often associated with
squamous cell tumours.
People who are work long time in direct sunlight exposure they may affected by skin cancer.
The important people under the risk of skin cancer is Agricultural workers, military person,
fisherman /athletes, pipeline, workers police man Brick Manson, Gardeners, life Guards, oil
field workers, sailors, construction workers etc.
Spreading Nature
Three differ3ebnt types of skin cancer are linked to sunlight exposure such as Basal cell
cancer squamous cell cancer and malignant melanoma. The Basal cell carcinoma tend to
grow slowly. It is very rare for a basal cell cancer to spread to other parts of the body. But if
a basal cell cancer is left untreated it can grow into nearby areas and invade the bone or other
tissues beneath the skin squamous cell cancers are more likely to grow into deeper layers of
skin and spread to other parts of the body than basal cell cancers. Melanomas are much less
common than basal and squamous cell cancers but they are more likely to grow and spread if
left untreated.
Genetic basis of cancer
Ultraviolet rays damage the DNA of the skin cells. Some of the genes that help cell grow
divided and stay alive which are called proto-oncogene. This proto/Oncogene mutated and
became Oncogene. Genes that keep cell growth in check by slowing down cell divisions or
causing cells to die at the right time are called tumour suppress or genes Cancers can be
caused by DNA damage that turn on Oncogene and turn off tumour suppress or genes.
Usually the tumour suppressor genes inhibit the cell cycle and proto apoptosis
The genes most often altered in squamous cell cancers is called Tp53 This tumour suppressor
gene normally cause cells with damaged DNA to die when Tp53 is altered these abnormal
cells may live longer and perhaps go on to become cancerous. A gene often mutated in basal
cell cancers is the PTCH1 gene, which is part of the hadgeohog signalling pathway inside the
cells. The PTHC1 is a tumour suppressor gene that normally helps, cell growth check, so
changes in this gene can allow cells to grow out of control. People have based cell nervous
syndrome (Gorlin syndrome) which is often inherited from a parent and results in getting
many basal cell cancers which have an altered PTCH1 gene is all the cells of their body.
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
Symptoms
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Based cell carcinoma usually develops on areas exposed to the sun, especially the face,
head, and neck but they can occur anywhere on the body. These cancers can appear ass flat
firm pale or yellow areas, similar to a scar. raised reddish patches that might be itchy small
punk or red, translucent, shiny, pearly bumps which might have blue, brown or black areas
pink out growths with raised edges and a lower area in their centre which weight contain
abnormal blood vessels spreading out like spokes of a tire. Open sores which may have
oozing or crazed areas) that don’t heal or that heal then come back
Squamous Cell carcinomas
Squamous cell cancers tend to occur on sun exposed areas of the body such as the face ear,
neck lip and back of the hands less often they form in the skin of the genital area. They can
also develop in scars or skin in sores elsewhere. These cancers can appear as Rough or scaly
red patches which might crust or bleed raised growth or lumps, sometimes with a lower areas
in the centre. Sometimes It is wart like growths.
Malignant Melanoma:
Malignant melanoma although rare it is the most serious of the skin cancer . If oten shows
itself as a mole or pigment spot that begins to bleed, grow or change its colour shape or
texture.
Diagnosis
Physical examination is commonly followed If any small tumour are present, different types
of biopsy techniques are used. There are three important types of skin biopsy followed such
as shave biopsy pang biopsy and Incisional and Excisional biopsies, based on the nature of
tumour biopsy techniques will be selected and used . Apart from these biopsy techniques in
some cases fine needle aspiration biopsy and surgical lymph nodded biopsy followed Based
on these techniques skin cancer will be confirmed.
Treatment
Many types of therapy used in skin cancer treatment Commonly followed methods are
surgery , chemotherapy and Radio therapy. In radio therapy laser is used. In rare case signal
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
target therapy and Immunotherapy are used, In chemotherapy , chemical peeling is used
nature of tumour The important surgery techniques are excision curettage and Electro
discat, Mohs surgery Lymph node surgery, skin grafting and reconstructive surgery .
Prevention
For the prevention ,first Best to reduce the exposure time of sunlight with U.V.
radiation. Avoid harmful chemicals such as arsenic, Pesticides, Herbicides, etc. Check skin
regularly by self exam and with the help of health care professionals. Always keep good
strength of immune system.
Conclusion
Sunlight U.V. radiation is a major cause for skin cancer. So Best to avoid unnecessary
movement in outside world at 10.00am to 4.00p.m. Because these time U.V. radiation is
more, suppose if spend more time at the outside world use precautions like apply body
lotions, body will be covered fully, use sun creams and use cooling glass for protection of eye
etc. The pre cautions measures help to avoid skin cancer.
Bibliography
Web reference
1 Canadian centre for occupational Health and safety-1997-2016
2 conquer cancer foundation of American society of clinical on cology 2005-2016.
3 The International society of Dermatology -2010
4 American cancer society-2016. WWW.Cancer.org.
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
Supplementary effect of Riboflavin on growth performance of
Japanese quail.
Muruganandam M,
Department of zoology,
Syed Ammal Arts and Science college,
Ramanathapuram-623513,
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Japanese Quail is one of the important poultry bird in small scale farmers. It is highly
nutritious but the cost is low which is suitable for poor people. In this study, graded level of
riboflavin was provided to Japanese quail and growth performance was analyzed. The
optimum range is 10mg/ kg riboflavin supplementation for induce maximum growth. If
provide more than that optimum range supplementation is not advisable to poultry farmers.
Keywords: Japanese quail, growth, Riboflavin.
Introduction
Japanese Quail is a small bird, which is rearing all over the country for meat purpose.
It is highly suitable for poor people because it is low cost and highly protein content. In
commercial poultry feed, vitamins looses their efficacy due to storage, riboflavin is stable in
dry multi vitamin premixes and other feed ingredients processing losses of 26% have been
reported for expended pet food(NRC,1983). Riboflavin was first isolated by Warburg and
Christian in 1932 from yeast as yellow enzymes. This enzyme was named as riboflavin
(Goyal, 2001). This riboflavin is a yellow brown crystalline pigment. It is strongly soluble in
water but soluble in alkali (Halver, 1980). It is an essential water soluble vitamin which is
necessary for growth and survival of fish and other domestic animals (Muruganandam, 2006).
In this attempt, graded level of riboflavin provided to Japanese Quail and optimum range for
maximum growth was studied.
Materials and Methods
Japanese Quail rearing industry is a growing area in rural villages. In this study,
graded level of dietary supplementation of riboflavin effects on growth was observed sin
Japanese Quail. The Japanese Quail 140 gm size was purchased in market. In each
supplementary treatment, three birds are used. They were individually kept in cages,
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
commercial feed and water was provided twice a day. Additionally graded level of
supplementary riboflavin (Table-1) was regularly mixed with feed. In every end of the week
all the cages were cleaned. Before introduce the birds , initial weight was recorded. This
feeding experiment conducted up to three weeks. At the end of the experiment, weight was
recorded in all the treatments.
Results
The highest weight and weight gain was observed in 10mg/kg treatment. After that it
was slowly decreased. So riboflavin induce growth at particular limit, then it suppress growth
performance. The optimum range for maximum growth was 10mg/kg riboflavin treatment. If
add more range it act as negative effect on growth performance. The 50 mg/kg and 100mg\kg
treatment. Completely reduces the weight and weight gain compared to other treatments. The
100mg/kg treatment highly suppress growth rate compared to all the treatment.
Table: 1Dietary riboflavin effect on weight and weight gain of Japanese Quail.
S.No Riboflavin
Dosage(mg)
Initial
average
Weight(gm)
Final
weight
(gm)
Weight
gain
(gm)
1 0 143 185 42
2 5 143 190 47
3 10 143 195 52
4 15 143 170 27
5 20 143 167 24
6 25 143 163 20
7 50 143 150 07
8 100 143 145 02
Discussion
The riboflavin requirement for maximum growth studies is essential in all birds of poultry.
Riboflavin act as co-enzyme in the transfer of electrons in several –oxidation reduction
reactions and plays a vital role in energy metabolism (McCormick 1994) It is also involve in
tissue respiration . It functions inflavo protein enzymes and is present in prosthetic group of
many enzymes (Tillotson and Saubrtich 1974) In the present study supplementary riboflavin
effect on growth performance was studied.
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
The maximum weight and weight gain was observed in 10mg\kg riboflavin treatment.
After this optimum level growth was decreased. If provide more supplementation of
riboflavin in feed, leads to suppress growth of the Japanese Quail Riboflavin supplementation
reduced muscle lipid level and it also influence on maximal utilization of lipid energy
(Bronzed et al., 2002) leads to reduce the total weight Based on this study It is concluded that
the optimum range 10mg \kg Riboflavin supplementation treatment is best for produce
maximum growth in Japanese Quail If provide more than that limit leads to negative growth
results.
Reference
1.Goyal.G.C(2001) Vitamins for Natural Healings Diamond pocket books (P) LTd
NewDelhi.
2.Halver.J.E. (1980) The Vitamins Lactunes presented at the FAO/UWDP training course in
fish Feed Technoogy Washinton USA, FAO Rome Italy pp 65-103.
3.C Comic D.B (1994) Ribiflavin in modern Nutrition in Health and Disease (Shils M.E
Olison J.A and Shika M.E.D.S ) 8th Edin pp 366-375
4.Muruganandam (2006) Riboflavin Requirement levels and deficiency signs in fishes Aqua
tech vol.5 Issue 3, pp 75-76.
5.NRC (1983) Nutrient requirement of trout salmon and catfish Nutrient requirement of
Domestic animals ser.H. National Research Council 56p .
6. Tillotson J.A and saubrtich H.E (1971) JNUt. 101, 1459-1466.
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
MARINE FISH PROTEIN PROFILE INFLUENCES ON BIOMASS
PRODUCTION OF YEAST
.Muruganandam M,
Department of zoology,
Syed Ammal Arts and Science College,
Ramanathapuram-623513
Abstract
Yeast has many economic important in various industries. The enhancement of biomassw I
production of yeast researches are going on in and around the world. In this study five
different marine dry fishes were collected. All the fish were completely washed with distilled
water and fish muscle aqueous extract were prepared individually. These aqueous extract
was mixed with yeast culture medium and yeast was incubated at 37”C at two days after that
biomass production was studied. The least production was observes in control and Callyodon
fish extract treatment. Based on this study it is concluded that the protein and amino acid
profile of Leiognathus is best source to produce more yeast biomass production.
Keywords: Marine fishes, yeast, protein
Introduction
Yeast is a probiotic organism. So it is used in fish feed industry. It produces two enzymes
which are helpful in digestion. It is also immune stimulant. Several studies were performed
on the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae as immunostimulants and if add these yeast to the
common fish diet activates phagocytic activity and phagocytic index (Ortuno et al., 2002 and
Abdel Taw web et al., 2008). In our lab previous work, various compounds effect on yeast
biomass production was studies such as various carbohydrates sources (Muruganandam
etal.,,,2018) Oil sources (Muruganandam and Tamilzhahagan 2019) Insect proteins
(Muruganandam et al., (2018) etc Marine fish muscle have highest protein with variety of
amino acid profile various fish profile induces various ranges of biomass production of yeast
. In the present study different marine fishes muscle proteins effect on biomass production of
yeast was studied.
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
Material and Methods
Fish muscles have more protein and different amino acid compositions. In the present study
five marine dry fishes were collected from local ln market. They were sardenella (Common
sardine) callyoden, Engraulida, stollephours and Leiognathus (Sliver belly) After clearly
wash with distilled water then1 gm tissue were taken from each fish and 8ml distilled water
was added to individually. All these muscles are individually grand with mortar and pestle,
then take 1ml of aqueous extract from each fish for yeast growth study take 1ml of aquaous
fish muscle extract with 8lml of sterilized 3%^ peptone water and 1ml of yeast 48 hours
culture . These test yeast cultures were kept in 37”C incubation for 245 hours after that based
on the weight, biomass production on yeast was calculated.
Results
The amino acid profile of fish muscle proteins may vary in different species of fish Based on
the various compositions of amino acids and peptides influence on yeast biomass production
will be very . In this study maximum production observed in Leiognathus fish (Karal)
(350mg) and second maximum biomass production observed in sardenella (Saudi) fish
(220mg) The Callyodon move or less level. Engraulida (Nethili) and stollephours
(Nagarai ) fish aqueous extract has more or less same values (150 and 110 mg) The callyoden
fish muscle aqueous extract has very lesser effect to induce biomass production of yeast
Based on this study Leiognathus has good proteins which induce maximum cells
multiplication of yeast .
Table:1 Marine fish aqueous extract effect on biomass production of yeast.
S.NO Fish
Tamil
Name
Scientific Name Biomass
production
of
yeast(mg)
1 Control ------------------ 95
2 Karal Leiognathus 350
3 Nagarai Stollephours 110
4 Nethili Engraulidge 150
5 Saudi Sardenella 220
6 Kelli Callyodon 90
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
Discussion
The production of yeast depends many factors. The yeast uses in many industries It’s
application are well known. protein and based on its economic value our lab trials help to
develop biomass production of yeast with low cost but highly effective methods marine fish
muscle Amino acid profile are vary in different fishes. If leads to produce taste and economic
values various protein and Amino acid profile induces various level of biomass production of
yeast. In our previous studies proves that various stress treatment (Muruganandam 2018
Muruganandam 2016) and nutrients (Muruganandam 2018, Muruganandam and Tamizhagan
2019) enhance the biomass productions of yeast. In this study commonly available marine
fish muscle protein effect on biomass production was studies. The maximum influence
observed in fish Leiognathus muscle protein. Traditionally people prepare suop from this
fish and provided to weaker women at the time delivery. So it has rich in nutrients. Based
on the observation of the study this fish is good to produce higher biomass production of
yeast.
Reference
1.Muruganandam .M ., K.Kaveri and Ramya (2018) various carbohydrate source influence on
yeast biomass production Proceeding of the National seminar on Marine Fisheries and
Aquaculture held on sep-20-2018 pp: 100-102.
2. Muruganandam .M end V.Tamilzhagan (2019) different vegetable Oil sources effect on
.Biomass production of Yeast.
3. Ortuno.J, Cueta.A, Esteban.M.A and Mesague,J (2002) Oral administration of yeast
enhance the cellular immune response of gilthead sea bream (Sarus aurata.L)Veterinary
immunology and immunopathology,85:41-50
4. Abdel-Toweb Motsen,Azzam. Abdel-Rahuman and Nahbla.E.M, Ismael (2008) Evaluation
of commercial live baker’s yeast Saccromyces cerevisiae as a growth and immunity promoter
for fry Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus(L) challenged insitu with Aeromonas
hydrophila,Aquaculture.pp 51.
5. Muruganandam.M, Durgadevi and M.Sowmiya (2018) Insect Protein sources effect on
Biomass Production of Yeast-Proceeding of the national Seminar on Marine Fisheries and
Aquaculture held on Sep-20-2018 pp 116-118.
6. Muruganandam.M (2016 a)Thermal shocks after the growth physiological pattern of yeast
Saccromyces cerevisiae—Proceedings of seminar on Global warming and climatic changes-
19 th Aug 2016 pp55-58.
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
7. . Muruganandam.M and J.Jana (2016 b) Ultraviolet radiation alter the virulence of
pathogenic bacteria-Proceeding of Seminar on Global warming and Climatic changes—19 th
Aug 2016. Pp75-77.
8. . Muruganandam.M (2018) Ultrasonic vibration treatment effect on Biomass production of
yeast Int.Nat.J.Adv and Innov.Res.Vol.7, Issue:11;pp1-2.
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
DIETARY EFFECT OF VITAMIN E ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE
OF JUVENILE FISH LOACH LEPIDOCEPHALUS THERMALIS
Muruganandam M,
Department of zoology,
Syed Ammal Arts and Science College,
Ramanathapuram-623513.
Email:[email protected]
Abstract
Vitamin E is essential for normal growth and survival. In this study graded level of
vitamin E was provided to different group of fish loach. This experiment conducted
240days. At the end of the experiment growth performance was analyzed in all the
treatment. Maximum growth was observed in 40 mg/100mg vitamin E treatment. After that
growth was decreased. So this recommend to fish farmers who develop own farm made feed.
Keywords: Vitamin E Loach, Fish nutrition.
Introduction
Vitamin E act as growth promoter that inhibits lipid end fatty acid oxidation (Bell and
cowey, 1985 Lall et al., 1988) peroxide haemolysis of erythrocytes also determine vitamin
E deficiency in gold fish (Hung et al, 1981) and carp ( Watanabe.et.al., 1970) Vitamin E
deficiency has been implicated in steatites or yellow fat disease in which there are deposits
of yellow globular material in the subcutaneous and adipose tissues (Wallach, 1971)
Testicular degradation has been observed due to vitamin deficiency in dogs, monkeys, pigs,
rabbits, rats, cockerels and fish (Marson,1954) In this study graded level of vitamin E was
given to different of group of Loach and growth performance were analysed..
Materials and Methods
The feeding experiments were conducted in plastic troughs (15L capacity) filled with well
water . Each trough contained 10 fishes and replicated were maintained for each treatment,
the water was changed daily. The fish was collected from river tembiraparani Tirunelveli
Tamilnadu, After tbe week acclamentation fishes introduced in experimental setup. For this
experiment (USP-12 for mineral supplementation and H440 for vitamin supplementation
formula were used Before introduce the fishes weight lf individual fish was recorded..Test
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
fishes were fed once a day (8.00Am) at 5%of their body weight. The unfed were
regularly collected. The fish weight was recorded once in 60days and feeding ratio was
adjusted accordingly. In this study graded semi purified diet was prepared (Table1) and
graded level of vitamin E was provided to different group of fishes. The duration of the
experiment 240days.
Results
Vitamin E is essential nutrient for growth and immunity of the fish..In the present study,
graded levels of vitamin E were provided to different group of albino rats. and groeth
performance was studied..In this work, weight, weight gain, SGR and ADG was slowly
increased up to 40mg/100mg treatment after that these are decreased. The minimum FCR
was also observed in 40mg vitamin E dietary treatment. The control diet has lesser growth
rate compared to other treatments. Based on this study, it is concluded that,40mg/100mg
vitamin E supplementation is best to prepare loach feed.
Discussion
Dietary vitamin E level greater than 53mg/kg diet are needed to support maximum growth
and survival of Chinook salmon in Sea water.( Thorarinsson et al., 1994).The minimum
dietary requirement of Vitamin E for Chinook salmon (wood et al.,1964) and Atlantic salmon
(Lall et al., 1988) are reported to be 30mg/kg diet. In the presence of selenium vitamin e
requirement for growth are 30-80mg/kg diet for carp. In this study, 400mg/kg vitamin E
supplementation produces maximum growth rate compared to other treatment. The growth
rate was slowly increased up to optimum level then it was decreased. Similar trend was also
observed in Channa striates fry.(Muruganandam et al.,2003).The vitamin E status in most
tissue are mainly depends on dietary supplementation( Frigg et al.,1990,Hardie et
al.,1990,Waagbo et al.,1991).
Reference
1.Bell.J.G and Cowey.C.B.(1985) Role of vitamin E and Selenium in the prevention of
pathologies related to fatty acid oxidation in salmonids. In cavey.C.B.,Mackie, A.M. and
Bell.J.G (eds) Nutrition and Feeding in fish.Acad.Press.London PP:333-347.
2.Lall.S.P.,Oliver.,G.Hines,J.A and Ferguson,H.W.,(1988) The role of vitamin E in nutrition
and immune response of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmosolar).Bull.Aquacult.Assoer.can.88:76-78.
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
3. Watanabe.T.,Takashima,F.,C. and Hibiya.T (1970) Bull.Jap.Soc.Set.fish.36:p 972
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International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
Table-1 Experimental feed composition.
S.No Feed Ingredients Weight(gm)
1 Fish meal 55
2 Rice bran 10
3 Ground nut oil cake 22
4 Topiaco flour 10
5 Cod liver oil 1ml
6 Vitamin mix (H440) 1
7 Mineral Mix (USP 12) 1
Proximate Composition
8
Protein
45%
9 Lipid 7.3%
10 Carbohydrate 9.6%
11 Grass Energy (Kcal/g) 2.98
International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019
Table-2 Weight, Weight gain, SGR,FCR and ADG of L.thermalis fed diets with
different levels of vitamin E.
S.No Parameters Diet (vitamin E.mg/100 gm)
0 10 20 30 40 50
1 Initial weight
(mg)
108 108 108 108 108 108
2 Final
Weight(mg)
806 839 863 924 1021 932
3 Weight
gain(mg)
697 730 754 815 868 823
4 Specific
Growth rate(%)
0.84 0.85 0.86 0.89 0.93 0.89
5 Food
conversion
ratio
2.06 1.95 3.08 3.28 1.7 4.01
6 Average daily
growth(mg/day)
2.90 3.04 3.19 3.4 3.80 3.43