Vital Signs
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Transcript of Vital Signs
Vital SignsVital Signs
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsVital Signs
• Provide information about body function• Include:
– temperature– pulse– respiration– blood pressure
• Changes may be the first sign of disease• Accuracy is imperative!
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsVital SignsTemperature
Measurement of the balance between heat lost and heat produced
Heat lost through:• Perspiration• Respiration• Excretion
Heat produced by:• Metabolism of food• Muscle and gland activity
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsVital SignsTemperature
Normal rangesNormal ranges
– 97º - 100º F – 36.1º - 37.8º C
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsVital SignsTemperature
Hypothermia
•Temperature below 95º F
•Death can occur if below 93º F
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Vital SignsVital SignsTemperature
HypothermiaTemperature decreases with:
– environment– exposure to cold– inactivity– sleep– starvation
Symptoms:– shivering– cold skin– confusion
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsVital SignsTemperature
Hyperthermia
•Temperature 100-104º F
•Temperature above 104º F is life-threatening
•Prolonged hyperthermia may cause brain
injury.
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Vital SignsVital SignsTemperature
Hyperthermia
Temperature increases with: – environment– exercise– illness, infection, injury– stress
Symptoms:– hot, dry, red skin– nausea/vomiting– headache– low blood pressure
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsVital SignsTemperature
Clinical
Non-mercury glass
ElectronicAural
Thermometers
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsVital SignsTemperature
Sites to measure temperature:
•Aural – auditory canal
•Axillary – armpit
•Oral – mouth
•Rectal – rectum
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsVital SignsTemperature
To record temperature:
– Oral 98.6º (O)
– Rectal 99.6º (R)
– Axillary 97.6º (ax)
– Aural 98.6º (T)
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsVital SignsTemperature Measurement
Oral Oral
•Ask the patient if they have ingested hot or cold food or drink, or smoked within the last ½ hour
•If yes, wait at least 15 minutes before measuring the oral temperature
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
REPORT REPORT
ABNORMAL RESULTS ABNORMAL RESULTS
OF ANY VITAL SIGN OF ANY VITAL SIGN
IMMEDIATELYIMMEDIATELY
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Vital SignsVital Signs
TemperatureTemperature
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Demonstrate the skillProvide for guided practice
Provide for independent practiceVerify student passing
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Vital SignsVital Signs
OralOral
Vital SignsVital SignsTemperature Measurement
• AuralAural• Pros:
– Measures core body temperature– Fast and convenient
• Con:– Inaccurate if not placed correctly in the ear
canal– Ear infection– Ear wax
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
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TemperatureTemperature
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Demonstrate the skillProvide for guided practice
Provide for independent practiceVerify student passing
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Vital SignsVital Signs
AuralAural
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsVital SignsPulse
Pressure of blood on artery walls as the heart beats and relaxes•Sites: Temporal – side of the forehead
Carotid – side of the neck
Brachial – inner elbow
Radial – above the thumb at radius
Femoral – upper thigh
Popliteal – behind the knee
Dorsalis pedis – top of the arch of the foot17
Vital SignsVital SignsPulse
When would you use these pulse sites?
Temporal
Carotid
Brachial
Radial
Femoral
Popliteal
Dorsalis pedis 3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services18
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Normal rate adult (male) 60 – 70 beats per minute
adult (female) 65 – 80 beats per minute
children (over 7) 70 – 100 beats per minute
children (1 – 7) 80 – 110 beats per minute
infants (less than 1 year) 100 – 160 beats per minute
Rhythm regular or irregular
Volume strength of the pulse
Vital SignsVital SignsPulse
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsVital SignsPulse
• Pulse can be increased by:– exercise– stimulant drugs– excitement– fever– shock– nervousness
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsVital SignsPulse
• Pulse can be decreased by:
– sleep
– depressant drugs
– heart disease
– coma
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
REPORT REPORT
ABNORMAL RESULTS ABNORMAL RESULTS
OF ANY VITAL SIGN OF ANY VITAL SIGN
IMMEDIATELYIMMEDIATELY
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Vital SignsVital Signs
Radial PulseRadial Pulse
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Demonstrate the skillProvide for guided practice
Provide for independent practiceVerify student passing
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Vital SignsVital Signs
Vital SignsVital SignsApical Apical Pulse
• Pulse count taken with the stethoscope.
• Use if the patient has:– Irregular heartbeat– Arteriosclerosis– Weak or rapid radial pulse– Infants and children
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
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Apical PulseApical Pulse
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Demonstrate the skillProvide for guided practice
Provide for independent practiceVerify student passing
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Vital SignsVital Signs
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsVital SignsRespiration
Process of taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide
1 inspiration + 1 expiration = respiration
Normal rate: adults – 12 – 20 breaths per minute children – 16 – 30 breaths per minute
Evaluate for rhythm and characterRhythm – regular or irregularCharacter – depth, ease of breaths
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsVital SignsRespiration
• Abnormal respiratory patternsApnea – periods of absent breathing
Cheyne-stokes – periods of apnea and dyspnea
Dyspnea – difficult breathing
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
REPORT REPORT
ABNORMAL RESULTS ABNORMAL RESULTS
OF ANY VITAL SIGN OF ANY VITAL SIGN
IMMEDIATELYIMMEDIATELY
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Vital SignsVital Signs
RespirationsRespirations
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Demonstrate the skillProvide for guided practice
Provide for independent practiceVerify student passing
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Vital SignsVital Signs
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Vital SignsVital SignsBlood pressure
Pressure of blood on the arterial walls
Recorded as a fraction: 120/80
Systolic pressure – wall of left ventricle is contractingNormal range: 100-140 mm Hg
Diastolic pressure– wall of left ventricle is restingNormal range: 60-90 mm Hg
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Factors that elevate blood pressure:– anxiety
– eating– exercise– excitement– stimulant drugs
Factors that lower blood pressure:– depressant drugs– excessive loss of blood– rest– shock
Vital SignsVital SignsBlood pressure
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
REPORT REPORT
ABNORMAL RESULTS ABNORMAL RESULTS
OF ANY VITAL SIGN OF ANY VITAL SIGN
IMMEDIATELYIMMEDIATELY
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Vital SignsVital Signs
Blood PressureBlood Pressure
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Demonstrate the skillProvide for guided practice
Provide for independent practiceVerify student passing
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Vital SignsVital Signs
Combined Vital SignsCombined Vital SignsTPR BPTPR BP
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Demonstrate the skillProvide for guided practice
Provide for independent practiceVerify student passing
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Vital SignsVital Signs
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Diagnostic Skills:Diagnostic Skills:Height and WeightHeight and Weight
Measured if warranted by patient’s age and physical condition• Measured routinely: –on admission to health care facility –as part of annual physical examination–each provider visit for children
• Important for evaluation of laboratory tests
and calculation of medications
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Diagnostic Skills:Diagnostic Skills:Daily WeightsDaily Weights
• Daily weights are used to monitor patients with chronic disease processes:– Hormone disorders– Renal disorders– Heart disease– Cancer
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Diagnostic Skills:Diagnostic Skills:Daily WeightsDaily Weights
• Guidelines for daily weights:use the same scales
at the same time
wearing the same type of clothing
patient voids to empty bladder
• Make sure to balance the scales before weighing the patient.
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3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Diagnostic Skills:Diagnostic Skills:Daily WeightsDaily Weights
OBSERVE SAFETY PRECAUTONS!OBSERVE SAFETY PRECAUTONS!
Prevent injury from falls and the
protruding height lever.
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Measuring Height and WeightMeasuring Height and Weight
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Demonstrate the skillProvide for guided practice
Provide for independent practiceVerify student passing
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Diagnostic SkillsDiagnostic Skills
Diagnostic Skills:Diagnostic Skills:Measure Measure Visual AcuityVisual Acuity
• Used to measure the ability to see
• Snellen charts: used to measure distant vision
• Ishihara method tests for color
• Tonometer measures intraocular pressure
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
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Diagnostic Skills:Diagnostic Skills:Measure Measure Visual AcuityVisual Acuity
• OD – right eye (oculus dexter)
• OS – left eye (oculus sinister)
• OU – both eyes (oculus uterque)
• Myopia – nearsightedness, defect in distant vision
• Hyperopia – farsightedness, defect in near vision
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
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Measure Visual Acuity Measure Visual Acuity
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services
Demonstrate the skillProvide for guided practice
Provide for independent practiceVerify student passing
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Diagnostic SkillsDiagnostic Skills