Visual System Design Process From RFP to Proposal

Scott Baughman Sr. Manager Simulation Project Fulfillment

SIM University 2014

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SIM University 2014

Objectives • Understand how the technical specification is translated into a

design • Understand the major technical tradeoffs that take place

during the system design • Understand the cost drivers of a system design

Intro

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SIM University 2014

This class will cover: • Display system designs including

• Specifications and proposals • The proposal process • Conceptual solution determination process

This class will not cover: • Collimators and faceted systems • Image Generators • Implementation and testing

Intro

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SIM University 2014

Let’s get to know each other • Please form small groups (3-4 people) for the exercises

• Each group needs a calculator capable of trig functions • The purpose of the exercises is to stimulate small group

discussion • Diversified groups are preferred with industry and government

mixed together

Intro

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Writing the Spec

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Specs and Proposals

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• A Rebel Alliance training group has requested a new simulator that will allow for pilots of X-Wings to train on several routine tasks including target identification at a distance in all lighting conditions including NVG goggle operations.

• When patrolling at low levels targets will be identified at up to 60°up. • When at maximum altitude targets will be identified at up to 60°down. • For target identification they expect the smallest aircraft to be identified is a

Tie Fighter at 2KM. A Tie Fighter is 15m wide, 15m long, and 20m tall.

• Write a specification that will communicate what is required to the visual bidder.

Exercise 1- Writing the Spec

Help me engineer, you’re my only hope!

Specs and Proposals

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• How did you do? • How would Scott have written it? • A Rebel Alliance training group has requested a new simulator that will

allow for pilots of X-Wings to train on several routine tasks including target identification at a distance in all lighting conditions including NVG goggle operations. When patrolling at low levels targets will be identified at up to 60°up. When at maximum altitude targets will be identified at up to 60°down. For target identification they expect the smallest aircraft to be identified is a Tie Fighter at 2KM. A Tie Fighter is 15m wide, 15m long, and 20m tall.

• It’s helpful for the display provider to have an actual description of the tasks!

Exercise 1- Writing the Spec Please provide

Specs and Proposals

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Specifications - What your spec says • FOV • Viewing volume • Luminance • Luminance uniformity • Geometric distortion • Eye point locations • Blend uniformity • Resolution • Dynamic range • Smear performance • Convergence • Video interface

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• Drift • Flicker • Vernier resolution • Lightpoint size • Color performance • Stability • Contrast ratio • Latency • Auto Alignment • Lamp life • Serviceability • MTBF

Specs and Proposals

SIM University 2014

What we see

• FOV • Viewing volume

• Luminance • Luminance uniformity • Geometric distortion • Eye point locations • Blend uniformity

• Resolution • Dynamic range • Smear performance • Convergence • Video interface

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• Drift • Flicker • Vernier resolution • Lightpoint size • Color performance • Stability

• Contrast Ratio

• Latency • Auto Alignment • Lamp life • Serviceability • MTBF

Specs and Proposals

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The Big Four Specs • Field of View

• Drives the geometry of the system • Serves, together with resolution to determine the number of

projectors • Resolution

• Determines, along with FOV, the number of projectors • Luminance and Contrast

• Work together to determine the brightness of the projectors and the finish on the screen

• More often than not the rest of the specifications are

compliant/non-compliant based on these parameters, although will sometimes influence the basic design.

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Specs and Proposals

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The Proposal Process

Specs and Proposals

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SIM University 2014

The Proposal Process

• Customer (user) presents requirement to engineer • Engineer writes specification for vendor

• Vendor evaluates specification • Vendor designs system • Vendor writes proposal and compiles price • Vendor submits proposal

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Customer

Vendor

• This is a timeline that must happen in this order!

Contracting Barrier

Specs and Proposals

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The Proposal Process Key Items to Remember • Rules designed to promote fair play

create a contracting barrier between customer and vendor

• Properly written specs and proposals can bridge the contracting barrier

• Plain language descriptions in specs and proposals provide clarity

• Proposals must follow a definite timeline

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Specs and Proposals

SIM University 2014

Translate the Spec / Design the System

Specs and Proposals

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CAD Vs. Spreadsheets • We’ll do some examples using formulas but: • The best way to design is with a CAD system

• Projectors don’t always tile together in an efficient way • Loss due to panel utilization is more accurate • Loss due to blending is more accurate • Allows for analysis of uniformity

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Resolution in ArcMin/Pixel from right seat

Specs and Proposals

SIM University 2014

The Design Process • Often (but not always) designers will follow this order in designing

a system: 1. Determine geometry of the system based on Field of View 2. Determine # of projectors to meet resolution 3. Determine if projector solution can be compliant with luminance and

contrast requirements by adjusting screen gain

If yes then determine compliance with remaining specs

If no then adjust projector solution

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Specs and Proposals

SIM University 2014

Screens and Field of View (Geometry) • Field of the view is

described as Horizontal X Vertical in degrees as seen from the eyepoint

• What is the FOV of this system?

• 106° • Spherical screens are

described as Horizontal x Vertical in degrees as seen from the center of curvature

• The eyepoint and center of curvature do not have to coincide

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Screens and Field of View

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Screens and Field of View • The screen finish can

have a lambertian finish or a gain finish

• Lambertian screens scatter light evenly in all directions

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Screens and Field of View

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Screens and Field of View • Gain screens do not

scatter light evenly in all directions

• Gain screens can cause hot spotting

• The difference between the specular reflection and the reflection to the user is the bend angle

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Screens and Field of View

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Number of Projectors •

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Resolution

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Exercise 2 – Find # of projectors required • Estimate the number of portrait oriented WQXGA (2560 x 1600)

Matrix StIM WQ projectors needed to achieve 7 ArcMin/OLP in a 220°x 60°system.

• Assume that blend zones are 20% of each channel width • Kell = .8 • 70% of each projector’s pixels are used after Twist is applied.

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Resolution

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑅𝑃𝑅𝑅𝑃𝑅𝑃𝑅 𝑜𝑜 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑃𝑃𝑜 (𝑃𝑆) =𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 ∗ 60𝐴𝑅𝑆𝐴𝑃𝑜𝐷𝑃𝐷𝑅𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑃𝑅𝑅𝑃𝑜𝑜 𝑅𝑃𝑅𝑅𝑃𝑅𝑃𝑅 ∗

2 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐿𝑃𝑜𝑃𝑃𝐿𝑃𝑅

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝐻𝑅𝑜𝐹 𝑃𝑅𝑜𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑅𝑃𝑜𝑜 𝑆𝑆𝑃𝑅𝑃𝐹 (𝑃𝑃) =𝑃𝑆 + 𝑃𝑆 1 − 𝑃𝑈 + 𝑃𝑆 ∗ 𝐵

𝐾𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝐻𝐿𝑆𝑅𝑜𝑅

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Exercise 2 – Solution •

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Resolution

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Requirements Based Resolution • Requirements for resolution

are often based on Johnson’s Criteria (DORI)

• Detection requires 2 Pixels • (1 Line Pair)

• Orientation requires 2.8 Pixels • (1.4 Line Pair)

• Recognition requires 8 Pixels • (4 Line Pair)

• Identification requires 12.8 Pixels • (6.4 Line Pair)

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Resolution

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Translating Resolution Requirements • Calculate the required resolution from distance to target, DORI

requirement, and size of target

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Resolution

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Exercise 3 – Find Resolution Required • Find the required resolution to determine the orientation of a 5

meter tall X-Wing at 2,000 meters

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Resolution

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Exercise 3 – Solution • Find the required resolution to determine the orientation of a 5

meter tall X-Wing at 2,000 meters

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Resolution

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Effect of Eyepoint Location on Resolution Example:Screen-2.5M radius, 180 HFOV, 60 FVOF, 30 up, 30 down

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Resolution

Resolution in ArMin/Pixel from center of curvature

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Effect of Eyepoint Location on Resolution Example:Screen-2.5M radius, 180 HFOV, 60 FVOF, 30 up, 30 down

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Resolution

Resolution in ArMin/Pixel from right seat

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Resolution and Projector Aspect Ratio Similar resolution performance may be available with different combinations of projector resolution and aspect ratio

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Resolution

2 WQXGA Projectors

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Resolution and Projector Aspect Ratio WQXGA (16:10) = 2560 x 1600 WUXGA (16:10) = 1920 x 1200

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Resolution

3 WUXGA Projectors

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Resolution and Projector Aspect Ratio WUXGA (16:10) = 1920 x 1200 SXGA+ (4:3) = 1400 x 1050

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Resolution

3 SXGA+ Projectors

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Luminance and Contrast Compliance Luminance and Contrast MUST be evaluated together • Light from the projector reflects from the screen to the users eyes • Lighter finish (white paint) reflects more light to the user’s eyes

and the perceived brightness is higher • Darker finish (gray paint) reflects less light to the user’s eyes and

perceived brightness is lower • BUT the reflected light also pollutes other portions of the screen

and degrades contrast ratio

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Luminance

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Luminance and Contrast – The Trade-Off • Given a constant projector brightness and screen geometry

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Screen lighter

Screen Darker

• Brightness is higher • Contrast is lower

• Brightness is lower • Contrast is higher

Luminance

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Luminance •

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Luminance

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Exercise 4 – Luminance Curve • Given plot below draw a new Luminance curve for a projector

upgrade that moves from 450 Lumens per channel to 750 Lumens per channel, All other factors equal

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Luminance

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Exercise 4 – Luminance Curve Solution • Brighter projectors will move the Luminance curve UP

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Luminance

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Luminance Uniformity • Design for worst case luminance

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Luminance

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Contrast

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Contrast

𝐶𝑟 = (𝐵𝑑+𝐵𝑏)𝐵𝑏

Where 𝐵𝑑 = 𝐷𝑃𝑅𝑃𝑆𝑅 𝐵𝑅𝑃𝐷𝐵𝑅𝑜𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝐿𝑜𝑅 𝐵𝑏 = 𝐵𝐿𝑆𝐵𝐷𝑅𝑜𝑅𝑜𝑅 𝐵𝑅𝑃𝐷𝐵𝑅𝑜𝑃𝑃𝑃

𝐵𝑏 = 𝐿 ((𝑅)(𝐻𝑓))2

(𝜋)(𝐷2)(1 − 𝑅 𝐻𝑓 𝐷𝑐 𝐷𝑖 )

𝐻𝑓=Obstruction factor between 1 and .75 R=Dome reflectivity L=Total lumens onto dome D=diameter in feet 𝐷𝑐=% covered by imagery (Projected SA / Sphere SA) 𝐷𝑖 = % acting as integrating sphere (HFOV/ 360°) (Source: S Black, Image 2003)

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Exercise 5 – Contrast Curve • Given plot below for 270°X 140°system draw new contrast

curve for a 150°x 140°system (relative placement)

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Contrast

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Exercise 5 – Contrast Curve Solution • Contrast goes up for a smaller Field of View

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Contrast

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Luminance / Contrast Plot

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Contrast

• It is important to plot luminance and contrast together to see the required trade-off

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Exercise 6 – Screen Gain • Given plot find screen gains that work for a contrast of 8:1 and a

luminance of 7 Ft-L

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Contrast

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Exercise 6 – Screen Gain Solution • Screen reflectivity between .23 between .42

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Contrast

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Exercise 7 – Screen Gain #2 • Find screen gains that work for a contrast of 10:1 and a

luminance of 10 Ft-L

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Contrast

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Exercise 7 – Screen Gain #2 Solution • No Solution

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Contrast

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Summary • Specifications and proposals

• Properly written specs and proposals go hand in hand • Good specs and proposals are needed to overcome the contracting

barrier • The proposal process is a timeline that must be followed • Include a plain language description of what is required (spec) and

what is provided (proposal) for clarity • Field of view, resolution, brightness, and contrast are the

overwhelming drivers of direct view designs

• Screens and fields of view • Lambertian screens scatter light evenly, Gain screens do not • Eyepoints and screen centers do not need to be in the same spot

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Summary

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Summary • System design

• Field of view, projector resolution, blending, Kell factor, and aspect ratio are all factors that influence the resolution of the system

• Johnson’s criteria defines the needed resolution for different training tasks

• High brightness and high contrast are conflicting objectives in display system design and a trade-off must be made to determine the screen gain to achieve acceptable results

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Summary

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Thank you. Questions?