Visual Strategies
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Sport, vision and perceptionSport, vision and perception
Visual strategiesVisual strategies
Interaction visual strategies & Interaction visual strategies & mental : the mental : the tennis tennis exampleexample
PerspectivesPerspectives
Damien Lafont Denver 2008
Damien Lafont
Sport, vision and Sport, vision and perceptionperception
Vision : important parameterVision : important parameter
Empirical methodsEmpirical methods
Confidential methodsConfidential methods
In development …In development …
Denver 2008
Damien Lafont
VisualVisual training training Static and dynamic acuityStatic and dynamic acuity
Contrast sensitivityContrast sensitivity
Ocular movements (mobility)Ocular movements (mobility)
AccommodationAccommodation
Coordination : convergence et Coordination : convergence et divergencedivergence
Denver 2008
Damien Lafont
PerceptualPerceptual training training Visual attentionVisual attention
Attentional partageAttentional partage
MemoryMemory
Multisensorial integrationMultisensorial integration
Visual strategiesVisual strategies
Denver 2008
PerceptualPerceptual training training
Peripheral visionPeripheral vision
Eye / hand coordinationEye / hand coordination
Reaction TimeReaction Time
Damien Lafont Denver 2008
PerceptualPerceptual training training
AcuVisionAcuVision
Damien Lafont
DynaVisionDynaVision Wayne Wayne Peripheral Peripheral Awareness Awareness TrainerTrainer
SVTSVT
Denver 2008
PerceptualPerceptual training training
MMethodsethods Visual Performance Visual Fitness TMK Slow Down the Game Dynamic Edge EyeCoach EyeBall
Damien Lafont Denver 2008
PerceptualPerceptual training training
EyeBallEyeBall – Sherylle Calder – Sherylle CalderImproving performance through increased Improving performance through increased perceptionperception
see better, faster, at the best moment, at the best place see better, faster, at the best moment, at the best place
Methods on field « homeworks »
Results ? Rugby, Hockey
Damien Lafonthttp://www.sportsvisionmagazine.com
Denver 2008
Visual strategiesVisual strategies
DecisionDecision
What to see and When?What to see and When? Identify the best strategiesIdentify the best strategies
Laboratory
On fieldOn field
Gaze controlGaze controlDamien Lafont Denver 2008
Damien Lafont
GazeGaze Stability (100 ms)
fixation tracking
Instability saccades
Optimal control depends on the task (interceptive …)
Identify the control strategiesIdentify the control strategiesDenver 2008
Damien Lafont
Visual strategiesVisual strategies « Vision in Action »« Vision in Action »
Recording what the athletes see
Denver 2008
Damien Lafont
Visual strategiesVisual strategies Identified visual strategies in sport: Identified visual strategies in sport:
BasketballBasketball GolfGolf VolleyballVolleyball Table tennisTable tennis HockeyHockey
Denver 2008
Damien Lafont
Visual strategies: Visual strategies: Example of the hitting phase in Example of the hitting phase in tennistennis
Usual model
Observations
Mental effectsMental effects
Denver 2008
Damien Lafont
Visual strategies - Visual strategies - TennisTennis
Between points, games and setsBetween points, games and sets Routines Ocular movements
Girod (1997), PNL
Return of serveReturn of serve The most relevant cues (anticipation)
During the stroke execution?During the stroke execution?
Denver 2008
Visual strategies - Tennis
Current model: Current model:
« Watch the ball ! »« Watch the ball ! »The player must try to always watch the ball The player must try to always watch the ball
≠ ≠ OBSERVATIONSOBSERVATIONS
Damien Lafont Denver 2008
Visual strategies - Tennis
© Advantage Tennis - McCarron
Damien Lafont
© Advantage Tennis - McCarron
Denver 2008
Visual strategies - TennisFederer shows a specific gaze control (eye Federer shows a specific gaze control (eye
& head) during the hitting phase :& head) during the hitting phase :
Fixation on the contact zone at on the contact zone at impactimpact
Fixation on the contact zone during on the contact zone during the follow-throughthe follow-through
Unique signature ?Unique signature ?Damien Lafont Denver 2008
Photo analysis
DataData + 9000 photos + 9000 photos
ATP & WTA tournaments – Top 100ATP & WTA tournaments – Top 100 Hitting phase: Impact and post-impactHitting phase: Impact and post-impact Groundstrokes: backhand & forehandGroundstrokes: backhand & forehand
Advantage Tennis - Mike McCarronPablo SanfranciscoVandystadtAFPReutersAssociated PressGetty Images
Damien Lafont Denver 2008
3 profiles Fixation in backhand Fixation in backhand AND in forehandin forehand« Total fixation »
Fixation in backhand Fixation in backhand OR in forehand in forehand or by intermittencyor by intermittency
« Partial fixation »
No fixationNo fixation
Damien Lafont Denver 2008
« Fog zone » Different head positionsDifferent head positions Different gaze orientations Different gaze orientations
« No fixation »
Damien Lafont Denver 2008
Total fxation : 10 playersPartial fixation : 35 playersNo fixation
ATP - Top 100ATP ranking 8/20/2007
1. Federer, Nadal, Djokovic, Davydenko, Roddick, Blake, Gonzalez, Robredo, Berdych, Haas, Youzhny, Ljubicic, Gasquet, Canas, Ferrer, Hewitt, Moya, Baghdatis, Murray, Chela, Ferrero, Mathieu, Monaco, Nalbandian, Safin, Nieminen, Tursunov, Almagro, Volandri, Soderling, Starace, Melzer, Karlovic, Stepanek, Verdasco, Hrbaty, Ancic, Kohlschreiber, Andreev, Simon, Clement, Lee, Santoro, Monfils, Gicquel, Montanes, Querrey, Calleri, Becker, Fish, Tipsarevic, Mayer, Hernandez, Eschauer, Rochus, Malisse, Wawrinka, Bjorkman, Del Potro, Massu, Llodra, Lopez, Benneteau, Spadea, Koubek, Ginepri, Russell, Dancevic, Acasuso, Mahut, Delic, Johansson, Vassallo Arguello, Tsonga, Hartfield, Berlocq, Seppi, Roitman, Grosjean, Lapentti, Korolev, Vliegen, Zabaleta, Berrer, Garcia-Lopez, Horna, Bolelli, Guccione, Gulbis, Serra, Luczak, Henman, Kunitsyn, Gabashvili, Haase, Goldstein, Pavel, Pless, Navarro Pastor, Zverev.
Damien Lafont Denver 2008
A new model ?
Damien Lafont
The best players :
Seem to follow the ball longer
Fix the contact zone after the impact
Switch from the ball to the contact zoneSwitch from the ball to the contact zone
BALLBALL CONTACT ZONECONTACT ZONE
Denver 2008
Fixation on the contact zone : The consequences
Biomechanical benefits Visual and cognitive benefits Mental benefits
Damien Lafont Denver 2008
Visual strategies - Tennis
What the coaches tell usWhat the coaches tell usVic Braden (1977, 1993)Vic Braden (1977, 1993)
During the hitting phase, the player should During the hitting phase, the player should avoid moving his head to see where the ball avoid moving his head to see where the ball is goingis going
Scott Ford (1984, 2002)Scott Ford (1984, 2002) Focus on the contact zone would favour Focus on the contact zone would favour « flow » states, therefore optimal performance« flow » states, therefore optimal performance
Damien Lafont Denver 2008
Damien Lafont
Visual strategies - Visual strategies - TennisTennis« Fixation » on the contact zone : « Fixation » on the contact zone :
the mental effectsthe mental effects
ConcentrationConcentration ControlControl StressStress
Denver 2008
Psychology
Damien Lafont
Focus on the ball
« Outcome » focus lack of control
Focuson the
contact zone
ConcentrationPresentControlConfidence
« Flow »&
« Zone »
TESTS & QUESTIONNAIRESOMSAT-3, T-TAIS
Denver 2008
EffectsMesurements Mesurements
EEG – Vickers et Crews (2002)EEG – Vickers et Crews (2002) Golf – brain activation and gaze controlGolf – brain activation and gaze control
Damien Lafont Denver 2008
PerspectivesTraining and learning methods of visual Training and learning methods of visual
strategies in tennisstrategies in tennis AnticipationAnticipation During movement executionDuring movement execution DrillsDrills
Level of expertiseLevel of expertise
Improving performanceImproving performance
Damien Lafont Denver 2008
PerspectivesTraining Training
GolfGolf BaseballBaseball CricketCricket SoccerSoccer RugbyRugby
Damien Lafont Denver 2008
References
Lafont, D. (2008). Six good reasons to keep your eyes off the ball, ITF Coaching and Sport Science Review, 44.
Lafont, D. (2008). Gaze control during the hitting phase in tennis: a preliminary study, IJPAS, 8(3), 85-100.
• Lafont, D. (2008). From the ball to the contact zone: Evidence of visual referential switch among elite tennis players, Le tennis dans la société de demain, Dijon, France, April 2008.
Lafont, D. (2007). High-speed photo analysis of top players’ gaze behaviour, Tennis Science and Technology 3, ITF publication, London, 227-233.
Lafont, D. (2007). Towards a new hitting model in tennis, International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 7(3), 104-114.
Lafont, D. (2007). Watch the ball? ITF Coaching and Sport Science Review, 43, p.11.
Denver 2008