Visitor Based Power Management

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INTRODUCTIONThis Project Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Count using

Microcontroller is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of controlling theroom lights automatically based on the number of visitors present in the room.

When somebody enters into the room then the counter is incremented by oneand the light in the room will be switched ON and when any one leaves theroom then the counter is decremented by one. The light will be only switched

OFF until all the persons in the room go out.


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Block Diagram


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Requirements(Hardware)

Power Supply

LED

IR Led

Switches

DB-107 Rectifier circuit

Crystal Oscillator

Resistor Ladder

Micro Controller

Voltage Regulator

Capacitors

Resistors

Connectors

Bread Board


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Requirements(Software)

Keil Compiler

Orcad


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WorkingIn this project we have placed an IR sensor at the entrance of the room.

When a person is passing through this entrance the invisible rays are abstracted, then

these sensing signals are passed to the micro controller.On each entry a beep sound is heard from the buzzer.

When the visitor count reaches ten, then the light glows.

Also there is a sensor employed at the exit. The distractions in this sensor indicates thata person has left the room.

The led is on until the room is empty i.e., when the exit counter reaches from ten tozero then the led automatically gets off.


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Buzzery Abuzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may

be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers andbeepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouseclick or keystroke.

Uses:Game shows

Microwave ovens and other householdappliancesSporting events such as basketball games

Alarm Clock


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IR LEDy An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits

infrared rays in the range of 760 nm wavelength. Such LEDs are usually made ofgallium arsenide or aluminium gallium arsenide. They, along with IR receivers, arecommonly used as sensors.

y

The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the human eye cannot see theinfrared radiations, it is not possible for a person to identify whether the IR LED is

working or not, unlike a common LED. To overcome this problem, the camera on acell phone can be used. The camera can show us the IR rays being emanated fromthe IR LED in a circuit.


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IR LEDInfrared (IR) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that

of visible light.Its wavelength has a range of 0.74 micrometers (m), and extending conventionally to

300 m and a frequency range of 1 to 400 THz.

USES:

Infrared light is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications.Night-vision:

Night-vision devices using infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observedwithout the observer being detected.

Astronomy:

In astronomy, imaging at infrared wavelengths allows observation of objects obscured

by interstellar dust.

Medical & Other:

Infrared imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, observechanging blood flow in the skin, and overheating of electrical apparatus.


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LEDAlight-emittingdiode (LED) is a semiconductor light source.LEDs are used as

indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting.

Introduced as a practical electronic component in

1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but

modern versions are available across

the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with

very high brightness.

Working:y Light is a form of energy that can be released by an atom. It is made up of many small particle-

like packets that have energy and momentum but no mass. These particles, called photons, are

the most basic units of light.y Photons are released as a result of moving electrons. In an atom, electrons move in orbitals

around the nucleus. Electrons in different orbitals have different amounts of energy. Generallyspeaking, electrons with greater energy move in orbitals farther away from the nucleus.

y An electron releases energy when it drops from a higher orbital to a lower one. This energy isreleased in the form of a photon. A greater energy drop releases a higher-energy photon, whichis characterized by a higher frequency.


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Uses:In general, all the LED products can be divided into two major parts, the

public lighting and indoor lighting. LED uses fall into four major categories:

y Visual signals where light goes more or less directly from the source to the humaneye, to convey a message or meaning.

y Illumination where light is reflected from objects to give visual response of theseobjects.

y

Measuring and interacting with processes involving no human vision.y Narrow band light sensors where LEDs operate in a reverse-bias mode and respond

to incident light, instead of emitting light.


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Switchy In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit,

interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.

y The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical devicewith one or more sets of electrical contacts, which are connected to external circuits.Each set of contacts can be in one of two states:

Either closed meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow betweenthem, or open, meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is non conducting.The mechanism actuating the transition between these two states open or closed canbe either a "toggle" (flip switch for continuous "on" or "off") or "momentary" (push-for"on" or push-for "off") type.

Push Button Switch On-off Switch


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DB 107

DB 107 is a single phase 1.0 amp bridge rectifier.

Its voltage range is 50 volts to 1000 volts and has a

Current of 1 ampere

Bridge Rectifier: Bridge Rectifier:

For most alternative energy applications, we require a directcurrent (DC) voltage to be generated . The AC voltage generated is passed through acircuit of four diodes arranged as shown below and emerged converted into a more

useful DC output.

Diodes allow electricity to flow in only one direction, but there is a small voltage lostacross the a diode of 0.7V called the forwardvoltage drop. If the diode is wired inthe wrong direction then no current (actually a very tiny current) flows across thediode. However, if the voltage is too high and goes over the diode's maximum

reversevoltage, the diode will breakdown and fail.


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Crystal OscillatorsAcrystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the

mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an

electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used tokeep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clocksignal for digital integrated circuits.


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Resistor LadderAresistor ladder is an electrical circuit made of repeating units of resistors.

An R-2R Ladder is a simple and inexpensive way to perform digital-to-analog

conversion, using repetitive arrangements of precision resistor networks in a ladder-like configuration.


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Micro ControllerMicrocontroller is a microprocessor designed specifically for control applications,

and is equipped with ROM, RAM and facilities I / O on a single chip.

AT89S52 is one of the family MCS-51/52 equipped with an internal 8 Kbyte Flash

EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory), which allows memory to

be reprogrammed.

Features of AT89s52:

A CPU (Central Processing Unit) 8 Bit.

256 bytes of RAM (Random Access Memory) internally. Four-port I / O, which each consist of eight bits the internal oscillator and timing circuits. Two timer / counters 16 bits Five interrupt lines (two fruits and three external interrupt

internal interruptions). A serial port with full duplex UART (Universal Asynchronous

Receiver Transmitter). Able to conduct the process of multiplication, division, and

Boolean. the size of 8 KByte EPROM for program memory. Maximum speed execution of instructions per cycle is 0.5 s at

24 MHz clock frequency. If the microcontroller clock

frequency used is 12 MHz, the speed is 1 s instruction

execution


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y PinoutDescription:

y Pins 1-8: Port 1 Each of these pins can be configured as an input or an output.y Pin 9: RS A logic one on this pin disables the microcontroller and clears the contents of most registers. In other words, the positive

voltage on this pin resets the microcontroller. By applying logic zero to this pin, the program starts execution from the beginning.y Pins 10-17: Port 3 Similar to port 1, each of these pins can serve as general input or output. Besides, all of them have alternative

functions:y Pin 10: RXD Serial asynchronous communication input or Serial synchronous communication output.y Pin 11: TXD Serial asynchronous communication output or Serial synchronous communication clock output.y Pin 12: INT0 Interrupt 0 input.y Pin 13: INT1 Interrupt 1 input.y Pin 14: T0 Counter 0 clock input.y Pin 15: T1 Counter 1 clock input.y Pin 16:WR Write to external (additional)RAM.y Pin 17: RD Read from external RAM.y Pin 18, 19:X2, X1 Internal oscillator input and output. A quartz crystal which specifies operating frequency is usually connected to

these pins. Instead of it, miniature ceramics resonators can also be used for frequency stability. Later versions of microcontrollersoperate at a frequency of 0 Hz up to over 50 Hz.y Pin 20:GND Ground.y Pin 21-28: Port 2 If there is no intention to use external memory then these port pins are configured as general inputs/outputs. In

case external memory is used, the higher address byte, i.e. addresses A8-A15 will appear on this port. Even though memory withcapacity of 64Kb is not used, which means that not all eight port bits are used for its addressing, the rest of them are not available asinputs/outputs.

y Pin 29: PSEN If external ROM is used for storing program then a logic zero (0) appears on it every time the microcontroller reads abyte from memory.

y Pin 30:ALE Prior to reading from external memory, the microcontroller puts the lower address byte (A0-A7)on P0 and activates theALE output. After receiving signal from the ALE pin, the external register (usually 74HCT373 or 74HCT375 add-on chip) memorizesthe state of P0 and uses it as a memory chip address. Immediately after that, the ALU pin is returned its previous logic state and P0 isnow used as a Data Bus. As seen, port data multiplexing is performed by means of only one additional (and cheap) integrated circuit.In other words, this port is used for both data and address transmission.

y Pin 31: EA By applying logic zero to this pin, P2 and P3 are used for data and address transmission with no regard to whether there isinternal memory or not. It means that even there is a program written to the microcontroller, it will not be executed. Instead, theprogram written to external ROM will be executed. By applying logic one to the EA pin, the microcontroller will use both memories,first internal then external (if exists).

y Pin 32-39: Port 0 Similar to P2, if external memory is not used, these pins can be used as general inputs/outputs. Otherwise, P0 isconfigured as address output (A0-A7)when the ALE pin is driven high (1) or as data output (Data Bus)when the ALE pin is drivenlow (0).

y P

in 40:VCC +5V power supply.


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VoltageRegulatorAvoltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a

constant voltage level.

VoltageRegulator (regulator), usually having three legs,converts varying input voltage and produces a constant regulated

output voltage. They are available in a variety of outputs.

The most common part numbers start with the numbers 78 or 79

and finish with two digits indicating the output voltage. Thenumber 78 represents positive voltage and 79 negative one. The

78XX series of voltage regulators are designed for positive input. And

the 79XX series is designed for negative input.

Examples: 5V DC Regulator Name: LM7805 or MC7805

-5V DC Regulator Name: LM7905 or MC7905

6V DC Regulator Name: LM7806 or MC7806

-9V DC Regulator Name: LM7909 or MC7909


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CapacitorsA capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they work in completely different ways,

capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy.

We know that a battery has two terminals. Inside the battery, chemical reactionsproduce electrons on one terminal and absorb electrons on the other terminal. Acapacitor is much simpler than a battery, as it can't produce new electrons -- it onlystores them.

Inside the capacitor, the terminals connect to two metal platesseparated bya non-conductingsubstance, or dielectricsuch as mica, ceramic, cellulose, porcelain,

Mylar, Teflon and even air are some of the non-conductive materials used.Uses:y Air - Often used in radio tuning circuits

y Mylar - Most commonly used for timer circuits

like clocks, alarms and counters

y Glass - Good for high voltage applicationsy Ceramic - Used for high frequency purposes like

antennas, X-ray and MRI machines

y Super capacitor - Powers electric and hybrid cars.


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Composition

y The most common resistor is the Carbon resistor. Inside a carbon resistor is a'ceramic 'core' on which is deposited a spiral carbon 'track'. The track may havebeen machined, or 'burnt' away with a laser beam.

A wire wound

resistor

A cut-away showing the inside

of a carbon resistor

A 'cut-away' showing the inside of a Carbon Resistor.

High-power "wire-wound" resistors have a spiral of high-resistance wire woundaround the ceramic core.


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Connectors,IC Bases, Bread board

Connectors:

These are the devices for removably connecting

electrically operateddevices to the power supply.

IC Base:

ICs (chips) are easily damaged by heat when soldering and their short pins cannot be

protected with a heat sink. Instead we use an ICholder, strictly called a DIL socket (DIL = Dual In-

Line), which can be safely soldered onto the circuit

board. The IC is pushed into the holder when all

soldering is complete.

Bread Board:Abreadboard (protoboard) is a construction base

for prototyping of electronics. Because the solder less

breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable.

This makes it easy to use for creating temporary

prototypes and experimenting with circuit design.


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Applications:

y Museums

y Visitors counting

y Cinema theaters

y Shopping malls

y Sports venue


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Advantages:

y Highly sensitive

y Low cost and reliable circuit

y Directional countingy Reduces Power Consumption


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Any Queries???

Visitor Based Power Management

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