Vision & Hearing - Vanderbilt University · Vision & Hearing: From Molecules to Sensory Loss...
Transcript of Vision & Hearing - Vanderbilt University · Vision & Hearing: From Molecules to Sensory Loss...
![Page 1: Vision & Hearing - Vanderbilt University · Vision & Hearing: From Molecules to Sensory Loss Tuesday, October 22nd, 2019 Jane Burton, Au.D., CCC-A Sarah Naguib, B.S.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602ae00b1404ef0847538448/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Vision & Hearing: From Molecules to Sensory Loss
Tuesday, October 22nd, 2019
Jane Burton, Au.D., CCC-A
Sarah Naguib, B.S.
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Outline
● Brief Overview of Neurotransmission
● The Senses and the Brain
○ Vision
○ Hearing
● Sensory Loss and the Brain
○ Vision Loss
○ Hearing Loss
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Neurons communicate via synapses
● Synapses: junctions between
two neurons
● Neurotransmitters: chemical
messengers released from
neurons at synapses so they
can communicate with
neighboring cells
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Release of neurotransmitters can cause
depolarization or hyperpolarization
● Some neurotransmitters are viewed
as “excitatory” ○ Target neurons are more likely to fire an
action potential
● Some neurotransmitters are viewed
as “inhibitory”○ Target neurons are less likely to fire an
action potential
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Brief review of action potentials
● When a neuron is not sending
signals, it is at rest
● An action potential occurs when
a neuron sends information
down an axon, away from the
cell body
● If the signal is strong enough, it
will trigger the action potential
● The neuron becomes
hyperpolarized
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The Senses: Interacting with the World
● Vision
● Audition
● Somatosensation
● Olfaction
● Gustation
● Balance
● Nociception
● Proprioception
● Thermoception
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Sensation and Perception
Input
Transduction
Processing
Perception
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Vision
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Visual Input: Light
Spectrum Intensity
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Visual Sensory Transduction: The Eye
Fovea
Retina
Optic
Nerve
Scotoma
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Visual Sensory Transduction: The Eye
● Photoreceptors
○ Rods
○ Cones
● Bipolar cells
● Ganglion cells
Phototransduction
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Humans have two types of photoreceptors
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Photoreceptors are highly compartmentalized
● Phototransduction occurs in the outer
segment
● Mitochondria and ER are for energy
production
● Neurotransmitters are released from terminal
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Major players in phototransduction
Opsin: light-sensitive receptor cGMP: second messenger
that keeps photoreceptors in
depolarized state
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Phototransduction involves 3 major steps
1. Light enters the eye and activates
the opsin molecules inside the
photoreceptors
2. Activated rhodopsin causes a
reduction in cGMP
3. Photoreceptor is hyperpolarized
following light exposure
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Inactivation of phototransduction
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Visual Sensory Transduction: The Eye
Visual Field
Fovea
Retina
Optic
Nerve
Scotoma
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Visual Processing
Orientation Contrast
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Visual Processing: Visual Neurons
● Receptive Field
○ Orientation
○ Color
○ Motion
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Visual Processing: The Visual Pathway
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Visual Processing: Visual System Organization
Cortical
Magnification
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Visual Processing: Visual System Organization
● Hierarchical Organization
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Visual Processing: Visual System Organization
● Specialized Areas
Parahippocampal place area
Broca’s area
Wernicke’s area
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Visual Processing: Visual Pathways
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Visual Perception
● Gestalt psychology
● Visual illusions
○ Moving dot motion
○ Barber pole illusion
It deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt
tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a
toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the
huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.
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Hearing
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Auditory Input: Sound
Time
Fre
quency
Inte
nsity
Spectrogram
Waveform
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Auditory Sensory Transduction: The Ear
MechanotransductionIncus
Malleus
● Pinna & ear canal
● Ear drum
● Ossicles
○ Malleus
○ Incus
○ Stapes
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Auditory Sensory Transduction: The Cochlea
Mechanotransduction
● Basilar
membrane
● Hair cells with
stereocilia
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Auditory Sensory Transduction: The Cochlea
Mechanotransduction
● Basilar
membrane
● Hair cells with
stereocilia
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Mechanotransduction
by Hair Cells
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Auditory Processing: Auditory Neurons
● Receptive Field
○ Frequency
○ Intensity
○ Timing
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Auditory Processing: The Auditory Pathway
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Auditory Processing: Auditory System Organization
Head
Shadow
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Auditory Perception Pitch
TimbreLoudness
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Auditory Perception
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dP15zlyra3c
Sound Localization
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Auditory PerceptionShepard Tone
Jumbled Speech
Music
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Vision vs.
HearingWho Facial recognition Speech comprehension
Sound discrimination
What Object recognition
Retinotopic map
Object recognition
Tonotopic map
Where Spatial location
Retinotopic map
Spatial location
Interaural timing/intensity
differences
When Temporal resolution Temporal resolution
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Sensory Systems and Beyond
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When
Inputs
Decline
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Vision Loss: Peripheral Mechanisms
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Vision Loss: Peripheral Mechanisms
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Vision Loss: Central Consequences
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Vision Loss: Treatments
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Sarah’s Research: Blast-Induced Vision Loss
● Between 2000-2010, almost 200,000
eye injuries occurred in military
populations following blast exposure
● Up to 40% of monocular blindness is
due to ocular trauma
● Our lab models blast-induced vision
loss
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Tree shrews to study ocular blast injury
● Tree shrews have eyes that are
very similar to humans!
● Repeat blast injury →
regeneration of injury ganglion
cells
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Types of Hearing Loss
Incus
Malleus
X X X
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Hearing Loss: Peripheral Mechanisms
○ Cerumen impaction
○ Eardrum perforation
○ Ear infection
○ Cholesteatoma
○ Otosclerosis
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Hearing Loss: Peripheral Mechanisms
○ Noise exposure
○ Aging
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Jane’s Research: Noise-
Induced Hearing Loss
● High prevalence, especially among veterans
○ 1 in 6 U.S. adults have hearing loss
○ Tinnitus and hearing loss are #1 and #2
disabilities seen in the VA
● Most common complaint: difficulty
hearing in noisy environments
● Sensorineural hearing loss
○ Preceded by inner hair cell synapse loss
(synaptopathy or “hidden hearing loss”)
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Nonhuman Primate
Model
Behavioral Hearing Tests
Clinical Objective Testing
(Electrophysiology)Anatomy of the Cochlea
and the Brain
Invasive Brain
Recordings
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Hearing Loss: Central Consequences
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Hearing Loss: Central Consequences
Crossmodal
Reorganization
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Hearing Loss: Treatments
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Hearing Loss: Treatments
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Hearing Loss: Treatments
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Hearing Loss: Treatments
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Take Home Message
● Hearing and vision are special senses that allow us to
communicate and perceive our environment
● Damage to the eyes or ears leads to changes in the brain
● Treatments for vision and hearing
loss are on the horizon
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Jane Burton
Ramachandran Lab
https://my.vanderbilt.edu/
ramachandranlab/
Sarah Naguib
Rex Lab
http://www.psy.vanderbilt.edu/
rexlab/