Visible Emissions Evaluation Certification Training Also Known As “Smoke School”
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Transcript of Visible Emissions Evaluation Certification Training Also Known As “Smoke School”
Visible Emissions Evaluation Certification Training
Also Known As “Smoke School”
BEFORE WE GET STARTED
DID YOU SIGN IN?
RESTROOMS
LUNCH TIME
PLEASE DON’T USE YOUR CELL PHONES DURING LECTURES
NO SMOKING
What visible emissions are How they are caused External factors that may influence them How Visible Emissions can be controlled The Georgia VE Regulations How to properly evaluate VE
Lecture Objectives We want you to understand the following:
REGULATORY BACKGROUND
1881 City Air Pollution Laws
Chicago & Cincinnati
REGULATORY BACKGROUND1890 - Ohio regulated smoke emissions
from steam boilers.
REGULATORY BACKGROUNDRinglemann Number (1897)
A system where shades of gray can be reproduced by using a grid of black lines on a white background.
Used to determine boiler efficiency.
RINGLEMANN CHARTS
20% to 80%
REGULATORY BACKGROUND OPACITY
THE AMOUNT, EXPRESSED IN PERCENT, THAT EMISSIONS REDUCE THE TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT AND OBSCURE THE BACKGROUND.
(5% increments)
REGULATORY BACKGROUNDEquivalent Opacity = (20 x Ringlemann No.) The opacity that is equivalent to the
obscuring power of the black smoke characterized by a Ringlemann Number.
Due to the promulgation of 40 CFR 60 Method 9 in 1974, the State of Georgia no longer uses the Ringlemann System.
REGULATORY BACKGROUND 40 CFR 60, APPENDIX A
METHOD 9 - Promulgated 1974
Visual determination of the emissions from stationary sources.
Provides procedures for training, certification of observations and determination of plume opacity.
QUESTIONS
What are Visible Emissions?
Questions
How are Visible Emissions Caused?
PARTICLES
Combustion sources: smoke,
soot, fly ash
Non-combustion sources: dust, fumes, mists, vapors, gases
VARIOUS POLLUTION SOURCES
Industrial Process Losses Chemical Processing
Mineral Processing Petroleum Refining
Solvent Evaporation
PARTICLES AND OPACITY
IF THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES IN A CERTAIN VOLUME OF AIR IS INCREASED, MORE LIGHT WILL BE BLOCKED.
External Factors That May Influence Visible Emissions
How Can Visible Emissions Be Controlled?
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
LOW ENERGY SYSTEMS: (do not collect small particles as efficiently)
-SETTLING CHAMBER -CYCLONE HIGH ENERGY SYSTEMS: (do collect
small particles efficiently) -BAGHOUSE -WET SCRUBBER -ESP
LARGE PARTICLES FALL INTO HOPPER
50 MICRONSOR LESS
EXPANDED AREA TO SLOWDOWN GAS FLOW
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
SETTLING CHAMBER
CYCLONES centrifugal force
High efficiency -Collect particles down to 4 microns; requires high pressure at inlet. -< 3ft. in diameter. Low efficiency -Cannot collect smaller particles; -larger / less pressure
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Baghouse - pressure, filter, 99%+
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
CONTROL EQUIPMENTBAGHOUSE TIDBITS
Different types of bags for different types of exhaust.
Uses particulate build-up on the bags to clean more effectively. (pores smaller)
Sometimes use pulsed air to clean the bags. (hoppers)
CONTROL EQUIPMENT WET SCRUBBER Uses water to contact the particles and
carry them out of the exhaust. No hoppers
Can be very efficient Water needs to be cleaned and /or dried
up (Settling pond)
WET SCRUBBER
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Very effective Moderate operating cost High installation cost Complex: may require original contractor
to repair
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Charges particles Attracts the charged particles to plates Raps the plate to drop particles into the
hopper
ESP OPERATION
ESP
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Questions
Some Meteorological Variables Which Influence Plume Transport, Dispersion & Opacity WIND STABILITY PRECIPITATION FRONTS
WIND SPEED Affects plume dispersion High Winds = Greater dispersion Low Winds = Less dispersion Also affects plume rise
WIND DIRECTION Determines the area over
which pollutants will move in relation
to the source
STABILITY Ability of the atmosphere to
disperse pollutants.
Dominating factor in determining plume rise and dispersion.
Cloud Cover
Determines the intensity of sunlight Clear Sky - Unstable lower
atmosphere from surface heating Cloudy Sky - Stable lower atmosphere
Change of Temperature in the Vertical
NORMAL Atmosphere - Temperature decreases with height.
INVERSION - Temperature increases with height.
INVERSION
Layer of air in which temperature increases with height
Top of the layer acts like a cap to limit vertical dispersion
Pollution often becomes trapped beneath the inversion cap
Removes pollutants from the atmosphere
Natures Wet Scrubber
PRECIPITATION
FRONTS
Affect winds
Affect temperatures
Affect stability
Can help cause precipitation
Questions
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Opacity Method
SOME ADVANTAGES OF VISIBLE EMISSIONS EVALUATION
Validity Established in Court.
Can Qualify with a Short Period of Training – Technical Background.
Sophisticated Equipment Not Required.
Evaluation Not Time Consuming.
Offers Methods of Self Monitoring.
SOME DISADVANTAGES OF VISIBLE EMISSIONS EVALUATION
Optimum Positioning Not Always Possible – The Greater the Deviation from Prescribed Conditions, the Less Reliable the Evaluation.
Adverse Weather Conditions – High Winds, Rain, Haze – May Inhibit Reliability or Make Readings Impossible for a Time.
NO Universal Correlation Between Opacity and Mass Emissions.
VE’S Not Readily Performed at Night.
Observer Position for Reading Visible Emissions
PRESCRIBED CONDITIONSI. POSITION: The observer shall be positioned with the sun in the 140° sector
to his or her back.
The observer shall be positioned with the wind blowing the plume at approximately right angles to his or her line of sight if possible.
The observer shall be positioned so that the longer axis of a rectangular outlet is at approximately a right angle to his or her line of sight.
The observer shall be positioned from a point not less than three stack heights nor more than a quarter mile from the base of the stack.
PRESCRIBED CONDITIONS (continued)II: OBSERVATION: The observer’s line of sight shall not include more
than one plume, when multiple stacks are visible.
The observer should view the plume at the point of greatest opacity, usually about one diameter above the stack exit.
The observer shall not stare at the plume continually, but view the plume only at the prescribed 15 second interval.
The observer shall view the plume against a background that contrasts with the color of the plume.
Point towards the Stack
140º Angle
sun
140
°
KEEP THE SUN AT YOUR BACK EVEN ON OVERCAST DAYS
Observer positioned with the longer axis of rectangular outlets at approximately right angles to the observer’s line of view.
The observers line of sight is perpendicular to the long axis of a rectangular outlet.
The observer is positioned froma point not less than THREE ( 3 ) stackheights and not more than 1/4 milefrom the source.
OBSERVER POSITION
3H2H1H
202020
21.022.428.2
ACTUALOPACITY
OBSERVED OPACITY
H STACK
45° 27° 18°
1H 2H 3H
OBSERVER’S LINE OF VIEW SHOULD NOT INCLUDE MORE
THAN ONE STACK WHEN MULTIPLE STACKS ARE INCLUDED.
Condensed Water Vapor Plumes
CAUSES OF WET PLUMES WATER PRODUCED BY FUEL COMBUSTION.
MOISTURE FROM DRYERS.
WATER INTRODUCED BY WET SCRUBBER.
WATER INTRODUCED TO CONTROL HEAT.
WATER INTRODUCED TO CONDITION GAS FLOW
SON, THAT’S JUST STEAM
AREA OF STEAM CONDENSATION
READHERE
ATTACHED STEAM PLUME
AREA OF STEAM CONDENSATION
READHERE
READ HERE (PREFERRED)
The Smoke Generator and How it Works
SMOKE GENERATOR TRAILER COMPONENTS
PROPANE TANK STORAGE
WHITE SMOKE VAPORIZATION CHAMBER
VENT
SMOKE GENERATOR TRAILER COMPONENTS
BLACK SMOKE COMBUSTION CHAMBER
PLUME PRODUCTION
PROPANE
PLUME PRODUCTION
WHITE SMOKE
PLUME PRODUCTION
BLACK SMOKE
SMOKE PRODUCTIONPLUME PRODUCTION
Reflection, Refraction or Absorption
PLUME MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION
TRANSMISSOMETER
PHOTOCELL LIGHT SOURCE
PLUME MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION
Field Procedures and Documentation
METHOD 9 METHOD 9 INCLUDES: PROCEDURES FOR TRAINING AND
CERTIFICATION OF OBSERVERS.
PROCEDURES TO BE USED IN THE FIELD FOR DETERMINATION OF PLUME OPACITY.
THE APPEARANCE OF A PLUME DEPENDS UPON
A NUMBER OFVARIABLES WHICH MAY
BE CONTROLLABLE INTHE FIELD
OPACITY OBSERVATIONS SHALL BE MADE AT THE POINT OF
GREATEST OPACITY.
OBSERVER SHOULD NOT STARE AT THE PLUME
CONTINUALLY, BUT VIEW THE PLUME ONLY AT THE PRESCRIBED 15 SECOND
INTERVAL.
THE OBSERVER SHOULD VIEW THE PLUME AGAINST BACKGROUNDS
THAT CONTRAST WITH THE COLOR OF THE PLUME.
A BLACK PLUME SHOULD BE READ AGAINST A LIGHT BACKGROUND
A WHITE PLUME SHOULD BE READ
AGAINST A DARK TEXURED BACKGROUND
PICK UP TEST SHEET POSITION YOURSELF (SUN AT BACK) FILL OUT TOP PORTION OF FORM LOOK AT THE STANDARDS
FIELD QUALIFYING PROCEDURES
FIELD QUALIFYING PROCEDURES OBSERVE DEMONSTRATION OF STANDARDS
PARTICIPATE IN PRACTICE PLUME TESTS
TESTING FOR BLACK AND WHITE SMOKE
MAKE SURE YOU UNDERSTAND GRADING PROCEDURES
RETEST, IF NECESSARY
Don’t Look From Side To Side For information !!!
FIELD QUALIFYING PROCEDURES
TESTINGA trainee must assign opacity values
to 25 black plumes and 25 white Plumes on one continuous form.
FIELD CERTIFICATION AND FORMS
1. STARING AT THE PLUME 2. READING THE PLUME AT THE WRONG TIME
Common Errors
CHECK TO MAKE SURE THAT YOUR TEST:
Has only one circled answer on every line
Has neatly marked changes Is signed
Then turn in the white original portion.
Did You PASS ?If the answers to the following questions are all yes, turn in the yellow copy.
Were all answers within 15% opacity i.e., errors of 3 increments or less (+ or -)
Was the total error less than 38 for black smoke?
Was the total error less than 38 for white smoke?
You must re-test if: There is an error of 4 increments or
Greater anywhere on the Field Test Form
The total error on either of the sets is more than 37
QUESTIONS
THE END