1. ASSIGNMENTSUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BYANUPAMA TEACHER VISHNU.BLECTURER IN SOCIAL SCIENCE OPTION: SOCIAL SCIENCEFMTC MYLAPURE FMTC MYLAPURE1 | LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS

2. LOCAL SELFGOVERNMENTSINDEXcontent Page no1 Introduction 4-52 | LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS 3. 2 Need of Lsgs 53 Decentralization in India 5-64 73rd and 74th acts 6-85 Organizational structure 9-116 conclusion 127 reference 13INTRODUCTIONDemocracy is the basic core of Indias Socio Political andEconomic setup. Democracy means the rule of the people wherepeople can participate in the administrative process of the nation3 | LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS 4. without any fear or discrimination. India has the largest democraticset up in the world in which more than hundred crores of peopleparticipate in the political and economic system of the nation.Transferring power to the people is the back bone of Indiandemocracy. Democracy ensures equality, justice, and freedom to thepeople in order to express their will in nation making. Democracy isaccepted world widely as the best form of government.Peoples Planning is an ideal concept in every sense of theterm. The aim of planning in India is rapid economic growth,abolition of poverty and unemployment, reduction of inequalities,industrialization and establishment of a socialist pattern of society.The peoples involvement in planning process isthrough Panchayati Raj Institutions. The Panchayati Raj Institutionsinstalled in the State have three tiers viz., the Gram Panchayat, Blockpanchayat, and the District Panchayat and the NagarapalikaInstitutions Municipalities And Corporation.NEED OF LSGsLocal self government stands close to the people and solve theproblems of common people speedily and closely. It effectively4 | LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS 5. protects the interests of the people. Decentralization and planningare implemented mainly through the local government.S. M. Vijayanand, Principal Secretary, Department of Local SelfGovernments of Kerala(2002) opined that Kerala was a pioneer inbig- bang decentralization, a path breaker in methodology and as aresult the quantum of corruption has come down to the tune of 10%at the Panchayat level vis--vis the PWD construction costs.DECENTRALISATION IN INDIADecentralization is the transfer of decision making powersto more directly concerned, lower levels of Government andadministrative authority. The interest in decentralization as amechanism for transforming society is not new. In the second half ofthe twentieth century, practically every country has experimentedwith some form of decentralization or local government reform withvarying aims and outcomes.OBJECTIVES OF DECENTRALIZATION5 | LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS 6. Generally the objectives of decentralization as put forward bythe countries are: Promotion of a more balanced development in the country Design of more realistic projects and programme which takeinto account local potentials and constraints More effective co- ordination of development activities atvarious spatial levels through disaggregation of planningfunctions. Strengthening of local political and increasing peoplesparticipation in development Boosted mobilization of local resources73RD AND 74TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTSThe history of panchayati raj in India, on April 24, 1993,73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 came intoforce to provide constitutional status to the PRIs are popularlyknown as the Panchayati Raj and Nagarapalika ConstitutionAmendment Act . The Amendment of 1993 added a new pathrelating to panchayat in the Constitution under the Article 243 toprovide for the following.6 | LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS 7. Grama Sabha in Villages Direct election to all seats Reservation to SC/ST 1/3 reservation to women Devolution of powers and responsibilities by state legislatureupon panchayat. To levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees. Setting up of a finance commissionThe passage of the 73rd and 74th Amendments marks anew era in the federal democratic setup of the country and providesa constitutional status to the PRIs. Consequent upon the enactmentof the Acts, almost all the states and union territories except Jammu& Kashmir NCT Delhi and Uttaranchal have enacted legislation.All the States except Arunachal Pradesh, NCT Delhi andPondicherry have held election. As a result, 2, 32,278 panchayats atvillage level; 6022 panchayats at intermediate level and 535panchayats at district level have been constituted in the country.These panchayats are being manned by about 29.2 lacks electedrepresentatives of panchayats at all level. This is the broadest7 | LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS 8. representative base that exists in any country of the world Developed or under developed.Organizational Structure and responsibility ofLocal Bodies in Kerala: - 3 Tier SystemGrama PanchayatsAt the bottom level, there is the Grama Panchayat.According tothe Kerala Panchayati Raj Act, 1994; there should be a GramaPanchayat for a village or a group of villages. The total number of themembers of Grama Panchayat will be decided on the basis ofpopulation .It varies from panchayat to panchayat. All members areelected directly by the people. A fixed number of seats should bereserved for SC/STs depending on their population. One third ofthe total seats of the Grama Panchayat should be reserved forwomen. The members of the Grama Panchayat will elect itspresident and vice president from along themselves. They have closeinteraction with the people at mass level. They are entrusted toprepare the blue print of the plan incorporating the assessed needsof the area.The Grama Panchayat is the Constitutional Local Bodyfunctioning at the village level. According to the Panchayati Raj Act,8 | LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS 9. Grama Panchayat as to summon the Grama Sabha consisting of theentire voters at the ward level at least twice in a year. The electedrepresentative of the ward has to attend the Grama Sabha andcollect the proposals of the needs raised by the people. He isanswerable to the Grama Sabha to the activities of the panchayat .Role of Grama Sabha:-The Grama Sabha is the most important institutional mechanismfor peoples participation in decentralization. The sponsors of thePeoples plan fruitfully utilized this constitutional arrangement fordrafting the blue print of the peoples plan at the lowest level, theGrama Sabha. The Grama Sabha is made the soul of the PanchayatiRaj Institutions in the states. It will approve the annual budget andthe plans of developmental programmes, annual statement ofaccounts seek clarification from the President or members about theworks undertaken by the panchayats.Block Panchayat9 | LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS 10. Section 8 of the Kerala Panchayati Raj Act states thatthere should be a block panchayat at the block level. It occupies themiddle position between the Grama Panchayat and the DistrictPanchayat. A fixed number of seats of the block panchayat shouldbe reserved for SC/STs depending upon their population in the blockpanchayat area. The members of the block panchayat will elect itspresident and vice president from themselves. At the blockpanchayat level, another expert committee and the electedrepresentatives are entrusted to codify the draft of the Peoples Planprepared by the Grama Panchayat under their jurisdiction. The StateGovernment appoints an expert committee from time to time atblock level.District Panchayat:-There are 14 District Panchayats in the State. These DistrictPanchayats have to codify draft the district level plan document byreviewing plan documents prepared and submitted by theirrespective Block Panchayats. At the district level, they have toprepare a single district plan document by codifying the entire blocklevel documents. There are municipalities and municipalcorporations also. Therefore, at the district level, codified single plandocument has two corollas, one meant for Panchayati Raj Systemand other for the Nagarapalika System. For this purpose, a District10 | LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS 11. Level Planning Committee was formulated in the monitoring phasecomprising official and non official experts. The District LevelPlanning Committee should be a scientific one which entrustspriority only on the basis of viability of project without anyreservation including political.3 TIERSGRAMA PANCHAYAT DISTRICT PANCHAYATBLOCK PANCHAYATCONCLUSION11 | LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS 12. Today local governance is seen as an integral part ofour federal system and involves devolution offunctions, funds and functionaries to panchayats andother local governments. A study among major Statesin India leads one firm conclusion that no state exceptKerala has devolved powers and resources. So it is veryimportant to make the local governments as selfsufficient for ensuring democracy and make the dreamof our Father of The Nation into reality self sufficientlocal government.REFERENCES12 | LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS 13. Oomen M.A : Deepening Decentralised Governance In RuralIndia: Lessons from The Peoples Plan Initiatives OfKerala (2004)Vijayanand S.M : Status of Panchayati Raj in Kerala (2002)Biju M.R : Decentralization An Indian Experience.(2008)Mohanan .S : Resource mobilization in peoples planning:a case study( 2001)Aiyer Mani Shankar : Panchayati Raj: the way forwar,EconomicAnd Political Weekly 3 August, (2002)corrected byAnupama M RLr in social science13 | LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS