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Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction1 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Imran Hussain
University of Management and Technology (UMT)
Lecture 5
Discipline of HCI
Virtual University
Human-Computer Interaction
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction2 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
In the Last Lecture
• Usability– Definition
“Ensuring that interactive products are easy to learn, effective to user
and enjoyable from the user’s perspective (Preece etal)”
– Usability Goals
Effectiveness
Efficiency
Safety
Utility
Learnability
Memorablity
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction3 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
In the Last Lecture
• User Experience– Definition
– User Experience Goals
• Relationship of Usability and User Experience
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction4 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
User Experience Goals
• Satisfying
• Enjoyable
• Fun
• Entertaining
• Helpful
• Motivating
• Aesthetically Pleasing
• Supportive to Creativity
• Rewarding
• Emotionally Fullfilling
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction5 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
In the Last Lecture
• Relationship of Usability and User Experience
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction6 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
In the Last Lecture
User Experience Goals
Usability Goals
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction7 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Fun
Emotionally fullfilling
Rewarding
Satisfying
Entertaining
enjoyable
helpful
Motivating
Aesthetically pleasing
Supportive of creativity
Efficient to use
Easy to remember
Effective to use
Easy to learn
Safe to use
Have good utility
Usability Goals
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction8 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
In the Last Lecture
• History and Evolution of HCI– 1960’s Research
– 1970’s Technological Explosion
– The Three Systems• Dynabook• Star• Lisa
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction9 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Last Lecture’s Revelation
“Don’t Make me THINK, is the key to a usable product”
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction10 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
In Today’s Lecture
• Usability and Quality
• Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI
• Disciplines contributing to HCI
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction11 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Quote of the Day – Terry Winograd
“HCI is the kind of discipline which is neither the study of humans nor the study of technology, but rather the bridging between the two. So you always have to have one eye open to the questions:
– What can the technology do?
– How can you build it ?
– What are the possibilities?
And one eye open to the question– What are people doing and how would this fit in
– What would they do with it ?
If you lose sight of either of those you fail to design well .. I think the challenge is to really keep knowledge of both the technology and the people playng ff against each other in order to develop new things”
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction12 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Usability and Quality
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction13 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Quality and Software
• What is Quality?– You like a product
– Does not break down
• QA Teams
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction14 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Quality is conformance to specifications
(British Defense Industries Quality Assurance Panel)
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction15 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Quality is conformance to requirements
(Philip Crosby)
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction16 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Quality is fitness for purpose or use
(Juran)
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction17 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Quality is a predictable degree of uniformity and dependability, at low cost and suited to the market
(Edward Deming)
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction18 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Quality is synonymous with customer needs and expectations
(R J Mortiboys)
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction19 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Quality is meeting the (stated) requirements of the customer- now and in the future
(Mike Robinson)
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction20 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Quality is the total composite product and service characteristics of marketing, engineering, manufacturing and maintenance through which the product and service in use will meet the expectations by the customer
(Armand Feigenbaum)
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction21 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs
(ISO 8402 : 1994)
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction22 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
What is a Product?
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction23 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Product
• A generic term that refers to– Goods
– Services
• Failure to meet quality requirements in either dimension can have serious negative consequences
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction24 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
… implied needs must be turned into requirements …
PMBOK
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction25 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Software Quality
• The extent to which a software product exhibits these characteristics– Functionality
– Reliability
– Usability
– Efficiency
– Maintainability
– Portability
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction26 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Software QA Teams
• Only test requirements
• Customers and users
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction27 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
The Dual Nature of Usability
• Usability is both
Strategic
Tactical
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction28 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction29 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
What is HCI?
• HCI is a large interdisciplinary area
• Emerging as specialty concern within several disciplines, each with different emphases
– Computer science (application design and engineering of human interfaces)– Psychology (the application of theories of cognitive processes and the empirical
analysis of user behavior)– Sociology and anthropology (interactions between technology, work, and
organization)– Industrial design (interactive products)
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction30 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
What is HCI?
• HCI concerned with:– Joint performance of tasks by humans and machines– Structure of communication between human and machine– Human capabilities to use machines– Algorithms and programming of interfaces– Engineering concerns in designing and building interfaces– Process of design, specification and implementation– Design trade-offs
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction31 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
What is HCI?
• Various aspects– Science
• Human capabilities to use machines
– Engineering• Building interfaces
– Design• Design tradeoffs
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction32 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Case Study – Ticketing System
• A small ticketing agency has many shops distributed throughout the country
• Feels the need to install efficient ticketing system, for survival
• Manual Issuing Procedure– Call airlines to check for vacant seats
– Check with customer if the available seat is suitable
– Then ticket is written out manually
– Customer receipts and intinerary
– Accounting for issued tickets every two weeks
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction33 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Case Study – Ticketing System - Research
• The research on existing ticketing systems reveal– Computers always going wrong
– Lack of trust in computers
– Staff unable to understand messages
• The Result– Sales figures had dropped and were disappointing
– A large number of sales staff had left
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction34 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Ticketing System - Recommendations
• Immediate booking via Internet
• Automatic print-out of tickets, itineraries and receipts
• Direct connection between booking system and accounting system
• Elimination of booking forms
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction35 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Ticketing System - Recommendations
• Layout of the agency needs to be changed for staff to operate computers
• Staff training
• Changes to job design
• Support to older staff during period of change
• Changes to employment conditions must be examined
• Staff relationship with other non-techi staff members (Technology Power)
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction36 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Factors in HCIOrganizational Factors
Training, job design, politics, roles Work organizationEnvironmental Factors
Noise, heating, ventilation,lighting
Health and SafetyStress, headaches, Musculo-skeleton,
disorders
Cognitive processes and capabilitiesThe User
Motivation, Enjoyment, Satisfaction, PersonalityExperience level
Comfort LevelSeating
Equipmentlayout
User InterfaceInput devices, output displays, dialogue structures, User of colour, icons, commands, graphics, natural language
3-D, user support materials, multimedia
Task FactorsEasy, complex, novel, Task allocation, repetitive,Monitoring, skills, multi-media
ConstraintsCosts, timescales, budgets, Staff, equipment, building structure
System FunctionalityHardware, software, application
Productivity FactorsIncrease output, increase quality, decrease costs, decrease errors,Decrease labour requirements, decrease
production time,Increase creative and innovative ideas leading to new products
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction37 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI
• HCI is understanding the Complex Relationship between Human and Computers
• Two Distinct “Species”
• Successful Integration is dependent upon the a better understanding of both Species
• Hence HCI borrows and establishes its roots in Disciplines concerned with both
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction38 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI
• HCI has roots in many disciplines
• HCI is inter-disciplinary in nature
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction39 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Anthropology
ArtificialIntelligence
Engineering
Design
Ergonomics &
Human Factor
Linguistics
Social Organizational Psychology
Philosophy
ComputerScience
Cognitive Psychology
HCI
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction40 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI – Human Side
• Cognitive Psychology
• Social Organizational Psychology
• Ergonomics and human Factors
• Linguistics
• Philosophy
• Sociology
• Anthropology
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction41 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Cognitive Psychology
• Understanding human behavior and mental processes
• Human information processing– See
– Feel
– Touch
– Smell
– Taste
• How much information can be processed and remembered
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction42 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Social Organizational Psychology
• Studying nature and causes of human behavior in social context
• Four core concerns– Influence of one individual on another person’s attitude and behavior
– Impact of a group on its member’s attitude and behavior
– Impact of a member on group’s activities and structure
– Relationship between the structure and activities of different groups
• Informs designers how computers affect working practices
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction43 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Ergonomics or Human Factors
• To define and design tools and various artifacts for different work, leisure and domestic environment to suit the capacities and capabilities of users
• Ergonomist translates the above information from the above mentioned sciences into context of design of products
• Increase feelings of comfort and satisfaction
• Concerns– Hardware design
– Radiation from VDUs
– Repetitive Strain Injury (RPI)
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction44 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Linguistics
• Scientific study of languages
• Command-object (delete ‘report’ OR ‘report’ delete)
• Understanding structure (syntax) and meaning (semantics)
• HCI goal is to develop natural language interfaces
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction45 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Philosophy, Sociology and Anthropology
• Contribution in the sense of Soft Sciences for HCI
• Considers introduction of IT in society
• Ethnography involves observing people
• Cognitive psychology tries to predict
• Computer Supported Cooperative Writing
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction46 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI – Computer Side
• Computer Science
• Artificial Intelligence
• Engineering
• Design
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction47 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Other Disciplines
• Computer Science– Provides knowledge about capability of technology– Developing techniques to support software design, development and maintenance
• Artificial Intelligence– Intelligent Computing concerned with simulating human behaviour– HCI – development of expert and tutoring systems
• Engineering– Engineering takes finding of sciences and utilizes them in the production of
artifacts
• Design– Design contributes creative skills and knowledge to this process
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction48 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Discipline of HCI
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction49 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
What We Learnt Today …
• Factors in HCI
• Interdisciplinary nature of HCI
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction50 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Anthropology
ArtificialIntelligence
Engineering
Design
Ergonomics &
Human Factor
Linguistics
Social Organizational Psychology
Philosophy
ComputerScience
Cognitive Psychology
HCI
Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction51 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT
Next Lecture
• Human Side of HCI