Virtual Searches Christopher Slobogin Stephen C. O’Connell Professor of Law University of Florida...
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Virtual Searches Christopher Slobogin Stephen C. O’Connell Professor of Law University of Florida Fredric G. Levin College of Law
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Transcript of Virtual Searches Christopher Slobogin Stephen C. O’Connell Professor of Law University of Florida...
Virtual Searches
Christopher SloboginStephen C. O’Connell Professor of Law
University of Florida Fredric G. Levin College of Law
Types of Virtual Searches
• Communications Surveillance– Real-time interception of communications– E.g., wiretapping, bugging, interception of email
• Physical Surveillance– Real-time observation of physical activities– E.g., cameras, thermal imagers
• Transaction Surveillance– Accessing records– Real-time interception of information about transactions
(phone #s)– E.g., use of commercial data brokers (CDBs), pen registers
Types of Physical Surveillance
• Video surveillance– Of the home– In public (e.g., London, D.C.)
• Tracking (e.g., beepers, cell phones, GPS)• Magnification devices (binoculars, satellites)• Illumination devices (flashlights, Startron)• Detection devices (xrays, thermal imagers)
– Contraband-specific (e.g., dogs)– Weapons-specific (Millitech?)
Hot Issues
• Surveillance of the Home (Kyllo)– General public use exception – Naked eye exception
• Public Surveillance (Knotts)– Right to Anonymity?– ABA Standard: “reasonable likelihood that a legitimate
law enforcement objective will be achieved”
• Retention and Use of Results• Use of Contraband- & Weapon-Specific Devices
Types of Transaction Surveillance
• Accessing already-existing records (e.g., medical, financial, educational) – Subpoenas; National Security letters (relevance)– Use of CDBs like Choicepoint (money)
• Real-time interception of “catalogic” data (e.g., phone #s, email addresses)– Pen registers, trap & trace devices (certification order)– Snoopware (Carnivore/DCS-1000, BackOrifice)
• Target-based surveillance v. event-based surveillance (i.e., “datamining”)
Hot Issues
• Does Constitution apply?– Hale v. Henkel– United States v. Miller
• Should regulation (constitutional or otherwise) depend on the type of record?– Medical, financial, tax records; stored email (probable
cause v. federal statutes requiring mere relevance)– Public records (reasonable suspicion v. Privacy Act)– Catalogic data--logs of phone & ISP companies; credit card
purchases, passenger lists, etc. (relevance v. 0)
• Aggregation concerns
