Virtual Education in rubber technology · A professional training program for the rubber industry...
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VIRTUAL EDUCATION IN RUBBER TECHNOLOGY EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES 2007
Transcript of Virtual Education in rubber technology · A professional training program for the rubber industry...
VIRTUAL EDUCATION IN
RUBBER TECHNOLOGY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES
2007
VERT A professional training program for the rubber industry called Virtual Education in Rubber Technology (VERT) has been developed by different European universities and companies:
• Tampere University of Technology, Finland • Nokian Tyres Plc., Finland • University of Twente, the Netherlands • HAN University, the Netherlands • Läroverket AB, Sweden • Alexander Dubcek University, Slovak Republic • Matador Rubber s.r.o., Slovak Republic
This work is supported by the EU within the Leonardo da Vinci program. The VERT training program is a unique in the sense that it presents an educational program covering the full knowledge on components, design and production of rubber products up to the assessment of the performance of the rubber end-products (e.g. tyres) as part of a complete systems (e.g. vehicles) for the first time. It is a flexible program in the sense that an individual choice of the relevant parts of the training material can be made. The program contains following modules:
Orienting phase Orienting studies Orienting courses Organic chemistry Rubber Physics Rubber Chemistry Elastomeric materials Raw materials and compounds in the rubber industry Processing of elastomeric materials Test methods of rubber materials and products
Basic studies
Special topics of rubber technology European Tyre School Reinforcing materials in rubber products Tyres as car components Special courses
Planning of project work Project work
Orienting Phase Virtual Education in Rubber Technology (VERT), FI-04-B-F-PP-160531
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Minna Poikelispää
Tampere University of Techmology The Laboratory of Plastic and Elastomer Technology
This module prepares students for virtual learning processes. The chapters focus on the following subjects:
- Web-based learning - How do we learn? - Me as a learner - Study methods on the web - My study plan
The first chapter focuses on the basics of web-based learning. This section compares learning in general and learning on the web. In web-based learning are used web-based technologies or tools in learning process. The biggest difference between web-based learning and traditional learning is in communication issues. Communication can take place via various communication tools such as e-mail, telephone, chat etc. In a traditional way of learning communication and interaction take place mostly at the same time and place as face-to-face meetings. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of web-based learning are discussed.
The second chapter introduces different learning styles and strategies. It helps students to understand their own learning styles. On the following chapter is considered what kind of learner student is and is web-based learning for him. The chapter “Study methods on the web” gives an overlook on different ways to study on the web and the skills especially relevant to web-based learning. Web-based learning means working independently and alone, with a computer and books or some other written or visual material. However, it may also include communication and collaboration with the trainer, tutors and other students. Communication and collaboration on the web is somewhat different from face-to-face situations. Communication, as well as many of the exercises and assignments, requires writing skills and information literacy, so they are introduced as well.
Another important chapter is My study plan. Good planning helps students to ensure that the study activities will be more effective and successful in a learning process. This chapter helps students to make their study plan. After studying this course, the student will understand the differences between web-based learning and traditional learning and they are aböe to study on the web successfully.
Orienting courses Virtual Education in Rubber Technology (VERT), FI-04-B-F-PP-160531
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Minna Poikelispää
Tampere University of Techmology The Laboratory of Plastic and Elastomer Technology
This course introduces different activities of firms. The chapters focus on the following subjects:
- Management and administration - Research and product development - Production - Marketing and sales
The first chapter introduces management and tools for management, strategy and quality system. Management and leadership are the key aspects of an organization's administration. The strategy gives long-term perspectives for the organization. Quality systems tend to guarantee high-quality activities of the organization.
The second chapter focus on product development, which is one of the key functions in any commercial company. The aims and phases of product development as well as success in product development and productive creativity are covered. Also areas of research and product development in rubber industries are discussed. The chapter Production introduces the production process. It also covers logistics and quality of the products. The main tasks of production are to produce and deliver products in certain periods and amounts. Sufficient quality with minimum costs is the requirement in production.
The last chapter Marketing and sales covers marketing strategies, brands, segmenting and cash flow. arketing is an important function in an organization's strategy. Its main tasks are scanning of demands, influencing demands and satisfying demands.
After studying this course, the student will understand the different functions of firms and their interconnection. They also will understand the importance of different functions.
Organic Chemistry Virtual Education in Rubber Technology (VERT), FI-04-B-F-PP-160531
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Iva Sroková,
Trencin university of Alexander Dubcek, Faculty of industrial technologies in Puchov
The Organic Chemistry obtained:
Fundamental of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry
- basic terms in Organic Chemistry, alkanes, alkenes, dienes, alkynes, synthesis,
structure and reactivity. Industrial using of unsaturated compounds for preparation
of vinyl – and diene monomers
- aromatic compounds – structure and reactivity in electrophilic substitution.
- the alkyl halides-nucleophilic substitution and elimination.
- alcohols, phenols, ethers – using for preparation of monomers.
- nitroderivatives , basicity of amines , diazo- and coupling reactions.
- isocyanates - structure and reaction, hydrolysis and reduction of nitriles.
- Acrylonitrile- basic compounds for production of polyacrylonitrile – synthetic
fibres
- aldehydes, ketones in addition reactions , condensation reactions – aldol
condensation.
- the carboxylic acid and its derivatives- characteristic reactions
- acyl halides, anhydrides, esters, amides. Nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions.
- basic terms in macromolecular chemistry, classification of polymers.
- properties of polymers in solid state and of amourphous polymers.
- crystallinity, glassy, high elastic and plastic state
- free - radical and ionic polymerization. Copolymerization.
- block-, solution-, suspension- and emulsion polymerization
- modification of polymers, crosslinking, stabilization, degradation of polymers.
- types of average molar masses, methods for determination of molar masses.
Rubber Physics Virtual Education in Rubber Technology (VERT), FI-04-B-F-PP-160531
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Pavol Koštial, Trencin university of Alexander Dubcek, Faculty of industrial
technologies in Puchov, [email protected]
The module ‘Physics of polymers’ is the field of physics associated to the study of polymers, understanding of the mechanical, physical, electrical and thermodynamic properties of polymeric materials. Current areas of focus include structural and mechanical behavior of networks, segmental relaxation and the glass transition, miscible polymer blends, and polymer-based composites. Polymer physics is part of the wider field of polymer science.
All of these aspects are discussed in this module, which consists therefore, of the following seven parts:
• Structure of polymers & Physical and phase states of polymers • Mechanical properties of solid state polymers • Payene effect & Viscosity and mechanical properties of viscous and viscoelastic
materials & Fracture properties of polymers • Models of viscoelastic behavior of materials • Selected physical properties of polymeric materials • Electrical properties of polymers • Physical Processes Influencing Surface Contact of Two Materials
The first sub-module discusses polymer materials; their basic structure units, that is good for better understanding of distinctiveness of polymers as materials, it is purposeful to consider the conception of the hierarchic disposition of macromolecular materials. We have tried to explain the constitutional unit, there are shown here some types of polymer chains. Density of cohesive energy is explained here and we introduce for polymers derived quantity, namely the parameter of solubility and geometry of polymer chain. The aim of the second part of the first sub-module that is called physical and phase states of polymers explains basic states for polymers as gaseous, liquid and solid state, structural and phase transformation that takes place in them. Readers can obtain iformation about 14 different crystal lattices, called Bravais Lattices. It describes also phenomenological description of glassy state. Next there is phase transitions described as transition of state, transformation of amorphous substance into crystalline and vice versa, or transformation of one crystalline system into another. Glass transition temperature
defined as temperature, at which bend or discontinuity occurs on dependence of specific volume on temperature. There are defined several methods for the determination of glass transition temperature. The second sub-model deals with a description of deformation of solid elastic materials as well as to set up phenomenological values describing mechanical properties of these substances. We are going to learn about thermodynamic and microstructural aspects of the process of elastic deformation. Later on these concepts and knowledge will be generalized on polymers and rubber.
The third sub-module has three important parts. First part deals with a description of Payne effect and also with its physical description. The second one introduces the viscosity terms and viscoelastic behaviour of materials under loading. There is presented the terminology of complex physical parameters (modules), WLF transformations and results of rubber mixtures measurements and temperature dependence of viscosity. And the third one is devoted to the issue of the fracture attributes of polymeric materials, where fracture mechanics provides a methodology evaluating the structural integrity of components containing such defects, and demonstrating whether they are capable of continued, safe operation. The basic criterion in any fracture mechanics analysis is to prevent failure. You can find there information about the historical overview where are presented some approaches. In the fourth sub-model are introduced basic theoretical approaches describing viscoelastic behavior of materials. Readers will be familiared with basic models: Maxwell, Voigt and their combinations. The fifth sub-model provide readers with a schematic review of results of measurements of selected physical quantities (especially mechanic and thermal) gained for various polymeric materials and rubber as well as their connection with theoretical background knowledge presented in previous parts. At the same time we are going to point out differences between physical properties of elastomers and polymers. The sixth sub-model introduces the specific resistivity and conductivity, dielectric properties of polymers, electrical stress of polymers and finally percolation threshold. The last one sub-model presents hysteretic attributes of viscoelastic materials in the process of their deformation. Some theoretical approaches of hysteresis explanation from the point of view of solids' contact are discussed. It also deals with gluing questions and adhesion at mutual contact of materials problems, as well as with theory of friction.
Rubber chemistry Virtual Education in Rubber Technology (VERT), FI-04-B-F-PP-160531
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Matador Rubber s.r.o
Rubbers - elastomers - are polymeric materials characterised by their ability of reversible deformation due to external deforming forces. Their deformation rate depends on the structure and molar mass of the deformed rubber and on external conditions of the deformation. This characteristics, referred to as elastic and/or hyper elastic deformation, is entropic in nature and results from the ability of rubber macromolecules to form a more organised state under influence of deforming forces without deformation of chemical bonds between atoms of the polymer chain or without deformation of their valence angles. Ideally, the macromolecules can restore their initial position once the deforming forces are removed. Rubbers usually have long and regular macromolecule chains without bulk substitutes with spatially oriented structural units. This is the reason why their segments are movable and able to rotate around simple chemical bonds even at low temperatures, as it can be seen in their low vitrification temperature Tg. They are tough and similar to plastomers below the vitrification temperature or crystallisation temperature (if rubber can be crystallised). When heated, rubbers change their elastic and/or hyper elastic state to a viscoelastic state; and they become plastic and flow above the softening temperature (Tm). It is advantageous if rubbers crystallise at normal temperature only when subjected to voltage and their Tg is significantly lower that the temperature they are used at. Natural rubber comes from a plant. In industrial applications, it is obtained primarily from Hevea Brasiliensis tree grown in orchards in South-East Asia, Western Africa and northern parts of Southern America. Synthetic rubbers are made by constructional polyreactions of chain or grade nature. In terms of their application and basic properties they can be divided into:
• general - they have properties satisfying requirements of multiple products, often with various properties; they are relatively cheap; manufactured and consumed in large volumes (butadiene-styrene, butadiene, synthetic isoprene rubbers, natural rubber);
• special - in addition to the basic elastic properties they have at least one special feature, such as resistance to aging, resistance to chemicals, resistance to budding in non-polar oils, resistance to high/low temperatures etc. They are usually manufactured and consumed in lower volumes than general rubbers and they are much more expensive (ethylene propylene, chloroprene, acrylic, silicone, urethane, epoxy, fluorine rubbers and others).
Rubbers are used most often in the form of vulcanizates - a vulcanized rubber. They can be brought to this form by vulcanization. This process is based on creation of chemical and physical transverse bonds between rubber macromolecules resulting in a spatial vulcanizate mesh, giving unique properties to the material. Various chemical - vulcanizing - agents are used to create the chemical transverse bonds between rubber macromolecules (such as sulphur, peroxides, metal oxides, resins, quinones and others), which can react with appropriate functional rubber groups in the process of vulcanization to create transverse bonds between them. The cross-linking can be induced also by radiation, however its energy must be sufficient to generate reactive forms of rubber macromolecules - radicals in most cases. They react with each other giving rise to transverse bonds. Cross-linking can occur also due to microwave energy or ultrasound. Most rubbers require vulcanisation; though it is not inevitable for some type of thermoplastic rubbers. Anyway, the optimum vulcanizate (rubber) properties cannot be achieved only by cross-linking rubber molecules, but other additives must be added. Besides cross-linking agents and antidegradants (used to slow down the process of aging), they include fillers that have a positive influence on some of the utilisation properties and make them cheaper, as well as additives allowing admixture of all the powdery or liquid additives, often referred to as supplementary processing additives. Rubbers, just like any other chemical compounds, can participate in other chemical reactions (polymer-analogical reactions) under suitable conditions because they have reactive function groups in their macromolecules (double bonds, reactive α-hydrogen, other function groups). These usually include modification of undesired properties of rubbers (e.g. resistance to aging, polarity, adhesion to other materials, linkage of antidegradants), or production of rubbers with some new properties (CIIR. BIIR, carboxyl rubbers). Intermediary reactions (cyclisation, isomerisation, degradation, cross-linking and others) can occur simultaneously with the main chemical reaction.
Elastomeric Materials Virtual Education in Rubber Technology (VERT), FI-04-B-F-PP-160531
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Minna Poikelispää
Tampere University of Technology The Laboratory of Plastic and Elastomer technology
On this course the students will get the basic information on different grades of rubber and thermoelasts. The chapters focus on the following subjects:
- Introduction - Rubber types - Rubber blends - Thermoplastic elastomers - Processing - Design of elastomeric products - Recycling and reuse of elastomeric materials
The first chapter introduces shortly the history of rubbers. In addition, it cover definitions, manufacturing of rubbers and general properties of elastomers. In this chapter students get grounds to continue the studying.
The second chapter focus on different grades of elastomers. It describes the structure, properties and application of the most common used rubbers. Some special rubbers are also covered. The most important rubber type is natural rubber; other generally used rubbers are polyisoprene rubber, which is synthetic version of NR, and styrene-butadiene rubber, which is the most important sort of synthetic rubber. Rubbers always contain some additives. The following chapter introduces the additives used in rubbers and some common receipts of rubber. The important chapter is Thermoplastic elastomers. Thermoplastic elastomers are a polymer group whose main properties are elasticity and easy processability. This chapter introduces the groups of thermoplastic elastomers and their properties. It also compares the properties of different thermoplastic elastomers. The chapter Processing give a short survey to a processing of rubbers and thermoplastic elastomers.
The following chapter covers design of elastomeric products. It gives the most important criteria in choosing an elastomer. In addition, dimensioning and shaping of elastomeric product are discussed
The last chapter Recycling and reuse of elastomeric materials introduces recycling methods. It also covers processing of recycled rubber and applications of waste rubber.
After studying this course, the students have the basic information on different grades of rubber and thermoplastic elastomers. They will know the recycling practices of rubbers and they will understand the design practices of elastomeric materials.
Raw Materials and Compounds in Rubber Industry Virtual Education in Rubber Technology (VERT), FI-04-B-F-PP-160531
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Wilma Dierkes University Twente
Faculty of Engineering Technology Department of Elastomer Technology & Engineering
[email protected] Within this module, the different types of compounding ingredients are discussed. The chapters focus on the following ingredients:
- Polymers - Fillers - Curing systems - Plasticizers - Anti-degradants
For all these ingredients, the most relevant details concerning production processes and structure are given, and their properties and application fields are discussed. Interactions between different ingredients are explained, and preferred combinations are mentioned. Elastomers are always used in functional applications, like tires, hoses, bearings, sealings etc., where energy savings, safety, and the specific properties like rubber elasticity play a crucial role. The first sub-chapter focuses on the different types of polymers. The most important one is natural rubber (NR): Still 45% of the worldwide rubber consumption consists of natural rubber, which is a durable resource. Besides this ecologic aspect, natural rubber plays an important socio-economic role in the Far East where a significant part of the economy benefits from natural rubber production. As a natural product it’s properties are influenced by environmental and seasonal variations. Natural rubber has one unique property: it shows strain crystallization, making the material exceptionally strong. Isoprene rubber (IR) is the synthetic counterpart of NR, but the properties of IR are significantly different from the properties of NR. It is mainly used in combination with other general purpose rubbers. Styrene-Butadiene rubber (SBR) is by far the most important synthetic rubber and widely used in tire applications. It is sulfur-vulcanizable and gives rubber-elastic properties; the styrene accounts for the damping, needed for the skid resistance of tires.
Ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM) and its saturated counterpart EPM are very durable rubbers. EPM can only be vulcanized with peroxides as it is fully saturated. EPDM has an unsaturation in the side chain giving it a very good aging resistance. Butyl rubber (IIR) is a specialty rubber that is used in inner tubes because of its low gas permeability.
Butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber (NBR) distinguishes itself from NR and SBR in its good resistance against non-polar substances like gasoline, diesel fuel, oils and fats, good ageing resistance and good resistance to chemicals. Chloroprene rubber (CR) distinguishes itself by good flame-resistance properties due to the chlorine atom. Contrary to the other diene rubbers, CR is vulcanized with metal oxides like MgO and ZnO, not with sulfur. Fluororubbers (FKM) allow the highest use temperatures, up to 240°C. These products have a very good oil resistance. Silicone rubbers (Q) distinguish themselves by a good high temperature, ozone and UV resistance, good cold flexibility, little temperature dependence of the mechanical properties.
The second sub-chapter is focused on fillers, active or reinforcing fillers and non-active or non-reinforcing fillers. With activity or reinforcement, commonly all kinds of rubber/filler interactions are described which express themselves in physical properties. The processes occurring during mixing of polymers with fillers are described. The general properties the fillers and their effects on the structure of the material and the properties of the rubber are discussed. Carbon black and silica are discussed more in detail and compared in terms of filler and properties and reinforcing effect.
The following sub-chapter deals with plasticizers: They are added to the compound in order to improve the processability and to reduce the material costs. Mineral oils, or oils directly obtained from crude oil refining, as well as synthetic oils are used. The choice for a mineral oil is made based on the VGC index, a measure of the polarity of the oil. The synthetic oils are all highly polar and mainly used for polar elastomers. Another important sub-chapter is vulcanization. The basics of sulfur vulcanization are given, and the most important accelerators, activators and retarders are described. This crosslinking process can be used for unsaturated polymers. In contrast to this, peroxide curing can be applied to all polymers which do not tend to decompose under the influence of radicals. Typical peroxide/coagent combinations are given. Sulfur- and peroxide-crosslinked polymers are compared in terms of properties. Other curing systems such as oxides, resins and amines are briefly elaborated. Rubber compounds can be degraded by a wide variety of environmental influences: oxygen, ozone, light, metal ions and heat. Therefore antidegradants are important to protect rubber against aerobic aging (oxygen) and ozone attack. The last sub-chapter is dedicated to these additives. The most important classes of antidegradants are discussed and their efficiencies are compared
After studying this module, the student has a good overview of the different types of polymers, fillers, curing agents, plasticizers and anti-degradants, their properties and application fields. He can make a choice of different compound ingredients depending on the final application of the material and the required property profile.
Processing of Elastomeric Materials Virtual Education in Rubber Technology (VERT), FI-04-B-F-PP-160531
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Läroverket AB
[email protected] We welcome students to a module where processing methods of elastomeric materials are discussed. Starting off with the mixing process of raw materials and continuing to describe all the different processing methods used to produce rubber products. Everything described for cured rubber as well as for thermoplastic elastomers. Students may very well choose to study the module separately as an introduction to rubber technology and benefit from the fact that there is included a short description of polymers used in the rubber industry. The module deals with the following processing techniques of elastomeric materials. Main chapters: • Mixing • Mould curing • Textile treatment • Rubber-metal bonding • Calandering • Vulcanisation • Spreading • Latex processes • Extrusion • Urethane rubber Mixing In the mixing process an uncured compound is manufactured in order to be used for further processing into a rubber product. Textile treatment Reinforcing material has to be treated to obtain dimension stabilized products with good bonding between rubber and the reinforcing material. Calandering An important process to make flat sheeting, rubber coated fabrics as uncured products or as semi product parts. Spreading A technique for manufacturing thin rubber coated fabrics.
Extrusion A technique for manufacturing long length products e g tubes or profiles which can be cured to final products or be used as parts in confectioned rubber products. Mould curing Main technologies for moulding rubber are compression, transfer and injection moulding and methods for post-processing of cured products. Rubber-metal bonding To achieve a good bonding between rubber and metal, the metal has to be degreased and treated with bonding agents before moulding or autoclave curing. Vulcanization All different curing methods used to cure products shaped by the processes mentioned above. Latex processes The processes used for manufacturing of products from liquid rubber latex in contrast to the methods presented above, where dry rubber is used. Urethane rubber A presentation of the special processes used for manufacturing of products from liquid urethane rubber. Thermoplastic elastomers The following processing methods for thermoplastic elastomers are discussed; injection moulding, extrusion and some techniques for melt calandering and blow moulding. Facts of processing methods The choice of different processing methods and the economical view on techniques and qualities aspects are dealt with in this chapter. Environment and recycled rubber Finally the student will find a chapter dealing with environment matters and the methods of recycling of rubber. After studying this module, the student has obtained a good overview and knowledge of different processing methods used for producing all kinds of products manufactured of cured rubber or thermoplastic elastomers. The student will also be able to choose a suitable technique that will optimize costs and quality.
Test Methods of Rubber Materials and Products Virtual Education in Rubber Technology (VERT), FI-04-B-F-PP-160531
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Matador Rubber s.r.o
Chapter “Rubber Raw Material Testing” describes chemical analyses of raw materials used in the rubber and tyre-making industry. This part is dedicated to a principal explanation of basic determinants in raw material analysis. Such analyses are used primarily to determine basic chemical and physical-chemical constants that are directly related to purity of the used raw materials. The second part describes chemical analyses of vulcanizates. More complex procedures are used and instrumental analytical methods are applied in chemical analyses of vulcanizates. This part explains principles of instrumental analyses used in rubber-making practice. Chapter “Rubber Compound and Vulcanizate Testing” is related to the chapter on “Rubber Raw Material Testing” and provides a comprehensive description of the system of testing rubber compounds, materials and vulcanizates, starting from sampling and testing vessels up to evaluation of test results according to specific standards. The chapter is divided into four parts as follows:
• Rubber Compound Testing (determining viscosity, scorching, vulcanization characteristics) • Testing Rheologic Properties of Compounds (rheologic properties of elastomer systems, liquid classification, factors affecting polymer viscosity, rheometry) • Vulcanizate Testing (determining stress-strain properties, hardness, rebound resilience, tear strength, resistance to abrasion, aging test, dynamic tests, adhesion tests) • Dynamical-Mechanical-Thermal Analysis of Vulcanizates
Chapter “Laboratory Tyre Testing” discusses measuring and testing tyres in laboratory conditions. Laboratory tests are divided according to two criteria – into specific categories of vehicles (passenger, utility, agricultural and special vehicles) depending on their intended use and into dynamic and static tests depending on the condition of the tyre to be tested. The chapter describes
preparation of tyre casings for the tests, simple and more complex measurements, speed tests, endurance tests and special dynamic measurements of tyre casings for passenger, utility and agricultural vehicles based on international, regional and national testing methodology. Chapter “Tyre Testing in Real Conditions” deals with a classification of tests in terms of vehicle’s behaviour on the road, in terms of the tested roadway surface, specialties and the character of the assessment process and with measurement of properties. Tyre preparation before tests is an important part. The subsequent section describes life testing methods and special tests and their classification into subjective and objective tests.
Reinforcing materials in Rubber Products Virtual Education in Rubber Technology (VERT), FI-04-B-F-PP-160531
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Nokian Tyres plc
As described in the other modules of the VERT learning program, many elastomer types are too weak to be used without some reinforcing system. This means that most practical rubber products like tyres, hoses and different kinds of belts include the concept of reinforcing the elastomer matrix with some reinforcing agent. There are two main possible reinforcing principles: either the elastomer matrix is compounded with reinforcing fillers or the product is provided with some fibre consisting components applied in the product assembly phases. The primary function of reinforcing filler is to improve the mechanical properties of the rubber compound, whereas the fibre based components have the extra purpose to give adequate functional properties to the product. In both cases it is crucially important, that the additional components of rubber compound and the product are well bonded to the elastomer segments of the matrix. In this module of the Virtual Education for Rubber Technology (VERT) we tend to provide a general background and awareness of reinforcing fibres, and to give the rubber technologists an improved basic understanding of the uses, processes and potential problems associated with the use of fibre components in rubber products. The VERT module “The raw materials and compounds” handles the fundamentals of the topics of reinforcing additives and fillers. The first part of this module covers the definitions and classification of the most common used textile fibres for example cotton, rayon, polyamide, polyester and aromatic polyamides. It includes as well the basic technologies of the processes like twisting, texturing, weaving, sizing and rubber/textile composite assembling by calendering or coating. In the context of the properties of reinforcing fibres, particular attention is given to the aspects of adhesion, heat setting, adhesive treatments and processing and the assessment of adhesion. The first part also presents different kinds of test methods, which are used in textile cord testing. In the second part, the basic technologies of steel based fibres, steel cords, bead wires and the processes like calendering, extruding, cutting and splicing, which are used in preparing these components are handled. Again, attention is directed to the aspects of
adhesion, to illustrate how the optimum reinforcement and performance for a particular application. Just like in the first part the in this part also different kinds of test methods for steel wire and cord testing are introduced. The third part of this module sheds light to the principles of applying fibre reinforcement techniques in different rubber products. Short descriptions are presented on the use of reinforcing fibres and components in the tyre products as well as in industrial and consumer rubber good applications like belts, hoses and miscellaneous applications of reinforced rubber including inflatable and non-inflated structures.
Tyre as a car component Virtual Education in Rubber Technology (VERT), FI-04-B-F-PP-160531
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Joop Pauwelussen, Wouter Dalhuijzen
HAN University, Mobility Technology Research [email protected]
The module ‘Tyre dynamics, tyre as a car component’ deals with the tyre properties in relationship with car performance. The first sub-module on tyre handling performance discusses the tyre-road interface, and the tyre input and output parameters. Next, the rolling tyre, the braking tyre and the tyre under cornering conditions are treated, including saturated slip behaviour, using tyre models such as the empirical Pacejka model. Both pure slip and combined slip are discussed, where cornering and braking may occur simultaneously In addition to an empirical tyre description, some physical models are treated related to the brush and string approach. The module closes with a treatment of first orde dynamic behaviour (relaxation) and higher order (belt-) dynamics. The second submodule on driver judgement of tyre handling characteristics gives a survey of the impact of different tyre and road surface parameters on the judgement of vehicle handling performance. The third submodule on tyre rolling resistance starts with the definition of rolling resistance and a discussion how rolling resistance can be explained physically. In the next sections of this submodule, possible sources for varying rolling resistance are treated. The fourth submodule on tyre noise discusses the relative impact of the tyre on the emitted vehicle noise in comparison to powertrain and aerodynamic noise. This includes sound generation mechanisms, sound enhancement mechanisms, and an outline of factors, contributing to tyre noise. The final submodule on tyre wear discusses the various tyre wear mechanisms, the impact of tyre wear on vehicle performance and vice versa, as well as the dependence of wear on driving conditions. The module includes queries for on-line verification that one is sufficiently mastering the material. The questions are mainly asking for understanding the mechanisms, rather then asking for facts. In that way, the student is forced to process the material as offered in the module to a sufficient abstract level, supported by continuous feed-back.
