Virologi Dasar
Transcript of Virologi Dasar
![Page 1: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
VIROLOGI
INAYATI HABIB
![Page 2: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Sifat-sifat Umum Virus
Penyebab infeksi terkecil, 20 - 300nm. Genom: RNA atau DNA saja, terbungkus
protein, kadang dikelilingi membran lipid di luar sel: virus non aktif ; replikasi pd sel
hidup disebut Parasit tk. Genetik/obligat intraseluler
asam nukleat: informasi genetik agar sel hospes msintesis makromolk.u/ virus baru
hospes beragam, inf pd org unisel/tk tinggi
![Page 3: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Perbedaan Virus dg Mikroorganisme lain
![Page 4: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Gambar Struktur Virus
![Page 5: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Definisi bagian -bagian Virus
Kapsid: lapisan protein yg menutupi genom asam nukleat
nukleokapsid: kapsid + asam nukleat yang diselubungi
unit struktur: blok penyusun protein dasar dari lapisan
kapsomer: unit morfologik pada mikroskop elektron pada permukaan partikel virus ikosahedral
![Page 6: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Definisi Bagian-bagian Virus
Selubung : selaput mengandung lemak mengelilingi beberapa partikel virus
Virion : partikel virus lengkap, bbrp jenis sifatnya sama dg nukleokapsid
virus cacat: partikel virus secara fungsional kekurangan bbrp aspek replikasi
![Page 7: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Gambar Morfologi Virus
![Page 8: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
FIVE BASIC STRUCTURAL FORMS OF VIRUSES IN NATURE
• Naked icosahedral : e.g. poliovirus, adenovirus, hepatitis A virus
• Naked helical : e.g. tobacco mosaic virus. So far no human viruses with this structure are known• Enveloped icosahedral : e.g. herpes virus, yellow fever virus, rubella virus• Enveloped helical : e.g. rabies virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, mumps virus, measles virus• Complex : e.g. poxvirus
![Page 9: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Teori Evolusi Virus (2 hipotesis)
Virus berasal dari komponen sel hospes yang menjadi otonom
Komponen tersebut menyerupai gen yang telah mempunyai kemampuan hidup yang tidak tergantung pada hospes.
Virus berasal dari sel hidup yang bebas
![Page 11: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Klasifikasi Virus Jenis asam nukleat ukuran dan morfologi kerentanan thd pengaruh fisik dan kimiawi adanya enzim khusus sifat-sifat imunologik metode penularan alami inang, jaringan & tropisme sel patologi, pembtk badan inklusi simptomatologi
![Page 12: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
KLASIFIKASI VIRUS
PENYAKIT SISTEMIK penyakit menyebar ke
seluruh tubuh mell. aliran darah & berpengaruh ke berbagai organ.
Contoh: Vaksinia,Campak, Rubella,Cacar air, demam kuning, dengue, enterovirus
PENYAKIT PRIMER Virus dpt mencapai
organ ttt melalui aliran drh, saraf perifer / jalur lain, predileksi di organ tertentu
Klasifikasi berdsrkan simptomatologi kelemahannya: virus yg sama sbbkan peny. berbeda ATAU peny. sama disbb virus beda
![Page 13: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
PENYAKIT PRIMER
Peny. Sal. Nafas : influenza, parainfluen, pneumonia viral, faringitis adenovirus
Peny. Mata: konjungtivitis, herpes
Peny. Kulit/mukosa: herp. simplek 1/oral & 2/genital, herp.zoster,
Peny. Ssn saraf: Poliomyelitis,meningitis, rabies.
Peny. Kelj. Ludah: gondong , CMV
Peny. Sal. Pencernaan: rotavirus,adenovirus enterik.
Peny. Hati: Hepatitis A, B,C, demam kuning, herpes, rubella
Peny. Lwt hub. Sexual: molusk.kontagiosum, HSV 2, AIDS,hepatitis.
![Page 14: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Klasifikasi berdasarkan sifat Biologi, Kimia dan fisika
VIRUS DNA Parvovirus, Papovirus,
Adenovirus,Herpes virus, Pox virus, Hepadna virus
VIRUS RNA Picornavirus,
Kalisivirus, Reovirus, Arbovirus,Togavirus Flavivirus, Arenavirus, Rabdovirus,RetrovirusBunyavirus, Orthomiksovirus,paramiksovirus, Corona dan Delta virus
![Page 15: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Macam-macam VIRUS
![Page 16: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OFVIRUSESPrimary characteristics used in classification
Viruses are classified according to the nature of their genome and their structure
![Page 17: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OFVIRUSES Secondary characteristics
Replication strategy Sometimes a group of viruses that seems to
be a single group by the above criteria is found to contain a subgroup of viruses which have a fundamentally different replication strategy - in this case the group will be divided based on the mode of replication
![Page 18: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Komposisi Virus
PROTEIN Fx: transfer as.nukl ant
sel hospes, lindungi genom virus, plekatan dg sel hospes, struk. partk. virus, tentukan sifat antigenik virus
KARBOHIDRAT glikoprotein, sbg Ag
ptg, pd permk punya slbng u/ melekat virus
ASAM NUKLEAT 1 jenis as.nukleat
(DNA/RNA), informasi genetik, genom untai tunggal/ganda,lingkar/untaian,segmen/tdk
LEMAK Fosfolipid slbng virion,
virus mgd lemak peka eter, kemamp infeksi hilang
![Page 19: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Rx Virus thd Agen Fisik & Kimia
PANAS & DINGIN stabilitas bervariasi,
virus ikosahedral > stabil, virus berslbng > peka thd panas, kemamp. inf hilang pd 50 - 60oC, 30 mnt, dpt diawetkan pd suhu dibwh titik beku (4oC), virus berslbng: hilang kemamp. inf setelah penyimpanan lama
GARAM pd garam 1 mol/L
stabil, tetap aktif walau dipanaskan 1 jam 50oC, vaksin polio disimpan dlm dingin .
pH dan RADIASI pH 5-9 stabil,
enterovirus thn asam, virus hancur pd basa, nonaktif pd UV/sinar X
![Page 20: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Rx Virus thd Agen Fisik & Kimia
DETERJEN deterj. non ionik & Triton K100 melarutkan unsur
lemak pd slbng virus, SDS larutkan selubung & memecah kapsid
FORMALDEHID berx dg as. nukleat shg kemamp inf.hilang, genom
ganda > sulit dinonaktifkan formald. ANTIBIOTIKA & ANTIBAKTERI LAIN tdk berefek (alk.formalin,yod.), organik klor dosis >
tinggi dpt inaktifkan virus .
![Page 21: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Agen Seperti Virus
VIROID Molk.tunggal,RNA sirk.
tanpa selubung, RNA kecil tdk mengkode protein, peny. Tanamn.
VIRUS CACAT As Nukleat & protein,
Replikasi butuh ‘virus helper’, cacat oleh karena mutasi/delesi materi genetik.
PSEUDOVIRION DNA sel hosp. mganti
DNA viral dlm kapsid slm inf virus.dpt infek. sel,tapi tdk replikasi.
PRION Protein ,tanpa as. Nukl,
ME: filamen-2 = virus/ bakteri , resist. UV, panas,formalin,nuklease, Inaktif pd otoklaf , hipoklorit & NaOH
![Page 22: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
PROSES PERTUMBUHAN VIRUS
Siklus Pertumbuhan dibagi 3 tahap: tahap awal: penempelan, penetrasi,
pelepasan selubung tahap tengah: ekspresi gena &
replikasi gena tahap akhir: pengemasan dan
pelepasan virion
![Page 23: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
PROSES INFEKSI VIRUS
Pengenalan Sel Target protein luar sebagai ‘reseptor binding
site’, yang berikatan dengan reseptor protein spesifik pada permukaan sel hospes
![Page 24: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Penetration The virus enters the cell in a variety of ways according to
the nature of the virus.
Enveloped viruses (A) Entry by fusing with the plasma membrane. Some
enveloped viruses fuse directly with the plasma membrane. Thus, the internal components of the virion are immediately delivered to the cytoplasm of the cell (figure 1).
(B) Entry via endosomes at the cell surface (figure 2) Non-enveloped viruses
Non-enveloped viruses may cross the plasma membrane directly or may be taken
up into endosomes. They then cross (or destroy) the endosomal membrane.
![Page 25: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Penetration
Fusion of a virus with the plasma membrane after attachment to a cell surface receptor Figure A
Fusion of a virus with the membrane of an endosome Figure B
![Page 26: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Penempel & Penetrasi Virion Parental
Setelah menempel, penetrasi membran plasma, melepas genom, replikasi
![Page 27: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Replikasi Genom dan Ekspresi Gena
tahap 1: sintesis m RNA tahap 2: tergantung asam nukleat virus
v. DNA: replikasi di nukleus (Poxvirus)
v. RNA: replikasi . di sitoplasma (kec Influenza)
![Page 28: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Pelepasan Virion
setelah matur, protein viral ditransport, budding, insersi membran plasma eksterna hospes
![Page 29: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Release
Virus may be released due to cell lysis or if enveloped,may bud from the cell.
Budding viruses (figures 3 and 4) do not necessarily kill the cell.
Some budding viruses may be able to set up persistent infections.
Not all released viral particles are infectious. The ratio of non-infectious to infectious particles varies with the virus and the growth conditions.
![Page 30: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Figure 3. Transmission electron micrograph of HIV-1, budding and free CDC
Figure 4. HIV budding from human lymph tissue (TEM x133,335) © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. Used with permission
![Page 31: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Transkripsi dan Replikasi Genom Virus
![Page 32: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Tahap- tahap Replikasi Virus
![Page 33: Virologi Dasar](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081412/544b0c46af7959b0438b4e2f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)