Violent IdeologiesViolent IdeologiesTerrorism From the Left and Terrorism From the Left and

RightRight

From the Left Fringe to the Right FringeFrom the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe

Fringe-leftFringe-left: Extreme, often violent, interpretation of : Extreme, often violent, interpretation of Marxist or other leftist ideologies.Marxist or other leftist ideologies.

Far-left: Far-left: Radical interpretations of Marxist or other Radical interpretations of Marxist or other leftist ideologies that are usually non-violent.leftist ideologies that are usually non-violent.

Liberalism: Liberalism: Policy agenda promoting people’s rights. Policy agenda promoting people’s rights. Expectation of positive government role. Expectation of positive government role.

Moderate center: Moderate center: Usually largest segment in Usually largest segment in democracies.democracies.

From the Left Fringe to the Right FringeFrom the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe

Moderate center: Moderate center: Usually largest segment in Usually largest segment in democracies.democracies.

Conservatism: Conservatism: Traditional distrust of change or Traditional distrust of change or government intervention.government intervention.

Far-right: Far-right: Strong adherence to social order and Strong adherence to social order and tradition.tradition.

Fringe-right:Fringe-right: Uncompromising, often violent, belief Uncompromising, often violent, belief in ethnonationalist or religious superiority.in ethnonationalist or religious superiority.

Ideologies and IdealsIdeologies and Ideals

Ideologies: Systems of belief.Ideologies: Systems of belief.

Anarchism: Minimal central governmental control.Anarchism: Minimal central governmental control. Propaganda by the deed.Propaganda by the deed.

Marxism: Class warfare leading to a communist Marxism: Class warfare leading to a communist dictatorship of the proletariat.dictatorship of the proletariat.

Fascism: Strong antidemocratic, anti-Communist Fascism: Strong antidemocratic, anti-Communist belief in law and order.belief in law and order. Often ethnocentric and militaristic.Often ethnocentric and militaristic.

Class StruggleClass Struggle

Orthodox Marxism.Orthodox Marxism. Relationship to the “means of production.”Relationship to the “means of production.” Goal: Dictatorship of the proletariat.Goal: Dictatorship of the proletariat.

Leftist NationalismLeftist Nationalism

Selective application of Marxist theory.Selective application of Marxist theory. Rooted in Cold War rivalries.Rooted in Cold War rivalries. Wars of national liberation.Wars of national liberation.

Special-Interest ExtremismSpecial-Interest Extremism

Single-issue terrorism.Single-issue terrorism. Cases: Environmentalism. Peace movements. Cases: Environmentalism. Peace movements.

Problems on the Radical LeftProblems on the Radical Left

Marxist revolutions occurred in the developing Marxist revolutions occurred in the developing world.world.

Infighting about the revolutionary party.Infighting about the revolutionary party. Soviet versus developing world Communism.Soviet versus developing world Communism. Working classes in the West never acquired a Working classes in the West never acquired a

revolutionary consciousness.revolutionary consciousness.

Case: Latin AmericaCase: Latin America

ColombiaColombia FARCFARC National Liberation ArmyNational Liberation Army

PeruPeru Shining Path (Shining Path (Sendero LuminosoSendero Luminoso)) Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)

ArgentinaArgentina MontonerosMontoneros

Case: EuropeCase: Europe

ItalyItaly The Red BrigadeThe Red Brigade Years of LeadYears of Lead

GermanyGermany Red Army FactionRed Army Faction June 2June 2ndnd Movement Movement

Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland Provisional Irish Republican ArmyProvisional Irish Republican Army Irish National Liberation ArmyIrish National Liberation Army

Political Parties and Dissident MovementsPolitical Parties and Dissident Movements

Reflect the distinctive features of national environments.Reflect the distinctive features of national environments. Neofascist political parties in Europe and Latin America.Neofascist political parties in Europe and Latin America. Unorganized or partly organized dissident movements.Unorganized or partly organized dissident movements.

Tradition and OrderTradition and Order

Defenders of a supreme principle such as a “new order.”Defenders of a supreme principle such as a “new order.” Scapegoating enemy groups.Scapegoating enemy groups.

Right-Wing NationalismRight-Wing Nationalism

Notion of a superior national group or race.Notion of a superior national group or race. Loyalty to the superior group.Loyalty to the superior group. Subordination of inferior groups.Subordination of inferior groups.

Religion and MysticismReligion and Mysticism

Not universal traits on the reactionary right.Not universal traits on the reactionary right. Common in America.Common in America. Less common in Europe or Latin America.Less common in Europe or Latin America.

Case: EuropeCase: Europe

GermanyGermany Usually street-level confrontations.Usually street-level confrontations.

ItalyItaly Random attacks by small fascist-leaning groups.Random attacks by small fascist-leaning groups.

TurkeyTurkey Grey Wolves.Grey Wolves.

Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)

The “New Terrorism”The “New Terrorism” Difficult to classify as “left” or “right” Difficult to classify as “left” or “right”

terrorism.terrorism.

The Terrorist Left in the New EraThe Terrorist Left in the New Era Defeat of the urban guerrillas.Defeat of the urban guerrillas. A few remaining “rebels in the hills.”A few remaining “rebels in the hills.” Some grass-roots neo-anarchist activism.Some grass-roots neo-anarchist activism.

The Terrorist Right in the New EraThe Terrorist Right in the New Era Continued scapegoating.Continued scapegoating. Rightist ractions to unpopular agendas.Rightist ractions to unpopular agendas.