Violence against Women and Reproductive Health
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Violence against Violence against Women and Women and
Reproductive HealthReproductive Health
Shiv Chandra MathurProfessor of Preventive and
Social Medicine.Director, State Institute of Health and
Family Welfare, Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
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Gender Perspective in Gender Perspective in HealthHealth
• Individual Health and Well being of both Male and Female is integral to development.
• Right to Health is a basic human right.
• Gender inequality and health care are inter-related.
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What is Violence against WomenWhat is Violence against Women
• Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in private or public life.
»As defined by United Nations
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Significance of Violence Significance of Violence against Womenagainst Women
• Unequal status of women in society• Serious violation of human rights• Leads to range of health problems (Often in
silence)• Pressure on medical care resources• Health care institutions can make significant
contributions to addressing violence against women by supporting clinicians and clients.
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Various forms of Various forms of Violence against WomenViolence against Women
• Rape/Sexual Violence in Refugee camps• Forced sexual initiation or abuse• Sex-selective abortion• Acid throwing/honor killing (dowry
related deaths)• Undue virginity examination• Forced caesarian section deliveries• Trafficking in women and Girls
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Violence against women in India,1998
24%
31%8%13%
11%
6%
7%0.2%
molest
pain
dowrydeaths
abduction
rape
others
sexual violence
bad behaviour
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Violence against Women – Violence against Women – Health IssuesHealth Issues
• Fatal outcome: Suicide / Homicide
• Non-fatal outcome:• Physical - Injury, PID, Unwanted
Pregnancy, Miscarriage, Gynaec diseases
• Mental - Depression, Anxiety, Sexual dysfunction, personality disorders.
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Factors contributing to Factors contributing to Violence against WomenViolence against Women
• Strictly enforced Gender roles• Association of masculinity with
toughness and dominance• Punishment of women and
children as an accepted value• Violence accepted as a standard
way to resolve conflicts• Stress associated with poverty
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Landmark events to resolve Landmark events to resolve Violence against Women Violence against Women
• 1987 : Safe Motherhood• 1993 : World Conference on Human
Rights• 1994 : IPD, Cairo • 1995 : 4th World Conference on Women• 1996 : World Health Assembly*• 1997 : FIGO Resolutions**• 2001 : Special session of UN General
Assembly on HIV/AIDS
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Empowering Women to Empowering Women to prevent VAW by prevent VAW by
Informing/Educating herInforming/Educating her• On provision of penalties against
different types of crimes.• On Police agencies and their working.• On scientific steps in crime
investigations.• On functioning of Judiciary.• On fundamental rights and duties.• On security measures.
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NGO’s Working on VAW• International: • ARROW, Kualalampar (http://www.asiaconnect.com.my
/arrow)• Coordination of Women’s Advocacy, Switzerland (E-
mail: [email protected])• Health and Development Policy Project,, Maryland,
USA (E-mail: [email protected])• Isis-Women’s International Cross Cultural
Exchange, Uganda
(E-mail: [email protected])
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NGO’s Working on VAW cont• International:
• Latin American and Caribbean Women’s Network against Domestic and Sexual Violence, Chile (E-mail: [email protected])
• Match International Centre, Canada (E-mail: [email protected])
• Women in Law and Development, Africa, Zimbabwe
• National:• Chetna(Ahmedabad); Shakti (Jaipur)