Vincent Mosco BY: Asha Clarke, Rosemeen Shaikh, Navjot Sidhu.
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Transcript of Vincent Mosco BY: Asha Clarke, Rosemeen Shaikh, Navjot Sidhu.
Chapter 12 : The Transformation of
Communication in CanadaVincent Mosco
BY: Asha Clarke, Rosemeen Shaikh, Navjot Sidhu
Introduction: Millennium Mergers
New Millennium = Transformation in Communication IndustryBegan in 2000 with AOL-Time Warner take over
Brought together world’s largest Internet service provider and world’s largest holder of intellectual property
Canadian Media MergersCanadian media companies followed in the steps of U.S
Bell Canada Enterprises (BCE)
CanWest Corporation
Quebecor
Rogers Communication
Political Economy ApproachWhat can a political economy
approach contribute to our understanding of these developments in communications?
Chapter 12 considers:The process of digitization and commodification underlying new media concentration trend
The consequences for Canada for putting in place a regional and global communication regime
Political Economy ApproachPolitical economy helps expand our
understanding of expansion of market power in the communications arena
Media concentration = advanced by powerful processes, but are not subject to singular forces
DIGITIZATION Provides gains in transmission speed and flexibility over electronic communication that relied on analog techniques
Allows for one language to govern over all electronic mediaCommon universal language = digitization as attractiveNegroponte (1995) new digital technologies are
creating a fundamentally new world that we must accommodate to End of the world of atoms (rough, limited, materiality)
beginning of digital world ( transcends spatial, temporal and material constraints)
Idea that there is no alternative, that no social or natural action can stop the emergence of the digital world = digital age cannot be stopped
Digitization is aligned with the discourse by Fukuyama about the end of history, end of geography, and the end of politics
COMMODIFICATIONMiege (1989) flow-type communication systemsCommodification
Based on inflexible system of delivering a batch of broadcast channels into the home
Fordist model = generic programming to mass audienceRefinement of Commodification of communication through digitization
Which allows for commodity to be measured, monitored and packaged in a specific manner
Commodification of LabourMovement away from mechanical labour to electronic systems
Elimination of jobs in the printing industry
CONFLICTSDigitization is not a flawless technical process and is subject
to problems that slow it downCommodification is challenged by organizations defending
both private sphere and public sphere Right to privacy Right to communicate openly and in a democratic fashion
Marxist perspective The social impact of commodification = alienation and
commodity fetishismCommodity fetishism = state of social relations that
arise in a complex capitalist market structure in which the social relationships place commodities at the centre
VIDEO CLIPhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iu0ztxdsFi
s
Toward an Integrated Electronic Information and Entertainment
Services ArenaDigitization has allowed for one common language
to be developed across the communication industry and so there are no longer distinct barriers dividing these industries which include:1) Print
2) Broadcasting and Telecommunications
3) Information Technology or Computer Data
LEGAL REGIMES Print Publishing industry
Limited government involvement Local, typically family owned
Broadcasting and telecommunication Canada/United States/Europe all placed
higher restrictions on radio, television, telephone systems in order to accomplish national objectives such as national identity and a national market
Information Technology & Computer Data When this sector took off it was not seen as
holding any public interest or public service responsibilities, no system of subsidized pricing to those who need it, no commitment to universality of access, and no expectation that national firms would shortly be on the way to multinational control
CONVERGENCEThe coming together of all communication
sectors around regimes that are in place for the information technology and computer data sectors
The Concentration of Power in the Communication Business
1) BCE – CTV – Thomson (Globe & Mail)
2) Rogers – MacLean Hunter3) CanWest Global – Hollinger4) Quebecor – Sun Media – Groupe
Videotron (French language & tabloid media)
The Concentration of Power in the Communication BusinessCanada has allowed companies to build
structures that integrate across monopoly and competitive markets and across production and distribution
Example, Bell Canada Enterprise
Toward a Regional and Transnational Communication Order
Political Globalization and Global ContextFree Trade Agreement, North American Free
Trade AgreementWorld Trade Organization
Regional and Global Integration Example
1999 Bell Canada permitted the U.S. telephone company Ameritech to acquire a 20% stake in it
Rogers Communication deal with Microsoft to sell a minority stake to the U.S. firm, whereby Microsoft would use Canada’s largest cable television provider to develop high speed Internet access services
1999, Rogers sold a $1 billon stake in its mobile telephone company to AT&T and British Telecom (AT&T used the WTO to challenge Canadian dominance of Bell Canada)
FTA AND NAFTALiberalized trade in this sector
under both was permitted by a notwithstanding clause that allowed retaliation against cultural protectionism through measures in other industries, by general agreements on restricting government activity, and by liberalizing trade in sectors converging with the cultural industries
FTA AND NAFTATreaty provisions also require
“national treatment” to each others companies
Treaty provisions also place restrictions on the ability of governments to establish new government or public institutions to provide services in competition with private businesses
Global Pressures The WTO has had
more of an active role than regional trade agreements in applying pressures to expand transnational control over Canadian communications
IDEOLOGICAL SHIFTAlthough the Canadian state has
traditionally attempted to create protectionist policies in the communications industry we are now beginning to see a shift
Protectionist Policies within the Culture and Communications sectors have readily become a part of the general processes of government funding cutbacks
Although attempts have been made to preserve culture through media it is difficult to dissolve close ties with U.S and global markets
Contradictions & OppositionRecap: Neoliberalism = retreat of the
state/government from all areas of social life; private sector best provides these functions
Neoliberalism is contradictory to the operation of the communication arena, since it clearly demonstrates that its ideals are not easy to accomplish; governments are needed to regulate & standardize
Contradictions & OppositionTechnical concerns
standardization, who sets standards? Competitors
reluctant to cooperate since they would have to share info, which may be valuable, private, and central to their own success
Contradictions & OppositionITU (International Telecommunications Union): global body
made up of government organizations and run on a one nation, one-vote basis to establish global standards for new technology
Setting up public national or international regulatory authoritiesCritical to capitalist expansion
How can access be expanded for technology to build markets?How is it ensured that some measure of privacy will
create consumer confidence in technology?Government brought in to regulate by capitalists;
governments succeeded; opened private arena to public, who used opportunity to fight for public broadcasting
Contradictions & OppositionFight for personal privacy part of a
wider struggle against expanding commodityConflict between need to build
consumer confidence to turn internet into universal market tool & the need to commodify whatever moves over Internet, including personal identity
Conflict deepened by technology industries opposition to state intervention
Privatization of public space and centrality of culture & communication Struggle of public space as
global business directed to branding of physical & cultural space; Americanization?
Contradictions & OppositionShift from productivist emphasis on international division of
labour to concern for consumption & cultural receptionExpansion of consumer markets & growth of popular culture
Use of communication/info technology for opposition & resistancebuilding global resistance movements
Major opposition movements based on building global solidarity & strategy through use of communication systemsStrategy takes many forms: Direct attacks on communication
systems of transnational companiesUse of cyberspace to advance politics of democratic
communicationGlobal communication can result in open areas of attack (ie.
9/11)
ConclusionsSeveral processes of transformation taking place in
Canadian communicationDigitization and Commodification are providing
opportunities for capital to turn content, audiences and labour of the communication industries into marketable commodities
Leading to the amalgamation of multiple industries such as the printing, broadcasting, telecommunications and IT sectors
Media Concentration: media ownership within Canada where only 4 –5 groups hold power and manage the communication industry marginalization of others
However, each transformation processes contain problems; ranging from glitches to outright challenges
National preferences are promoted by companies, who are threatened by transnational integration led to new social movements against WTO
QUESTIONSHow are the forces of globalization through
international capital and new globalized communication networks acting on the entity Canada and how are they changing it into a North America without borders?
Is Canadian identity/national culture threatened through mergers and privatization of communication?
CLASS EXERCISEExercise will consist of class divided
in to two sides: FOR & AGAINSTStatement provided to class; each
side gets 2 minutes to discuss with group
Each side will get 1-2 minutes to present arguments
Debate! Side w/ best arguments win prize! [Add quote]
CLASS EXERCISE“The convergence of accelerating
communication & transportation networks & expanding neoliberalism poses danger of an explosive combination.” (Pg. 306)
“Like a force of nature, the digital age cannot be denied or stopped.” (Pg. 290)
“It is quite fair to say that in some areas the Canadian government blazed new ground, as in May 1999 when it fully supported the decision of its chief communication regulatory authority to formally rule against regulation of the Internet.” (Pg. 299)