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VIMUNC

IV

UNITED NATIONS SECURITY

COUNCIL (UNSC) 1994

MARCH 31ST TO APRIL 1ST, 2017 HOSTED BY LANGLEY HIGH SCHOOL

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KAREEM AL-ATTAR

CHRISTIAN YOON

ANDREW FARNSWORTH

DANIEL XU

ARNOLD LEIGH

Dear Delegates,

Welcome to the fourth session of the Virginia Invitational Model

United Nations Conference! Langley Model United Nations is incredibly

excited to host you all at our Model UN conference, VIMUNC IV, on March

31st-April 1st, 2017. We hope to create a unique experience for each and

every one of you this year.

This year at VIMUNC IV, our goal is to provide an incredible

delegate experience through our wide variety of committees and incredible

college chairs. Ranging from conventional General Assemblies to

unconventional crisis simulations, we know that VIMUNC IV will surely be

unique! Through our seventeen committees – General Assemblies,

Specialized Agencies, and Crisis Simulations – we are sure that each delegate

will be challenged with tackling important issues. From resolving gender

inequality to the reforming the New York City Police Department, it is our

hope that our topics will stimulate your minds and creativity! Position papers

are required in all committees for delegates to be eligible for awards.

As it is our fourth annual conference at Langley High School, we are

working hard to give all of you the best experience possible. In recent years,

our club has expanded exponentially, and we are using our numbers to

provide the best crisis staff, typing staff, and hospitality staff possible.

Through our conference schedule, we have been able to observe successful

conferences held by both high schools and colleges, which we strive to model

VIMUNC after.

We hope that you have fun preparing for VIMUNC! Please feel free

to email us at vimunc@gmail.com or look on our website at langleymun.com

if you have any additional questions or concerns.

VIMUNC IV

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LETTER FROM THE CHAIR

Dear Delegates,

Welcome to VIMUNC IV! Just four years ago I had the honor of chairing at the first ever Virginia

Invitational Model United Nations Conference, and now I am happy to come back and share this experience

with all of you.

I am Langley High School Alumni and a member of the class of 2015. While at Langley, Model United

Nations was my whole world. Participating in parliamentary debates with students from around the United

States on hot topic political issues was a tremendous privilege during high school.

Now I am a sophomore at Randolph-Macon College, where I am a political science major and a member

of the Franklin Debate Society. In addition to participating in debate, I also serve as the Lead Coordinator for

the Randolph-Macon Chapter of Amnesty International.

While the activity of Model United Nations is often fun and exciting, this committee will cover topics

that are more serious than the average committee. The mid-1990s were a dark time for the international

community, and the scourge of genocide displayed some of the most gruesome violence in modern history. In

approaching these grave topics, I encourage all delegates to be dedicated to their roles, but not lose sight of the

seriousness of the topics. I expect this committee will spark interesting and engaging debates, yet those debates

should be grounded in an air of respect.

On that note, I am excited for this committee and to meet all of you! Good Luck with your research and

I will see you at VIMUNC IV!

Best,

Sean Gordon

Langley High School Class of 2015

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LETTER FROM THE CRISIS CZAR

Hey, guys!

My name is Matthew Owens and I am a freshman at George Mason University. I've been doing Model

UN since my sophomore year at Langley High School, and ever since then I have been passionate about topics

such as history, economics, and politics alongside pursuing a Mathematics major and minors in Economics and

Global Affairs. While I am not knee deep in homework, crisis notes, or my own blood, sweat, and tears, I could

be found participating in numerous clubs such as College Republicans, Model UN, and the think tank

Roosevelt@Mason, lobbying my own initiative idea of how to bring people with different political opinions

together to the Student Senate, working on GMU's own Mason World Health Organization conference as the

Delegate Resource Coordinator, writing insanely long but incredibly insightful Facebook posts, or just hanging

out with friends.

If you're not in fact bored of my bio and still reading this bio, good for you! If you're anxious about

competing in Langley's premier committee, fear not! I was a crisis staffer in VIMUNC III's UNSC 1994

committee, I do indeed have experience with crisis as a delegate, staffer, and czar, and I am incredibly interested,

knowledgeable, and passionate about the topics- well, outside of the entire death and suffering of course. If I place

one thing in crisis alongside the ever-important diplomacy and rhetoric, it is knowing what your country thinks

of the issue, what the country has done and could have done in the wake of genocide, war, and political

neglect, and what you could possibly do to rewrite history. It is indeed important to know how to negotiate with

your fellow delegates, but it is also important to know the information and the motives that drove people to act.

After all, one reason why I joined MUN is that I love to learn and to be in a community of learners. Thus I hope

that it would be the same experience in 1994 as what one of the finest teachers at Langley would describe it as a

"celebration of knowledge".

Congrats on surviving the first ordeal of reading this bio! If you still have any questions, comments, concerns, or

just want to talk about MUN, history, or other topics, then feel free to contact me using my email.

Now happy hunting with reading the infinitely more important details within the rest of the background guide!

Sincerely,

Matthew Owens

matthew.albert.owens@gmail.com

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INTRODUCTION TO THE COMMITTEE

Committee Overview

Welcome to the United Nations Security Council 1994 for VIMUNC IV! The Security Council is the

most powerful organ within the United Nations with five permanent member nations and ten non-permanent

members with a two year rotational period in the Council. For Model UN purposes, our committee will also allow

five other nations to join as observers. The Security Council is responsible to maintain international peace,

security, and stability. According to the UN Charter, resolutions passed by the Council are binding to all UN

member nations. In committee, delegates will pass legislations to simulate Security Council directives. This year,

we are bringing the time of the committee back to the year of 1994. Our committee will be mainly focused on the

following two topics: The Rwandan Genocide and The Bosnian Conflict. Although there are two topics,

delegates will not be voting on the topics. The committee will start with a crisis update. In addition, delegates

may also face crisis unrelated to the two main topics during committee session. Delegates are also recommended

to research on the real world measures taken by the Security Council in 1994. Be prepared!

Clarifications

P5 nations will have veto power on all legislations Observer Nations will be allowed to vote in committee All public legislations must be sponsored by 1/3 of committee All public legislations will be passed with a 2/3 majority

Dossier

Permanent Members 1994 Non-permanent Members Observer Nations

China Argentina Nigeria Belgium

France Brazil Oman Bosnia and Herzegovina

Russian Federation Czech Republic Pakistan Canada

United Kingdom Djibouti Rwanda Croatia

United States New Zealand Spain Yemen

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TOPIC I: THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE

Throughout April to July 1994, the Hutu ethnic majority in the east-central African nation of Rwanda

slaughtered as many as 800,000 people, the majority being of the Tutsi minority. Started by extreme Hutu fighters

in the city (capital), Kigali. The killing spread through the nation with unimaginable speed and brutality, as

innocent civilians were swayed by domestic officials to fight against their neighbors. By the time the Rwandan

Patriotic Front obtained rule of the nation through a militaristic attack in early July, hundreds of thousands of

Rwandans were murdered and many more thrown out of their residences. The victory caused 2 million more

people to be displaced within Rwanda, furthering what had already become a humanitarian catastrophe.

Rwanda, a small nation with a developed agrarian economy, had one of the greatest population densities

in all of Africa. Around 85 percent of the total population is ethnically Hutu the rest being Tutsi. Around 1918,

Rwanda was encompassed by the League of Nations mandate of Belgium post World War 1 also including a

neighboring country, Burundi. The colonial period of Rwanda, in which the Belgians, who were currently ruling,

favored the minority group of Tutsis over the Hutus, planted the tendency of the few to oppress the many, creating

lifetimes of tensions that expanded into violence even before the Rwandan independence. A Hutu revolution

around 1959 forced as many as 300,000 (Tutsis) to seek refuge, making them more of a minority. By around the

1960’s, ruling Hutus had forced Rwanda’s Tutsi leader into exile and declared Rwanda a republic. After a United

Nations referendum around that same time, Belgium legally granted Rwanda its independence in 1962.

The mass killings in Rwanda quickly spread from Kigali to the rest of the country, with about 800,000

people brutally killed over the next few months. At this time, domestic regulators and government stations called

on innocent civilians to attack their neighbors. During this time, the Rwandan Patriotic Front continued attacking,

and civil disputes raged with the genocide. By early June, forces had gained control over the majority of the

nation, including the capital city. In response, over 2 million people, mostly Hutus, began to flee Rwanda,

crowding into refugee camps in the Congo and other nearby countries. After the victory, the Rwandan Patriotic

Front created a spontaneous coalition government facilitating in place of a true governing body. Habyarimana’s

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QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER

party, which had played an important role in facilitating the genocide, was condemned, and a new constitution

established in 2003 broke down all ethnic discrepancies. As in the case of extreme crimes committed in

Yugoslavia around the same time, the global community remained largely on the sidelines during the Rwandan

genocide. A United Nations Security Council paper in 1994 led to the removal of the UN peacekeeping operation

(UNAMIR) created a body to assist with reconstruction of government and policies.

1. Should the United Nations intervene by creating a new peacekeeping operation?

2. Does your country support any side of the conflict and what is your country policy?

3. Should the UNSC sanction foreign arms suppliers?

4. What role can the UNSC play in enforcing the Arusha Peace Accords?

5. What should the committee do to stabilize Burundi who has just lost their president?

6. Is there a possibility for temporary ceasefire? If so, how can the committee achieve the ceasefire?

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TOPIC II: THE BOSNIAN CONFLICT

Around 1946, the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina grew to become one of the constituent republics

of the Republic of Yugoslavia, and life in Bosnia changed, as social, economic, and political reforms were

implemented on all of Yugoslavia. Bosnia and Herzegovina was specifically affected by the outlaw of many

Muslim institutions, such as Muslim primary education and well-funded charity foundations. Although, a change

of legal policy in the 1960s led to the establishment of “Muslim” as a word referring to a national identity.

Throughout the next 18 years the Slavic populations decreased in due to widespread emigration. In the

1980s the rapid decline of the Yugoslav economy led to widespread public dissatisfaction with the political

system. That outlook, alongside the manipulation of the population’s feelings by leaders, destabilized the political

system. In 1989, elections were hosted in Croatia and Slovenia.

Evidence came to light that charged the Yugoslav People’s Army of sending secret arms deliveries to the

Bosnians from the capital. By then full-scale war had broken out in Croatia, and the collapse of the Republic of

Yugoslavia began. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s stance became vulnerable. The idea of establishing a partition

within Bosnia and Herzegovina had been discussed during discussions between the Croatian president, Tudjman,

and the president of Serbia. When the European Organization recognized the establishment of Slovenia and

Croatia, it asked Bosnia and Herzegovina to apply for recognition also. A referendum for independence was held

in order to determine whether it was looked favorably upon or not. Of the nearly two-thirds of the population that

voted, almost all voted for independence, which the president officially declared in 1992. When Bosnia and

Herzegovina’s establishment was further recognized by the United States in 1995, Bosnian forces began attacking

Sarajevo, and the artillery bombing of the city by Bosnian units of the Yugoslavian force began soon thereafter.

Along with that, many of the towns in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina with large Bosnian populations were

ambushed by a group of paramilitary forces and army units. The reason for the attack was described later as an

“ethnic cleansing” which could be seen by the obvious ethnic differences between the killed and the killers.

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Although the Bosnians were the primary victims and Serbians the primary attackers, Croats were also among the

fighters and killed.

During the early parts of 1992, the military situation remained fairly static. A rushed assembly of a

Bosnian government army, along with better-prepared Bosnian Croat forces, fought on the front lines for the rest

of that time, though its power was chipped away in portions of eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Bosnian

government was weakened militarily by an international arms embargo and by a dispute during 1993 and 1994

with Croat fighters. The UN refused to involve themselves in the Bosnian conflict, but the United Nations

Protection Force (UNPROFOR) troops did conduct the delivery of humanitarian aid. The organization later

extended its stance to the protection of a number of declared safety areas.

Several peace talks failed during the war, mostly because of the Bosnians, who had control over about 70

percent of the land by 1994, refused to withdraw from any territory. In 1994, in NATO’s first-ever use of

militaristic assets, its fighters shot down Bosnian aircrafts that were violating the United Nations declared no fly

zone over the country. Later that year, at the United Nation’s request, NATO launched isolated air strikes against

Bosnian targets. Combined with a massive Croat land offensive, Bosnian forces agreed to peace talks in

November. The Serbian president represented the Bosnian Serbians. The resulting Dayton Accords called for a

facilitated Bosnia and Herzegovina where 51 percent of the territory would constitute a Croat-Bosniak republic

and 49 percent a Serb republic. To enforce the agreement, formally signed in 1995, an international force was

deployed. It was originally estimated that at least 200,000 people were slaughtered and more than 2,000,000

became refugees during the war. Later studies, however, concluded that the number of deaths was actually about

100,000. In 1993 the United Nations established the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (ICTY), and,

in the years following the war, the court charged people of every ethnicity and nationality represented in the

dispute. Most important, however, were cases brought against Serbian and Bosnian authorities.

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QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER

1. What is your country's view on the NATO intervention?

2. Has your country played a role in the current conflict?

3. What can the committee do to protect the minority population?

4. Should the Security Council expand the mandate of UNPROFOR?

5. Should the committee invite all parties of the conflict for a peace talk?

6. Should the Republic of Serbian Krajina be recognized by the international community?

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WORKS CITED

Topic I

"GENOCIDE - RWANDA." Genocide-Rwanda. Peace Pledge Union. Web. 01 Feb. 2010.

http://www.ppu.org.uk/genocide/g_rwanda.html.

"History Wiz: The Rwandan Genocide." History Wiz: for students, teachers and lovers of history. Web.

07 Feb. 2010. http://www.historywiz.com/rwanda.htm.

"Rwanda: How the genocide happened." Rwanda: How the genocide happened. BBC, 18 Dec. 2008.

Web. 27 Jan. 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1288230.stm.

Schorn, Daniel. "Rwandan Genocide Survivor Recalls Horror." 60 minutes-CBS news. CBS, 28 June

2007. Web. 2 Feb. 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/11/30/60minutes/main2218371.shtml.

Rwanda: The Wake of a Genocide. Web. 09 Feb. 2010. http://www.rwanda-genocide.org/help.html.

Survivors Fund, supporting survivors of the Rwandan genocide. Web. 09 Feb. 2010.

http://www.survivors-fund.org.uk/.

"UNICEF - Rwanda -." UNICEF - UNICEF Home. Web. 08 Feb. 2010.

http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/rwanda.html.

"Red Cross Red Crescent - Field operations in Rwanda." International Federation of Red Cross and Red

Crescent Societies (IFRC). Web. 09 Feb. 2010. http://www.ifrc.org/where/country/cn6.asp?countryid=143.

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Topic II

"Bosnia-Hercegovina Timeline." BBC News. BBC, 12 Jan. 2012. Web. 14 May 2015.

"Bosnia and Herzegovina." CIA: . N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2015.

"Bosnian War." - New World Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2015.

"Bosnian War." Untitled Document. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2015.

"THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLICS." Hsw. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2015.

"The History Place - Genocide in the 20th Century: Bosnia-Herzegovina 1992-95." The History Place -

Genocide in the 20th Century: Bosnia-Herzegovina 1992-95. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2015.

"The War in Bosnia, 1992–1995 - 1993–2000 - Milestones - Office of the Historian." The War in

Bosnia, 1992–1995 - 1993–2000 - Milestones - Office of the Historian. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2015.