VIII. Early Reform Movements
Transcript of VIII. Early Reform Movements
VIII. Early Reform Movements
In the 1820’s a Second Great Awakening arose in America. One of the effects of the movement was a
desire by Christians to attack perceived social ills in 19th century America:
MOVEMENT ISSUE IMPACT KEY PEOPLE/GROUPS
Temperance People should drink less alcohol, or alcohol should be outlawed altogether
Increased the size of Protestant religious organizations & their influence Women played an important role, which laid the foundation for the women’s movement
American Temperance Society
Abolition Slavery should be abolished and it should not be allowed in new states
Made slavery and its expansion an important political issue Women played an important role, which laid the foundation for the women’s movement
American Colonization Society called for the emancipation and transportation of freed slaves back to Africa William Lloyd Garrison The American Antislavery Society, led by William Lloyd Garrison called for immediate emancipation by any means necessary William Lloyd Garrison- white RADICAL abolitionist, editor of The Liberator, called for immediate emancipation Frederick Douglass- former slave, editor of The North Star, called for gradual emancipation
Public School
All children should be required to attend free schools supported by taxpayers and staffed by trained teachers
Established education as a right for all children Improved the quality of schools by requiring trained teachers
Horace Mann believed that democracy could only be effective with an educated population
Women’s Suffrage
Women’s equality & suffrage (voting rights)
Eventually led to the 19th amendment, granting women the right to vote
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lucretia Mott
Grimke Sisters All of these became involved after being denied access to the London World Anti-Slavery Convention
Seneca Falls Convention Women’s rights convention organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia
Mott
The Declaration of Sentiments (modeled after Declaration of
Independence)- called for an end to unequal treatment of women and for
women’s suffrage
***Marked beginning of the Women’s Rights Movement
IX. Manifest Destiny & Westward Expansion
Manifest Destiny: It was the American “Destiny” to
stretch from the Atlantic to Pacific
The term was first coined by newspaper editor
John O’Sullivan in 1845
Was used to gain public support for American territorial expansion in Texas, Oregon and Mexican
territory
Northwest Land Ordinance: Blue prints for orderly westward expansion and settlement
Outlined how western territories would be divided/sold and settled
Procedures for how these territories would become states
Banned slavery in the Northwest Territory
Louisiana Purchase: (1803) President Jefferson purchased the
territory from France for $15 million
Doubled the size of the U.S.
Secured critical lands for future expansion
Gave the U.S. a secure port at New Orleans to export
American goods abroad
The Corps of Discovery/ Lewis and Clark: Explored the
Louisiana Territory from St. Louis to the Pacific
Chartered western trails, mapped rivers/mountains,
recorded plants/animals
Sacajawea served as their guide and translator.
Monroe Doctrine: (1823) Europe should stay out of the Western
Hemisphere (NO NEW COLONIES); U.S. won’t interfere in Europe
Issued in response to European countries that had made plans to
help one another recapture American colonies that had gained
independence
A key aspect of U.S. foreign policy that STILL EXISTS TODAY
By making this deal, Jefferson
greatly expanded the power of the
Presidency as the Constitution
made no provision for this type
of Presidential action
There were three primary motivations for America’s westward growth:
1. the desire of most Americans to own their own land/ make a fresh start
2. the discovery of gold and other valuable resources
3. the belief that the United States was destined to stretch across North America
Oregon: “Fifty-four Forty or Fight”
Texas Annexation (1845):
Sam Houston encouraged and helped
Americans settle Texas when it was part of Mexico
Settlers rebelled against the Mexican government when it abolished slavery and tried to force settlers to convert to Catholicism.
Despite a total loss at the Battle of the Alamo, Americans won Texan independence
and formed the Republic of Texas
Texas wasn’t admitted to the Union until 1845, because Americans were divided over the issue of admitting another slave state into the Union
Mexican Cession: Began as a dispute over the U.S.-Mexican border: When the
U.S. sent troops south of the Nueces to the Rio Grande, the
Mexican Army attacked
The U.S. attacked on 2 fronts: through California & through
Texas
Key Generals: Zachary Taylor & Winfield
Scott
But this new territory would further DIVIDE the
nation as the question of SLAVERY had to be
decided as the territories prepared to apply for statehood…EX: WILMOT PROVISO
James K. Polk’s presidential campaign
slogan to take all of the Oregon Territory under dispute between the U.S. and
Britain
Compromise: boundary of Oregon = 49th parallel
U.S. said border = Rio Grande
Mexico said border= Nueces River
1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Ended war
U.S. gained California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado & Wyoming
Rio Grande was made the official border
X. CAUSES & EVENTS LEADING TO CIVIL WAR
Sectionalism- the key economic differences between the North & South- would:
Fuel conflicts over the expansion of slavery as the U.S. spread westward…
Reignite disagreements over who has the ultimate authority- the Fed or the States (STATES’ RIGHTS)
Conflict & Compromise over Slavery ALL OF THE FOLLOWING CONTRIBUTED TO THE ULTIMATE SPLIT OF THE NATION…
Missouri Compromise 1820: 1st major 19th century conflict over the expansion of slavery
Maine entered as free state
Missouri entered as slave state
Territory above the 36 30 line closed to slavery
Putting the interests of your own region ahead of the interests of the whole nation- looking out for you and your own versus
thinking about the COMMON
GOOD
Economy based on INDUSTRY/
MANUFACTURING
Opposed expansion of slavery Supported
TARIFFS- taxes on foreign goods- because this made their own manufactured goods cheaper for people to buy!
Economy based on AGRICULTURE/
Plantations
Dependent on slavery Opposed TARIFFS- b/c the South had few factories, meaning they relied on foreign manufactured goods! Tariffs made these goods too expensive
This MAINTAINED THE
BALANCE OF POWER
between free and slave
states in Congress
“I got an idea…Let’s compromise!”
Henry Clay- THE GREAT COMPROMISER
THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS (Jackson/Fed gov’t vs. Calhoun/South Carolina) over the Tariff of Abominations is a key example of the differences between the North & the South, and how this sectionalism would continue to divide the nation (this info is found in cram packet #2)
Wilmot Proviso:
Proposed no slavery in the new territories acquired in the war with Mexico
IT WAS NOT PASSED- the issue of whether to allow or prohibit slavery in new states remained
unresolved.
Compromise of 1850: The issue came up again when California applied for
statehood as a FREE STATE This made slave states mad b/c It would violate the Missouri
Compromise (most of California was SOUTH of the 36 30 LINE) It would upset the balance in Congress between free and slave states
Concerned the nation was on the brink of RUIN, another compromise was reached:
1. California admitted as a free state
2. Popular Sovereignty for the rest of the new territories from Mexico
3. Ended the slave trade in Washington, D.C.
4. Fugitive Slave Act was established requiring runaway slaves to be returned
ONLY CALMED THINGS DOWN TEMPORARILY
Kansas-Nebraska Act Proposed by Stephen Douglas:
Kansas & Nebraska territories created
Popular Sovereignty would determine the question of slavery in these territories
Repealed the Missouri Compromise & the Compromise of 1850 by allowing settlers in ALL new territories to decide on slavery
Popular Sovereignty: Stephen Douglas= leading supporter
Settlers of a given territory would have the sole right to decide whether slavery would be permitted
“Hey guys, here’s a new idea- LET’s
COMPROMISE!” Henry Clay (again)
Each side raised an army Violence between the 2 sides created warlike conditions
BLEEDING
KANSAS
Proslavery voters set up a proslavery government Abolitionists elected a rival government
Pro- and antislavery groups hurried into Kansas in an attempt to create voting majorities there.
The Dred Scott Decision A slave named Dred Scott claimed he should be a free man because he had lived with his master in slave states and in free states and SUED FOR HIS FREEDOM
The ruling:
Dred Scott was a slave and thus could not sue in federal court
Under the Constitution, slaves were private property and thus could be taken into any territory and legally held there in slavery
Slaves could not be taken away from their masters, regardless of a territory’s free or slave status
John Brown’s Raid
Radical white abolitionist who believed he had been chosen by God to end slavery 1859: he led a group of white and black men in a raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia in hopes of arming slaves for a rebellion. The raid failed and Brown was captured.
IMPACT:
Southern states began building up their militias…
THE FINAL STRAW……………………….
Election of 1860
He became a martyr to abolitionists in the North
He became a symbol to the South of the willingness of extreme abolitionists to use violence to end slavery
Effect on Slavery THIS WAS HUGE because it basically MADE SLAVERY OK EVERYWHERE!! Invalidated the Northwest Ordinance, the
Missouri Compromise & the Compromise of 1850 Gave slavery the protection of the U.S.
Constitution- meaning it would take a constitutional amendment to end slavery
Impact The ruling widened the gap between the North & South Many free states said they were going to
ignore the decision The new REPUBLICAN PARTY said that if it
won the presidential election in 1860, it would make sure that the Dred Scott decision was reversed!!!
This is why the South was SOOOOO ticked WHEN REPUBLICAN ABE LINCOLN WAS ELECTED IN 1860
The Republicans opposed
the expansion of slavery
and had already made it
well known that they
would stop its spread if
their candidate- ABRAHAM
LINCOLN- won the election
RESULTS: Lincoln won the electoral vote,
but received less than 2% of the popular
vote- this showed the South that they no
longer had any political voice
EFFECT: South Carolina,
soon followed by 7 states,
seceded from the Union
citizenship
Voting rights
Impeached for: the full pardon of
Lincoln’s 1st Priority= TO PRESERVE THE
UNION (NOT to end slavery)
Key Leaders What happened? Significance
Fort Sumter April 1861 Charleston, S.C.
− Pres. Lincoln − Pres. Davis
− Confederate forces attacked and seized Fort Sumter, one of the last federal forts in the C.S.A.
− The fort fell to the Confederacy
− As a result, Lincoln declared war
− First shots that started the war
Bull Run July 1861
. − Conf. General “Stonewall” Jackson
− Union troops headed to Confederate capitol at Richmond, VA
− Stonewall Jackson led his troops to victory
− First battle of the war
− First victory for the South
After Bull Run, Union forces in the West began the fight for control of the Mississippi River (part 2 of the Anaconda Plan)
Shiloh small Tennessee church close to the Mississippi border rch
1862
− Union General Ulysses S. Grant
− early-morning surprise attack against Union forces camped out at Shiloh Church, killing many Union soldiers in their sleep
− Union General Grant organized a successful counterattack the next day, forcing the Confederates to retreat
− Demonstrated how bloody the war might become
− The Confederate failure to hold on to its frontier showed that at least part of the Union’s Anaconda Plan to split the Confederacy might succeed
As the campaign in the West progressed, the Union pursued part 3 of the Anaconda Plan- taking Richmond
Antietam Sept. 1862
− Conf. General Robert E. Lee
− General Lee marched his forces to Antietam where he fought the war’s 1st major battle on northern soil
− First major battle in Union territory
− Deadliest one-day battle in American history
DOWNFALL OF THE SOUTH Lee’s failure to win at Antietam encouraged Lincoln to issue the Emancipation
Proclamation, which, in turn, gave the Union Army the momentum needed to wear down the Confederacy
Gettysburg July 1863
− Conf. General Robert E. Lee
− General Lee hoped that an invasion of Union territory would significantly weaken Northern support for the war effort.
− As they marched towards Gettysburg, they ran into Union forces, beginning a 3-day “see-saw” battle
− Ended in a Confederate retreat back to Virginia
− Deadliest battle of the Civil War (51,000 killed)
− Considered the turning point of the war
− Marked the beginning of the end for the Confederate forces in the east
− Convinced Lee to give up attempts to invade the Union
That November, a ceremony was held to dedicate a cemetery in Gettysburg. It was here that Lincoln delivered his famous “Gettysburg Address”
Vicksburg May-July 1863
− Union General Ulysses S. Grant
− Grant laid siege to Vicksburg because the army that controlled its high ground that overlooked a curve in the Mississippi River would be able to control traffic on the whole river
− The Union controlled the Mississippi River and the Confederacy was split in two
− Confederate troops and supplies in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were cut off from the Confederacy.
Emancipation Proclamation: Freed slaves ONLY IN THE CONFEDERATE STATES-
it did NOT END SLAVERY EVERYWHERE b/c Lincoln didn’t want to tick off the border states- those states in the Union
that were slave states
Punish the South
Occupy with military
Guarantee civil rights to former slaves (had to accept
Lincoln’s Plan
“With malice toward none, charity for all”
Welcome back the South quickly/ BE LENIENT/ punishing South will only make things worse
Andrew Johnson
Impeachment
Abolished slavery
Citizenship
Voting Rights
Reasons for Impeachment:
Full pardon of former Confederate citizens
Resistance to the passage of the
Fourteenth Amendment
The removal of a cabinet member without the
approval of Congress (violated TENURE OFFICE
ACT)