5th World Water Forum, Topic 2.2: Water for Energy , Energy for Water
Views on the water intensity of energy supplies Water in a World of 7 Billion Carey King Center for...
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Transcript of Views on the water intensity of energy supplies Water in a World of 7 Billion Carey King Center for...
Views on the water intensity of energy supplies
Water in a World of 7 Billion
Carey King
Center for International Energy and Environmental PolicyThe University of Texas at Austin
May 10, 2012
Carey King, PhDWW7B 2
May 10, 2012
Takeaways
• Marginal energy resource life-cycles have increased ability to affect or be affected by
– Water quantity– Water quality
• Emotional ties to water clash with mostly economic energy issues
• Economic importance of energy can affect water priorities
Carey King, PhDWW7B 4
May 10, 2012
US hydropower exemplifies water limiting an energy resource
EIA Annual Energy Review 2008.
Clean Water Act (1972)
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Cum
ulati
ve N
et C
apac
ity (M
W)
Capa
city
Fac
tor
US Hydropower Performance and Capacity
Capacity Factor
Hydro Capacity (MW)
Carey King, PhDWW7B 5
May 10, 2012
Many factors lead to this pattern: policy, climate, competing water uses
DOE (2006). Energy Demands on Water Resources. Report to Congress .
Clean Water Act (1972)
US Hydropower
Carey King, PhDWW7B 6
May 10, 2012
Power plant water consumption varies by cooling type
Macknick, et al. (2011). NREL/TP-6A20-50900.
Cooling Towers
1,000 (gal/MWh)
800
600
400Once-
through
Pond
Dry
Hybrid
PV, Wind, CSP Stirling
200
Carey King, PhDWW7B 7
May 10, 2012
Power plant water withdrawal varies by 100X
Macknick, et al. (2011). NREL/TP-6A20-50900.
50,000 (gal/MWh)
Once-through
Pond
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000Cooling Towers
Carey King, PhDWW7B 8
May 10, 2012
Withdrawal vs. Consumption:When is each one important?
• Thermoelectric (or energy) “use” of water– Withdrawal ~ 48% of US total (USGS, 2004)
– Consumption ~ 3% of US total (USGS, 1998)
• Avoid using the term “use” to describe water– Can’t tell if “using” a LOT or a LITTLE?
• A power plant withdrawing water from a river/lake versus a dedicated cooling reservoir has different ...
– Operational risks – Environmental impacts
Carey King, PhDWW7B 9
May 10, 2012
Wet Cooling for Concentrating Solar Power (trough)
NREL (Kutcher, C.)
Carey King, PhDWW7B 10
May 10, 2012NREL (Kutcher, C.)
Dry Cooling for Concentrating Solar Power (trough)
Carey King, PhDWW7B 11
May 10, 2012
Regulations on water effluent temperatures can limit power plant generation
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
Aug-06 Feb-07 Aug-07 Feb-08 Aug-08 Feb-09 Aug-09 Feb-10 Aug-10 Feb-11 Aug-11
Aver
age
Mon
thly
Effl
uent
Tem
pera
ture
(deg
. F)
Martin Lake
Avg. Effluent Temperature (deg. F): EPA Avg. Temp. Limit
Data from EPA.
Water for Energy: Transportation Fuels
Dominguez-Faus et al. Environ. Sci. & Technol. 2009 43 (9), 3005-3010.
Carey King, PhDWW7B 13
May 10, 2012
Water Consumption Intensity from Near Zero to > 100 gal/mile
King & Webber (2008). Env. Sci. & Tech. 42 (21), 7866-7872.
Carey King, PhDWW7B 14
May 10, 2012
“High Diversity Scenario for 2030”: ~ 20% conventional petroleum (4.1 trillion miles)
Coal to FT Diesel20.3%
NG to FT Diesel0.9%
Gasoline - Oil Shale10.4%
E85 - Non-Irrigated Cellulosic
9.2%
Biodiesel - Irr. Soy0.2%
H2 - SMR1.3%
H2 - Electrolysis, U.S. Grid1.3%
E85 - Irrigated Cellulosic
1.7%
E85 - No Irr. Corn Grain or Stover
9.9%
E85 - Irr. Corn Grain or Stover
1.7%
Diesel3.1%
Gasoline (E10)20.0%
Biomass gasification to liquids8.6%
Biodiesel - No Irr. Soy3.2%
Electric (EV/PHEV) - U.S. Grid
8.1%
Bio
fuel
s
Unconv.
foss
il
Nonliquids
King, Webber, Duncan (2010) Energy Policy, 38 (2), 1157-1167.
Carey King, PhDWW7B 15
May 10, 2012
Will water consumption in 2030 be for fuels non-existent before 2000?
Similar questions arose in 1970s [2]
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
GL
/yr
Water Consumption - AEO 2008 Reference
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
GL
/yr
Water Consumption - NETL
Irrigated Ethanol – E85 Corn Grain & Stover
Non-irrigated Ethanol – E85 Cellulosic
Irrigated Ethanol – E85 Cellulosic
Non-irrigated Ethanol – E85 Corn Grain
Coal to Liquid (Diesel)
Oil Shale - Gasoline
Electricity via PHEV – US Grid
Irrigated Ethanol – E85 Corn Grain
Petroleum Gasoline
Biomass to liquids
Irrigated Soy Biodiesel
Irrigated Ethanol – E10 Corn Grain
[graph] King, Webber, and Duncan (2010) Energy Policy, 38 (2), 1157-1167.[2] Harte and Gasseir (1978) Science, 199, 623-634.
~ 10% US Water Consumption
Carey King, PhDWW7B 16
May 10, 2012
Senate Energy and Natural Resources bill seeks to inform and improve data
• Energy and Water Integration Act 2011 (S. 1343)– Calls for National Academies Study of water
energy interactions
e.g. “… include a lifecycle assessment of the quantity of water withdrawn and consumed in the production of transportation fuels …”
– i.e. calculate as gal H2O/mile (King & Webber (2008) Env. Sci. and Tech.)
– Information must be used wisely in policy – What relates to consumers may not to a river basin
Carey King, PhDWW7B 17
May 10, 2012
now EIA(ft3/s)
Data are sometimes not easily converted into information
System Boundary
Diversion
Natural evaporation
Return Flow
Steam-Electric Plant
Cooling Reservoir
Cool water
Warm water
Forced evaporation
Withdrawal
Precipitation
Discharge
Aquifer
EIA(ft3/s)
TCEQ(ac-ft)
TCEQ(ac-ft)
TWDB
Intake
Cooling Towers
Carey King, PhDWW7B 18
May 10, 2012
Averyt, K., J. Fisher, A. Huber-Lee, A. Lewis, J. Macknick, N. Madden, J. Rogers, and S. Tellinghuisen. 2011. Freshwater use by U.S. power plants: Electricity’s thirst for a precious resource. A report of the Energy and Water in a Warming World initiative. Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists. November.
Carey King, PhDWW7B 20
May 10, 2012
Energy Price and EROI are inversely related
King and Hall, “Relating financial and energy return on investment.” Sustainability, 3(10) 2011, 1810-1832; doi:10.3390/su3101810.
US oil and gas EROI
EROI = Eoutput/Einput
Oil
pric
e ($
2005
/BB
L)
Carey King, PhDWW7B 21
May 10, 2012
Marginal fuels: have lower net energy
U.S. Corn Ethanol, soy biodiesel
Oil sands
Brazil cane ethanol (0.4 US$/L)
Oil shale
Conventional oil
Eoutput / Einput = Energy ROI
Fue
l cos
t ($
2005
/BB
L)
King and H
all (2011), Sustainability.
Carey King, PhDWW7B 22
May 10, 2012
Marginal fuels: have higher water consumption (or must recycle)
U.S. Corn Ethanol, soy biodiesel
Brazil cane ethanol (0.4 US$/L)
Oil shale
Eoutput / Einput = Energy ROI
Water C
onsumption (L H
2 O/km
)(G
reen and Blue)
0.1
1000
100
10
1Conventional oil
Oil sands
King &
Webber (2008), E
nv. Sci. &
Tech.
Carey King, PhDWW7B 23
May 10, 2012
Marginal fuels: lower net energy & higher water consumption
U.S. Corn Ethanol, soy biodiesel
Oil sands
Brazil cane ethanol (0.4 US$/L)
Oil shale
Conventional oil
Eoutput / Einput = Energy ROI
Fue
l cos
t ($
2005
/BB
L)
0.1
1000
100
10
1
King and H
all (2011), Sustainability.
King &
Webber (2008), E
nv. Sci. &
Tech.
Water C
onsumption (L H
2 O/km
)(G
reen and Blue)
Carey King, PhDWW7B 25
May 10, 2012
2011 in Texas was driest hottest year on modern record
John Nielson-Gammon
Sum
mer
Ave
rage
Tem
pera
ture
Summer Total Rainfall
Years of Texas “drought of
record” (1950-1957)
Carey King, PhDWW7B 26
May 10, 2012
Do Texas water rights suspensions during 2011 drought show ‘priority’?
• “Surface water in Texas is owned by the state and held in trust for the citizens of the state.” (TCEQ)
• Texas water rights are (mostly) prior appropriation– “first in time, first in right”
• 2011/2012: “In order to protect public health and welfare, water rights with municipal uses or for power generation have not been suspended.” (TCEQ)
– http://www.tceq.texas.gov/news/releases/010912DroughtLittleSandy– http://www.tceq.texas.gov/news/releases/080811drought11brazos4
Carey King, PhDWW7B 27
May 10, 2012
Are there long-term impacts from not suspending power generation water rights?
• Is this suspension a market failure?– ERCOT deregulated market ensures equal access to
transmission for all participants– Should all power plants have equal access to water?
• Water is a strategic asset (brownfield vs. greenfield)• Dry cooling technologies cost more and have higher
parasitic losses
• Does Texas have a duty to …– Provide water to power plants during drought?– Ensure water rights priority system plays out according
to priority date?
http://www.jsg.utexas.edu/cieep
http://www.webberenergygroup.com
WEBBER ENERGY GROUP
CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
POLICY
http://www.beg.utexas.edu/gccc/
Carey [email protected]
web: http://www.jsg.utexas.edu/researcher/carey_king/blog: http://environmentalresearchweb.org/blog/energy-the-nexus-of-everything/