Final Exam Review Questions and Terms:

The final exam will consist of paired passages, revising, and editing passages, questions about Romeo and Juliet Acts IV and V, short passage analysis questions, poetry analysis questions, and research questions based on skills listed below.

Romeo and Juliet Acts IV and V

1. What six characters have died in the play? (Who? Why?, How?)

1. Mercutio is offended by Tybalt's insolence, as well as Romeo's "vile submission,"[1] and accepts the duel on Romeo's behalf. Mercutio is fatally wounded when Romeo attempts to break up the fight.

2. Grief-stricken and wracked with guilt, Romeo confronts and slays Tybalt.

3. Believing Romeo to be a vandal, Paris confronts him and, in the ensuing battle, Romeo kills Paris.

4. Still believing Juliet to be dead, he drinks the poison.

5. Juliet then awakens and, finding Romeo dead, stabs herself with his dagger.

6. Lady Montague's grief over Romeo being exiled from Verona is so strong that she dies of this grief.

2. What is dramatic irony? Find examples from Romeo and Juliet

In literature, a plot device in which the audiences or readers knowledge of events or individuals surpasses that of the characters.

The words and actions of the characters therefore take on a different meaning for the audience or reader than they have for the plays characters.

Example: n Act 4, Scene 4 of Romeo and Juliet, the Capulet household is preparing for Juliet's wedding. Unbeknownst to them, Juliet has secretly married Romeo, and to avoid marrying Paris, she's taken a drug to feign death. It's dramatic irony because the family is preparing for a wedding that won't happen, ignorant of the wedding that already has, and then when Juliet is found apparently dead funeral preparations begin for someone who isn't dead.

3. What is a pun?

A. a form of wordplay that suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect.

b. Puns in Romeo and Juliet: Romeo and Juliet (Act I scene IV)

Romeo: Give me a torch: I am not for this ambling.

Being but heavy, I will bear the light.

Context: Romeo is reluctant to attend a party because he is suffering from a broken heart. 3. Romeo and Juliet (Act I scene IV)

Mercutio: Nay, gentle Romeo, we must have you dance.

Romeo: Not I believe me. You have dancing shoes with nimble soles; I have a soul of lead

So stakes me to the ground I cannot move.

Context: Romeo is reluctant to attend a party because he is suffering from a broken heart.

c. What is the purpose of a pun?

A pun is a play on words used to startle or confuse the reader or the listener.

Puns often create deliberate confusion between words that sound the same such as sun and son, or words that have different meanings, as in mole, which might refer to:

A burrowing animal

An undercover espionage agent

4. What are the steps to Friar Lawrences plan?

* Friar Laurence gives Juliet a potion that will make her appear to be dead, but only for a while. He tells her to take it alone in her bedroom.

* Juliet takes the potion, and the Nurse runs into her bedroom thinking Juliet is dead.

* The wedding between Paris & Juliet does not take place (of course, because Juliet seems dead) and instead they have a funeral for Juliet, and she is placed in the Capulet's morgue.

* Friar Laurence planned to have a messenger deliver Romeo (who is in Mantua) a letter explaining their plan

* Friar Laurence was going to go to the morgue, wake Juliet up/wait for her to wake up, and take her to Mantua so she could be with Romeo

WHAT WENT WRONG?

* The letter did NOT get delivered to Romeo: the messenger was quarantined in a house suspected of having plague. Romeo raced to the Capulet's morgue, once Balthazar told Romeo he saw Juliet dead. Romeo killed himself, thinking Juliet was dead. Juliet woke up, saw Romeo dead, and killed herself. The Friar arrived to the morgue too late.

5. What is the purpose of the scenes with the servants in Act IV?

As Lady Capulet and the Nurse are leaving, in come some servants carrying firewood, skewers, and baskets. Capulet asks one of the servants what all that is, and the servant answers, "Things for the cook, sir; but I know not what" (4.4.15). He probably means that there's stuff in the baskets that he hasn't even looked at. Someone just handed them to him and told him to get a move on, a message which Capulet now repeats: "Make haste, make haste" (4.4.16). The servants do make haste, but before the last one gets out the door, Capulet thinks of something else to make things just right for Juliet's wedding feast, and he orders the last servant to get drier logs for the fire. He tells the servant that Peter, another servant, will tell him where to find the wood, but the servant answers, "I have a head, sir, that will find out logs, / and never trouble Peter for the matter" (4.4.18-19). The servant means that he's smart enough to find logs without Peter's help, but Capulet makes a joke, saying, "Mass, and well said; a merry whoreson, ha! / Thou shalt be loggerhead" (4.4.20-21). A "loggerhead" is a blockhead, and a "whoreson" literally means "son of a whore," but Capulet's insults are all in good fun. He's in a very good mood.

6. Who is Balthazar? What is his part in Acts IV and V?

Balthazar - Romeos dedicated servant, who brings Romeo the news of Juliets death, unaware that her death is a ruse. Servant to Romeo, he witnesses the final moments of Romeo's life at the churchyard from a hiding place. He later backs up Friar Laurence's explanation of events to Escalus, Prince of Verona.

7. What is the Princes attitude toward the fathers at the end of the play?

At the very end, out of disaster comes some good. The Prince reproves the heads of the feuding families, saying, "Capulet! Montague! / See, what a scourge is laid upon your hate, / that heaven finds means to kill your joys with love" (5.3.291-293). Heeding him, Capulet offers his hand to Montague, saying, "O brother Montague, give me thy hand: / this is my daughter's jointure, for no more / Can I demand" (5.3.297-298).

8. What characteristics about Romeo lead to his downfall?

Impatience and an ability to act without thinking. He's irrational and emotional and this causes him to rush into things without thinking of the consequences. He kills Tybalt out of anger and this causes him to be banished. He then is overtaken by grief when he hears of Juliet's death, and takes his own life, not to mention how to kills Paris just to get him out of the way.

9. What is the role of fate in Romeo and Juliet?

In the opening lines of the play the audience is told what is going to happen to the lovers: a pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life. Throughout the story, the audience is put in an omnipotent, god-like position from the start encouraging them to think about fate and to what extent our actions are free.

Because we know Romeo and Juliets fate from the outset we are constantly hoping that they will take a different course perhaps that Romeo will arrive just after Juliet has woken. However, their fate is sealed and we are forced to question our own destiny and ability to make free choices.

When Mercutio shouts a plague on both your houses in Act 3, Scene 1, we are reminded of the protagonists fate. This bloody scene in which characters are killed gives us a glimpse of what fate has in store, marking the beginning of Romeo and Juliets tragic downfall.

Fate permeates the events and speeches in the play. Is it fate that Friar Lawrences plan to inform Romeo of Juliets faked death is not realized due to unforeseen circumstances? Is it fate that Romeo kills himself when he does?

Romeo and Juliet see omens throughout the play, continually reminding the audience of their fate. Their death is a catalyst for change in Verona: the dueling families are united in their grief creating a political shift in the city. Perhaps Romeo and Juliet were fated to love and die for the greater good of Verona.

Define:

1. Personification: the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.

2. Conflict: a literary element that involves a struggle between two opposing forces usually a protagonist and an antagonist.

b. Internal and External Conflicts Careful examination of the succeeding conflict examples will help us realize that conflicts may be internal or external.

i. An internal or psychological conflict arises as soon as a character experiences two opposite emotions or desires; usually virtue or vice, or good and evil inside him. This disagreement causes a character to suffer mental agony. Internal conflict develops a unique tension in a storyline marked by a lack of action.

i. External conflict, on the other hand, is marked by a characteristic involvement of an action wherein a character finds him in struggle with those outside forces that hamper his progress. The most common type of an external conflict is where a protagonist fights back against the antagonists tactics that impede his or her advancement.

i. Function of Conflict both internal and external conflicts are essential elements of a storyline. It is essential for a writer to introduce and develop conflict, internal or external or both, in his storyline in order to achieve a story goal i.e. the resolution of a conflict in order to entertain his readers.

i. What are the different types of conflict?

4. Man against man

4. Man against nature

4. Man against self

4. Man against society

i. What is an external conflict? What is an internal conflict?

5. External Conflict: The main character struggles against an outside force. Example: nature, people, not being able to perform a task well.

5. Internal Conflict: a character in conflict with themselves.

3. Plot: the main events of a play, novel, movie, or similar work, devised and presented by the writer as an interrelated sequence.

4. Rhyme: correspondence of sound between words or the endings of words, especially when these are used at the ends of lines of poetry.

5. Atmosphere: he pervading tone or mood of a place, situation, or work of art.:

"The hotel is famous for its friendly, welcoming atmosphere"

"This crisis further compounded the prevailing atmosphere of gloom".

6. Comic relief: comic episodes in a dramatic or literary work that offset more serious sections.

7. Tragic Flaw: A tragic flaw is a literary term that refers to a personality trait of a main character that leads to his or her downfall.

8. Alliteration: the repetition of the same sounds or of the same kinds of sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables of an English language phrase.

9. Monologue: presented by a single character, most often to express their mental thoughts aloud, though sometimes also to directly address another character or the audience. Monologues are common across the range of dramatic media, as well as in non-dramatic media such as poetry. Monologues share much in common with several other literary devices including soliloquies, apostrophes, and aside. There are, however, distinctions between each of these devices.

10. Stanza: an arrangement of a certain number of lines, usually four or more, sometimes having a fixed length, meter, or rhyme scheme, forming a division of a poem.

11. Blank verse: verse without rhyme, especially that which uses iambic pentameter.

12. Mood: The atmosphere that pervades a literary work with the intention of evoking a certain emotion or feeling from the audience. In drama, mood may be created by sets and music as well as words; in poetry and prose, mood may be created by a combination of such elements as SETTING, VOICE, TONE and THEME. The moods evoked by the more popular short stories of Edgar Allen Poe, for example, tend to be gloomy, horrific, and desperate.

13. Dramatic Irony: a plot device in which the audiences or readers knowledge of events or individuals surpasses that of the characters. The words and actions of the characters therefore take on a different meaning for the audience or reader than they have for the plays characters.

14. Soliloquy: a device often used in drama when a character speaks to himself or herself, relating thoughts and feelings, thereby also sharing them with the audience. Other characters, however, are not aware of what is being said. A soliloquy is distinct from a monologue or an aside: a monologue is a speech where one character addresses other characters; an aside is a (usually short) comment by one character towards the audience, though during the play it may seem like the character is addressing him or herself.

15. Symbolism: A symbol is something that stands for something else. Unlike ALLEGORY, symbolism is multidimensional--it may convey a number of meanings.

16. Iambic Pentameter: The term describes the rhythm that the words establish in that line, which is measured in small groups of syllables, called "feet". The word "iambic" describes the type of foot that is used (in English, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable). The word "pentameter" indicates that a line has five of these "feet".

17. Allusion: A brief reference in a literary work to a person, place, thing or passage in another literary work, usually for the purpose of associating the TONE or THEME of the one work with the other.

18. Sonnet: A lyric poem of fourteen lines, following one or another of several set rhyme-schemes. A first division of eight lines rhyming

It might be said that the octave presents the narrative, states the proposition or raises a question; the sestet drives home the narrative by making an abstract comment, applies the proposition, or solves the problem. The sonnet characteristically embodies four divisions: three quatrains (each with a rhyme-scheme of its own) and a rhymed couplet. Thus the typical rhyme-scheme for the English sonnet is

abab cdcd efef gg.

19. Metaphor: A comparison of two different things which states that the two are actually the same thing, often through a form of the verb "to be.

20. Stage Directions: instruction written into the script of a play, indicating stage actions, movements of performers, or production requirements.

21. Simile: A comparison of two different things, usually using the words "like," "as" or "as if." The simile "Oh, my love is like a red, red rose,"

22. Theme: The general idea or meaning of a literary work. A theme may not always be explicit or easy to state, and a work of literature may contain more than one theme. Theme is generally the most important part of any literary INTERPRETATION.

23. Couplet: a pair of lines of meter in poetry. Couplets usually consist of two lines that rhyme and have the same meter. A couplet may be formal (closed) or run-on (open). In a formal (or closed) couplet, each of the two lines is end-stopped, meaning that there is a grammatical pause at the end of a line of verse. In a run-on (or open) couplet, the meaning of the first line continues into the second.

24. Thesis: a long piece of writing on a particular subject that is done to earn a degree at a university and/or a statement that someone wants to discuss or prove

25. Aside: a dramatic device in which a character speaks to the audience. By convention the audience is to realize that the character's speech is unheard by the other characters on stage. It may be addressed to the audience expressly (in character or out) or represent an unspoken thought. An aside is usually a brief comment, rather than a speech, such as a monologue or soliloquy. Unlike a public announcement, it occurs within the context of the play. An aside is, by convention, a true statement of a character's thought; a character may be mistaken in an aside, but may not be dishonest.

26. Satire: a genre of literature, and sometimes graphic and performing arts, in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, corporations, government or society itself, into improvement. Although satire is usually meant to be humorous, its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism, using wit as a weapon and as a tool to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society.

A feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm"in satire, irony is militant"but parody, burlesque, exaggeration, juxtaposition, comparison, analogy, and double entendre are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing. This "militant" irony or sarcasm often professes to approve of (or at least accept as natural) the very things the satirist wishes to attack.

Satire is nowadays found in many artistic forms of expression, including literature, plays, commentary, television shows, and media such as lyrics.

27. Dialogue: a literary and theatrical form consisting of a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people.

28. Authors Voice: Voice is the author's style, the quality that makes his or her writing unique, and which conveys the author's attitude, personality, and character; or

Voice is the characteristic speech and thought patterns of a first-person narrator; a persona. Because voice has so much to do with the reader's experience of a work of literature, it is one of the most important elements of a piece of writing.

29. Unrhymed: not having rhyme; "writing unrhymed blank verse is like playing tennis without a net"

30. Theme: The general idea or meaning of a literary work. A theme may not always be explicit or easy to state, and a work of literature may contain more than one theme. Theme is generally the most important part of any literary INTERPRETATION.

Understand:

31. Paraphrase: a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other words

32. Sensory Imagery/Language: any description that involves one or more of the five senses -- touch, sight, taste, smell and sound.

33. Research techniques: to identify, locate and access useful secondary sources on a literary research topic, incorporate secondary sources into a research paper, and, of course, know how to document these sources correctly.

34. Drawing Conclusions:

Inference: an idea that is suggested by the facts or details in a passage

Conclusion: a decision about what may happen or about the result an event may have

NOTE: Making an inference and drawing a conclusion are very similar skills. Each requires the reader to fill in blanks left out by the author. An author may not include information for several reasons: they may think you already know it, it may not seem important to them, or they may want you to find the result.

How to make an inference or draw a conclusion

Observe all the facts, arguments, and information given by the author

Consider what you already know from your own experiences

35. Supporting Details: They come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a paragraph. They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph. You should give supporting facts, details, and examples.

36. Synthesis: to combine a number of different pieces into a whole. Synthesis is about concisely summarizing and linking different sources in order to review the literature on a topic, make recommendations, and connect your practice to the research. Synthesis usually goes together with analysis because you break down a concept/idea into its important parts/points (analysis), so you can draw useful conclusions or make decisions about the topic or problem (synthesis).

37. Main Idea: The central idea in a piece of writing. It is the point that the author wants you to remember most. Sometimes it's stated directly; other times you have to make inferences about it.

38. Authors Purpose: the reason an author decides to write about a specific topic. Then, once a topic is selected, the author must decide whether his purpose for writing is to inform, persuade, entertain, or explain his ideas to the reader.

What is authors purpose?

a. To entertain

b. To inform

c. To persuade

d. To inspire

What is the authors voice?

e. It is the writers distinctive sound or way of speaking on the page. It is related to such elements as word choice, sentence structure, and tone. Example: Light and humorous

39. Pre-Writing Strategies: the first stage of the writing process and the point at which we discover and explore our initial ideas about a subject. Prewriting helps us to get our ideas on paper, though not usually in an organized form, and brainstorm thoughts that might eventually make their way into our writing. Listed below are some of the most common types of prewriting techniques. You should become familiar with all of these and figure out the one that works best for you. The different types of prewriting that we will explore here are free writing, brainstorming, clustering, tagmemics, and journalistic technique.

40. Summary: a comprehensive and usually brief abstract, recapitulation, or compendium of previously stated facts or statements.

How do you summarize the main idea of a selection?

f. You point out the main points of a selection. Such as The kea is a curious, intelligent, and often destructive bird.

Grammar:

41. Combining Sentences: Sentences have to be combined to avoid the monotony that would surely result if all sentences were brief and of equal length. Part of the writer's task is to employ whatever music is available to him or her in language, and part of language's music lies within the rhythms of varied sentence length and structure. Even poets who write within the formal limits and sameness of an iambic pentameter beat will sometimes strike a chord against that beat and vary the structure of their clauses and sentence length, thus keeping the text alive and the reader awake.

42. Quotation Marks: Use quotation marks [] to set off material that represents quoted or spoken language. Quotation marks also set off the titles of things that do not normally stand by themselves: short stories, poems, and articles. Usually, a quotation is set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma; however, the typography of quoted material can become quite complicated.

43. Verb Forms: present vs. past tense

44. Antecedents: a word or phrase that is represented by another word (such as a pronoun)

45. Subject/Verb Agreement:

1. The subject of a sentence or clause must agree in number with the main or auxiliary verb of that sentence or clause.

Ex: The books were on the table yesterday. Whatever you want to do is fine with me. Every book is checked out.

2. with fractions, percentages, amounts and distances a singular verb is used when they are not followed by an of phrase.

Ex: $7.50 is the minimum wage.

3. When an of phrase follows a percentage, distance, fraction, or amount, the verb agrees with the noun closest to the verb.

Ex: Half of the tables are occupied. 21% of the population is poor. 21% of the books are paperback.

4. With indefinite quantifiers (e.g., all, few, many, much, and some), the verb agrees with the preceding noun or clause:

5. Usually, a singular verb follows NONE, even if the noun following it is plural. However, in conversational English, a plural noun has become acceptable.

Ex: None of the workers receives a tip.

6. With a collective noun, use either a singular or a plural verb, depending on whether you want to emphasize the single group or its individual members:

Ex: Half of my family lives/live in Canada. All of the class is/are here.

7. Adjectives proceeded by THE and used as plural nouns take a plural verb:

The rich get richer.

8. Expressions using the phrase number of depend on the meaning of the phrase: They take a singular verb when referring to a single quantity:

The number of students registered in the class is 20.

They take plural verbs when they are used as indefinite quantifiers:

A number of students were late.

9. with expressions AS WELL AS, IN ADDITION TO, TOGETHER WITH, the first noun determines if the verb is singular or plural.

Ex: France, as well as other European countries, has a tip-included policy.

10. In the subjects with NEITHER/NOR and NOT ONLY BUT ALSO the noun closest to the verb determines if that verb is singular or plural.

Ex: Neither the host nor his guests were happy.

11. With EITHER/OR, the second noun guests determines that the verb is plural. Ex: Either John or his brother is going to make dinner.

12. A plural verb is used with subjects using BOTH/AND. However, if the compound subject describes two parts of a single process, then a singular verb is used.

Ex: Both John and his sister are going to be at the party.

46. Transition Words/ Phrases: create powerful links between ideas in your paper and can help your reader understand the logic of your paper.

Addition -Time- Place- Comparison- Contrast Cause- Effect- Clarification- Qualification- Intensification- Concession- Purpose- Summary- Conclusion- Demonstratives- Pronouns- Exemplification or Illustration

Research:

47. Objective (impartial) vs. Subjective (biased): Subjective information is one person's opinion. In a newspaper, the editorial section is the place for subjectivity. It can be based on fact, but it is one person's interpretation of that fact. In this way, subjective information is also analytical.

Student research papers are usually subjective, in that the writer formulates a thesis statement and uses sources that support that thesis. Bear in mind that there is usually another equally valid viewpoint that can be supported with other sources.

Objective information reviews many points of view. It is intended to be unbiased. News reporters are supposed to be objective and report the facts of an event. Encyclopedias and other reference materials provide objective information.

48. Reliable vs. Unreliable Resources:

An essay writer should know the difference between reliable and unreliable sources. Educational institutions will not accept references from unreliable sources. The essay writer should gather, use, and synthesize information only from approved sources specified by the instructor or the university. The essay writer may select published sources that appear in reliable websites such as journals, books, or peer reviewed research articles. The reliability of the data gathered by the freelance writer depends on how reliable the source is. If the freelance writer does not use reliable sources, then he may have a problem later with the consistency, analysis, and validity of the collected data.

What do you mean by reliable sources?

The first thing that an essay writer should know when collecting data and performing research is the ability to determine whether the site is reliable or not. There is only one thing that an essay writer should think when he visits a site - know from experience if the information is good or not. Below are examples of good reliable sites that provide reliable information:

Google books

Newspapers

Peer reviewed articles

Peer reviewed journals

PhD or MBA dissertations and research Public library including Questia

Scholarly articles

Isolated studies or academic research

Educational institutions websites

Although Wikipedia sites are good starting point to get initial ideas about the essay topic, the background information collected from the site still need confirmation and checking with a reliable source. Wikipedia sites have no formal control on the type and quality of information published on their sites. This concept is the same with blogs and other articles. Using the search engine to find information may give both reliable and unreliable sources. Many sites also give opinions and reviews. If it is necessary to use the ideas presented in these sites, then it is extremely important that essay writers validate the concept or theory with a reliable source.

How do you know a source is unreliable?

Academia writers do not need to read all the books or anything from cover to cover. Essay writers will definitely achieve an information overload using this research technique. One approach essay writers could use is to go through the material and follow this simple guideline:

Note the date of publication and document version

Look at the table of contents and skim through the identified sections

Choose relevant information for better results

Organized information gathered from other sources to confirm reliability

Essay writers may use the idea unreliable sites present but need reliable resources to cite and confirm the collected information. Below are examples of unreliable sources that require confirmation with a reliable source:

Wikipedia

Blogs

Forums

Questionable sites created by organizations Sites that provide bias information

49. Works Cited: According to MLA style, you must have a Works Cited page at the end of your research paper. All entries in the Works Cited page must correspond to the works cited in your main text. Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. It should have the same one-inch margins and last name, page number header as the rest of your paper.

Label the page Works Cited (do not italicize the words Works Cited or put them in quotation marks) and center the words Works Cited at the top of the page.

Double space all citations, but do not skip spaces between entries.

Indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent.

List page numbers of sources efficiently, when needed. If you refer to a journal article that appeared on pages 225 through 250, list the page numbers on your Works Cited page as 225-50. Note that MLA style uses a hyphen in a span of pages.

Variety of Texts:

50. Informational: Informational Text is a subset of the larger category of non-fiction.

Its primary purpose is to inform the reader about the natural or social world.

Different from fiction and other forms of non-fiction, informational text does not utilize characters.

Includes a table of contents, an index, bold or italicized text, glossaries for specialized vocabulary, embedded definitions for specialized vocabulary, realistic illustrations of photos, captions and other labels, and graphs and charts.

Unlike narratives that tell a story across time in a linear fashion, informational text is often (though not always) non-linear.

51. Narrative Poetry: a form of poetry that tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator and characters as well; the entire story is usually written in metered verse.

The poems that make up this genre may be short or long, and the story it relates to may be complex. It is usually dramatic, with objectives, diverse characters, and meter. Narrative poems include epics, ballads, idylls, and lays.

52. Excerpts: a part or passage taken from a book, speech, play, etc, and considered on its own; extract and/or to take (a part or passage) from a book, speech, play, etc

53. Drama: The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production and a collective form of reception. The structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception.

Literary Selection section

2. What is the protagonist?

He is a major character who plays the role of the hero

3. Who opposes the main character in a literary work?

a. The antagonist

4. What is the antagonist?

a. A person who is opposed to, struggles against, or competes with another; opponent; adversary.

Read this passage section

5. What are the different types of literature?

a. Personal Narrative

b. Expository Essay

c. Persuasive Essay

d. Allegory

6. What is a comparison?

a. A likening; illustration by similitude; comparative estimate or statement.

b. Example: Like other parrots, the kea has an extremely large forebrain.

7. What is tone?

a. The writers attitude towards his or her audience and subject. Example: humorous

Mythology section

8. What is a prediction?

a. What the reader thinks is going to happen next based on events and dialogue in the reading selection.

9. What are the different parts of a literary work?

a. Inciting incident, development, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution

10. What does it mean to infer?

a. to hint; imply; suggest

11. What is the denotative meaning of a word?

a. The dictionary meaning. Example: Veered means changed direction.

12. What is irony?

a. A literary technique that portrays differences between appearance and reality, or expectation and result. Example: Verbal irony, dramatic irony, irony of situation.

13. How do you learn about characters in a passage?

a. Through dialogue, description, setting, and/or irony

14. What is an opinion?

a. A personal view, attitude, or appraisal. Example: The dog has an odd look.

15. How do you draw conclusions about a relationship?

a. Context clues and dialogue

Personal narrative section

16. What are the different points of view?

a. First person

b. Third person limited

c. Third person omniscient

d. Objective

17. What are the different types of writing?

a. Informational

b. Autobiographical

c. Persuasive

d. Problem and solution

18. What is the authors purpose when writing a narrative?

a. To entertain

b. To inform

c. To persuade

d. To inspire

e. Most times in a narrative, the purpose is to inform

19. What does the author mean when she writes, Only then did I believe that this might be what it was?

a. She realized that the President had been shot.

20. What details might be excluded if an incident were reported in the form of a news article?

a. Dialogue between two people not directly related to the situation

21. How do we use context clues to determine the meaning of a word? What does gala mean?

a. Gala can mean festive or suitable for a celebration but depending on how it was used in a sentence it can mean annoying, loud, mournful, sad, courageous, or honorable.

22. If you were writing a research paper on the assassination of President Kennedy, how might you use a narrative?

a. As a primary source

Drama section

23. What are stage directions? What is dialogue?

a. Stage directions: notes included in a drama to describe how the work is to be performed or staged. These instructions are printed in italics and are not spoken aloud. They are used to describe sets, lighting, sound effects, appearance, personalities, and movements of characters.

b. Dialogue: a conversation between characters that may reveal their traits and advance the action of a narrative.

24. What are good describing words to describe a persons feelings?

a. Angry, disgusted, fearful, exasperated

25. How do you draw a conclusion about a relationship between two people?

a. Professional, personal, doctor/patient, etc. Use context clues and dialogue to determine the relationship.

26. How do you deem information unimportant to the plot of a play?

a. Example: the appearance of a minor character

Romeo and Juliet section

27. At the end of Romeo and Juliet, Romeo believes Juliet is dead, but the audience knows she is still alive. What is this an example of?

a. Dramatic irony

28. How do stage directions help the reader understand what is happening?

a. They describe the action that is not in the dialogue. Example: the directions show that Juliet is stabbing herself.

29. What is a tragedy?

a. A work of literature, especially a play, that results in a catastrophe, a disaster or great misfortune, for the main character. The tragedy usually involves the role of fate.

Literary Analysis section

30. How can you tell how many characters have dialogue when reading a play?

a. The number of characters who have speaking parts.

31. What can you infer about a character from the stage directions?

a. What their physical actions show. Example: If a character is shouting and pounding his chest he probably wants to eat the other characters.

32. What information might the stage directions include?

a. Sounds and character descriptions

Literary Analysis: Drama section

33. What is the difference between a soliloquy and a monologue?

a. A soliloquy is unheard by other characters, and a monologue is addressed to others.

34. How are a soliloquy and an aside alike?

a. Both are unheard by other characters.

35. In which form of a dramatic speech is a character most likely to show the most about their true feelings?

a. Soliloquy

36. What is an example of dramatic irony?

a. Stella sells her hair for money and then receives a gift of hair combs.

37. What might a playwright use to lighten the mood of a play?

a. Puns

Read the poem section

38. What is the best way to paraphrase a line of a play?

a. Break down long sentences

39. What is a technique to help a reader paraphrase a passage in a poem?

a. Break down long sentences

40. How do you most clearly paraphrase a stanza in a poem?

a. Highlight the main points. Example: My horse must think it is odd to stop with no farmhouse near on such a dark and cold night.

41. How do you determine how many sentences a poem includes?

a. Look for periods, exclamation points, or question marks. Just because it has so many lines does not mean those are sentences.

42. Which element can help you to read a poem fluently?

a. Punctuation

Literary Analysis: Lyric Forms section

43. Which poetic form has 14 lines?

a. Sonnet

44. What is the rhyme pattern of a sonnet?

a. Iambic pentameter

45. What is the synonym for mood in a poem or other literary work?

a. atmosphere

Literary Analysis: Rhyme and Meter section

46. What is meter (when used in poetry)?

a. Arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables

Informational texts section

47. If an author wants to convince you to agree with them, what is their purpose?

a. To persuade

Writing section

48. If you were writing a brief profile of Rosa Parks explaining that you admire her, what would be a good thesis statement?

a. Rosa Parks showed the country how to one act of courage can make a difference.

49. When writing an essay about how to conduct a meeting, what is an important prewriting strategy?

a. Organize the steps for conducting a meeting in a logical order

50. What is a good example of a thesis statement for a compare and contrast essay?

a. Achilles and Odysseus, two of Homers epic heroes, have very different temperaments.

Literary Analysis: Figurative Language

51. The angry sky loomed overhead is an example of what?

a. Personification

52. Her novel was a passport to adventure is an example of what?

a. Metaphor

53. The rumbling storm sounded like a freight train headed our way is an example of what?

a. Simile

SAT Vocabulary section: Know the definition of the following words and how to apply them

54. Actuated: to incite or move to action; impel; motivate

55. Brunt: the main forceor impact, as of an attack or blow

56. Harangue: a scolding or a long or intense verbal attack; diatribe

57. Abased: lower on an escutcheon than is usual

58. Boorish: of or like a boor; unmannered; crude; insensitive

59. Harry: to harass, annoy, or prove a nuisance to by or as if by repeated attacks; worry:

60. Avert: to ward off; prevent

61. Combatant: a person or group that fights

62. Dubious: wavering or hesitating in opinion; inclined to doubt

63. Dormant: lying asleep or as if asleep; inactive, as in sleep; torpid

Grammar Conventions section

64. How would you combine this sentence? Two-thirds of the class failed the science exam. The class will not go to the Science Museum.

a. Because two-thirds of the class failed the science exam, the class will not go to the Science Museum.

65. What is an example of a properly punctuated direct quotation?

a. The speaker in Wordsworths poem wandered lonely as a cloud until he came to a field of daffodils.