Chapter: 5 Digestive System

A. Match the following digestive system structures with their meaning below.

anus esophagus livercecum gallbladder pancreascolon ileum pharynxduodenum jejunum sigmoid colon

1. consists of ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid sections__________________________.

2. small sac under the liver; stores bile____________________3. first part of the large intestine __________________________4. end of the digestive tract opening to the outside of the

body________________________5. second part of the small intestine ________________________6. tube connecting the throat to the stomach ___________________7. third part of the small intestine _____________________8. large organ in the RUQ;secretes bile, stores sugar, produce blood proteins

_______________________9. throat ___________________________________10. lowest part of the colon ________________________11. first part of the small intestine ____________________12. organ under the stomach; produces insulin and digestive enzymes

__________________________

B. Label the following flow chart of the pathway of food through the gastrointestinal tract. The terms you will need are listed below:

anus gallbladder rectumascending colon ileum salivary glands

1

cecum jejunum sigmoid colondescending colon liver stomachduodenum pancreas transverse colonesophagus pharynx

C. Circle the term that fits the given definition. You should be able to define the other terms as well!

1. microscopic projections in the walls of the small intestine:papillae villi rugae

2. salivary gland near the ear:submandibular sublingual parotid

2

3. ring of muscle at the end of the stomach:pyloric sphincter uvula lower esophageal sphincter

4. soft, inner section of a tooth:dentin enamel pulp

5. chemical that speeds up reactions and helps digest foods:triglyceride amino acid enzyme

6. pigment released with bile:glycogen bilirubin melena

7. hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas:insulin amylase lipase

8. rhythm-like contraction of the muscles in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract: deglutition

mastication peristalsis9. breakdown of large fat globules:

absorption emulsification anabolism10. pointed, dog-like tooth medial to premolars: incisor

canine molar

D. Complete the following.1. Labi/o and cheil/o mean __________________2. Gloss/o and lingu/o mean ___________________3. Or/o and stomat/o mean _______________________4. Dent/i and odont/o mean __________________________5. Lapar/o and celi/o mean ______________________________6. Gluc/o and glyc/o mean _________________________________7. Lip/o, steat/o, and adip/o mean _____________________________8. The suffixes -iasis and -osis mean __________________________9. Chol/e and bil/i mean ___________________________________10. Resection and -ectomy mean ________________________

E. Build medical terms based on the given definitions.1. removal of salivary gland _________________________2. pertaining to the throat _____________________________3. hernia of the rectum ________________________________4. enlargement of the liver _______________________________5. surgical repair of the roof of the mouth _____________________6. after meals _________________________________7. visual examination of the anal and rectal region _______________

3

8. study of the cause (of disease) _______________________9. incision of the common bile duct ________________________10. pertaining to teeth and cheek _________________________11. disease condition of the small intestine __________________12. new opening between the common bile duct and the jejunum

_________________13. pertaining to surrounding the anus ____________________14. new opening from the colon to the outside of the body ________15. under the lower jaw _________________________16. pertaining to the face ________________________

F. Match the following doctors or dentists with their specialties.colorectal surgeon nephrologist periodontistendodontist oral surgeon proctologistgastroenterologist orthodontist urologist

1. treats disorders of the anus and rectum ______________________2. operates on the organs of the urinary tract _____________3. straightens teeth __________________________4. performs root canal therapy __________________5. operates on the mouth and teeth _________________________6. treats kidney disorders ______________________________7. diagnoses and treats gastrointestinal disorders ________________8. treats gum disease __________________________9. operates on the intestinal tract _________________

G. Build medical terms to describe the following inflammations.1. inflammation of the appendix ___________________2. inflammation of the large intestine ______________________3. inflammation of the passageway from the throat to the

stomach___________________________________4. inflammation of the membrane surrounding the

abdomen________________________5. inflammation of the gallbladder ____________________6. inflammation of the third part of the small intestine _____________7. inflammation of the pancreas ______________8. inflammation of the gums ______________9. inflammation of the liver ______________________10. inflammation of the mouth _______________________

4

11. inflammation of the salivary gland ___________________12. inflammation of the small and large intestines ____________

H. Match the following terms with their meanings below.anastomosis gluconeogenesis mesenterybiliary glycogenolysis mucosadefecation hyperbilirubinemia parenteralcheilitis hyperglycemia portal vein

1. high level of blood sugar ____________________________2. inflammation of the lip ________________________________3. pertaining to administration of medicines and fluid other than by mouth

_____________________________4. mucous membrane ___________________________5. expulsion of feces from the body through the anus _____________6. breakdown (conversion) of starch to sugar __________________ 7. fan-like membrane that connects the small intestine to the abdominal wall

____________________8. large vessel that takes blood to the liver from the intestines _______9. new surgical connection between structures or organs___________10. pertaining to bile ducts _______________________11. process of forming new sugar from proteins and fats__________12. high levels of a bile pigment in the bloodstream______________

I. Give the names of the following gastrointestinal signs or symptoms based on their descriptions.

1. passage of bright red blood from the rectum ___________________2. lack of appetite _________________________3. fat in the feces ____________________________4. black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood ____________5. abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen________________6. rumbling noise produced by gas in the GI tract _____________7. gas expelled through the anus ___________________8. an unpleasant sensation in the stomach and a tendency to

vomit_____________________9. loose, watery stools _________________

10. difficulty in passing stools (feces) ___________________

5

11. difficulty in swallowing _________________12. gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth _____________

J. Write short answers for the following questions.1. What is jaundice? _______________________2. List three ways in which a patient can become jaundiced

a. __________________________________________b. __________________________________________c.___________________________________________

3. What does it mean when a disease is described as idiopathic?______________________

K. Select from the list of pathologic condition to make a diagnosis.achalasia colorectal cancer herpetic stomatitisanal fistula Crohn disease (Crohn’s) oral leukoplakiaaphthous stomatitis dental caries pancreatic cancercolonic polyps esophageal cancer periodontal disease

1. Mr. Jones, a smoker and heavy drinker, complaint of dysphagia in recent months. A longstanding condition of Barrett esophagus resulted in his malignant condition. Diagnosis: _________________________________

2. An abnormal tube-like passageway near his anus caused Mr. Rosen’s proctalgia. His doctor performed surgery to close off the abnormality.

Diagnosis: ___________________________

3. Carol’s dentist informed her that the enamel of three teeth was damaged by bacteria-producing acid.

Diagnosis:________________________________4. Paola’s symptoms of chronic diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever led

her doctor to suspect that she suffered from an inflammatory bowel disease affecting the distal portion of her ileum. The doctor prescribed steroid drugs to heal her condition. Diagnosis: _______________________________

5. Mr. Hart learned that his colonoscopy showed the presence of small benign growths protruding from the mucous membrane of his large intestine. Diagnosis:________________________

6

6. During a routine dental checkup, Dr. Friedman discovered white plaques on Mr. Longo’s buccal mucosa. He advised Mr. Longo, who was a chronic smoker and heavy drinker, to have these precancerous lesions removed.

Diagnosis:_______________________________

7. Every time Carl had a stressful time at work, he developed a fever blister (cold sore) on his lip, resulting from reactivation of a previous viral infection. His doctor told him that there was no treatment 100% effective in preventing the reappearance of these lesions.

Diagnosis:_________________________________8. Mr. Green had a biopsy of neoplastic lesion in his descending colon. The

pathology report indicated a malignancy. A partial colectomy was necessary. Diagnosis: ______________________

9. Small ulcers (canker sores) appeared on Diane’ gums. They were painful and annoying. Diagnosis:_______________________

10. Sharon’s failure to floss her teeth and remove dental plaque regularly led to development of gingivitis and pyorrhea. Her dentist advised consulting a specialist who could treat her condition.

Diagnosis:_____________________________11. Imaging tests revealed a tumor in a section of Mr. Smith’s pancreas.

His physician told him that since it had not spread, he could hope for a cure with surgery. He had a pancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure), which was successful. Diagnosis: _______________________

12. Mr. Clark complained of pain during swallowing. His physician explained that the pain was caused by a failure of muscles in his lower esophagus to relax during swallowing.

Diagnosis: _________________________

L. Match the following pathologic diagnoses with their definitions.cholecystolithiasis (gallstones) hemorrhoids pancreatitiscirrhosis hiatal hernia peptic ulcerdiverticulosis ileus ulcerative colitisdysentery intussusception viral hepatitisesophageal varices volvulusirritable bowel syndrome

1. protrusion of the upper part of the stomach through the diaphragm_________________________________

7

2. painful, inflamed intestines caused by bacterial infection ______________________

3. swollen, twisted veins in the rectal region __________________4. open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum

_______________________ 5. loss of peristalsis ______________________________6. twisting of the intestine on itself______________________7. swollen, varicose veins on the surface of the distal portion of the

esophagus __________________________8. abnormal outpouchings in the intestines wall _________________9. chronic inflammation of the colon with destruction of its inner

surface___________________________10. telescoping of the intestines________________________11. inflammation of the liver caused by type A, type B, or type C, virus

_____________________________12. inflammation of the pancreas______________________13. calculi in the sac that stores bile___________________14. chronic degenerative liver disease with scarring resulting from

alcoholism or infectious hepatitis____________________15. gastrointestinal symptoms ( diarrhea or constipation, abdominal

pain, bloating) with no evidence of structural abnormalities__________________________________________

M. Complete the following terms from their meanings given below.1. membrane (peritoneal fold) that holds the intestines together:

mes____________2. removal of the gallbladder:____________ectomy3. black or dark brown, tarry stools containing blood: mel_____________4. high levels of pigment in the blood (jaundice): hyper_____________5. pertaining to under the tongue: sub_______________6. twisting of the intestine on itself: vol___________7. organ under the stomach that produces insulin and digestive enzymes:

pan_______________8. lack of appetite: an___________9. swollen, twisted veins in the rectal region:___________oids10. new connection between two previously unconnected tubes:

ana_____________________

8

11. absence of acid in the stomach: a ______________12. return of solids and fluids to the mouth from the stomach: gastro

re__________________disease13. removal of soft tissue hanging from the roof of the

mouth:__________________ectomy14. formation of stones: ____________________genesis.

Chapter 5: Digestive SystemAnswers

A.1. colon2. gallbladder3. cecum4. anus5. jejunum6. esophagus7. ileum8. liver9. pharynx10. sigmoid colon11. duodenum12. pancreas

9

B.

10

C. 1. Villi. Papillae are nipple-like projections in the tongue where taste buds are

located, and rugae are folds in the mucous membrane of the stomach and hard palate.

11

2. Parotid. The submandibular gland is under the lower jaw, and the sublingual gland is under the tongue.

3. Pyloric sphincter. The uvula is soft tissue hanging from the soft palate, and the lower esophageal sphincter is a ring of muscle between the esophagus and stomach.

4. Pulp. Dentin is the hard part of the tooth directly under the enamel and in the root, and enamel is the hard, outermost part of the tooth composing the crown.

5. Enzyme. A triglyceride is a large fat molecule, and an amino acid is a substance produced when proteins are digested.

6. Bilirubin. Glycogen is animal starch that is produced in liver cells from sugar, and melena is dark, tarry stools.

7. Insulin. Amylase and lipase are digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine cells of the pancreas.

8. Peristalsis. Deglutition is swallowing, and mastication is chewing.9. Emulsification. Absorption is the passage of materials through the walls of

the small intestine into the bloodstream, and anabolism is the process of building up proteins in a cell (protein synthesis).

10. Canine. An incisor is one of the four front teeth in the dental arch (not pointed or like a dog’s tooth), and a molar is any of three large teeth just behind (distal to ) the two premolar teeth.

D. 1. lip2. tongue3. mouth4. tooth5. abdomen6. sugar7. fat8. abnormal condition9. gall, bile10. removal, excision

E. 1. sialadenectomy2. pharyngeal3. rectocele4. hepatomegaly

12

5. palatoplasty6. postprandial (post cibum-cib/o refers to meals or feeding)7. proctoscopy8. etiology9. choledochotomy10. dentibuccal11. enteropathy12. choledocheojejunostomy13. perianal14. colostomy15. submandibular16. facial

F.1. proctologist2. urologist3. orthodontist4. endodontist5. oral surgeon6. nephrologist7. gastroenterologist8. periodontist9. colorectal surgeon

G.1. appendicitis2. colitis3. esophagitis4. peritonitis (note that the e is dropped)5. cholecystitis6. ileitis7. pancreatitis8. gingivitis9. hepatitis10. stomatitis11. sialadenitis12. enterocolitis (when two combining forms for gastrointestinal organs

are in term, use the one that is closest to the mouth first)H.

13

1. hyperglycemia2. cheilitis3. parenteral4. mucosa5. defecation6. glycogenolysis7. mesentery8. portal vein9. anastomosis10. biliary11. gluconeogenesis12. hyperbilirubinemia

I.1. hematochezia2. anorexia3. steatorrhea4. melena5. ascites6. borborygmus7. flatus8. nausea9. diarrhea10. constipation11. dysphagia12. eructation

J.1. yellow-orange coloration of the skin and other tissues (hyperbilirubinemia)2. a. any liver disease (hepatopathy-- such as cirrhosis, hepatoma, or

hepatitis), so that bilirubin is not processed into bile and cannot be excreted in feces.

b.obstruction of bile flow, so that bile and bilirubin are not excreted and accumulate in the bloodstream.

14

c.excessive hemolysis leading to overproduction of bilirubin and high levels in the bloodstream

3. cause is not known.K.

1. esophageal cancer2. anal fistula3. dental caries4. Crohn disease (Crohn’s)5. colonic polyps6. oral leukoplakia7. herpetic stomatitis8. colorectal cancer9. aphthous stomatitis10. periodontal disease11. pancreatic cancer12. achalasia

L.1. hiatal hernia2. dysentery3. hemorrhoids4. peptic ulcer5. ileus6. volvulus7. esophageal varices8. diverticulosis9. ulcerative colitis10. intussusception11. viral hepatitis12. pancreatitis13. cholecystolithiasis (gallstones)14. cirrhosis15. irritable bowel syndrome

M.1. mesentery2. cholecystectomy3. melena4. hyperbilirubinemia

15

5. sublingual6. volvulus7. pancreas8. anorexia9. hemorrhoids10. anastomosis11. achlorhydria12. gastroesophageal reflux13. uvulectomy14. lithogenesis

16