What were the communication changes of the 1920s?

Increased availability of telephonesDevelopment of the radio and broadcast industryDevelopment of the movies

In what ways did electrification change American life?

Labor-saving devices (e.g. washing machines, electric stoves, water pumps)Electric lightingEntertainment (e.g., radio)Improved communications

U.S. History - Semester 2 Review (ANSWERS)

Name:___________________________ Date: _________________________ Block: ________

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RESULTS OF IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION BROUGHT ABOUT BY AUTOMOBILES:

Greater mobility Creation of jobs Growth of transportation-related industries (road-construction,

oil, steel, automobile) Movement to suburban areas

Who invented the airplane?

Who used the assembly line and in

what industry?

What did this lead to the rise of?

Captain of Industry – Henry Ford

Industry – Automobile

Led to the rise of mechanization

Wright Brothers (Orville and Wilber)

2

Georgia O’Keeffe Artist known for

urban scenes and later, paintings of the southwest

F. Scott Fitzgerald Novelist who wrote

about the Jazz Age of the 1920s

John Steinbeck Novelist who

portrayed the strength of poor migrant workers

CULTURAL FIGURES IN THE 1920s & 1930s

Aaron Copland and George Gershwin

Composers who wrote uniquely American music

Jobs for African Americans in the South were scarce and low paying African Americans faced discrimination and violence in the South African Americans moved to cities in the North and Midwest in search of better employment

opportunities African Americans also faced discrimination and violence in the North and Midwest

Great Migration

What was Prohibition?

Prohibition was imposed by a constitutional amendment that made it illegal to manufacture, transport, and sell alcoholic beverages.

What were the results of Prohibition?Speakeasies were created as places for people to drink alcoholic beverages

Bootleggers made and smuggled alcohol illegally and promoted organized crimeRepealed by 21st Amendment

3

What was the Harlem Renaissance?It was when African American artists, writers, and musicians based in Harlem

revealed the freshness and variety of African American culture. The popularity of these artists spread beyond Harlem to the rest of society.

Influential artists, writers and musicians in the Harlem Renaissance:

Jacob Lawrence was a painter who chronicled the experiences of the Great

Migration through art.

Louis Armstrong, who loved this wonderful world, was a jazz musician with great skill at playing the

trumpet.

Bessie Smith was a famous female blues singer in the

Harlem Renaissance.

Langston Hughes was a poet who combined the experiences of the Great

Migration through art.

Duke Ellington was a jazz musician known for his

talent on the piano.

People over-speculated on stocks, using borrowed money that they could not repay when the stock prices crashed

The Federal Reserve failed to prevent the collapse of the banking system

High tariffs discouraged international trade

A large number of banks and other businesses failedOne-fourth (1/4) of workers were without jobs

Large numbers of people were hungry and homelessFarmer’s incomes fell to low levels

CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION

Impact of the Great Depression on Americans

4

Major features of the New Deal: Social Security Federal work programs Environmental improvement programs Farm assistance programs Increased rights for labor

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Causes of WWII

Political instability and economic devastation in Europe resulting

from WWI:

Worldwide depression High war debt owed by Germany High inflation Massive unemployment

Rise of Fascism:

Political philosophy in which total power is given to a dictator and individual freedoms are denied

o Nationalism and often racism are emphasized

Fascist dictators led the countries that became known as the Axis Powers

Allies

United States (Democratic) Great Britain (Democratic) Canada (Democratic) Soviet Union (once invaded

by Germany)

Axis Powers

Germany (Fascist) Italy (Fascist) Japan (Fascist)

Who were some of the leaders for the countries in WWII?

United States: Franklin D. Roosevelt, then Harry S. Truman Great Britain: Winston Churchill Soviet Union: Joseph Stalin Germany: Adolf Hitler Italy: Benito Mussolini Japan: Hideki Tojo

Isolationism (Great Depression, legacy of

World War I)

Economic aid to the Allies

Direct involvement in the war

How did the United States gradually change in American policy from neutrality to direct involvement?

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War in the Pacific:

Rising tension developed between the United States and Japan because of Japanese aggression in East Asia

On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor without warning

The United States declared war on Japan Germany then declared war on the United States

War on the Home Front American involvement in WWII

brought an end to the Great Depression

Factories and workers were needed to produce goods to win the war

Thousands of American women took jobs in defense plants during the war (represented by “Rosie the Riveter”)

Americans at home supported the war by conserving and rationing resources

The need for workers temporarily broke down some racial barriers (e.g. hiring in defense plants), although discrimination against African Americans continued

While many Japanese Americans served in the armed forces, others were treated with distrust and prejudice, and many were forced into internment camps

What was the Holocaust? Based on the ideas of anti-Semitism and Aryan

supremacy over Jewish people It was a systematic attempt to rid Europe of all Jews

by using the tactics of:o Boycott of Jewish storeso Threatso Segregationo Imprisonment and killing of Jews and others in

concentration camps and death camps It ended with liberation by Allied forces of Jews and

others who survived in concentration camps

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What did the world look like at the end of WWII?

Much of Europe was in ruins following World War II. Soviet forces occupied most of Eastern and Central Europe and the eastern portion of Germany. The United States felt it was in its best interest to help rebuild Europe and prevent political and economic instability.

o Germany invaded Poland, setting off war in Europe. The Soviet Union also invaded Poland and the Baltic nations.

o Germany invaded France and captured Paris.o Germany bombed London and the Battle of Britain

began.o The United States gave Britain war supplies and

old naval warships in return for military bases in Bermuda and the Caribbean (Lend Lease).

o Japan bombed Pearl Harbor.o After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Germany

declared war on the United States.o The United States declared war on Japan and

Germany.o The United States was victorious over Japan in the

Battle of Midway. This victory was the turning point of war in the Pacific.

o Germany invaded the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union defeated Germany at Stalingrad, marking the turning point of the war in Eastern Europe.

major events and turning points of wwii

What was formed near the end of WWII to create a body for the

nations of the world to try to prevent future global wars?

United Nations

Rebuilding Efforts After WWII

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Which plan did the United States

institute in order to rebuild Europe

(it provided massive financial

aid to rebuild European

economies and

The Marshall Plan named after George C. Marshall

How was Germany partitioned after WWII and how was each section governed?

West Germany Democratic government Resumed self-government

after a few years of American, British, and French occupation.

East Germany Remained under the

domination of the Soviet Union and did not adopt democratic institutions

How was Japan rebuilt after

WWII? Occupied by American forces Adopted a democratic form of

government, resumed self-government, and became a strong ally of the United States.

What policies and programs expanded educational and employment opportunities after WWII?

G.I. Bill of Rights gave educational, housing, and employment benefits to veteransTruman desegregated the armed forcesCivil Rights legislation led to increased educational, economic, and political opportunities for women and minorities

Reasons for the rapid growth of the American economy after WWII:

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What factors led to changing patterns in United States society?

Strong economy (healthy job market, increased productivity, increased demand for American products)

Greater investment in education The “Baby Boom,” which led to changing demographics Interstate highway system Evolving role of women (expected to play a supporting role in the family

while increasingly working outside the home) Role of Eleanor Roosevelt in expanding human rights African Americans’ aspirations for equal opportunities

With rationing of consumer goods over, businesses converted from war materials to

consumer goods.

Americans purchased goods on credit.

The work force shifted back to men, and most women returned full

time to family responsibilities.

Labor unions merged and became more powerful; workers

gained new benefits and higher salaries.

As economic prosperity continued and

technology boomed, the next generation of

women entered the labor force in large

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What was the “Cold War?”

It was the state of tension without actual fighting between the United States and the Soviet Union, which divided the world into two camps.

What were the origins of

the Cold War?

Differences in goals and ideologies between the United States and the

Soviet Union

The Soviet Union’s domination over Eastern

European countries

The two camps were: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty

Organization) vs. Warsaw Pact

American policy of “containment” (to stop the

spread of communism)

What types of government and economy did the United States and the Soviet Union have?

United States

Democratic Capitalist

Soviet Union

Dictatorship Communist

Major Conflicts in the Post-WWII ERA

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KOREAN WAR (Ended in 1953) VIETNAM WAR (Ended in 1975)

Due to the fear of the spread of communism, also known as the Domino Theory, the United States intervened in South Vietnam.

Americans were divided over whether the United States should be involved militarily in Vietnam.

The conflict ended in a cease-fire agreement in which U.S. troops withdrew.

South Korea and the United States resisted Chinese and North Korean aggression.

This conflict ended in a stalemate.

What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?

It occurred in 1962 when the Soviet Union placed missiles in Cuba. The Soviets removed the missiles in response to a U.S. blockade of Cuba.

What happened to the Soviet Union when communism collapsed in

What event often symbolizes the collapse of communism in

It was broken up into independent countries

What new challenges arose from the Cold War?

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Role of United States military intervention

Environmental challenges Global issues including trade, jobs, diseases and energy

Impact of globalization on American life:

Improvement of all communications (e.g.

travel, telecommunications, internet)

What is “globalization”?

the linking of nations through trade, information, technologies, and communication

involves increased integration of different

Outsourcing of jobs

Availability of a wide variety of foreign-made goods and

services

The destruction of the Berlin Wall

What international issues does the United States face in terms of foreign policy?

Increase in terrorist activities Conflicts in the Middle East Changing relationships with nations

What is the United States experiencing in terms of immigration?

Changing immigration patterns (e.g. Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans)

More people want to immigrate to the United States than are allowed by law

Industries benefiting from new technologies

Airline industry (jet engine)

Automobile industry and interstate highway system

Entertainment and news media industries

Exploration of space

Computer industry

Internet

Satellite systems, telecommunications (pagers, cellphones, television)

13

What issues exist in terms of the global environment?

Policies to protect the environment Global climate change Conservation of water and other natural

resources

What other issues exist in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries?

Energy issues (dependence on foreign oil) World health issues (global pandemics)

How have new technologies of the second half of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries affected American life?

Increased domestic and international travel for business and pleasure Greater access to news and other information Cheaper and more convenient means of communication Greater access to heating and air-conditioning improved the quality of life

and encouraged population growth in certain areas of the country Decreased regional variation resulting from nationwide access to the same

information provided by national television and radio programming, internet services, and computer games

…LEADING TO THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

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It opposed the Supreme Court Case, Plessy v. Ferguson, which maintained that “separate but equal” was legal

A major achievement was Brown v. Board of Education¸which desegregated public schools

Martin Luther King, Jr. led the movement with passive resistance against segregated facilities and gave the famous “I have a dream…” speech

Rosa Parks’ efforts led to the Montgomery bus boycott

Methods of the movement included organized protests, the Freedom Riders, sit-ins and marches

It led to the expansion of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Two important laws gained were the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965

What were the effects of

segregation?

Separate educational facilities and resources for white and African American students

Separate public facilities (e.g. restrooms, drinking fountains, restaurants)

Social isolation of races

Workplace disadvantageso Discrimination against women in

hiring practiceso Lower wages for women than

men for doing the same job Improved conditions

o Gained through help of the National Organization for Women (NOW)

o Federal legislation to force colleges to give women equal athletic opportunities

Equal Rights Amendmento Failed to be ratified, but created a

focus on equal opportunity

Influential Citizens of 20 th and 21 st

Centuries

ScienceCharles Drew - Medicine (plasma)J. Robert Oppenheimer – Physics

CultureFrank Lloyd Wright - ArchitectureMartha Graham - Dance

AcademicsHenry Louis Gates - HistoryMaya Angelou - Literature

EconomicsBill Gates – Computer technologyRay Kroc – Franchising

Changing Role of Women