· Web view4. Evaporative cooling systems. Most effective method for cooling a greenhouse....

COURSE: AP42 Horticulture II Unit A Leadership and SAE

ESSENTIAL STANDARD: 1.00 10% C2 Understand leadership qualities.

OBJECTIVE: 1.01 5% C2Understand leadership qualities and career building techniques desired by the horticulture industry.

Sources of Information: Cooper, Elmer L. 2002. Agriscience Fundamentals and Applications, 4th Edition.

Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY. The Official FFA Student Handbook, 15th Edition, National FFA, Indianapolis, IN.

Note to teacher: Create guided notes and/or power points or visual presentation for unpacked content.

A. Leadership Qualities.1. Integrity- honesty.2. Courage- willing to go forward under difficult conditions.3. Management- using people, resources and processes to reach a goal.4. Unselfishness- placing the desires and welfare of others above yourself.5. Loyalty- reliable support for an individual, group or cause.6. Enthusiasm- energy to do a job and the inspiration to encourage others.7. Plan- think through, determine procedures.8. Knowledge- awareness, understanding.9. Tact- saying or doing the right thing without offending.

B. Components of Instructional Program.1. Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE)- provides opportunities to

explore interests and to gain work experiences.2. Classroom and laboratory instruction- studying and learning subject matter

in the classroom, shops, greenhouses, nurseries, barns and other settings. Laboratory activities can be incorporated in any of these settings.

3. FFA- student organization that develops leadership, communication and citizenship skills.

a. Leadership- skills are developed by participation as chapter officers, committee members, group leaders, mentors, etc.

b. Communication- skills are developed through speaking career development events such as prepared public speaking, creed, parliamentary procedure, extemporaneous speaking, agricultural sales and poultry, dairy and livestock oral reasons.

c. Citizenship- skills are developed to promote community service involvement by volunteering at food banks, animal shelters, nursing homes, etc.

AP42 Horticulture II Summer 2013

C. Public Speaking- Types of speeches. 1. Informative- gives knowledge or information to audiences.2. Persuasive- convinces people to believe or do something.3. Integrative- pep talks, welcome speeches, introduction, etc.4. Prepared- speech is written and learned.5. Extemporaneous- speech with little or no preparation.

D. Variables to Consider.1. Purpose of the speech- Why are you giving the speech?2. Audience- What group is hearing the speech?3. Occasion- What is the event?4. Content- What is in the speech?5. Composition- How is the speech written and organized?

E. Oral delivery variables.1. Voice- pitch, quality, articulation, pronunciation, force.2. Stage presence- appearance, poise, attitude, confidence, ease before

audience, personality, posture.3. Power of expression- fluency, sincerity, emphasis, directness,

communicative ability, conveyance of thought and meaning.4. Response to questions- accurate, ability to think quickly.5. General effect- interesting, understandable, convincing, pleasing,

holds attention.

F. Workforce Preparation.1. Resume.

a. Designed to give the employer information about your background skills, job experience and education.

b. Should be tailored for each job.c. Purpose is to get an interview.d. Most resumes should be one (1) page, but no more than (2) pages.e. Items to include in your resume:

1) Name and address.2) Objective.3) Education.4) Experience.5) Activities.6) Skills.7) References.

2. Cover Letter. a. Preview to your resume.b. Should be brief, ½ page, but not more than one (1) page.c. Items to include:

1) Position you are applying for.2) Outline your key selling points.


3) Address the needs of your employer.4) Invite employer to contact you.

3. Job Interview.a. Cover letter sent in to assist in establishing an interview date. b. Follow-up phone call is typically recommended to secure interview.c. Resume is sent with cover letter. Typically suggested that the

individual bring a copy of resume to the interview as well. d. Individual should dress in professional attire. e. Prepare for the interview and application process. f. Practice common questions asked during an interview.

1) What are your three greatest attributes or strengths?2) What are your three biggest weaknesses or things you would

like to improve upon?3) Where do you want to be in five years?4) What leadership qualities can you bring to our company?5) Why are you the best candidate for job?

g. Gather information typically requested during the application process.1) General Applicant Information- name, date of birth, address,

email, phone.2) Education- name of school attended, degree obtained,

graduation date, etc.3) Previous Work Experience- dates employed, address,

name of supervisor, etc.4) References- name, address, phone, email.



ESSENTIAL STANDARD: 1.00 10% C2 Understand leadership qualities.

OBJECTIVE: 1.02 5% C2 Understand parliamentary procedure.Sources of Information: Robert III, Henry M., Honemann, Daniel N., Balch, Thomas J. Robert’s Rules of

Order Newly Revised, 11th Edition, Da Capo Press, Cambridge, MA. Cooper, Elmer L. 2002. Agriscience Fundamentals and Application, 4th Edition.

Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY. The Official FFA Student Handbook, 15th Edition, National FFA, Indianapolis IN.


Parliamentary Law Basics

A. R obe r t’s R u l e s o f O rder .1. Book of authority.2. Assures that all sides of an issue are treated fairly and that everyone has

an opportunity to discuss and vote.B. Main objectives.

1. Focus on one item at a time.2. Extend courtesy to everyone.3. Observe the rule of the majority.4. Ensure the rights of the minority.

C. Requirements for a meeting.1. Quorum- number of members required to conduct business.2. Chairperson- can be the president or vice-president.3. Secretary.

D. Methods of voting.1. Voice- aye (pronounced “I”) for yes, or “no”.2. Rising- standing or show of hands.3. Secret ballot- written vote.4. Roll call- secretary asks each member to state vote.

E. Types of votes.1. Simple majority- one vote more than 50% or ½ of votes cast.2. Two-thirds majority- 2/3 of members voting must vote for motion, usually

used when motion will limit rights of member.


F. Gavel. 1. Symbol of authority.2. Meaning of taps of gavel:

a. 1 tap means be seated, the meeting is adjourned or the result of a vote has been announced.

b. 2 taps means that the meeting is called to order.c. 3 taps means that the members should stand.d. Series of taps means “be quiet and orderly.”

Parliamentary Law Abilities

A. Main.1. One main motion on the floor at a time.2. Presents an idea, opinion or action for consideration to the group of members.3. Requires a second.4. Can be debated.5. Can be amended.6. Can be reconsidered.

B. Amend.1. Change the intent of the original motion.2. Allows members to add, strike and/or substitute words to the original motion.3. Requires a second.4. Can be debated.5. Can be amended.6. Can be reconsidered.

C. Refer to Committee.1. Secures more detailed information to the motion by assigning a group

of members to:a. Investigate and report the facts.b. Investigate and make a formal recommendation. c. Investigate and act for the group.

2. Motion to refer to a committee must include:a. Number on the committee. b. Powers to act.c. When to report back.

3. Requires a second.4. Can be debated.5. Can be amended.6. Can be reconsidered.

D. Point of Order.1. Avoids breaking parliamentary procedure rules.2. Can be called anytime during a business meeting.3. Does not require a second.4. Cannot be debated.5. Cannot be amended.6. Cannot be reconsidered.


E. Division of Assembly.1. Requires a re-vote on an inconclusive vote (and in some cases hand vote) until the chairperson has stated the question on another motion.2. Does not require a second.3. Cannot be debated.4. Cannot be amended.5. Cannot be reconsidered.

F. Previous Question.1. Member’s call for previous question when motion on the floor has

been discussed and no new ideas are being presented.2. Requires 2/3 majority vote.3. Does require a second.4. Cannot be debated.5. Cannot be amended.6. Can be reconsidered.

G. Lay on the Table.1. Enables the group to delay a motion to allow members to attend to more

urgent business, allow members additional time to consider the motion, etc.

2. Requires majority vote.3. Does require a second.4. Cannot be debated.5. Cannot be amended.6. Can be reconsidered if negative only.

H. Suspend the Rules.1. Allows members to do something it needs to do that it cannot do

without suspending the rules.2. Requires 2/3 majority.3. Does require a second.4. Cannot be debated.5. Cannot be amended.6. Cannot be reconsidered.

I. Extend or Limit Debate.1. Allows members to limit or extend debate to a specified time frame.2. Requires 2/3 majority.3. Does require a second.4. Cannot be debated.5. Can be amended.6. Can be reconsidered.




ESSENTIAL STANDARD: 2.00 10% C2 Understand SAE.

OBJECTIVE: 2.01 5% C2 Understand SAE components and application to work-based learning.

Sources of Information: The Agricultural Experience Tracker: www.theaet.com Moore, Dr. Gary, 2000-2001. Supervised Agricultural Experience Program

Record Book, Agricultural and Extension Education, Box 7607, NCSU, Raleigh, NC.


A. Types of SAE.1. Entrepreneurship- planning, implementing, operating and assuming

financial risks in an agricultural business or farming activity.2. Experimental- planning and conducting an agricultural experiment

using the scientific process or scientific method.3. Analytical- identify an agricultural problem that cannot be solved by

experiments and designing a plan to investigate and analyze the problem.

4. Placement- placing students in jobs outside the regular classroom hours.They may be paid or unpaid (volunteer) work.

5. Exploratory- helps students learn about agriculture and become aware of possible agricultural careers through short times spent observing, shadowing or assisting. You may have to combine more than one exploratory experience.

6. Improvement- a series of activities that improves the value or appearance of the place of employment, school, home or community; the efficiency of a business or an enterprise; or the living conditions of the family.

B. Factors to Consider When Selecting a Career.

1. Standard of living- pay, location.2. Personal contact- working more with people or with things.3. Educational requirements.4. Practice experiences or skills required.5. Location of employment.6. Your interests, likes and dislikes.7. Working conditions.8. Working hours and time for leisure activities.


http://www.theaet.com/

9. Retirement benefits.10. Your health and

happiness.


C. Steps in Choosing a career.1. “Consider your interests, abilities, and other characteristics” should be the first step.2. Narrow the field of jobs.3. Study the requirement of the job- get good information.4. Plan for alternative occupations- the first choice may not work out.5. Prepare a plan for career preparation- early career planning can help you

take the right courses in high school.6. Be willing to pay the price for success- education, dedication.7. Get work experience- SAE, CO-OP., part-time job.

*For a school-to-work written plan to be effective, it must be implemented.



ESSENTIAL STANDARD: 2.00 10% C2 Understand SAE.

OBJECTIVE: 2.02 5% C2 Understand a financial statement.Sources of Information: Moore, Dr. Gary, 2001. Supervised Agricultural Experience Program Record

Book , Agricultural and Extension Education.


Net Worth Statement (SAE)

A. Total assets = current assets + non-current assets.1. Current assets- items that can quickly be converted to cash or that will

be sold within 12 months. Examples- cash on hand, checking and savings accounts, stocks, bonds and cash in value of life insurance money others owe you, current non-depreciable inventory.

2. Non-current assets- items that have a useful life of more than one year and are used in the business. Examples- non-current, non-depreciable inventory, land.

B. Total liabilities = current liabilities (debts) + non-current liabilities (debts).1. Current liabilities- accounts and notes payable, this year’s part of

non-current liabilities.2. Non-current liabilities- mortgages and other debts not due this year.

C. Net worth or owner’s equity = total assets minus total liabilities.D. Debt-to-Equity Ratio- a measure of a company or individuals net worth

compared to the liabilities. Provides an indicator of the debt and equity a company is using to finance assets. Formula used to calculate Debt-to-Equity Ratio is Debt-to-Equity Ratio=total liabilities/net worth.

E. Value- monetary worth.F. Inventory- an itemized list of things owned by a business with the beginning

value and depreciated value.1. Non-depreciable- items that will be used up or sold within a year. Example: feed, supplies, etc. 2. Depreciable- items that have a useful life of more than one year and lose

value because of age, wear or becoming out-of-date because of technology advancements.

3. Land is NOT depreciable property.


COURSE: AP42 Horticulture II Unit B Plant Production

ESSENTIAL STANDARD: 3.00 10% C2 Understand nursery management.

OBJECTIVE: 3.01 5% C2 Understand nursery structures, growing environments and maintenance.

Sources of Information: Reiley, H, Edward and Shry, Jr.,Carroll L. I n t r odu c t o r y H o r tic u lt u r e , 8th Edition,

Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY. Jaderloon The Greenhouse Engineers. w w w . j ade r l o o n .c o m Pot In Pot Operations-

ww w . g a r den c en t e r nu r s e r y . w s u . edu / f un d a me n t a ls/ P o tI n Po t O pe ra ti o n s. h t m


A. Nursery structures and growing environments.1. Consider climate, soil and topography, available water source, type of plant

material, and production method when selecting a nursery structure or growing environment.

2. Shade houses (cold frames).a. Advantages.

1) Constructed of wood, PVC or galvanized steel.2) No artificial heat source, heated by solar radiation.3) Used for hardening off plants and hot weather holding.4) Protects plants from adverse weather conditions.5) Cover with white plastic during the winter to reduce

overwintering injury to woody ornamentals as well as reduce temperature fluctuations during the overwintering period.

6) A variety of plant material can be grown in a shade house structure.

7) Provides good air circulation.8) Provides filtered light when covered by shade cloth.9) Inexpensive growing structures.

b. Disadvantages.1) Some plants cannot be grown year round.2) No heat source other than the sun.3) No heat or cooling.


3. Hotbeds.a. Advantages.

1) Constructed of wood or galvanized steel, glass and/or plastic.2) Solar heated, electric cables, steam or heated by natural

materials such as hay, manure.3) Used for starting plants earlier than in a cold frame.4) Inexpensive growing structure.

b. Disadvantages.1) Can be expensive to heat.2) Hay or manure needs to be replaced when the temperature

in the hotbed drops below 50 degrees.4. Container.

a. Advantages.1) Plants are easy to move and transport.2) Grown to sellable size in the container.3) Less shock to plants.4) Retailers can keep plants longer before selling.5) Uniform soilless media.6) Insects, diseases, fertility and pH are easier to control.7) Monitoring of water intake is easily controlled.

b. Disadvantages.1) Requires more water.2) More labor intensive.3) May become pot bound.4) May require winter protection.5) May have a higher start-up cost pots, potting media.6) Plants may have to be moved to a larger container.7) May be expensive to ship.

5. Field grown (pot-in-pot, PNP) PNP uses a slightly larger pots (socket pots) buried in rows in the ground and the potted plants (production pots) are placed inside).

a. Advantages.1) No staking.2) No blown over containers.3) Cooler roots in the summer.4) Well insulated root system in the winter.5) Easy to move and transport.6) Is becoming a more viable option to the traditional field grown.7) Combines the benefits of field production with the marketing

flexibility of container production.


b. Disadvantages.1) Startup cost is expensive largely due to field preparation and

purchasing two containers for every plant as opposed to one. 15-25 gallon pots are more commonly used.

2) Labor costs.6. Field grown (traditional).

a. Advantages.1) Plants are grown directly in native soil.2) Bare root plants are easy to handle and plant.

b. Disadvantages.1) Requires equipment to be harvested.2) Plants may go into shock when moved or transplanted.3) Harder to control insects, diseases, fertility and pH.4) Soil must be well drained.5) Limited time to harvest.6) Supply cost, liners, supplies burlap, wire baskets, twine, and

pinning nails.7) Expensive to ship.

B. Maintenance of Structures.1. Shade houses (cold frames).

a. Need painting or replacing over time.b. Plastic covering will need to be replaced on a regular basis.c. Replacement of gravel and weed block.d. Debris removal.

2. Hotbeds.a. Change out heat source (straw, hay, manure). b. Pest control.c. Cover replacement.d. Debris removal.

3. Container.a. Pest control.b. Replace weed block.c. Replace gravel on roads and under containers.

4. Field grown (PNP).a. Replacement of damaged pots. b. Pest control.c. Replace gravel on roads.


5. Field grown (traditional).

a. Erosion control.b. Pest control.c. Replace gravel on roads.

C. Maintenance of plants.1. Fertilizer- needs to be replaced regularly in order for the plants to continue to

grow and remain strong.2. Irrigation- sprinkler or drip is determined by crop requirement and

container arrangement.3. Shading- on newly established plants or plants that will grow in shady areas.4. Pruning.

a. Shape plant material.b. Make plants more compact.c. Train growth to form into a mature plant (central leader or many stems).d. Remove dead or diseased parts.e. Espalier- a plant that is trained to grow flat against a wall, railing or

trellis.5. Pest control Methods/Program.

a. IPM- is a process used to solve pest problems while minimizing risks to people and the environment.

b. Chemical control- uses chemicals to eliminate plant pests.c. Biological control- uses living organisms such as predators,

parasites and pathogens to control the populations of pests. d. Mechanical- manages pests by physical means such as the use of

a barrier, screens, row covers, trapping, weeding or removal of the pest by hand.

6. Pest problems.a. Insect.

1) Identify insect- aphids, spider mites, whitefly, scale, etc.2) Determine type of control- chemical, biological or mechanical.3) Treat based on method recommendations.

b. Weeds.1) Identify weeds- henbit, chickweed, grasses, etc.2) Dig or pull weeds.3) Treat based on method recommendations.

c. Disease.1) Identify disease- blights, fungi, rusts, etc.2) Treat based on method recommendations.


d. Rodents.1) Identify the rodent- voles, moles, mice, squirrels, etc.2) Trap or treat based on method recommendations.

e. Mollusks.1) Identify mollusks- snails, slugs, etc.2) Treat based on method recommendations.

7. Winter protection.a. Frost blanket.

1) Traps and collects heat during the day and releases it at night to keep your plants warm and growing.

2) In the spring it gives you a jump-start on plants and wards off pests.

3) In fall, use it to extend your growing season.4) Float or drape the lightweight fabric over your plants.

b. Water (bud protection).1) Spray water on buds before a freeze.2) Often used on fruit trees and strawberries.

c. White plastic.1) Reduce overwintering injury to woody ornamentals.2) Protects young plants in early spring.



ESSENTIAL STANDARD: 3.00 10% C2 Understand nursery management.

OBJECTIVE: 3.02 5% C2 Understand nursery production and marketing techniques.

Sources of Information: Reiley, H, Edward and Shry, Jr.,Carroll L. Introductory Horticulture, 8th Edition,

Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY. Pot In Pot Operations-

www.gardencenternursery.wsu.edu/fundamentals/PotInPotOperations.html www.ca.uky.edu/HLA/Dunwell/marketing

Nursery Marketing and Promotions, Nurseries and Plant Production: ww w . l andscape i n f o g u i d e . co m / . . . / nu r s e r y - m a r ke t i ng - and - p r o m o t i ons . h tm l

Marketing’s Four P’s: First Steps for New Entrepreneurs EC-730. ww w .c e s. pu r due . e du / e x t m ed ia


A. Nursery Production.1. Types of plants for container, PNP and traditional field growing (balled

and burlapped B&B, bare root).a. Trees- container, PNP, B&B, bareroot.b. Shrubs- container, PNP, B&B.c. Perennials- container, PNP.

2. Propagation.a. Sexual (seed).

1) Stratification- chilling seeds to simulate winter conditions before germination. Examples: baptisia and daylily.

2) Scarification- breaking of the seed coat. Examples: redbud and maples.

b. Asexual.1) Cuttings.

a) Softwood (herbaceous) cutting- leaf, pieces of the stem or roots from non-woody plants. Cuttings are taken late spring through early summer.

b) Hardwood cutting- pieces of stem from woody plants.Cuttings are taken fall through winter.


http://www.ca.uky.edu/HLA/Dunwell/marketing

http://www.gardencenternursery.wsu.edu/fundamentals/PotInPotOperations.html

2) Grafting- joining separate plant parts together to form a union and grow.

a) Scion- top portion of the graft.b) Rootstock- root or bottom portion of the graft.

3) Budding- a form of grafting when a bud is used instead of a scion.

4) Layering- forcing roots to grow on the stem of the plant while it is still attached to the parent plant.

3. Soil for containers.a. Media must be porous.b. Soilless media:

1) Peat.a) Partially decomposed material mined from swamps. b) Good moisture holding capacity.

2) Perlite.a) Natural volcanic material that helps aerate the soil. b) Good moisture holding capacity.

3) Vermiculite.a) Mica mineral matter used to start cuttings. b) Neutral pH.c) Good moisture holding capacity.

4) Bark.a) Ground pine or oak bark.b) Increases the porosity of a soil.

5) Amendments.a) Lime- calcium and magnesium increased the pH level of

soil making it alkaline or “sweet” correcting the acidity of the soil.

b) Fertilizer- adds macro and micro nutrients to the soil. c) Wetting agents- increases water retention of the soil.

4. Soil for planting in the ground.a. Use native soil in tradition field planting.b. Tree and shrub roots need to grow in native soil.c. A soil test should be used to determine if soil amendments are needed.d. Soil amendment functions.

1) Increase water and nutrient holding capacity.2) Improve aeration and water infiltration.

e. Soil amendment should be mixed with the natural soil.


f. Organic- “fresh” organic material should be first composted.1) Sphagnum peat.

a) Dehydrated remains of acid bog plants. b) Holds moisture and are high in acidity.

2) Grass clippings- add nutrients to the soil.3) Saw dust- high carbon to nitrogen ratio, can make nitrogen

unavailable to plants.4) Compost- decayed organic matter, good fertilizer and soil

conditioner.5) Manure- adds nutrients to the soil, good moisture holding

capacity.g. Inorganic.

1) Vermiculite- good moisture holding capacity.2) Perlite- good for aerating the soil.3) Pea gravel- good for heavy clay soil.

5. Planting.a. Containers.

1) Place one plant in the center of the container.2) Evenly space plants in the container if more than one plant is used.3) Planting depth is important and varies depending on plant material.

b. Field.1) Determine the layout and spacing of trees and shrubs in the field.2) Determine the equipment needs of field grown plants.

6. Water.a. Container and PNP.

1) Watering is more important for container grown plants than field grown plants because roots can go no deeper or spread any wider than the container.

2) It is best to water container plants in the morning for maximum absorption, however, some may need to be watered more than once a day depending on the weather.

3) Container plants should be watered until the water runs through the holes in the bottom of the pot.

4) A gallon container needs about a pint of water at each watering.5) Container plants require more water in dry, hot, windy weather.6) Container plants need more water when actively growing and flowering. 7) Do not allow any container plants to dry out.


b. Field grown.1) Field grown plants should be watered in the morning for

maximum absorption.2) A more porous soil needs more water than a clayey soil.3) Watering for field production depends on the weather.4) Field grown plants require more water in dry, hot, windy weather.5) Field grown plants need more water when actively growing

and flowering.6) Do not allow any field grown plants to dry out.

7. Fertilizing.a. A fertilizer schedule should be established for each type of plant grown.b. Scheduled periodic liquid fertilizing should be established depending

onplants, soil, size, etc.

c. Slow release fertilizers such as Osmocote and Magamp are mixed into the potting media or top dressed on the soil surface.

d. Plants in containers for more than one year require additional fertilizer and should be watered thoroughly after fertilizing (varies on pot size and plant material).

e. Plants should be observed and fertilization changed as plant foliage shows a need for either more or less fertilizer. Tissue analysis can be done to determine deficiencies.

B. Marketing.1. Develop a marketing plan.

a. Complete a marketing analysis (research used to predict the future of a market) to determine your target market.

b. Once a marketing analysis is complete, determine what to sell.c. Know your competition.

2. Price your product.a. Use this formula to determine your price.

Materials + overhead + labor = selling priceb. Pricing may vary depending on availability of plant material in your area.

3. Promotion.a. Advertising.b. Public relations.c. Personal contacts.d. Communications.

4. Placement.a. Providing a place that is convenient to the customer.b. Shipping, delivery, internet ordering or nursery pick up.



ESSENTIAL STANDARD: 4.00 25% C2 Understand greenhouse management.

OBJECTIVE: 4.01 10% C1 Remember greenhouse plants.Sources of Information: Reiley, H, Edward and Shry, Jr., Carroll L. I n t r odu ct o r y H o r tic u lt u r e , 8th Edition,

Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY. Still, Steven M. Manual of He rba ce ous Orna men tal P lan ts 4th Edition, Stipes

Publishing Co., Champaign, IL. Better Homes and Garden w w w .bh g .c om Perennials and annuals ww w . hou s ep l an t s 4 1 1 .c o m T i m e L i fe E n c y cl oped i a o f Fl o w e r i ng H ou s ep l an ts Tropical houseplants www.b in g.co m /im a ges


A. Describe greenhouse plants from the NC FFA Nursery/Landscape Career Development Event List.

1. Greenhouse/Tropical plants not covered in Horticulture I.2. Annual/bedding plants not covered in Horticulture I.3. Perennial plants not covered in Horticulture I.

B. Describe greenhouse plant characteristics.1. Common name.2. Botanical name.3. Correct pronunciation.4. Give a description of the plant.5. Water requirements for the plant.6. How and when to fertilize the plant.7. Light requirement (greenhouse).

a. High light.b. Medium light. c. Low light.

8. Size and growth rate.9. The best method of propagation.

C. Describe annual (bedding) and perennial plant characteristics.1. Common name.2. Scientific name.3. Correct pronunciation.4. Give a description of the plants.


5. Plant characteristics.

a. Height.b. Spacing.c. Sun exposure.

1) Full sun.2) Semi-shade.3) Shade.

d. Foliage/Flower color.e. Determine if the plant is an annual, biennial or perennial. f. Describe the plant’s use in the landscape.


Greenhouse/Tropicals

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAMEAglaonema commutatum AglaonemaAsparagus setaceus Plume Asparagus FernChamaedorea elegans Parlor PalmCodiaeum variegatum var. pictum CrotonCrassula ovate Jade PlantDizygotheca elegantissima ‘Castor’ False AraliaDracaena cincta Red Edge DracaenaDracaena deremensis ‘Warneckii’ Warneckii DracaenaFittonia verschaffeltii Nerve PlantGibasis pellucida Tahitian Bridal VeilGynura aurantiaca Velvet PlantHoya carnosa Wax PlantKalanchoe blossfeldiana KalanchoePeperomia caperata ‘Emerald Ripple’ Emerald Ripple PeperomiaPeperomia obtusifolia PeperomiaSchefflera actinophylla ScheffleraSchlumbergera bridgesii Christmas CactusSchlumbergera truncate Thanksgiving CactusSyngonium podophyllum Nephthytis or Arrowhead Vine

Annual/bedding Plants

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAMEAntirrhinum majus cv. SnapdragonCatharanthus roseus Madagascar PeriwinkleFuchsia X hybrid FuchsiaVerbena hybrid Garden VerbenaZinnia elegans Zinnia

Perennial Plants

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAMEAstilbe cv. AstilbeBuddleia davidii Butterfly BushClematis X jackmanii Clematis HybridsEchinaceae purpurea Cone FlowerGerbera jamesonii Gerber DaisyGladiolus X hortulanus GladiolusHippeastrum cv. AmaryllisIberis sempervirens Evergreen CandytuftIris xiphium Dutch IrisPachysandra terminalis Japanese PachysandraPaeonia sp. PeonyPennisetum alopecuroides Fountain Grass



ESSENTIAL STANDARD: 4.00 25% C2 Understand greenhouse management.

OBJECTIVE: 4.02 15% C2 Understand greenhouse structures, production and maintenance.

Sources of Information: Boodley, James W. 1998. The Comm e rcial Green hou se , 3rd Edition. Delmar

Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY. Reiley, H, Edward and Shry, Jr.,Carroll L. I n t r odu c t o r y H o r tic u lt u r e , 8th Edition,

Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY. Jaderloon The Greenhouse Engineers. www.j ade rlo on .com


A. Greenhouses.1. The “Greenhouse Effect”- collects and stores heat from the sun (radiant heat).2. Provides a protective environment to grow plants.3. Many detached houses can be used as connected houses.

B. Greenhouse Structures.1. Detached houses.

a. Quonset.1) Curved (half-moon) roof bars.2) Covered with plastic or fiberglass panels.

b. Lean to.1) Roof slopes in one direction only.2) Built against other greenhouses or buildings.3) Generally faces south.

c. Even span.1) Roof is equal in width and pitch on both sides.2) Most commonly used as a single greenhouse.3) Clear span, truss supports, no columns.

d. Uneven span.1) One side of the roof is longer than the other side for southern

exposure.2) Usually found on hillsides with one wall.3) May have a solid north wall.


e. Advantages for detached houses.1) Easy to program and maintain temperature.2) Easy to ventilate without exposing the plants to blasts of cold

air.f. Disadvantages for detached houses.

1) Requires more energy to heat and cool.2) Higher initial cost.

2. Connected houses.a. Ridge and furrow.

1) Even span structures placed one after the other.2) No side walls.

b. Barrel vault.1) Quonset houses set on sidewalls.2) Height of sidewall range from 7’-10’ depends on crops.

c. Dutch-Venlo.1) Ridge and furrow construction.2) Highest percentage of light transmission.

d. Saran-covered.1) Used to reduce the intensity of bright sunlight in frost free areas.2) Mainly used for florist crops.

e. Advantages for connected houses.1) Requires less land area.2) Less construction materials.3) Heat loss is less.

f. Disadvantages for connected houses.1) Snow build-up in connecting gutters.2) Gutters shade parts of the greenhouse.

C. Greenhouse Equipment and Controls.1. Heaters- gas or electric.2. Thermostats- controls the temperature, should be at plant level.3. Timers- for lights, shade cloth, irrigation etc.4. Evaporative cooling systems.

a. Most effective method for cooling a greenhouse.b. Constructed of thick corrugated cardboard.c. Reduces watering due to higher humidity created by evaporation

from the dripping water in the cool pad.5. Exhaust fans- pulls hot air from the greenhouse.6. Vents- located at the opposite end from the exhaust fan. Vents open to

allow fresh air in the greenhouse.


7. Circulation fans- circulates air in the greenhouse even when the exhaust fan is not running. Provides a uniform temperature throughout the greenhouse.

8. Misting system- cools the greenhouse and provides a fine mist for seeds and cuttings.

9. Overhead irrigation system- waters greenhouses or shadehouses but may notgive the deep watering some plants need.

10. Drip Irrigation- tubes with emitters go to individual pots for water. A very efficient way to water.

11. Lights- provide additional lighting for plants on cloudy or wintery days. To block out light for certain crops in the greenhouse use black cloth.

D. Greenhouses coverings.1. Greenhouse film (polyethylene film).

a. 3-6 mil thick.b. Standard to UV treated. UV film keeps Ultra Violet rays from

damaging plants.c. Inexpensive.d. Long lasting and easy to replace.

2. Acrylic panels.a. Energy efficient. b. Impact resistant.c. Available in a variety of widths and lengths.

3. Polycarbonate panels.a. Twin wall panels.b. Corrugated panels.c. Available in a variety of widths and lengths.d. Relatively expensive.

4. Solexx panels. a. Flexible. b. Twin wall.c. 3-6 mil thick. d. Opaque.e. Relatively expensive.

E. Describe greenhouse plant terminology.1. Annual- plants that complete their life cycles in one year.2. Biennial- plants that complete their life cycles in two years.3. Perennial- plants that live more than two years.4. Sow- to plant seeds.

a. Direct sowing- starting seeds directly into the soil or pots. No transplanting necessary.


b. Indirect sowing- starting seeds in flats, trays, etc. and transplanting them into the soil or other pots.

5. Media- soil.6. Deadheading- removal of spent or dead flower.7. Pinch- removal of the top portion of a plant to make the plant more compact.8. Full sun- at least 6 hours of sun each day.9. Part shade- morning sun until 12:00 noon, no afternoon sun.10. Shade- a few hours of morning sun, filtered light or full shade.

F. Bedding Plant Soils/Media.1. Vermiculite- expanded mica, sterile.2. Perlite- expanded volcanic rock.3. Peat moss- decomposing parts of sphagnum moss typically found deep in

bogs.4. Sand- finely ground stone.5. Bark- tree bark is usually shredded or ground.6. Commercially prepared soil mixes usually contain peat moss, perlite and

vermiculite and are sterile, weed, insect and disease free.G. Containers.

1. Flat- plastic tray usually for planting seeds or holding cell pack.10"W x 20"L x 2½"D. (may vary in size)

2. Cell pack- several small cell like pots of plastic molded together. Four common sizes are 804, 606 and 1206, 1801.

3. Peat pots- insulate the roots, can be planted directly into the soil, breaks down when planted, roots grow through the peat material.

4. Eco pots- expensive, made from plants and vegetable oil.5. Jiffy 7- compressed peat moss covered in a fine mesh. They expand when

soaked in water and can be planted directly into the soil. Can be used for sowing seeds or rooting cuttings.

6. Plastic pots.a. Standard pot is the same width at the top as it is high. b. Azalea pot is ¾ as high as its top diameter or width.c. Vary in sizes and shapes.

7. Clay potsa. Made of porous.b. Can be glazed. c. Various sizes and shapes.

8. Hanging basketsa. Plastic, wire, cloth pouches (living walls).b. Wire hanging baskets may require some type of liner.c. Varies in sizes 8”, 10”, 12”, 16”, etc.


H. Greenhouse Production- Seeds.1. Select seeds to sow. Read specific instructions for selected seeds.2. Sow selected seeds in a sterile seed starter media. Cover if necessary.3. Water seeds from the bottom or mist.4. Cover seeds with a humidity dome (if necessary).5. Place seed flat on the bench in the appropriate light and/or on propagation

mats if needed.6. Check seeds daily for moisture.7. Once seed germinate and true leaves (2nd set of leaves) appear, prepare to

transplant.8. Loosen media to prevent breaking roots and stems of seedlings.9. Hold plants by their leaves. Do not hold the stem as they bruise easily.10. Transplant seedlings into saleable containers slightly deeper than it grew in

the flat. (Tomato seedlings-plant to the bottom of the true leaves).11. Water newly transplanted seedlings.12. Provide the appropriate light for the plants.13. Create a pest free environment and/or control pests as needed.14. Harden off (drop the temperature and reduce water) before moving plants out

to shade houses or protected area.I. Greenhouse Production- Cuttings.

1. Select plants for cuttings (English ivy, pothos, wandering jew, etc.).2. Make cuts below the node (area on the stem where leaves grow),

remove leaves (if necessary), dip in water and dip in rooting hormone, tap lightly.

3. Make a hole in the sterile soil.4. Stick cutting(s) into the hole.5. Gently push soil around cutting.6. Water the cuttings.7. Place under greenhouse benches for a couple of days to lessen shock.8. Grow in a sunny location in the greenhouse.

J. Bedding Plant Problems.1. Cultural disorders.

a. Seed germination problems.1) Improper temperatures.2) Over-watering or under-watering.3) Chemical residues in soil.4) Seed planting depth.5) Low quality seeds.

b. Seed germination solutions.1) Maintaining proper temperature.2) Maintain proper moisture levels.3) Chemical free soil.


4) Plant at proper depth.5) Use high quality seeds.

c. Fertilization problems.1) Lack of nutrients.2) Root injury.3) Improper pH in soil.4) Excessive fertilization.

d. Fertilization solutions.1) Testing soil.2) Applying correct amount and kinds of nutrients.3) Correct pH.

e. Uneven growth problems.1) Poor mixing of soil.2) Uneven moisture levels.3) Unlevel flats.4) Uneven bottom heat.5) Poor grading of seedlings.

f. Uneven growth solutions.1) Properly mixing soil.2) Even watering.3) Placing flats level.4) Replace damaged propagation mats or cables.5) Grading seedlings by size.

g. Tall and spindly growth problems.1) Too much nitrogen fertilizer.2) Overwatering.3) Low light intensity.4) High temperatures.

h. Tall and spindly growth solutions.1) Use the correct amount of nitrogen.2) Reducing frequency of watering.3) Lowering temperature.4) Provide more light.5) Use a growth retardant such as B-Nine.

2. Diseases.a. Disease problems.

1) Damping off- seedlings fall over causing the stem to rot.2) Botrytis- lower leaves are brown, rotting and drying out.


b. Disease solutions.1) Use sterilized soil.2) Use fungicides to control diseases.3) Improve air circulation.4) Increase air temperature around plants.

3. Pests.a. Pest problems.

1) Plants or seedlings missing caused by slugs, snails, or roaches.2) Holes in the leaves, damaged leaves or missing plant parts.

a) Aphids- green soft bodied, winged or non-winged, sucking insect.

b) Mealybugs- white cottony, sucking insect.c) Spider mites- red body pest with eight legs. d) Scale- brown, hard shelled, sucking insect. e) Thrip- small translucent, sucking insect.f) Whiteflies- powdery insects with four white wings, sucking

insect.g) Fungus gnats- thrive in moist wet environments, larva

feed on plant roots and new callused tissue.h) Leaf miner- larva produces mines by burrowing and feeding

between the upper and lower epidermis. This allows air in and changes the leaf color in the mines to pale green or silver.

i) Cutworms- can enter the greenhouse as moths and lay eggs. Cutworms chew stems at the soil level.

j) Slugs- 2”-3” slimy brown body, burrowing pests, damageroots and leaves of plants.

k) Caterpillars- eat plant parts, chewing insects. b. Pest solutions.

1) Monitor plants on a regular basis for insect problems.2) Identify pest.3) Use beneficial insects- parasitic wasps, ladybeetles, praying mantis or lacewings or use an insecticide.

a) Aphid- ladybettles, praying mantis, insecticidal soap. b) Mealybugs- insecticidal soap.c) Spider mites- predatory mites, miticide.d) Scale- outdoor use dormant oil; greenhouse use alcohol on

individual insects or insecticidal soap.e) Thrip- parasitic wasps, insecticidal soap.f) Whitefly- whitefly trap (sticky board), insecticidal soap.


g) Fungus gnat- watch moisture levels in the greenhouse, biological control such as Bacillus thuringiensis.

h) Leaf miner- pyrethroid (attacks the exoskeleton of the insect).

i) Cutworm- Bacillius thuringiensis.j) Slugs- slug traps, handpick.k) Caterpillar- Bacillius thuringiensis.

4) Set up a pesticide program. Use pesticides if necessary. Greenhouse maintenance.

1. Structure.a. Painting (wooden (rot) and metal (rust) structures) as needed.b. Flooring (gravel, wood, cracked concrete) replace as needed.c. Doors (steel, wood, metal) repair as needed.

2. Replace covering. a. Glass replace when cracked or broken. b. Fiberglass replace when damaged.c. Greenhouse film (polyethylene film) replace when torn or damaged.d. Shade cloth- cover or take off depending on season.

3. Equipment repair.a. Heater- motor, fan blades, gas/electric lines, etc.b. Ventilation system- belts, motor, etc.c. Irrigation- clogged emitters, holes in tubing.d. Lighting- electrical, bulbs.

4. Pest control.a. Weeds- set up a maintenance schedule.b. Insects- set up a maintenance schedule.c. Diseases- set up a maintenance schedule.

L. Plant maintenance.1. Water plants regularly, avoid watering in the middle of the day during the summer.2. Set up a fertilizer schedule.3. Check for insects and diseases and treat appropriately. 4. Control weeds.5. Pinch plants to encourage fullness if necessary.6. Keep the greenhouse clean.


COURSE: 6842 Horticulture II Unit C Landscape, Turf and Floral Design

ESSENTIAL STANDARD: 5.00 25% C2 Understand landscape design.

OBJECTIVE: 5.01 10% C1 Remember nursery plants.Sources of Information:

Dirr, Michael A. 2009. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants 6th Edition, Stipes Publishing, Champaign, IL.

Time Life Books. The Big Book Flower Gardening: A Guide to Growing Beautiful Annuals, Perennials, Bulbs and Roses 1997.


A. Describe trees and shrubs from the NC FFA Nursery/Landscape CareerDevelopment Event List.

1. Trees not covered in Horticulture I.2. Shrubs not covered in Horticulture I.

B. Describe tree and shrub plant characteristics.1. Common name.2. Scientific/Botanical name.3. Correct pronunciation.4. Characteristics.

a. Height.b. Spread.c. Evergreen. d. Deciduous.e. Growth Rate.f. Foliage Description.g. Flower.

1) Color.2) Time.

h. Fruit.1) Type.2) Time.

5. Culture.a. Location.

1) Sun.2) Semi-shade.3) Shade.


b. Landscape use. c. Other.d. Zones.


Trees

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAMEAcer platanoides Norway MapleCornus kousa Chinese DogwoodGinkgo biloba GinkgoGleditsia tricanthos var. inermis Thornless HoneylocustMagnolia X soulangiana cv. Saucer MagnoliaPicea abies Norway SprucePlatanus X acerifolia London Plane TreeQuercus falcate Southern Red OakQuercus nigra Water OakTsuga Canadensis Canadian HemlockZelkova serrate Zelkova

Shrubs

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAMEBuxus microphylla var. japonica Japanese BoxwoodCamellia japonica cv. Common CamelliaCamellia sasanqua Sasanqua CamelliaChamaecyparis pisifera ‘Gold Mop’ Gold MopElaeagnus pungens Thorny ElaeagnusGardenia jasminoides GardeniaHydrangea macrophylla French HydrangeaIlex attenuate ‘Savannah’ Savannah HollyIlex crenata ‘Compacta’ Compacta HollyIlex X ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ Nellie R. Stevens HollyIlex cornuta ‘Carissa’ Carissa HollyLoropetalum chinensis Chinese Fringe FlowerOsmanthus X fortunei Fortune Tea OlivePieris japonica Japanese AndromedaPrunus laurocerasus ‘Zabeliana’ Zabel Cherry LaurelPyracantha coccinea Scarlet FirethornRaphiolepis indica Indian HawthornTaxus cuspidate Japanese YewThuja occidentalis American Arborvitae


COURSE: AP42 Horticulture II Unit C Landscape, Turf and Floral Design

ESSENTIAL STANDARD: 5.00 25% C2 Understand landscape design.

OBJECTIVE: 5.02 15% C2 Understand principles of landscape design techniques and maintenance.

Sources of Information: Ingels, Jack E. 1997. Land scap ing P rin cip les and P ra ctice s, 7th Edition. Delmar

Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY. Reiley, H, Edward and Shry, Jr., Carroll L. I n t r odu ct o r y H o r tic u lt u r e , 8th Edition,

Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY. Landscape Design Symbols- w w w . b i n g .c o m /i m a g es Landscape Design Symbols- w w w .s u stl and . u m n . e d u / d e s ig n /l and s c ape s y m . h t m l Drafting Tools- ww w . u ba tc . ed u /c ou r s e -d /i n t ro- d r a ft/t o o ls _ l e ss o n s. h t m Homes to Landscape- ww w . d r ea m h o m e s o u r c e .c om


A. Principles of Design.1. Balance- materials are distributed evenly on opposite sides of a central

axis. a. Three types of balance.

1) Symmetric- one side is a reflective mirror image of the opposite side, most formal type of balance.

2) Asymmetric- each side has as much interest as the other, but is not a mirror image.

3) Proximal/distal- balances right and left as well as near and far.b. Macro-range- the viewer sees the landscape from the most distant

point.c. Micro-range- the views from other locations not as

distant.2. Focalization- selects and positions visually strong items in the landscape

composition to create focal points. It draws the eye of the viewer to one major feature in each use area such as a corner planting.

3. Simplicity- seeks to make viewers comfortable within the landscape. It excludes any unnecessary changes in shape, color, direction, etc.

4. Rhythm and line- repeating something at a standard interval or pattern creates rhythm and lines. It establishes the shape and form of the landscape replicating strong existing lines such as the lines of a house or pool. Functions of line plantings include foundation plantings, block a view, frame a view and provide privacy.

5. Proportion- the size relationships between all the features of the landscape including vertical, horizontal and spatial relationships. It will maintain proper proportional relationships in a landscape between:


a. Buildings and people. b. Buildings and plants.c. Plants and people. d. Plants and plants. e. Masses and soils.

6. Unity- all the separate parts contribute to the creation of the total design. It ties together the individual parts of each use area by:

a. Repeated prominent colors.b. Repeated construction materials.c. Continued interior design themes to outdoor rooms. d. Repeated plant species.e. Raised patios, decks and porches to door level.

B. Types of Plans Used in Landscaping.1. Sequential- each is increasingly more specific and detailed.

a. Functional diagrams- begins the arrangement of the client’s program on the site. Bubble diagrams (thumbnail sketch) are loosely drawn freeform shapes to represent areas or spaces. They help the designer make decisions concerning layout, sizes and the use of each area.

b. Outdoor room concept moves the indoor out for a continuous flow.1) Public area- usually the front yard portion of the landscape.2) Private area- a secluded area, patio or screened porch.3) Utility area- recycle, garbage, storage.4) Family/play area- pools, open areas, play structures.

c. Preliminary designs- breaks the bubble diagram down to show first draft vision of how each landscape area will be shaped. The landscape is given its form, type of materials to be used and application of landscape design principles. They are simple without real details, but the horizontal and vertical relationships between objects and areas are now included. A number of preliminary designs may be shown to a client before the final plans are made.

d. Final plans- suggestions and reactions of the client to make a master drawing that is graphically detailed and completely specific in its intent for the landscape. They include precisely identified plants and other materials, paving patterns and other specific detailed information such as construction drawings for the landscape contractor and subcontractors. Graphics are designed to impress.

2. Computer assisted or drawing board.a. Computer aided design or design programs.b. Hand drawn. Many professionals choose to hand draw their designs.

3. Graphics.a. Free-hand lettering. b. Mechanical.c. Computer.


C. Drawing Instruments.1. Pencil.

a. Mechanical pencils.1) Lead sizes- 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 mm in thickness.2) Uses a lead holder.3) Does not require sharpening.

b. Drawing pencils.1) Varying degree of hardness in mechanical and drawing pencils- 2B, B, HB, F, H, 2H- 9H.2) H is a harder lead and produces lighter lines and is less likely to

smear.3) B is a softer lead and produces darker lines and will smear.4) A good choice for landscape designer is HB- 2H.

2. Eraser- a vinyl eraser will erase pencil marks without damaging the paper.Magic Rub is a good eraser to use.

3. Compass- adjustable instrument used to draw circles or arcs.4. T Square- used for drawing vertical or horizontal straight lines that are

parallel to the edge of the drawing board.5. Scale.

a. Architect.1) Contains scales of ½, ¼, ⅛, 1/16, ⅜, ¾, 3/16.2) Most commonly used by landscape designer is ⅛.

b. Engineer.1) Contains scales of 1/10 (one inch = 10 feet), 1/20, 1/30. 1/40,

1/50, 1/60.2) Most commonly used by landscape designers is 1/10.

6. Templates- used to draw circles and landscape features such as fences, hedges, etc.

7. Protractor- used to measure the angle of any two joining lines from 0-180 degrees.

8. Triangles.a. Used to draw angled lines.b. Most common angles are 45 and 90 degree. c. Other angles are 30, 45, 60 or 90 degree.

9. Drawing board- gives a smooth surface for drafting paper.10. Drafting paper.

a. Available as opaque or transparent in a wide variety of sizes.b. Vellum paper (100% cotton) is commonly used for hand drawings.c. Gridded paper is also popular to use in landscape design. Grid size

available are ¼” = 1’, ⅛” = 1’, 1/10” = 1’.D. Landscape Process.

1. Process is a sequence of steps to reach a goal.2. Project development process.

a. Needs or objectives.b. Design process.c. Accepting the design. d. Contracting.


e. Subcontracting.f. Actual landscaping acceptance.g. Billing and payment.

3. Project maintenance process.a. Need or desire.b. Selecting a landscape maintenance company which assesses the

needs and presents a proposal.c. If the proposal is accepted, the company schedules and does the

work.d. After work is complete, b ill the customer.

4. Design process includes site analysis and program analysis. E. Landscape Occupations.

1. Landscaping- profession that includes designing, installing and maintaining the outdoor human environment.

2. The three branches of the landscaping industry are:a. Landscape architects- licensed professionals who conceptualize

and plan the outdoor environment or landscape for both residential and commercial clients (customers). Landscape designers usually do actual drawings for residential and commercial landscapes.

b. Landscape contractors- must pass a licensing exam. They are professionals who carry out the installation or actual construction of the landscape plan. Landscape contractors hire subcontractors to do special work such as pools, electrical work, stonework, outdoorfeatures such as kitchens. Landscapers are not licensed but can do the same work but cannot use the title “Landscape Contractor”.

c. Landscape maintenance- the care of newly installed and existing landscapes.

3. Design-build firms- landscape businesses that handle everything from the initial contact with the client, the design, construction process, long term care and maintenance. They may hire subcontractors for specific jobs.

4. Other occupations in the landscape industry:a. Landscape nursery worker- a professional who sells and installs

landscape plants and related materials.b. Landscape sales- works directly with clients to develop creative

design solutions.c. Arborist- specialist in the care, treatment, trimming and/or

removal of trees.d. Irrigation specialist- designs, installs and maintains irrigation

systems. e. Seasonal color specialist- works directly with clients, possesses a

thorough knowledge of seasonal color in both design and maintenance along with a strong understanding of plant materials.

f. IPM specialist- inspects and diagnoses insect and disease issues, develops treatment plans, applies treatments effectively and safely, performs necessary record keeping duties, maintains supplies and equipment.


F. Planting and Maintenance.1. Planting.

a. Balled and burlapped (B &B) plants.1) Plant in a flat-bottomed, straight-sided hole twice the width

of the root ball.2) Backfill soil should fill the hole enough to raise the plant

slightly above the soil line.3) Loosen the burlap around the top of the plant and tuck it down

a few inches below the soil level.4) After backfilling the hole, the soil should be mounded in a circle

around newly planted trees and shrubs to catch and hold water.

5) Handle B&B plants by the root ball.b. Bareroot plants.

1) Mound or dome is left in the bottom of the hole.2) Roots should be spread over the mound so roots will grow

downward in the soil.3) Backfill with soil.4) After backfilling the hole, the soil should be mounded in a circle

around newly planted trees and shrubs to catch and hold water.

c. Container plants may need to have the roots cut or unwound before planting. This prevents the roots from continuing to grow in a circle pattern.

d. Newly planted trees should be staked to keep trees growing straight.

e. Careful observation of newly planted shrubs, trees, annuals, and perennials, on a regular basis, will determine the time and amount of maintenance needed.

2. Watering.a. Should be done at planting and frequently for a few days to prevent

roots from drying out and the plant wilting. Water to a depth of 12”-16” initially. This helps the plant to develop a deep root system.

b. Then less often as needed.c. Different plants have different water requirements and watering should

be adjusted to meet the needs of the individual plants.3. Fertilizing.

a. Trees- drill holes or use a soil tube 12” deep at 24” intervals around the tree at the canopy drip line (tips of outer branches).

b. Shrubs- hand apply small amounts of low analysis fertilizer but not too late in the growing season.

c. Fertilizer should be mixed in back fill soil at planting for trees and shrubs and in soil beds during prep for annuals and perennials.

d. Lawns- need regular fertilizing. A fertilizing schedule should be established for lawn care.

4. Mulching.a. Suppresses weeds, retain soil moisture and equalize soil temperature.b. May need to be refreshed or replaced yearly.


c. Mulch depths vary depending on type of material used and the moisture holding capacity of the soil. 2”-4” (after settling) is commonly recommended, add an inch more for sandy soils.

d. Types of mulch.1) Shredded or ground bark- hardwood, cypress, pine.2) Pine needles.3) Stone.4) Shredded rubber.

5. Pest.a. Pest control is necessary to control damage from insects,

diseases, weeds and rodents.b. Prevent pest problems by planting pest resistant varieties, keeping

the landscape free of debris and watering efficiently.c. Monitor landscapes for pest problem.d. Set up a pest maintenance schedule if necessary.

6. Mowing and edging.a. Mow lawns at correct heights based on the type of grass.b. Edging makes a sharp line of separation between plantings and the

lawn.7. Winterizing.

a. Treat wintertime weeds such as chickweed and henbit.b. Remove leaves and other debris from lawns. It can smother grass,

promote diseases and invite pests.c. Drain your irrigation systems.d. Mulch beds if mulch is thin.

8. Principles of Pruning.a. Shrubs that produce flowers on wood grown the previous

season should be pruned immediately after flowers fall off.1) Forsythia.2) Azaleas.3) Spirea.

b. Shrubs that bloom on current year’s growth should be pruned in fall or early spring.

1) Rose.2) Butterfly bush.3) Crape Myrtle.

9. Types or methods of pruning.a. Thinning- removes certain branches to open up the plant allowing

light through to keep the natural shape.b. Heading back- removes the end section of branches at the same

height so that new shoots make a plant thicker.c. Renewal- removes old branches that are large and unproductive by

cutting them back to ground level.d. Root- usually done one growing season prior to transplanting. The

general rule is that one inch of stem diameter equals 10” of circle diameter for pruning roots around the plant.


10. Pruning tools.a. Pruning saw.

1) Will cut live or dead limbs.2) Has coarse teeth.3) Blade may or may not fold into the handle.

b. Pole pruner.1) Has a saw and pruning tool on a pole to remove branches that

are up to 12 feet overhead.2) Non-powered or gas powered.

c. Grass shears.1) Has two blades designed to cut grass around edges of walks

or flower beds.2) Non-powered or battery powered.

d. Lopping shears.1) Long handled, bypass cut (scissor type blade that overlap each

other).2) Cuts limbs from 1” to 1½” in diameter

e. Hand shears or pruning shears.1) Bypass shears- scissor type blade that overlap each other.2) Anvil shears- a single blade that strikes against a flat metal plate.3) Removes branches ¼”-½”.

f. Hedge shears.1) Has long blades.2) Trim hedges or shape shrubs.3) Non-powered, gas or electric powered.

g. Chain saw.1) Cuts limbs from 3” up to the blade length. 2) Gas, electric or battery powered.



ESSENTIAL STANDARD: 6.00 10% C2 Understand turf.

OBJECTIVE: 6.01 5% C1 Remember North Carolina turf grass types.

Sources of Information: Reiley, H, Edward and Shry, Jr., Carroll L. I n t r odu ct o r y H o r tic u lt u r e , 8th Edition,

Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY. Carolina Lawns, North Carolina State University and A& T State University

Cooperative Extension Service. 2009. w w w .t u r f gr a ss. n cs u . e d u Turf Centere: www.turffiles.ncsu.edu


A. Turf Grass Regions.1. The United States has six regions or zones based on:

a. Climate.b. Temperature.c. Available moisture.d. Length of growing season.

2. North Carolina has three of the regions or zones:a. Mountains and Western Piedmont are region/zone 1.b. Central and Eastern Piedmont are region/zone 2.c. Extreme Southeastern Coast is region /zone 3.

B. Turf Characteristics1. Cool Season grasses:

a. Grow best in the spring and fall 65-75 degrees.b. Stay green in the winter.c. Best established in the fall.

2. Warm season grasses:a. Grow best in the summer 80-95 degrees.b. Go dormant (turn brown) in the winter.c. Best established in the spring.

3. Leaf color:a. Light to dark green.b. Light green.c. Medium green.d. Light to dark green.e. Medium to dark green

4. Leaf texture:a. Fine- thin needle textured blades.


http://www.turffiles.ncsu.edu/

b. Medium- medium textured blades.c. Coarse- thick, wide textured blades.

5. Growth habit- how new shoots are produced:a. Rhizome- underground stem that grows horizontally.b. Stolon- above ground stem that grows horizontally.c. Stolon and rhizome- above and underground stems that grow

horizontally.d. Bunch- blades grow in small cluster or tufts from the soil.

6. Wear- how the grass stands up to foot traffic:a. Excellent.b. Very good.c. Good.d. Fair.e. Poor.f. Very poor.

C. Grasses for lawns:1. Tall Fescue.

a. Region- 1, 2, 3.b. Season- cool season.c. Leaf color- medium green.d. Leaf texture- medium to coarse.e. Growth habit- bunch.f. Wear- very good.g. Location- sun and part shade.

2. Kentucky Bluegrass:a. Region- 1, 2.b. Season- cool season.c. Leaf color- medium to dark green.d. Leaf texture- fine to medium.e. Growth habit- rhizome.f. Wear- very good.g. Location- sun.

3. Red Fescue (fine fescue):a. Region- 1, 2 (some counties)b. Season- cool season.c. Leaf color- medium green.d. Leaf texture- fine.e. Growth habit- rhizome.f. Wear- fair.g. Location- shade.


4. Creeping Bentgrass:a. Region- 3.b. Season- cool season.c. Leaf color- bluish green.d. Leaf texture- fine.e. Growth habit- stolon.f. Wear- poor.g. Location- sun.

*special treatment- creeping bent requires fans on the golf course greens and frequent watering to keep the seed beds continually moist and cool.

5. Centipede:a. Region- 2, 3.b. Season- warm season.c. Leaf color- light to dark green. d. Leaf texture- medium.e. Growth habit- stolon.f. Wear- poor.g. Location- sun.

6. St. Augustine:a. Region- 2, 3.b. Season- warm season.c. Leaf color- medium to dark green. d. Leaf texture- coarse.e. Growth habit- stolon.f. Wear- poor.g. Location- sun but shade tolerant.

7. Bermuda:a. Region- 2, 3.b. Season- warm season.c. Leaf color- light to dark green. d. Leaf texture- fine.e. Growth habit- stolon and rhizome.f. Wear- excellent.g. Location- sun.

8. Zoysia:a. Region- 2, 3.b. Season- warm season.c. Leaf color- medium to dark green. d. Leaf texture- fine.e. Growth habit- stolon and rhizome.f. Wear- good.g. Location- sun or part shade.


C. Grasses not used alone for lawns:1. Annual rye (over seeding fields and some lawns, never used alone):

a. Region- 2.b. Season- cool season.c. Leaf color- light green.d. Leaf texture- medium.e. Growth habit- bunch.f. Wear- good.g. Location- sun.

2. Bahia (not recommended for lawns, most commonly used for highway grass):a. Region- 2, 3.b. Season- warm season.c. Leaf color- medium to dark green. d. Leaf texture- coarse.e. Growth habit- rhizome.f. Wear- good.g. Location- sun.

3. Perennial rye (seeded with Kentucky Bluegrass never alone):a. Region- 1.b. Season- cool season.c. Leaf color- medium green.d. Leaf texture- fine.e. Growth habit- bunch.f. Wear- very good.g. Location- sun.


COURSE: AP42 Horticulture II

Unit C Landscape, Turf and Floral Design

ESSENTIAL STANDARD: 6.00 10% C2 Understand turf.

OBJECTIVE: 6.02 5% C2 Understand principles of turf grass planting.

Sources of Information: Reiley, H, Edward and Shry, Jr., Carroll L. I n t r odu ct o r y H o r tic u lt u r e , 8th

Edition, Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY. Carolina Lawns, North Carolina State University and A& T State University

Cooperative Extension Service. 2009. w w w .t u r f gr a ss. n cs u . e d u Turf Center: www.turffiles.ncsu.edu


A. Turf Grass Site Preparation.1. Remove trash and debris.2. Control weeds with herbicide. Spray post-emergence broadleaf herbicides four to six weeks before seeding or sodding.3. Grade avoiding steep slopes, low areas and poorly drained areas (no more than 15% for mowing safety).4. Protect existing trees and bed areas with silt fencing, edged borders or mulch.5. Incorporate a 2%-3% slope away from the home or structure.6. Soil preparation.

a. Till soil to a depth of 2-3”.b. Add 4-5” of top soil.c. Run a soil test.d. Incorporate lime and fertilizer based on the soil sample results.e. Finish grade.f. Roll area with a lawn roller.g. Water.h. Seed or install sod.

B. Methods of establishing lawns.1. Seeding.

a. Is the most common and least expensive way to start a lawn.b. Seed is sown by hand or with a mechanical device such as a rotary or

drop type spreader.c. Apply half the seed in one direction and the other half at a 90 degree

angle to the first pass.d. Roll the soil lightly to ensure good seed to soil contact.e. Lightly cover the seed with peat moss or weed free straw.f. Water to stabilize the seed and peat moss or straw.g. Seeding for cool season grasses.


http://www.turffiles.ncsu.edu/

1) September 1- September 15- piedmont region.2) September 15- October 15- coastal region.3) August 15- September 1- mountain region.4) Emergency seeding mid-February to early March.

h. Seeding for warm season grasses March 1- July 1.i. Purchase quality seed. Read the label.

2. Sodding.a. Using established turf (grass and roots) that is cut in thin layers and

removed from growing area in strips.b. It is then moved to the new lawn, rolled out and fitted together.c. Start the sodding process from a straight edge to ensure uniformity.d. Butt strips together and stagger rows in a brick pattern.e. The new lawn soil should be moist before laying the sod.f. Water after installing the new sod.g. Install the new sod within 24 hours to prevent roots from drying out.h. Unroll sod if it cannot be laid within 48 hours.i. Sodding provides an instant lawn.j. Sodding for cool season grasses- anytime during the cooler times of

the growing season.k. Sodding for warm season grasses April- July 1.

3. Plugging.a. Uses small plugs or blocks of sod to plant in holes about 6-12

inches apart.b. Very time consuming method of planting grass.c. This is a common method used for many warm season

grasses that are poor seed producers.d. Water.e. Plugging for warm season grasses April- July 1.

4. Sprigging.a. Uses plant runners, cuttings or sprigs (cut stems).b. Sprigs are rolled or pressed into the top ½ to 1 inch of soil.c. Water.d. Sprigging is usually used on larger areas such as golf courses.e. Sprigging for warm season grasses March 1- July.

C. Care for newly established lawns.1. Irrigating.

a. Keep the top 1.5” of soil moist by watering two to three times a day for the first 7 to 21 days.

b. Water early in the morning to reduce the risk of disease and water loss.


c. Water established lawns two to three times a week ½ inch each watering.

d. Soil should be moist six to eight inches to encourage good root development.

2. Mowing.a. Mow when grass is 50% higher than the desired height.b. Mow to the suggest height for the type of grass you have planted.c. Mow when the grass is dry with a sharp, clean blade.d. Mowing height:

Grass Mowing heightTall fescue 2.5- 3.5 inchesKentucky bluegrass 1.5-2.5 inchesRed fescue 1.5-2.5 inchesCreeping Bentgrass .125-.5 inchCentipede 1-1.5 inchesSt. Augustine 2.5-4 inchesBahia 2-4 inchesBermuda .75-2 inchesZoysia .75-2 inches

3. Fertilizing.a. Apply fertilizer with a rotary or drop type spreader.b. Apply half the fertilizer in one direction and the other half at a 90

degree angle to the first pass.c. For seeded lawns fertilize six to eight weeks after seed emerges.d. For sodded, plugged or sprigged lawns fertilize every three to four

weeks throughout the growing season.4. Pest control.

a. Weeds.1) Common in newly seeded lawn.2) Proper mowing will eliminate most weeds.3) Follow the directions on a selective herbicide if weeds are an

issue.b. Insects.

1) Check newly established lawns on a regular basis for insect issues.2) Identify and treat as needed.

c. Diseases.1) Do not overwater newly established lawns as this can cause diseases.

2) Hot summer weather can also cause disease issues.3) Identify and treat as needed.


D. Grass seed terminology.1. Viable- the ability to germinate.2. Inert ingredient- stems and/or other plant products that is not viable.3. Weed seed- any seed not defined as a component in “other crop”.4. Noxious weed- invasive, hard to control weed seed.



ESSENTIAL STANDARD: 7.00 10% C2 Understand floral design.

OBJECTIVE: 7.01 5% C1 Remember floriculture plants.Sources of Information:

A and B Floral Supply Co., Charlotte, NC. Andrea Imperi Hill, Designer. Individual Floral Plants, www.bing.com/image s


Four types of design material.

A. Line flowers (and foliage)- create height, width and a balanced look in the arrangement. Line flowers are attractive by themselves in a tall vase. They produce floret blooms on tall spikes. Examples are:

1. Snapdragons.2. Foxglove.3. Liatris.4. Gladiolus.5. Scotch broom.

B. Mass flowers (and foliage)- give your arrangement weight. Mass flowers are usually round and full. They are usually the focal point of color and interest in an arrangement. Mass flowers are a good choice for a simple, quick vase of flowers and are often sold in bunches. They produce flowers on the end of stems. Examples are:

1. Carnation.2. Sunflower.3. Alstroemeria.4. Gerbera or Shasta Daisy.5. Zinnia.6. Mums.7. Rose.8. Daffodil.9. Tulip.10.Hydrangea.11.Lemon Leaf.

C. Form flowers and foliage)- center the arrangement. Form flowers are colorful, large and unique shaped flowers. They catch the eye of the viewer. Examples are:

1. Anthurium.2. Bird of Paradise.


3. Iris.4. Calla lilies.5. Peony.6. Stargazer.7. Wax Flower.8. Orchids.9. Ferns.

D. Filler flowers (and foliage)- fill your arrangement. Filler flowers usually have many little flowers and small foliage giving your arrangement a soft, full look. They connect mass and line flowers. A few branches can give added beauty to any arrangement. Examples are:

1. Baby’s breath.2. Queen Anne ’s lace.3. Ferns.4. Heather.5. Statice.6. Asters.7. Sprengeri fern.8. Bear grass.



ESSENTIAL STANDARD: 7.00 10% C2 Understand floral design.

OBJECTIVE: 7.02 5% C2 Understand principles of floral design techniques.

Sources of Information: Reiley, H, Edward and Shry, Jr., Carroll L. I n t r odu ct o r y H o r tic u lt u r e , 8th

Edition, Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY. A and B Floral Supply Co., Charlotte, NC. Andrea Imperi Hill, Designer.


A. Floral Design Principles.1. Balance- the flower size and container flow together and complement

each other.2. Focal point- creates the accent and interest to catch the eye.3. Proportion- keeps relative size, color and texture of the flowers to

create a pleasing arrangement. Floral designs should be at least 1½ to 2 times the height or width of the container.

4. Scale- the design must be in proportion to the surrounding area where it is placed.

5. Accent- catches and draws attention to the design.6. Repetition- accentuates the flowers and colors by repeating their

use throughout the design.7. Rhythm- creates a sense of continuity or flowing together.8. Harmony- when all parts flow together to give a completed look

to the arrangement.9. Unity- when the flowers complement each other through color, size and shape.

B. Floral Design Shapes.1. Round- floral arrangement is round in shape.2. Oval- floral arrangement is oval in shape.3. Fan- floral arrangement is fan or semicircle in shape.4. Triangle- floral arrangement may be an equilateral triangle with all three

sides the same length or asymmetrical triangle with sides of different lengths.

5. Right angle- flower arrangement makes an L shape.6. Inverted T- the flowers make and upside down T.7. Vertical- floral arrangement is straight up in a bud vase. It is tall, vertical

and narrow.


8. Horizontal- floral arrangement is long horizontal and short vertical.9. Diagonal- floral arrangement is half way between vertical and horizontal.10. Crescent- floral arrangement is shaped like a quarter moon.11. Hogarth curve- floral arrangement that is shaped like an S curve.

C. Floral Design Tools.1. Floral Foam- foam used to hold flowers in a container.

a. Fresh flower floral foam- absorbs water. Soak it in water prior to starting your arrangement.

b. Dry flower floral foam- does not absorb water. Used for dried or silk flowers. This floral foam is dense.

2. Styrofoam- course in texture and is used mostly for silk flowers.3. Wire- supports flower stems or creates artificial stems.

a. Boxed wire measures 18” in length.b. Wire gauge ranges from #6 to #30.c. The higher the gauge number the thinner the wire. d. #22 gauge wire is used for wiring heavy flowers.e. #24-26 gauge wire is a good general purpose wire, used for securing

bows.f. #28 gauge wire is used for wiring average weight flowers.g. Paddle wire(wire on a wooden or plastic spool)- is used to wire pine

cones and accessories to wreaths, etc. and is available in different gauges.

4. Wire cutters- cut wire.5. Picks- wooden picks with wire increase the stem length and attach bows

or ribbon used in the design.6. Floral tape.

a. Waterproof tape is used to attach floral foam to the container.b. Floral tape (stem wrap) is a tacky tape used to wrap wire. It is used to

conceal wire and stems when creating boutonnieres and corsages.7. Shears- cut woody stemmed flowers/plants.8. Scissors- cut ribbon or fabric.9. Ribbon- sold in bolts by number size and texture.

a. Number size.1) #1.5 = 5/16”.2) #2 = 7/16”.3) #3 = 9/16” commonly used for corsages and boutonnieres.4) #5 = 7/8” commonly used for potted plants.5) #9 = 1 5/16” commonly used for potted plants.6) #40 = 2 ½” commonly used for wreath bows.7) #100 = 4” commonly used for funeral sprays.


b. Texture.1) Satin.2) Organza.3) Mesh.4) Burlap.5) Raffia.6) Prints solid.7) Paper.8) Wired and unwired.

10. Floral Knife- cut flower stems.11. Containers- range from bud vases to large containers. Can be made of glass,

plastic, glazed pots and light weight liners.12. Foil- paper to wrap a potted plant. Sold in rolls or pre-cut sheets.

D. Design Techniques for a fresh floral arrangement.1. Select a design shape.2. Select appropriate container.3. Cut floral foam and soak in water for 20 minutes if needed. 4. Set foam in container and secure if needed.5. Select fern or other filler and arrange to cover the foam if needed. Extend at least 1½ times the width of the container.6. Insert flower to create the desired height.7. Insert additional flowers to make the design outline and focal point.8. Add other flowers as need to create the arrangement.9. Arrange filler flowers such as baby’s breath last to give a completed

appearance.


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