Vietnam War
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Transcript of Vietnam War
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Vietnam WarHonors Foreign Policy
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Timeline
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Korea vs. Vietnam
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Guerilla Warfare Aim to capture “hearts and minds” of
ordinary citizens and to undermine their confidence in the regime
Long term strategy – Guerillas do not have to inflict complete defeat upon enemy or compel them to surrender
Guerillas need support of people for food, shelter, and information
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French Colonization French colonized Vietnam, Laos,
and Cambodia at the end of the 1800s until 1954, with brief period of Japanese rule during WWII
Japanese ruled Vietnam during WWII and exploited its natural resources
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Dien Bien Phu March 13th – May 7th, 1954 Battle between French Union
troops and North Vietnamese troops in northwestern Vietnam
French forces surrounded and forced to surrender
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First Indochina War
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Geneva Accords 1954 Granted independence to
Indochina Divided Vietnam at 17th parallel Called for internationally
supervised free elections to be held in July 1956
Established International Control Commission composed of India, Canada, and Poland
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Geneva Accords 1954 450,000 Catholic Vietnamese
moved to South Vietnam; 50,000 communist Vietnamese moved to North Vietnam
Both sides violated the agreement; North Vietnam supported the Vietcong in the South; South Vietnam and the U.S. sent forces to sabotage installations in the north
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Vietnam Split
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South Vietnam
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North Vietnam
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Strategic Hamlet The Strategic Hamlet program was an
attempt to isolate rural peasants from contact and infiltration by the Vietminh by creating fortified villages from 1962 - 1964
Several thousand fortified villages were constructed and millions of peasants relocated by the program failed due to corruption and peasant resentment
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Strategic Hamlet
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Diem’s Buddhist Crisis
Buddhists not allowed to fly religious flags at religious festival
Buddhists staged protests in May in the city of Hue. Diem’s soldiers shot and killed 9 protestors leading to more protests and retributions
Buddhists called for freedom to fly religious flags, end to arbitrary arrests, and religious equality with Catholics
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Immolation of Thich Quang Duc
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Coup
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Gulf of Tonkin Incident
August 2nd, 1964 – The USS Maddox engaged by 3 North Vietnamese Torpedo boats
August 4th, 1964 – The USS Maddox allegedly engaged by North Vietnamese Torpedo boats
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – Joint resolution passed by Congress on August 7th, 1964 • Wayne Morse D – Oregon• Ernest Gruening D - Alaska
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Problems
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U.S. Commits Troops March 1965, L.B.J. sends marines to
Vietnam to protect U.S. air bases. Marines were supposed to perform defensive duties.
By December 1965, nearly 200,000 U.S. troops were in Vietnam performing offensive operations. Their task was to seek and destroy the Vietcong.
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Vietnamese Strategy Continue to send supplies to Vietcong
insurgents in South Vietnam via the Ho Chi Minh Trail
Expand Ho Chi Minh Trail and protect key points with antiaircraft weapons
Begin to send large North Vietnamese regular units to the south to help Vietcong
Continue hit and run tactics, avoid conventional battles
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U.S. Strategy Bomb military targets in North Vietnam
such as harbor facilities, railroads, and key points on the Ho Chi Minh Trail
Use overwhelming U.S. firepower to seek and destroy enemy
Wear down the morale and war fighting capability of North Vietnam until they asked for peace
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Operation Rolling Thunder
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Operation Rolling Thunder Needs of North Vietnamese forces minimal.
All forces in South Vietnam needed only 15 tons of supplies a day to carry on the war
China and Soviet Union supplied N. Vietnam with 6000 tons of aid a day
N. Vietnam was only a staging point, it had few factories
By 1967, N. Vietnam had suffered 300 million in damage but the U.S. had lost 700 aircraft
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Ho Chi Minh Trail
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Tet Offensive Major North Vietnamese offensive on
the Lunar New Year, January 1968 North Vietnamese forces broke a truce
and simultaneously attacked U.S. Forces across Vietnam
NVA forces attacked U.S. embassy in Saigon and briefly took over strategic points in Saigon
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Battle of Hue NVA forces took over the ancient
capital of Vietnam, Hue, during the Tet Offensive
Hue was one of the few urban battles during the Vietnam War
Casualties – 150 U.S. Marines, over 5000 NVA
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North Vietnam Goals
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Tet Outcomes
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Nixon Doctrine LBJ did not run for reelection, Richard
Nixon was elected as President Nixon promised he would end the war
and bring peace with honor Promoted the idea of Vietnamization, a
slow withdrawal of U.S. forces in conjunction with training and improving the South Vietnam military
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Nixon Doctrine Nixon focused on improving relations
with the Soviet Union and China He hoped the Soviet Union and China
would reduce aid to the North Vietnamese
Nixon was the first U.S. President to travel to communist China and meet with Chinese officials
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Nixon Policy Nixon gradually reduced U.S. troops in
Vietnam Approved the secret bombing of
Vietnamese positions in Cambodia in 1969, Codenamed Operation menu
Approved Operation Linebacker, a continuous bombing campaign of North Vietnam from May to October of 1972
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Cambodia Cambodia was granted independence by
France in November 1953 Government was constitutional monarchy
under Prince Norodom Norodom adopted policy of neutrality during
the Vietnam War North Vietnamese established bases in
Cambodia with knowledge of Norodom
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Cambodia U.S. Forces secretly bombed and conducted
special forces operations in Cambodia against Vietcong
In 1970, Prince Norodom was ousted by Prime Minister Lon Nol
Khmer Rouge, Cambodian communists with support of North Vietnamese began civil war against Lon Nol’s government forces
U.S. bombed Khmer Rouge bases and briefly invaded country
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Paris Peace Accords 27 January 1973 – ceasefire After ceasefire was in effect U.S. troops
and other foreign troops would withdraw U.S. prisoners of war would be released Reunification of Vietnam to be carried
out by step by step through peaceful means