Vietnam War
description
Transcript of Vietnam War
![Page 1: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Communism
• Economic system• Government control of property
and resources • Single political leader • No individual rights
![Page 4: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• American leaders believed that if the communists captured one country, nearby nations would also fall to communism, like dominoes falling
![Page 5: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The idea that America should keep communism
“contained” and not allow it to spread to any more areas
in the world
![Page 6: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• France had controlled Vietnam since 1858
• The colony became known as Indochina
• Vietnamese fiercely resisted French control, demanding independence
![Page 8: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Indochina consisted of
Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
![Page 9: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• May 6, 1954
• French forces waited in the fortress of Dien Bien Phu
• Vietnamese forces surrounded the compound and began raining artillery
• Eventually the French surrendered (similar to the Alamo)
![Page 10: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Dien Bien Phu
![Page 11: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• May, 1954• After the French defeat at Dien Bien
Phu, world leaders met at Geneva, Switzerland
• Agreed to divide Vietnam at the 17th parallel
• Ho Chi Minh would be the president of the communist North
![Page 12: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Ngo Dinh Diem would be the president of the non-communist south.
• Elections were to be held in 1956 on the issue of unification.
• However, the South refused to hold elections, claiming that the communists would not play fair.
![Page 13: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• DRVN
• Democratic Republic of Vietnam
• Communist dominated
• President - Ho Chi Minh
• Capital city - Hanoi
![Page 14: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• RVN• Republic of Vietnam
• Anti-communist• President - Ngo Dinh Diem
• Capital city - Saigon• America backs South Vietnam to
prevent a communist takeover
![Page 16: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Leader of the League for the Independence of Vietnam
• He combined many of the goals of communism with his desire to end the exploitation of Vietnam by outside countries
![Page 18: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Ho Chi Minh
![Page 19: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
League for the Independence of Vietnam. Vietnamese who
supported the liberation of Vietnam from French control and
unification of Vietnam
![Page 20: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Vietminh Soldiers
![Page 21: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The military wing of the North Vietnamese communist forces
![Page 22: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Vietcong Prisoner 1966
![Page 23: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
A Vietcong Prisoner
![Page 24: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Saigon police chief murders a VC in 1968
![Page 25: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Political wing of the North Vietnamese push for
unification of Vietnam
![Page 26: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Flag of the National Liberation Front
![Page 27: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• President Eisenhower sends the first military advisors to Vietnam in the 1950s to provide on the ground intelligence to Washington D.C.
• America also gives the French $25 million because they were our ally
• Looks like the U.S. supports colonialism
![Page 28: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• 34th President
• 1953 – 1961
• Republican
• New York
![Page 29: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• Military Assistance Advisory Group
• Advised U.S. leaders that it would be unwise to get involved in Vietnam for these reasons:
![Page 30: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
1) The conflict was more about nationalism than communism since 80% of the Vietminh were NOT communists
2) The Vietminh were extremely popular
3) U.S. soldiers were not trained for guerilla warfare in jungles
![Page 31: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Aerial view of the jungle canopy in Vietnam
![Page 32: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Vietnam
![Page 33: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Vietnam
![Page 34: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
How many soldiers can
you find hidden in the
jungle?
Answer: 14
![Page 35: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• Elected President in 1960
• Increased spending on RVN’s efforts to repel the Vietminh
• Increased U.S. military involvement in Vietnam
• Wanted to prove to his critics in the U.S. that he was not weak on fighting the communists
![Page 37: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• But he was reluctant to become deeply involved in Vietnam
• Top ranking military leaders advised him that the situation in Vietnam was growing worse daily - it was only a matter of time before the RVN fell to communist control
![Page 38: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• Reluctantly, the U.S. military engaged in training RVN forces to be able to defend their own country against the communist forces
![Page 39: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• January 2, 1963• Ap Bac was a village 40 miles southwest
of Saigon in the Mekong Delta• RVN (South Vietnam) forces
outnumbered the Viet Cong 4:1• The Viet Cong were well-supplied with
captured American M-1 rifles and 30 caliber machine guns
• RVN was poorly led and unprepared
![Page 41: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• 5 U.S. helicopters were shot down
• 3 U.S. advisors were killed and 8 wounded
• First major victory for Viet Cong
• VC used the victory for propaganda purposes
• VC began to plan for full scale war against the RVN
• U.S. realized we would need to send additional support for the RVN
![Page 42: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Downed chopper at
Ap Bac
January 2, 1963
![Page 43: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Ap Bac
January 2, 1963
![Page 44: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Downed choppers (flying bananas)
January 2, 1963
![Page 45: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Ap Bac (January 2, 1963)
![Page 46: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Ap Bac Casualties
![Page 47: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
• 1954 -appointed prime minister of RVN• This alienated many South Vietnamese • He was seen as a U.S. puppet leader• He refused some basic land reforms• He seized peasant land and gave it to
friends/family• He was Catholic• He persecuted the Buddhists
![Page 49: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
• U.S. advisors stated that even the non-communists preferred Ho Chi Minh
• By 1963, we learned that Diem had been secretly trying to create a coalition government that would include the communists
• U.S. helped to arrange a coup (the overthrow of a government)
![Page 50: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
• May 8, 1963
• On Buddha’s birthday, Diem banned the display of religious flags
• Buddhists raised their prayer flags to celebrate anyway
• Diem orders RVN troops to disperse the crowd
![Page 51: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Buddhist Prayer Flags
![Page 52: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Buddhist Prayer Flags
![Page 53: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
• 8 Buddhist monks were killed • On June 11, the first of seven monks
sets himself on fire in the street of Saigon to protest Diem’s leadership.
• This becomes the symbol of Diem’s leadership to the American public.
![Page 54: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
T. Quang Duc
First Buddhist Monk to
commit self-immolation
June 11, 1963
![Page 55: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Warning:
Graphic disturbing images follow. Look away if you might be offended.
![Page 56: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Douses himself with gasoline and sits calmly in the lotus position
![Page 57: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Ignites the flame
![Page 58: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
The remains are carried away
![Page 62: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
The unburned heart is
displayed in a Buddhist Temple
![Page 63: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
• Nov. 1, 1963, RVN forces overthrew Diem’s leadership
• He and his family were supposed to be exiled to France
• RVN army executed Diem and his brother
![Page 64: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
• Their bodies were found in a van in Saigon
• Created chaos in RVN and instability in the government
• 12 governments in 18 months
![Page 65: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Diem and his brother found murdered in the back of a van in Saigon
![Page 66: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
• 36th President• 1963 – 1969• Democrat• Texas• Became President
when Kennedy was assassinated
• Substantially increased U.S. involvement in Vietnam
![Page 67: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Sworn in on Air Force One by Judge Sarah T. Hughes
![Page 68: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
• American general in charge of U.S. forces in Vietnam
• Continually pushed for increasing troop levels in Vietnam
![Page 69: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
![Page 70: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
• August 4, 1964• U.S. patrol ships off the coast of
Vietnam claimed to have been attacked by DRVN torpedo boats.
• President Johnson addressed the nation about the attacks and ordered retaliatory air strikes for the “unprovoked attack.”
![Page 71: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Gulf of Tonkin
![Page 72: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
![Page 73: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
• August 7, 1964
• Legislation that allowed LBJ to take “all necessary measures to prevent further aggression” in Vietnam
• Johnson said that “it was like Grandma’s night-skirt. It covered everything.”
• It would be used to drastically escalate American involvement in the war
![Page 74: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
LBJ signs the Tonkin Gulf Resolution
![Page 75: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
• Increasing military pressure on an enemy’s forces
• By 1967, we had over 470,000 troops in Vietnam.
![Page 76: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
![Page 80: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
![Page 81: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
![Page 82: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
• February, 1965• A U.S. Army base in RVN was mortared
while National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy visited
• 9 Americans died, and 126 more injured • It showed how unstable the situation was:
we couldn’t even protect our high-ranking officials.
![Page 83: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Pleiku, 1965
![Page 84: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Pleiku airfield in 1967
![Page 85: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
![Page 86: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
• McGeorge Bundy: “Pleikus are like street cars.” (If you wait a while, another one will come along.)
• LBJ responded by authorizing bombings of North Vietnam.
![Page 87: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Aerial bombings of North Vietnam which began in
March of 1965
![Page 88: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
The U.S. wished to avoid a ground war in the mountainous
jungle terrain of Vietnam
![Page 89: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Gen. William Momyer, 7th Air Force commander, meets with President Johnson
![Page 90: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
LBJ boasted, “I won’t let those Air Force generals bomb the
smallest outhouse without checking with me.”
![Page 91: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
![Page 92: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
![Page 93: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
![Page 94: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
B-52 Bomb
Bay
![Page 95: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
May, 1965 – Bomber carrying 1000 pound bomb
![Page 96: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
• Lead Sled, Thud
• Flew 75 % of the strikes and took more losses over North Vietnam than any other kind of aircraft
• When Rolling Thunder ended, more than half of the Air Force’s F-105s were gone.
![Page 97: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
![Page 98: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
At first, bombing missions were not
allowed in areas around
Hanoi or Haiphong
![Page 99: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
“Rolling North”
Bombing raids
authorized farther north later in 1965
and 1966
![Page 100: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
• Policy of wearing away an enemy’s forces until they cannot continue to fight
• The U.S. strategy in Vietnam
• We would bomb the VC until they could not continue replacing their casualties; then they would surrender
![Page 101: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
• November 1965
• First major battle between VC and U.S. troops
• The U.S. 7th Cavalry delivered a substantial defeat to a VC unit
• 7 to 10 times as many VC died as did Americans
![Page 102: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
• U.S. saw it as proof that attrition works • The VC claimed that they had forced the
U.S. into combat to inflict casualties and learn about U.S. tactics.
• VC did not consider this a defeat.
![Page 103: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
![Page 104: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
U.S. Infantry disembarks
![Page 105: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Lt. Col. Moore checks VC casualties
![Page 106: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Scene from 2001 motion picture, We Were Soldiers
![Page 107: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Starring Mel Gibson
![Page 108: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
• U.S. assassination program
• We tried to eliminate VC leaders
• Thousands died in these related attacks.
![Page 109: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
• U.S. forces would be used to train RVN forces
• Eventually, the U.S. would scale back our troop levels until the RVN could function self-sufficiently
![Page 110: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
• North Vietnamese supply line from DRVN and ending at various points near the South Vietnamese border
• A honeycomb of routes through jungle and grassland areas that totaled 12,000 miles of trail
• Although Laos was supposedly neutral (per the Geneva agreement of 1954), 100’s of miles of the trail passed through that country
![Page 111: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
![Page 112: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
![Page 113: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
• Before 1964, the trail was used by bicycles that were specially modified to carry pallets of rifles and ammunition weighing 400 pounds.
• In 1964 the trail was upgraded with bridges, way stations, underground barracks, storage facilities, workshops, and fuel depots
• In 1965 80,000 laborers were building 2 miles of new road each day
![Page 114: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
![Page 115: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
• 2,294 trucks passed through from Jan to May of 1965
• 12,000 DRVN soldiers infiltrated into the South in 1965
• 24,000 DRVN soldiers in 1966• It became of primary importance to stop
this infiltration along the trail• April 1965, the U.S. began air strikes
against the trail called “Steel Tiger”
![Page 116: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
![Page 117: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
• This led to the secret expansion of the war into Laos in 1965
• In March of 1970 President Nixon finally admitted U.S. military operations in Laos, claiming that the North Vietnamese had violated the Geneva Accord “before the ink was dry” and that over ½ million North Vietnamese troops had entered the South though Laos
![Page 118: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
The Cu Chi Tunnel
• Of major importance during the Vietnam War
• About 250 kilometers long
![Page 119: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
• Destructive gelled gasoline chemical that burns uncontrollably
• Sticks to bodies and sears off flesh
• Burns at 800 to 1200 degrees Celsius
![Page 120: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
![Page 121: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
![Page 122: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
![Page 123: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
![Page 124: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
• A deforesting agent that killed jungle life, exposing VC hiding places
• Contained dioxin – extremely toxic• Reported to cause death, debilitating
diseases, and genetic defects to those exposed
![Page 125: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
![Page 126: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
![Page 127: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
![Page 128: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
C 123 “Supplier” of Agent Orange
![Page 129: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Service Patch awarded for flying Agent
Orange “Ranch Hand”
missions
![Page 130: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
![Page 131: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
![Page 132: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
![Page 133: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
![Page 134: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
![Page 135: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
![Page 136: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
![Page 137: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
• May 1967 – CIA estimates that 430,000 Viet Cong had infiltrated the South
• Dec 1967 – 45% of American public said our involvement in Vietnam was a mistake
![Page 138: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
• Nov 1967 – Vice President Humphrey says on the “Today Show” – “We are on the offensive. Territory is being gained. We are making steady progress.”
![Page 139: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
• Nov 21, 1967 – General Westmoreland says that DRVN was “unable to mount a major offensive . . . I am absolutely certain that whereas in 1965 the enemy was winning, today he is certainly losing.”
• Westmoreland says in interview with Time Magazine, “I hope they try something, because we are looking forward for a fight.”
![Page 140: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
• Tết Nguyên Dán – January 31 - the lunar new year– most important Vietnamese holiday
• Both North and South Vietnam had announced on national radio that there would be a three-day cease-fire during the Tet celebration
![Page 141: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
• The VC launched a series of unexpected highly coordinated attacks all across South Vietnam.
• 80,000 VC troops struck more than 100 towns and cities – included Saigon
• U.S. embassy in Saigon was invaded
![Page 142: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
![Page 143: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Saigon burns
![Page 144: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
• It showed the public that the government had not been truthful about the situation and our chances in Vietnam.
![Page 145: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
• The largest military operation by either side in the war up until then
• Attacks continued until September 1968
• Ended U.S. hopes of winning the war.
• After Tet, we were looking for a way out.
![Page 146: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
• March 16, 1968
• “Search and destroy” mission
• A small village in South Vietnam where 250 VC were rumored to be hiding
• When we arrived, we found only women and children
![Page 147: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
• Lt. William Calley ordered all of the inhabitants rounded up and executed
• Only one U.S. chopper crew flew in and stopped the slaughter.
• 407 villagers were killed
• American public was shocked and outraged
![Page 148: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
![Page 149: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
![Page 150: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
![Page 151: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
![Page 152: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
![Page 153: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
• Lt. William Calley was tried for murder• Claimed he was only following orders to kill
everyone in the village• Dishonorably discharged and received a life term
in prison • His sentence was later reduced by President
Nixon• Released on parole in November 1975
![Page 154: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
![Page 155: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Lt. Calley escorted to Ft. Benning stockade March 31, 1971
![Page 156: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
My Lai Memorial at the site of the
massacre
![Page 157: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
• The U.S. launched secret attacks on Cambodia starting in 1969, looking for rumored VC headquarters.
• By 1975, the VC continued to use Cambodian supply lines
• Protests erupted across the U.S. when the public found out about these bombings.
![Page 158: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Cambodia
![Page 159: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
• February 1971
• RVN forces were to attack the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos to cut off VC supply lines.
• Would prove that Vietnamization was working
![Page 160: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
• But as the RVN forces prepared, the VC attacked.
• Only U.S. B-52 bombers saved the day. • It was a disaster that proved that the
RVN existed only through massive U.S. support.
![Page 161: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
![Page 162: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
• Sit-ins
• Marches
• Burning of draft cards
• Blocking troops trains
• Self-immolation
• Teach-ins
![Page 163: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
• Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee
• Helped organize many of the war protests on college campuses
![Page 164: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
Students would pick public businesses or college campuses and simply sit there in protest of the war. Made national news as they were dragged out by police.
![Page 165: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
University of Berkley 1965
![Page 166: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
University of Berkley 1965
![Page 167: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
• A series of nationwide debates and lectures about U.S. presence in Vietnam
• The goal was to educate the public and increase pressure on the government to change its Vietnam policy.
![Page 168: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
• American youth movement that blamed “the establishment” for
the war• The establishment – old
white men
![Page 169: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
Beliefs included: – questioning authority
– seeking personal pleasure
– alternative lifestyles
– different clothing styles
– rock music
– drugs
![Page 170: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
• A group that was part of the counterculture
• Valued youth, individuality, and spontaneity
• Promoted peace, love, and freedom
![Page 171: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
![Page 172: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
![Page 173: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
![Page 174: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
• August 1969
• 3 day music festival at Max Yazgur’s farm in upstate New York
• Organizers expected 10,000 – 20,000
• 400,000 counterculture youth showed up
• Concert organizers abandoned the plan to set up fences and made the concert free
![Page 175: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
![Page 176: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
![Page 177: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
![Page 178: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
![Page 179: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
Jimi Hendrix
![Page 180: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
• An Ohio working-class commuter university—average for “middle-class” America
• May 2, 1970 - Student anti-war protesters were demonstrating
• A fire broke out in the ROTC building
![Page 181: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
• On May 4, students began throwing things at the armed guards
• The guards fired into the crowd of students
• 4 killed; 13 wounded – some not even participants in the protest
![Page 182: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
![Page 183: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
• Thousands marched on Washington D.C. at night with candles to protest the war
![Page 184: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
• Even government officials’ families participated, such as Vice Pres. Agnew’s daughter.
• Showed that mainstream Americans were opposed to the war, not just Hippies
![Page 185: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
![Page 186: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
Those who favored the war
![Page 187: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
Those who favored peace
![Page 188: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
1968 ELECTIONLBJ announced that he would not run for reelection, mainly because of the war in Vietnam. The 1968 election was highly turbulent as Americans protested and debated the war. Eventually, it would be Richard Nixon that emerges as the “peace” candidate and wins.
![Page 189: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
“YIPPIES”Youth International Party. Young American anti-war protesters who wanted to go the Democratic Convention in 1968 to protest by nominating a pig named “Pigasus” for president and then eating him. Similar to the Hippies in that they wanted free love and peace in Vietnam.
![Page 190: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
ROBERT F. KENNEDYU.S. attorney general who decides to run for president after LBJ announces he was not running for a 2nd term. He was assassinated in 1968 after giving a speech at a hotel.
![Page 191: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
GEORGE WALLACERan as a 3rd party candidate in the 1968 election. He took away enough votes from the Democrats to allow Nixon to win the election.
![Page 192: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
RICHARD M. NIXONQuaker. Republican. Ran against JFK in 1960 and lost an extremely close election. He wins the presidency in 1968 and is reelected in 1972. Despite his promises to seek peace, Nixon secretly widened the war in Vietnam into neighboring countries and continually bombed N. Vietnam.
![Page 193: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
26th Amendment (1971) lowered the voting age to 18. People felt that if you were old enough to die for the nation at age 18, you should have the right to vote.
![Page 194: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
THE VIETNAM WAR
V. THE END OF THE WAR
![Page 195: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
HENRY KISSINGER Nixon’s Secretary of State. Kissinger was responsible for helping to ease tensions between the U.S., China and the Soviet Union. He was also involved in negotiating the peace settlement in Vietnam.
![Page 196: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
Operation Linebacker II (the Christmas
Bombings)
Over 200 B-52 bombers flew round-the-clock missions for 11 days. Over 40,000 tons of bombs were dropped. Over 2000 killed with sufficient collateral damaged to DRVN.
1
![Page 197: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
Operation Linebacker II (the Christmas
Bombings)
Nixon’s approval rate fell to 39%, world leaders denounced the bombings, and we were forced back to negotiations with DRVN representatives.
![Page 198: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
GERALD R. FORD Became the President after Nixon’s resignation. Ford would order the remaining U.S. troops out of Vietnam.
![Page 199: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
FALL OF SAIGON Even though the peace terms called for 2 separate nations, VC forces overran Saigon even as the last U.S. troops departed with refugees. We weren’t even gone yet, and the North had taken over South Vietnam.
![Page 200: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
P.O.W.’S Prisoners of war. Hundreds of U.S. soldiers had been captured and detained by VC forces. Some had been tortured and executed before being returned at the end of the war.
![Page 201: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
M.I.A.’S Missing in Action. Hundreds of U.S. soldiers were unaccounted for at the end of the war. We weren’t sure if they had been killed, captured, deserted, or something else.
![Page 202: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/202.jpg)
War Powers Act (1973)A law designed to limit a president’s ability to wage war without congressional approval. 1) Required president to notify Congress within 48 hours after deployment of troops, including reasons for and the expected length of the mission.
1
![Page 203: Vietnam War](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814e8f550346895dbc359c/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
War Powers Act (1973)2) Limit to 60 days without congressional approval. 3) Congress can demand that the President bring the troops home.