Vietnam Eduk Global Dialogue Drgarcia

8/14/2019 Vietnam Eduk Global Dialogue Drgarcia

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EMPLOYABILITY OF FILIPINO WOMEN:MOVING BEYOND THE STICKY FLOOR

By:

Dr. Libertad P. GarciaDirector CHED Region 8

Commission on Higher Education

Philippines
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Outline

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Brief profile of the Philippines

The Philippine Educational System/Structure

Filipino Women in Higher Education

Employment of Filipino Women: How dothey Fair?

Barriers and Challenges for Filipino Women

Issues/Challenges confronting PhilippineHigher Education

Reforms Needed
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Brief Profile of the Philippines

The Philippines is an archipelago comprising 7,107 islands. Interms of coastline, the Philippines has the 5 th longest

coastline in the world.With a population estimated at 97,976,603 and considered asone of the populous countries in the world.

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Dominated by the young population age 15-29 years old. Menare slightly more within the young age bracket compared tofemales.

Almost half of the population belong to the school age group(between 5 to 22 years of age).

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10year basic education system

college and university system

technicalvocationalDepartment of Education(DepED) - focuses on

foundational competencies toprepare students for higherlearning

Commission on HigherEducation (CHED) focuses ondeveloping professionals andhigh-level manpower.

Technical Educational andSkills Development Program(TESDA)- focuses on post-secondary technical-vocationaleducation and training formiddle-level learners

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The Philippine Education System/Structure

Higher Education Institutions are varied and expanding with 2, 247

institutions of higher learning (643 public and 1,604 private) with anincrease of 1,687 programs or 30% increase each year for the past 10years

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College enrolment rates of Filipino women consistently tended toexceed that of the Filipino males, and they have tended to stay in

school longer to complete their program of studies.

A reverse picture in shown in the elementary level enrolment wherethere are more boys than girls but due to drop outs, the number is

reduced in high school and college. Completion rate is higher forfemale than for male.

Dominance of women over men in Philippine education is highespecially the following discipline groups: Business Administration and

Related Program; Education and Teacher Training; and Medical and Allied Program; and Service Trade.

Slight increase for female enrolment is noted for disciplines that are usedto be male dominated. This is noted particularly in the following fields:Engineering, Information Technology as well as in Agricultural, Fisheriesand Veterinary Medicine. This only shows that what used to be a popularcourse for male students seems a discipline of interest as well for femalestudents.

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Completion rate is higher forwomen compared to men asshown by the number ofgraduates by gender.

Comparative Data of Graduates by Gender by Academic Year 2007-2010

Source: CHED MIS Data: June 2012

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Completion Rate by Gender Level of Education Female Male

Basic Education(AY1988-1995)

73.72% 57.53%

Higher Education(AY 1995-1996)

61% 39%

GraduateEducation(AY 1995-

1996)

66% 33.8%

Source: FLEMMS, 2008

More women are gaining access to higher

education.

Females consistently accounted for morethan half of the tertiary gradu ates.
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As of January 2000 there are a total of28.9 Filipinos who are employed. Of

these, about 37.6 percent are womenworkers. The number of women workersin the labor force increased from 4.8million in 1978 to 9.97 million in 1993to10.86 million in January 2000. The

increased is also noted after 2000. From12.6 million in 2006, women workersincreased to 14.1 million in 2010, whichmeans that about 1.5 million women havebeen employed in 6 years.

In summary, about 1.5 millionFilipino women employed in 6years

Source: NSO Data, 2011

Employment of Filipino Women: How do they Fair?

With the growing expansion of highereducation institutions, one of the bestcomparative advantage of the Philippinesis its human resources. Considering thenumber of Filipino women, they play animportant role in the countrys call forsustainable development.


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Employment of FilipinoWomen: How do they Fair?

HighestGrade 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Total 12,622 13,018 13,129 13,657 14,114 No Grade 243 247 235 240 232Elem 3,702 3,732 3,700 3,732 3,708

Under 1,697 1,711 1,635 1,668 1,686Grad 2,006 2,021 2,066 2,064 2,022

High School 4,542 4,725 4,784 4,987 5,202Under 1,560 1,595 1,552 1,637 1,651

Grad 2,983 3,130 3,232 3,350 3,551College 4,135 4,313 4,410 4,699 4,970

Under 1,587 1,663 1,673 1,829 1,948Grad 2,548 2,650 2,738 2,869 3,022

Table 1.Employment of Women by HighestGrade Completed, 2002-2008

Source: 2011 Gender Labor& Employment Statistics:BLES-DOLE

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The data shows only womenwho were mostly employedwere high school graduates andcollege graduates. Hence, it issafe to say employed women in

the Philippines are composedmostly of highly-skilled andeducated women, whichrequires at least an ampleamount of educational

attainment and training.

Of the 14.1 million employedwomen, 232,000 did not finish

any grade. About 3.7 milliononly reached the elem. level,about 5.2 million for high schoolwhile about 4.97 million forcollege.


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Employment of Filipino Women: How do they fair?

Filipino women have the ability to be in

different occupational groups compared tomen. This only shows that women in thePhilippines are more flexible.

The opportunity and preference bycompanies for women to attendadvance trainings or any relatedcapacity building program is due tothe attitude, patience, dexterity,and quickness to learn exhibited byFilipino women besides the trust

and high expectations of employerson their ability. These arecharacters often observed amongFemale employees.

Most companies are willing to

invest to women workers in theform of training and re-training .

Filipino women are morecompetitive in the labor market, thusthey are given major roles in thecompany now than before. (Source:PIDS, 2003) and shorter job search

time in favor for women applicants(CHED GTS, 2004)

Women have outnumbered men at the top

of the corporate ladder. This is shown withthe consistent increase in number of femalegovernment officials, corporate executives &supervisors from 2.2 M in 20006 to 2.6M in2010

Faster growth in wages in labor for femaleworkers (2.24 percent versus 0.50 percent forthe wages of male workers in 2006.
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The number of unemployed was higheramong males than among females(38.3%). Over the years, theunemployment rate for women dropped.

More women are employed as

Officials of Government and CorporateExecutives than men (2.62 millionwomen as compared to 2.35 millionmen in 2010).

Filipino women continue to join the self-employed/unpaid. With the increase inwomen entrepreneurship, job mobilityamong women also increase.

Many employed college graduatesare in jobs not coherent with their fieldof study. However, by gender, more

female employees are found to be in jobs more coherent with their field ofstudy (.05% compared to .04% formales)

Skills employees mismatch is an issue

for both male and female.
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Women were found to have the abilityto develop various types of micro andsmall enterprise. The number of Filipinowomen joining the self-employed/unpaid family work increasefrom 2000 to 2003, although there arestill more men in the self-employedbusiness compared to women.

The Philippines is also known for itsmigrant workers. Out of the 2M OFWdeployed over the world, female OFWswere estimated at around 47.7%.

Female OFWs are generally youngerthan males.

Remittances from female OFWs isrelatively lower than their malecounterparts.

Overall, employment of Filipino workersslowly grow by 3%, (amounting to37.8M employed) however, almost 2.9M are still unemployed in 2009.

The number of unemployed is higher among malesthan among females.

Gender Total employed in 1000 Total unemployed in %

2009 2008 2007 2009 2008 2007

Male 1,829 1,741 1,794 80 7.8 8.1

Female 1,026 935 1,055 72 6.7 7.4Total 2,855 2,676 2,849 76 7,25 7.8

Source: Labor Force Studies, 200 9

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32.8% of the unemployed were HS graduates; 1.8%were college undergraduates; 2.1% were collegegraduates

One major reason for the unemployment in the Phil.

Is the skills mismatch or the hard to fill jobs.


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Slow industry respond to the demand of the business environment which limits the creation of highlevel jobs.

Shortage for certain types of professionals with the increase in migration. The high demand foroverseas Filipino workers although is a good indicator of employment; however, this can also resultfor shortage of Filipino professionals and brain drain.

Information asymmetries Economic and Social Inclusion - this refer to barriers to participation in the labor market and include

such barriers as the following:

adequacy of opportunities or limited access to employment opportunities which can be attributed tothe following factors;:

o company preferenceo too many applicants chasing too few jobso political influence or the referral systemo course graduated inadequate to fulfil hiring requirementso companies/increasing preference for machines over manpower because it means that having less

manpower would result into less expenses/costo lack of livelihood and entrepreneurial opportunitieso

limited access for good training/advance training/educationo Urban bias in career information dissemination. Quality of curriculum and other learning modalities Policy and procedural inefficiencies Behavioural inclinations

Rights and Social Protection. Rights issues refer to non-observance of rights and social protection privileges and include such barriers as the following: Inferior working conditions (source: ILS Discussion Paper Series 04-2011)

Some Barriers and Challenges for Women Employment in the Philippines


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Enrollment was too large &concentrated heavily in a fewpopular programs such as

business/commerce & teachereducation.

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KRA 1 . Rationalization of higher education byaligning it with national goals, developing atypology of HEIs, mapping HEIS andprograms, amalgamation of HEIs: amoratorium on new HEIs & programs;

harmonization of public and private HEIs; andthe rationalization of credentials

Reforms Needed:

KRA 2. Improvement of quality & standardsthrough quality assurance, phase out ofsubstandard HEIs & programs; the meeting ofinternational standards and the expansion offaculty development, support for R & D

KRA 3 . Increasing access to quality highereducation by expanding the scholarshipprogram

Issues/Challengesconfronting Philippine

Higher Education

Poor quality,underdeveloped graduateprograms, underinvestment,and a lack of fit betweenprograms and graduates onthe one hand, & employmentand the needs of society on

the other. (Source: CHED Report,2012)
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The Philippine Commission on Higher Education

HEDC Building, CP Garcia Avenue,

Diliman-Quezon City

Philippines

www.ched.gov.ph14

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