Vienna 18-20 February 2008
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Transcript of Vienna 18-20 February 2008
Vienna 18-20 February 2008
Current Status of Absorption
Refrigeration Technology
as an
Alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology
Dr. Alaa Olama
Vice Chairman, GasCool
HCFC Phase-out Seminar
Contents
1.0- The theory of Absorption
2.0- Classification of Absorption systems
3.0- Absorption technology today
4.0- Is Absorption a viable alternative to HCFC based systems?
5.0- Summary table & points system
6.0- Refrigeration applications
7.0- Conclusions
Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as
an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology
1.0 The theory of Absorption
- In an Absorption system, the electrical
compressor is substituted with a thermo-
chemical compression system.
- Accordingly, a small amount of mechanical work
is required, and a heat source drives the system.
Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as
an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology
1.1 Comparison between a V.A.S. & M.V.C.
Low Side
MECHANCIAL VAPOUR COMRESSIONHigh Side
Evaporator
CondenserPOWER
(kW)
Compressor
E.D.
CondenserHEAT (Q):Natural GasDiesel Steam Hot Water
High Side
Low Side
VAPOUR ABSORPTION MACHINEGenerator
AbsorberEvaporator
E.D.
Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as
an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology
• As Lithium Bromide becomes dilute it loses its capacity to absorb water vapour. It thus needs to be re-concentrated using a heat source. Heat source may be Steam or Flue gases or even Hot water.
2.0 Classification of Absorption systems
2.1 Lithium Bromide-Water systems
2.2 Water-Ammonia systems
- Both systems use water or ammonia as a refrigerant.
Absorbents are Li.Br or water.
- Two firing types are available:
Direct fired or Indirect fired.
- Lithium Bromide-water systems cannot be air cooled,
water cooling is imperative.
- Water-Ammonia systems can be air cooled or water
cooled.
Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as
an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology
Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as
an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology
3.0 Absorption Technology today
3.1 Historical perspective
USA, Domestic Shipment of L.T Chillers
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Absorption Chiller Shipment in USA
TR
/yea
r
Source: ASHRAE J, April 2001
Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as
an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology
3.2 Absorption Refrigeration in the world
Future ProjectionFIG. 18: The Future of Absorption Demand
1995
2000
2005
2010
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
TR
Yea
r
Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as
an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology
3.3 Absorption Refrigeration in the world
World Absorption Chiller Market Absorption 100RT≧
By Amount (M U$)Total $637 M
By Qty Total 6550 units
180
2560
2050
900
860
USA China Japan Korea Rest
20
283
205
60.268.8
USA China Japan Korea Rest
Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as
an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology
3.4 Absorption Market (by Qty) Excluding Japan, China, Korea, USA
BrazilItaly
India
Iran
Pakistan
Egypt
Hungary
Turky
Singapore
Thailand
Bulgaria
Taiwan Indonesia
Malaysia
Country QtyTaiwan
Singapore 5Indonesia 10Thailand 50Malaysia 20Pakistan 120Iran 150Egypt 20Hungary 10Bulgaria 10Italy 100Brazil 20India 315Turky 10
20
Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as
an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology
4.0 Is Absorption a viable alternative to HCFC based systems?
4.1 Refrigeration capacities available
4.2 Technical suitability & applicability
4.3 Indicative prices of Absorption systems
4.4 Absorption systems operating costs & services
including energy consumption
4.5 Environmental impact (Ozone depletion & global
warming)
4.6 Safety issues
4.7 Technological, design & equipment changes
required for conversion
Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as
an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology
AbsorptionSystems
H2O – NH3
Direct fired
Air Cooled
Modular Production
17-100 kW(5 to 30 TR
Indirect fired
Water Cooled
Custom made
700- 35,000 kW(200-10,000TR)
LiBr – H20
Direct fired Indirect fired
Incorporating a CT
Modular Production
17-100 kW(5 to 30 TR
Not Incorporating a CT
Modular Production
Modular Production
100-4,200kW(30-1200TR)
280-7000 kW(80-2000TR)
4.1 Refrigeration capacities available:
Cat. I Cat. II Cat. III Cat. IV Cat. V
Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as
an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology
4.1 Refrigeration capacities available (Cont.):
There are five capacity categories of Absorption
units available:
Cat. 1 H2O-NH3 17-100 kW ( 5 to 30 TR ) Cat. 2 H2O-NH3 700-35,000 kW (200 to 10,000 TR)
Cat. 3 LiBr-H2O 17-100 kW (5 to 30 TR )
Cat. 4 LiBr-H2O 17-100 kW (5 to 30 TR )
Cat. 5 LiBr-H2 280-7,000 kW ( 80 to 2,000 TR )
Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as
an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology
S.NItem
Refrigeration Capacity
H2O – NH3LiBr - H2O 17 – 100 )5 – 30(
700 – 35000 )200 – 10,000(
17 – 100 ) 5 – 30(
100-4200)30-1,200(
280-7000)80-2,000(
Cat . 1Cat . 2Cat . 3Cat . 4Cat . 5
4.1Refrigeration capacities available
1010101010
4.2Technical suitability & applicability
69869
4.3Indicative prices of a b systems
37469
4.4Operating cost & savings ind. energy
consumptions
8108810
Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as
an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology
4.5Environmental impact
) ozone depletion & global warning
1010101010
4.6Safety issues558810
4.7Technological . Design & equipment .
changes required for conversion
76866
4.8Total ( out of 70 pts )4957565464
4.9 %age compared to m v c
70% 81% 80% 71% 91%