Video as Multimedia Element

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Exploring Video as a Multimedia Element

The Power of Video

The ability to incorporate video into a multimedia project marked a significant achievement inthe evolution of the multimedia industry (Shuman).

What does video give us that other media elements cannot? Video gives us the power to capture reality and relive real events. Video gives real evidence or proof Video shows something credible, real, true Videos can teach something, show something, persuade people to buy something, and

even make people laugh or cry.

Video

A video is a series of moving images. Video quality is determined by three factors:

Frame Rate Resolution Aspect Ratio

Frame Rate

Video is comprised of sequential images seen in rapid succession. The number of images of the video shown per second is called the frame rate. Videos have a frame rate of 24-45 fps. Television has a frame rate of approximately 30 fps. Frame rate is measured in frames per seconds (fps). A constant frame rate is desired for smooth playback. If the computer is not able to replay the movie at the frame rate it was encoded for, it will either

stutter and slowdown or drop frames.

Frame rate is one of the factors affecting movie file size and quality.

Resolution

The size of a video image is measured in pixels for digital video Just like images, video resolution is also affected by the picture dimensions. Videos range from the following sizes (in pixels) 320x240 Internet resolution 640x480 TV resolution 1280x720 HDTV resolution 1920x1080HDTV resolution


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Aspect Ratio

The width to height ratio of the video image is referred to as the aspect ratio Ratios are expressed in the form "width x height".

4x3 4:3

The three most common aspect ratios are 4x3, 16x9, 21x9. 4x3 (standard screen)

Standard television format used throughout the second half of the 20thCentury.

16x9 (widescreen) This format has gained acceptance as the new standard for widescreen TV, DVD

and high-definition video.

21x9 (cinemascope) A very wide screen format used for theatrical release movies.


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Converting between Aspect Ratios

Conversions almost always involve compromise on the video image. Converting a 21x9 video to a narrower format requires cropping of the video picture.


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Types of Video

Analog Video Digital Video

Analog Video Linear such as a video tape (VHS) Has a beginning , middle, and end. In editing an analog video , you need to rewind, pause, and fast-forward to

display desired frames

Digital Video Allows random selection to any part of the video Editing can be simple as cutting and pasting parts of the video Adding special effects and transitions are easy with a video-editing program

Analog video must be digitized in order to place it in a multimedia fileAdvantage of Digital over Analog Video

Digital Video has lesser generation loss When you duplicate a video tape (like VHS), some noise from the recorder is added

to the new tape.

If you were to duplicate the new tape, then noise from the previous tapes would becarried over to the third tape.

Each copy of the tape adds to the generation loss from the original. With digital video, the connection to the computer is digital. There is no generation

loss when transferring DV. You can make more copies of a DV tape, and it will still

be as good as the original.

Video has made the transition from analog to digital. This transition has happened at every level of the industry.

Home and WorkDVDs, Digital cable, Digital satellite. Broadcasting -standards have been set and stations are moving towards programming only

digital television (DTV).

Digital TV

There are two types of digital television: standard definition (SDTV) high definition (HDTV)

SDTV offers resolution roughly equivalent to a conventional analog signal with image displayratios or aspect ratios of 4:3 or 16:9.

The HDTV format offers the potential for approximately twice the horizontal and verticalresolution of current analog television.

It also takes approximately five times the bandwidth to broadcast as SDTV. HDTV has a 16:9aspect ratio.


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Not all digital TV sets sold today support HDTV, even if they have 16:9 widescreens. Newer TVs today are, at least, SDTV-ready. You will know if your TV has digital signal if you can connect DV (digital video) camcorders and

DVD players through an IEEE 1394 (Firewire) or DVI connector. Firewire IEEE 1394 Cable Digital

Visual Interface Connector

Overview of Making Videos

Pre-Production Production Post Production

Pre-Production

Planning Stage Requirements Outline Script Storyboards Budget / Finance Cast Costumes Sets / Props Locations Logistics


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Storyboard & Script Sample


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Production

Actual shooting of the video The main concerns are the lighting, the cast, the acting, and the actual shooting of the video. Today shooting analog footage (video tape) is still common. In order to edit the video, convert it to a digital format:

AVI MPEG QuickTime

Common Video Formats

AVI (Audio Video Interleave) Windows' standard format

MPEG-4 Part 14 (MP4) FLV (Flash Video)

format used to deliver MPEG video through Flash Player MOV

Apple's QuickTime format VOB (DVD Video Object)

DVD standard WMV

Microsoft format RM (Real Media)


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developed by Real Networks for streaming video and audioPost-Production

Assembly of different video clips Adding of visual effects, graphics, titles, and a soundtrack To begin post-prod, you need to place the raw video material into the computer. Editing is done by a professional video editor

Editing Digital Video

Video post-production has moved from analog tape-to-tape editing to the world of digitalnonlinear editing (NLE).

Traditional tape-to-tape editing follows a linear path. If you want to insert new video at thebeginning or middle of a finished project, you have to reedit everything after a certain point.

Digital editing of videos allow you to quickly cut, copy, paste, reedit, and add music, titles, andspecial effects.

Microsoft Video Editing Software

MS Movie Maker Interface


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Video Transitions

Common Adobe Software for Video Editing

Adobe Premiere Pro


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Real-time editing Adobe After Effects

The industry standard for motion graphics and visual effects Other necessary software during video editing:

Adobe Audition or Audacity audio recording, mixing, and editing

Adobe Encore DVD Tool for DVD creation

Adobe Premiere Preview

Project pane -where video assets are managed Monitor panels -where video being edited is viewed Timeline panel -where the actual editing takes place

Editing Techniques

Transitions used to blend two different scenes or clips in a video to create a smooth playback

Clipping to cut out a portion of a video from a longer video to make a video clip

Fade-ins and Fade-outs Fade-in is used at the start of a video to gradually start a scene Fade-out is used at the end of a video to gradually close the video visual


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Time Stretching Also referred to as slow-motion Used to slowdown the playback of video to give emphasis on some scenes or actions

Text Overlay Used for adding captions, scene titles, or descriptions

Hardware to transfer videos

Different hardware needed to transfer videos: A/V Cable for RCA input jacks S-Video Cable for S-Video jack Video card FireWire support USB connection

Video Use in Multimedia Projects

Videos in a multimedia project can be integrated for several purposes: Entertainment Instructional Commercial Presentation

Tips for Embedding Video in Multimedia Projects

Avoid videos that play too long 30 seconds is ideal 1 minute is tolerable 3 minutes is too long Long videos should be split into several smaller videos

Videos must be of good quality when used in a multimedia project Good lighting Clear or crisp Smooth playback

Videos must have playback controls play, stop, rewind, forward, pause, etc.


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Format Conversion

Videos that are directly edited are usually in AVI or MOV format. Better to compress or optimize the video into a smaller file format without losing much of the

quality.

FLV or Flash Video works best for videos with smaller file format.


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Video as Multimedia Element

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