VI. PHOSPHORUS
Transcript of VI. PHOSPHORUS
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VI. PHOSPHORUS
DR. WAWAN
PASCASARJANA ILMU PERTANIAN
UNIVERSITAS RIAU
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Outline
◼ 6.1 Introduction
◼ 6.2 Functions & Forms of P in Plants
◼ 6.3 P Cycles
◼ 6.4 Soil P resources
◼ 6.5 Soil P availability
◼ 6.6 Agronomic role of P
◼ 6.7 P Management
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◼ Phosphorus is macro nutrient (essential and required in
high amount)
◼ Phosphorus in soil as limiting factor for high crop
productivity.
◼ P deficiency : in Andisol, soil developed from limestones,
acid mineral soil. Why …?
◼ How to manage P?
6.1 INTRODUCTION
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◼ Scr umum, P dalam tanah sering ketersediaannya rendah dan tidak mencukupi kebutuhan P untuk produksi tanaman yang tinggi.
◼ Akibatnya tanaman sering menunjukkan gejala
defisiensi P
◼ Oki, utk produksi yang tinggi perlu pemupukan P
◼ Bgm pemupukan P yang efektif dan efisien, faktor-
faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi efektivitas dan
efisiensi pemupukan P perlu diketahui dg baik.
6.1 INTRODUCTION
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6.2. FUNCTIONS & FORMS OF P
IN PLANTS
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P Cycles
◼ Input: soil P sources
◼ Output: Soil P loss
◼ Process: P behaviour in soil
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6.3 P cycles
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The phosphorus cycle in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
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6.3 P cycles
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6.3 P cycles
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6.3 P cycles
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6.3 P cycles
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6.3 P cycles
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6.3 P cycles
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6.3 P cycles
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6.3 P cycles
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6.3 P cycles
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6.3 P cycles
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6.3 P cycles
Dalam studi kesuburan tanah, siklus P
ditinjau dari 3 aspek yaitu: input ke-, output
dari- dan proses dalam tanah.
INPUT
1. Residu tanaman
2. Pupuk P
3. Kotoran hewan/binatang
4. Deposisi udara
5. Pelapukan batuan ber P
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6.3 P cycles
◼ Output:
1. Terangkut panen
2. Run off dan erosi
3. Pencucian
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6.3 P cycles
◼ Process:
1. P organik mengalami dekomposisi
2. P anorganik:
a. Diambil tanaman dan biota tanah
b. Diikat oleh komponen tanah: liat,
logam (Al, Fe, Zn… Ca, .. Dll)
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1. Pant Residue
2. P fertilizer
3. Animal manure/residue
4. Atmosferic Depostion
5. Rock P weathering
6.4. SOIL P RESOURCES
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6.4.1 Plant Residue
Tanaman Kadar P
(kg/ha)
Tanaman Kadar P
(kg/ha)
Kc. Tunggak 2 Singkong 5
Kc. Tanah 5 Ubi jalar 5
Kc. Hijau 3
Kc. Kedelai 2 TKKS (%) 0,22 (P2O5)
Kc. Panjang 6 Jerami padi (%) 0,07
Jagung Hibrida 7 Batang jagung 0,15
Jagung lokal 4
Padi unggul 2
Padi loka 2
Kadar P beberapa tanaman
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◼ Rock Phosphate
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
Hydroxyapatite (bones, teeth) “bone-meal” bones in
acid soils?
Ca10(PO4)6F2 or Cl2 or OH2
Fluorapatite
27-41% P2O5
Total P in soils (90 to 2000 lb /acre, avg. of 800 in the
surface horizon)
6.4.2 P fertilizer
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Calcium Orthophosphates
P fertilizers:
water soluble
citrate soluble (dissolves more P than water)
OSP ordinary superphosphate (0-20-0)
•rock phosphate + sulfuric acid
•mixture of monocalcium phosphate and gypsum
•16-22% P2O5 (90 % water soluble)
•8-10% S as CaSO4
6.4.2 P fertilizer
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TSP triple or concentrated superphosphate (0-46-0)
• rock phosphate + phosphoric acid
• essentially all monocalcium phosphate
• 44 to 52% P2O5 (98% water soluble)
• < 3% S
• major phosphate mineral is monocalcium phosphate
monohydrate (MCP)
6.4.2 P fertilizer
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DAP Diammonium phosphate (18-46-0)
• Reacting wet process H3PO4 with NH3
• 46-53% P2O5
MCP monocalcium phosphate monohydrate Ca(H2PO4)2 2H2O
(highly water soluble)
DCPD dicalcium phosphate dihydrate CaHPO4* 2H2O - brushite
DCP dicalcium phosphate CaHPO4, 53% P2O5 - monetite
congruent dissolution of Ca(H2PO4)2 2H2O into Ca++ and H2PO4
ions occurs at a pH of 4.68
6.4.2 P fertilizer
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6.4.2 P fertilizer
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6.4.3 Animal manures/residue
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6.4.3 Animal manures/residue
Pupuk
kandang
Kadar P (%) Pupuk
kandang
Kadar P (%)
Sapi 0,2 Kambing 0,73
Ayam 0,8
Domba 0,19-0,5
Kuda 0,3
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SOIL P LOSS
1. Run off and erosion
2. Leaching
3. Removal by crop harvest
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1. Run off and erosion
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1. Run off and erosion
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1. Run off and erosion
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1. Run off and erosion
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1. Run off and erosion
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2. Leaching
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P Budget
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3. R
em
oval b
y C
rop
Harv
est
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6.5. SOIL P
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6.5. SOIL P
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6.5. SOIL P
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6.5. SOIL P
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6.5. SOIL P
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6.5. SOIL P
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6.5. SOIL P
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6.5. SOIL P
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6.5. SOIL P
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6.5. SOIL P
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5.6.2 Factors affecting Soil P availability
◼ Soil pH
◼ Organic matter decomposition & mineralisation
a. OM quality
b. Decomposer
c. Environment
❑ Mineralisation & immobilization
5.6. SOIL P AVAILABILITY
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Soil pH
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Soil pH
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OM DECOMPOSITION & MINERALISATION
◼ Organic matter decomposition & mineralisation determine by:
a. OM quality
b. Decomposer
c. Environment
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5.5.1 Effect of P on growth and production
◼ P required for formation of ADP, ATP, DNA and RNA,, etc.
◼ P is a vital nutrient for root growth
5.5. AGRONOMIC ROLE OF P
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5.5.1 Effect of P on growth and production
5.5. AGRONOMIC ROLE OF P
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5.5.1 Effect of P on growth and production
5.5. AGRONOMIC ROLE OF P
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5.5. AGRONOMIC ROLE OF P
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5.5. AGRONOMIC ROLE OF P
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5.5.1 Effect of P on growth and production
5.5. AGRONOMIC ROLE OF P
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P Deficiency Symptom
◼ Purplish leaf, especialy in the margin
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6.5.2 P deficiency simptoms
5.5. AGRONOMIC ROLE OF P
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Gejala Defisiensi P
Ketapang Tomato Corn
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6. PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT
6.1 Decreasing P Losses
6.2 Increasing P uptake
6.3 Organic matter management
6.4. Management of P fertilization
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6. PHOSPHORUS VS ENVIRO
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6. PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT
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6. PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT
6.1 Decreasing P Losses
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7. PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT VS
environmental impac
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