VES Turabian Helper
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Transcript of VES Turabian Helper
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Contents
Beginnings1.0 Greeting p.31.1 Introduction p.41.2 DocumentFormat p.41.3 TitlePage p.5Quotations2.0 CitingSources p.62.1 WhenshouldIcite? p.62.2 WhyshouldIcite? p.62.3 WhatkindofinformationwillIneedtocite? p.63.0 In-textQuotations p.73.1 SignalVerbs p.83.2 ExamplesofIn-textQuotations p.83.3 BlockQuotations p.93.4 QuotingtheBible p.103.5 QuotingShorterBiblePassages p.103.6 QuotingLongerBiblePassages p.103.7 BibleVersionAbbreviations p.113.8 BibleBookAbbreviations p.12Footnotes4.0 IntroductiontoFootnotes p.134.1 MSWord,Apple,Logosfootnoteshortcut p.144.2 LongNote-SingleAuthor p.144.3 LongNote-TwoAuthors p.144.4 LongNote-ThreeorMoreAuthors p.154.5 LongNote-EditororAuthor(s)plusEditor p.154.6 LongNote-EditionNumber p.164.7 LongNote-JournalArticleinPrint p.164.8 LongNote-JournalArticleOnline p.164.9 LongNote-Websites p.164.10 LongNote-Lectures p.175.0 IntroductiontoShortFootnotes p.175.1 ShortNote-SingleAuthor p.175.2 ShortNote-TwoAuthors p.185.3 ShortNote-ThreeAuthors p.185.4 ShortNote-FourorMoreAuthors p.195.5 ShortNote-JournalArticleinPrint p.195.6 ParentheticalNotes:ManyReferencestoaFewSources p.205.7 Ibid. p.20
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Bibliography6.0 TheBibliography p.216.1 Bibliography-SingleAuthor p.216.2 Bibliography-TwoAuthors p.216.3 Bibliography-ThreeAuthors p.226.4 Bibliography-FourorMoreAuthors p.226.5 Bibliography-EditororAuthorplusEditor p.226.6 Bibliography-EditionNumber p.236.7 Bibliography-JournalArticleinPrint p.236.8 Bibliography-JournalArticleOnline p.236.9 Bibliography-Website p.246.10 Bibliography-Lectures p.246.11 Bibliography-TheBibleandOtherSacredWorks p.24
6.12 BibliographyExample p.25 HelpfulLinks 7.0 CitationLinks p.26
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1DearStudent,
Thisbriefguideisdesignedtohelpyouunderstandandusestandardpracticesofformattingandcitingsourcesinyourpapers.ThestandardsarebasedonTheChicagoManualofStyle,16thEdition(CMOS),KateTurabian’sManualforWriters,8thEdition(Turabian),KateTurabian’s,Student’sGuidetoWritingCollegePapers,4thEdition,andTheChristianWriter’sManualofStyle,4thEdition(CWMS).Inafewinstances,insightsfromTheSBLHandbookofStyle,2ndEditionhavealsobeenincorporated.
JamesLee’sexpertiseanddiligentworkaretothankforthefirsteditionofthisguide,and
RebekahRuizcontributedfurtherrefinements.Withouttheirlaboroflovethisguidewouldnotexist,andIhopethisupdatetotheprojectwestartedseveralyearsagowillallowtheirworktocontinueservingstudentslikeyouformanyyearsahead.Ifyouskimthisguidebeforeyoubeginwritingandrefertoitwhenyougetstuck,itwillprovideanswerstomanyofthequestionsyouarefacedwithinthedauntingtaskofcraftingproperlyformattedpapersatthecollegelevel.MayGodblessyouasyougrowinwisdom,studyingtoclearlyunderstandandcommunicatethegoodnewsofJesusChrist.InHim,JoelWingoSeptember2016
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1.1
Introduction
Whenwritingaresearchpaper,thestudentshouldfollowacceptedacademicstandardsforcitation,style,andformat.Citationistheactofcarefullyandappropriatelygivingcredittothoseauthorswhohaveinfluencedyourideas,anditalsogivesyourreaderstheinformationtheyneedtofindthesourcethemselves.Itisessentialthatyouaccuratelyandproperlydocumentyoursources.Styleandformatdealwithhowthatinformationispresentedwhenwritingapaper.Thereexistseveralstylestocitesources,butwewillonlypresentoneapprovedatCCBC—the“Notes-Bibliography”styledescribedintheChicagoManualofStyleandTurabian’sManualforWriters.Thefollowingguideismeanttoprovideyouwithbasicinformationtogetyoustarted.MoredetailedinformationcanbeobtainedbyreferringtotheChicagoManualofStyle,16thEdition,Turabian’sAManualforWriters,8thEdition,andTheChristianWriter’sManualofStyle,4thEdition.Webeginwithadiscussionofbasicpaperformatting.
1.2
Document Format
WhenusingMicrosoftWord,mostofthesesettingsaresetasdefault.However,theshadedtextofferssomeguidanceonhowtochangeasetting.
PaperType:8-½-by-11-inchwhitepaperMargins:1-inchmarginsonallsidesFont:TimesNewRoman,Calibri,Courier,Garamond,Georgia,orHelveticaFontSize:12-pointfontsize(but10-pointforfootnotes)Spacing:Double-spaced,exceptforfootnotes,bibliographicentries,andblockquotations,whicharesingle-spaced.
o BlockQuotationsoffiveormorelinesaresinglespacedwithnoquotationmarksandindentedfromtheleft,withthesameindentationasthebeginningofaparagraph(.5”).Asingleblanklineisinsertedaboveandbelowtheblockquotation.12-pointfontisusedforblockquotations.
PageNumber:Inthefooter,centered,beginningonthefirstpageofthebody.Thetitlepageisnotnumbered.
MSWord>Insert>PageNumbers…>Bottomofpage(footer)>centered>Donotnumberfirstpage>Format>Startat“0”
TitlePage:Separatedandontopofpaper.Donotinsertablankpagefollowingthetitlepage.
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1.3
Title Page
Thefollowinginformationshouldbesetapartfromthebodyofthepaperandplacedonaseparatepageintheorderlisted.Note:someassignmentsmaynotrequireaseparatetitlepage.Checkwithyourinstructortoseeifthetitlemaybeplacedatthetopofthefirstpageoftext(seeTurabian,A.1.4,A.2.1.2,and22.2.1.1).
TitleofPaper-Aboutathirdofthewaydownthepage,centered,bold.Subtitle(ifapplicable)–separatedfromthetitlebyacolonandasinglelineofspaceYourNameCourseNumber&NameDate-writethenameofthemonth,theday,andtheyearThetitlepageisnotnumberedAllwordscapitalizedexceptarticles,coordinatingconjunctions,orprepositions(e.g.TheMeaningofGracein…).See“headline-stylecapitalization”inTurabian(22.2.1.1).TitlePageExample:
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2.0
Citing Sources
Herearesomebasicquestionsyoumighthavepondered:
2.1
When should I cite?
1. Whenusingexactwordsfromasource.
2. Whenyouparaphraseideasthatareassociatedwiththespecificsource,evenifyoudonotquoteexactwordsfromit.
3. Whenyouuseanyidea,data,ormethodthatcanbeattributedtoanidentifiablesource.
2.2
Why should I cite?
1. Togivecredittoasourcethatinfluencedyourwork.
2. Toassurereadersoftheaccuracyofyourfacts.
3. Tohelpreadersfindsourcestoengageinfurtherresearch.
4. Whenthewordsofotherswouldpresentstrongevidencetobackupyourreasonsforyourargument.
5. Whenyouwishtobefairandstateexactlywhatyoudisagreewith.
6. Whenyouwishtoaddanauthoritywhoagreeswithyourview.
7. Whenthewordsofothersarestrikinglyunique,compelling,andmemorable.
2.3
What kind of information will I need to cite?
Youcanlocaterelevantpublicationinformationonthefirstandsecondpagesofmostpublishedmaterial.
1.Whowroteorassembledthesource?
Author(s)
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Editor(s) Translator(s)
2.Whatdataidentifiesthesource?
TitleandsubtitleTitleandsubtitleofanylargerworkthatcontainsthesource(suchasacollection,journal,ornewspaper)Pagenumber(s)VolumenumberIssuenumberEditionnumberURLanddateyouaccessedthematerial,foronlinesources
3.Whopublishedthesourceandwhen?
Publisher’snamePlaceofpublication(thestateisoptional–especiallyunnecessaryforwell-knownplaces
suchasChicagoorNewYork)Dateofpublication
Innearlyeveryinstance,whenyouusea(1)quoteinyourpaper,youwillneedtohavea(2)footnotetorepresentit,andalsoitwillbelistedinyour(3)Bibliography.Abbreviationsforexamplesofthesethreeelementswillbeusedbelowasfollows:
Q:Quotation
N:Note(footnoteorparentheticalnote)
B:Bibliography
3.0
In-text Quotations
Thewritingofothersshouldflowsmoothlyintoyourwriting.Sometimesyoumaywanttouseexactwordsorphrases.Thisiscalledquoting.Sometimesyoumaywishtoweavethegrammarofthequoteintothegrammarofyourownwriting.Insomecaseswhenyouquote,youmaywanttouseasignalverborphrasetocarefullyandsmoothlyintegratequotationsintoyourtextandsurroundingsentences.Hereisalistofsomesignalwords:
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3.1
Signal Verbs
accepts
acknowledgesaddsadmitsadvisesagreesallowsanswersarguesassertsbelievesclaimscharges
commentscomparescomplainsconcedesconcludesconcursconfirmsconsiderscontends
criticizesdeclaresdeduces
demonstratesdenies
describesdiscussesdisputesendorses
emphasizesexpresses
feelsgrants
hypothesizesillustratesimpliesinsists
interpretslistsnotesobjectsobserves
offers
opposespointsoutproves
questionsrecommends
reflectsreasonsrefutesrejectsrepliesremarksreportsrespondsreveals
saysstatessuggestssuspectsthinksurgeswrites
3.2
Examples of In-text Quotations
Therearemanywaystoincorporatesourcesintoyourwriting.However,ifyouarequotingfourlinesorfewer,usequotationmarksandrunitintoyourtext.Ifyouarequotingfiveormorelines,useablockquotation;see3.3.Thefollowingareexamplesofin-textquotingwithfourlinesorfewer:
Q:InpresentinghiscaseforChristianity,LeeStrobelurgeshisreadersto“thoughtfullyconsiderthecredibilityofthewitnesses,carefullysiftthetestimony,andrigorouslysubjecttheevidencetocommonsenseandlogic.”1
Useanauthor’sfullnamethefirsttimeyoumentionit,afterwardsuseonlythelastname:
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Q:InpresentinghiscaseforChristianity,LeeStrobelurgeshisreadersto“thoughtfullyconsiderthecredibilityofthewitnesses,carefullysiftthetestimony,andrigorouslysubjecttheevidencetocommonsenseandlogic.”1Inparticular,StrobelhighlyencourageshisreaderstotesttheeyewitnessevidenceforthehistoricityofJesusofNazareth.2
Youcanmodifytheoriginalquotewithsquarebracketsanddeletewiththreedots(ellipses),aslongasyoudon’tchangethemeaningordisturbthegrammar:
Originalquote:
Q:InresponsetoBlomberg’sargumentforthevalidityoftheGospels,Strobelsays,“Hisevidencefortheirtraditionalauthorship,hisanalysisoftheextremelyearlydateoffundamentalbeliefsinJesus,hiswell-reasoneddefenseoftheaccuracyoftheoraltradition,histhoughtfulexaminationofapparentdiscrepancies–allofhistestimonyhadestablishedasolidfoundationformetobuildon.”3
Wordsmodified:
Q:InresponsetoBlomberg’sargumentforthevalidityoftheGospels,Strobelacknowledges,“[Blomberg’s]evidencefor[theGospels’]traditionalauthorship,hisanalysisoftheextremelyearlydateoffundamentalbeliefsinJesus,hiswell-reasoneddefenseoftheaccuracyoftheoraltradition,histhoughtfulexaminationofapparentdiscrepancies–allof[Blomberg’s]testimonyhadestablishedasolidfoundationformetobuildon.”3
Wordsdeleted:
Q:InresponsetoBlomberg’sargumentforthevalidityoftheGospels,Strobelacknowledges,“[Blomberg’s]evidencefor[theGospels’]traditionalauthorship,hisanalysisoftheextremelyearlydateoffundamentalbeliefsinJesus,hiswell-reasoneddefenseoftheaccuracyoftheoraltradition,histhoughtfulexaminationofapparentdiscrepancies...hadestablishedasolidfoundationformetobuildon.”3
3.3
Block Quotations
Ifyouquotefiveormorelinesofasinglesource,useanindentedblockquotation.Ablockquotationshouldbeleft-aligned,single-spaced,andalineofspaceshouldbeaddedbeforeandafterit.Indenttheentirequotationuptothesamelevelasfirstindentedlineofaparagraph(typically(.5”)anddonotusequotationmarks.Indentthefirstlineonlyifitbeginsaparagraphintheoriginalsource.
Q:Indiscussingfaith,Lewisgivesagentlecautiontothebeliever:
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TherearecertainthingsinChristianitythatcanbeunderstoodfromtheoutside,beforeyouhavebecomeaChristian.ButthereareagreatmanythingsthatcannotbeunderstooduntilafteryouhavegoneacertaindistancealongtheChristianroad.Thesethingsarepurelypractical,thoughtheydonotlookasthoughtheywere.Theyaredirectionsfordealingwithparticularcrossroadsandobstaclesonthejourneyandtheydonotmakesenseuntilamanhasreachedthoseplaces.1
3.4
Quoting the Bible
CitingtheBibleisuniquefortworeasons:parentheticalnotesareusedinsteadoffootnotes(forCCBCpapers),andyoudonotneedtoincludeanentryfortheBibleintheBibliography.ThefirsttimeyouquotetheBible,addafootnotestating,“Unlessotherwisenoted,allScripturereferencesaretakenfromthe[versionname].”Wheneveryoureferenceadifferentversion,orifyoudonotwishtoidentifya“default”versionforyourmajorityofyourreferences,includetheabbreviationoftheversionintheparentheticalnote,e.g.(Matt.29:18-20NKJV).Nocommaisusedbetweenthereferenceandtheversion,andthefinalperiodisplacedaftertheparentheticalnotecontainingtheScripturereference.Acommaandaspaceshouldbeusedtoseparatenon-continuousverses,e.g.(John3:16,18NKJV).
3.5
Quoting Shorter Bible Passages
WhenyouquoteaverseorversesfromtheBibleamountingtolessthanfivelines,usequotationmarks.Youmaywishtorefertotheauthorortothebookinyourtext.
Example:
BothPeterandPaulunashamedlydefendthedivineauthorityofScripture.Peterdeclaresthat“noprophecyofScripturecameaboutbytheprophet’sowninterpretation.Forprophecyneverhaditsorigininthewillofman,butmenspokefromGodastheywerecarriedalongbytheHolySpirit”(2Pet.1:20-21).LookingbackonthewholeOldTestament,theapostlePaulwrote,“AllScriptureisGod-breathedandisusefulforteaching,rebuking,correcting,andtraininginrighteousness,sothatthemanofGodmaybethoroughlyequippedforeverygoodwork”(2Tim.3:16-17).
3.6
Quoting Longer Bible Passages
Whenquotingversesthatamounttomorethanfivelines,auseblockquotation.
Example:
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Q:PaulencouragestheEphesiansto
Lookcarefullythenhowyouwalk,notasunwisebutaswise,makingthebestuseofthetime,becausethedaysareevil.Thereforedonotbefoolish,butunderstandwhatthewilloftheLordis.Anddonotgetdrunkwithwine,forthatisdebauchery,butbefilledwiththeSpirit,addressingoneanotherinpsalmsandhymnsandspiritualsongs,singingandmakingmelodytotheLordwithyourheart…(Eph.5:15–19ESV)
Inablockquotation,noperiodfollowsthereferenceitself.WhenquotingmanyversesofScripture,donotincludeaversenumberforeachverseinthequotation.Hereisalistofabbreviationsforanumberofversions:3.7
Bible Version Abbreviations
WellKnownFormalEquivalentVersions FullTraditionalName Abbreviation
EnglishStandardVersion ESVKingJamesVersionorAuthorizedVersion KJVorAVNewAmericanStandardBible(1995) NASB95NewAmericanStandardBible(1971) NASBNewKingJamesVersion NKJV
OtherVersions
AmplifiedBible ABAmericanRevisedVersion ARVAmericanStandardVersion ASVContemporaryEnglishVersion CEVDouayVersion DVEnglishRevisedVersion ERVGoodNewsTranslation GNTHolmanChristianStandardBible HCSBJerusalemBible(1966) JBTheLivingBible LBTheMessageBible MSGTheNETBible(NewEnglishTranslation) NETNewAmericanBible NABNewCenturyVersion NCVNewEnglishBible NEBNewLivingTranslation NLTNewInternationalVersion(2011) NIVNewInternationalVersion(1984) NIV84NewJerusalemBible(1985) NJBNewRevisedStandardVersion NRSV
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TheNewTestamentinModernEnglish PhillipsNewWorldTranslation(Jehovah’sWitnesses) NWTRevisedStandardVersion RSVTodaysNewInternationalVersion TNIVVulgate Vulg.WuestExpandedTranslation Wuest
3.8
Bible Book Abbreviations
BooksoftheBibleshouldbeabbreviatedinfootnotesandinparentheticalcitations,butnotininthetextofyourwork.WhenyourefertoanentirebookortowholechaptersfromtheBible,writethefullnameofthebook,donotabbreviate,italicize,orunderline.
Example:
Genesis2-3recordsthecreation,temptation,andfallofhumankind.
Whileinprison,PaulpennedFirstCorinthians.
HereisalistofabbreviationsforthebooksoftheBible,whichshouldbeusedforScripturereferenceswhencitingtheBible:
Old Testament Books FullName AbbreviationGenesis Gen.Exodus Exod.Leviticus Lev.Numbers Num.
Deuteronomy Deut.Joshua Josh.Judges Judg.Ruth Ruth
1Samuel 1Sam.2Samuel 2Sam.1Kings 1Kings2Kings 2Kings
1Chronicles 1Chron.2Chronicles 2Chron.
Ezra EzraNehemiah Neh.Esther Est.Job Job
Psalm(s) Ps.(Pss.)
Proverbs Prov.Ecclesiastes Eccl.
SongofSolomon SongofSol.Isaiah Isa.
Jeremiah Jer.Lamentations Lam.
Ezekiel Ezek.Daniel Dan.Hosea Hos.Joel JoelAmos Amos
Obadiah Obad.Jonah Jon.Micah Mic.Nahum Nah.
Habakkuk Hab.Zephaniah Zeph.Haggai Hag.
Zechariah Zech.Malachi Mal.
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New Testament Books
FullName AbbreviationMatthew Matt.Mark MarkLuke LukeJohn JohnActs Acts
Romans Rom.1Corinthians 1Cor.2Corinthians 2Cor.Galatians Gal.Ephesians Eph.Philippians Phil.Colossians Col.
1Thessalonians 1Thess.2Thessalonians 2Thess.
1Timothy 1Tim.2Timothy 2Tim.
Titus TitusPhilemon Philem.Hebrews Heb.James James1Peter 1Pet.2Peter 2Pet.1John 1John2John 2John3John 3JohnJude Jude
Revelation Rev.
4.0
Introduction to Footnotes
Wheneveryouuseanoutsidesource,youmustwriteanoteforthatsourceintheformofalongorshortfootnote.Notice,somequotationsaboveuseasuperscriptnumberattheendofthesentencetosignalthatyouhaveusedasource(thesuperscriptisthatnumberattheendofthequotationmarkorsentencethatsitsslightlyabovetherestofthesentence,e.g.123456).Thesuperscriptinformsthereaderthatinformationaboutthatsourcecanbefoundinthefootnoteofthepaper.Thefootnotecorrespondstothenumberofthesuperscriptandprovidesrelevantinformationaboutthatsourceaswellasarelevantpagenumber.Thefirsttimeyounoteasource,usealongfootnote,thenuseashortnoteorparentheticalnoteafterwardsforthesamesource.Alongfootnotecontainsfullpublicationinformation,whereastheshortdoesnot.Theshortnotewillbediscussedlater(see5.0-5.7)aswellastheparentheticalnote(see5.6below,or3.4forScripturereferences).
Use10-pointfontforfootnotes,andindentthenumberandthefirstline,withthesameindentationasthefirstlineofaparagraphinthebody.
Single-spacefootnotes,butifmorethanonefootnoteappearsonapage,insertablanklineofspacebetweeneachfootnote.
Note:AlthoughTurabiancallsforasuperscriptnumberattheendofaquoteinthebodyandafull-sizenumberfollowedbyaperiodandaspaceatthebeginningofthefootnote,itispermissibletouseyourwordprocessorsoftware’sautomaticfootnotesettingsfornumbering.Mostprogramsuseasuperscriptatthebeginningofthefootnote,and/ordonotincludeaperiodfollowingthenumber.
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4.1
MSWord, Apple, & Open Office shortcuts
MicrosoftWordandothersoftwareprogramshavemadeiteasytoincludeafootnoteintoyourpaper.Attheendofyourquote,paraphrase,orsummary,followtheproceduretoincludeafootnote:
MSWord>Insert>Footnote
ApplePages>Insert>Footnote
OpenOfficeWriter>>Insert>Footnote/Endnote
4.2
Herearethepatternsandsomeexamplesofhowtomakealongfootnote:
Long Note - Single Author
N:NoteNumber.Author’sFirstNameandLastName,TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook(PlaceofPublication,stateisoptional:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication),Page-Page.
1.LeeStrobel,TheCaseForChrist:AJournalist’sPersonalInvestigationoftheEvidenceforJesus(GrandRapids,Michigan:Zondervan,1998),18-19.
4.3
Long Note - Two Authors
N:NoteNumber.1stAuthorFirstNameandLastNameand2ndAuthorFirstNameandLastName,TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook(PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication),Page-Page.
2.NormanGeislerandRonRhodes,ConvictionWithoutCompromise:StandingStrongintheCoreBeliefsoftheChristianFaith(Eugene,Oregon:HarvestHousePublishers,2008),45-46.
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4.4
Long Note - Three or More Authors
N:NoteNumber.1stAuthorFirstNameandLastName,2ndAuthorFirstandLastName,and3rdAuthorFirstandLastName,TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook(PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication),Page-Page.
3.WilliamLaneCraig,JamesP.Moreland,andFrancisBeckwith,ToEveryoneanAnswer:ACasefortheChristianWorldview(DownersGrove,Illinois:IntervarsityPress,1998),10-11.
N:NoteNumber.1stAuthorFirstNameandLastName,2ndAuthorFirstandLastName,3rdAuthorFirstandLastName,and4thAuthorFirstandLastName,TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook(PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication),Page-Page.
4.JohnHick,ClarkH.Pinnock,AlisterE.McGrath,andR.DouglasGeivett,FourViewsonSalvationinaPluralisticWorld(GrandRapids,Michigan:ZondervanPublishingHouse,1995),95-96.
4.5
Long Note - Editor or Author(s) plus Editor
EditorOnly:
N:NoteNumber.Editor’sFirstandLastName,ed.,TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook.(PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication),Page-Page.
5.RonaldF.Youngblood,ed.,Nelson'sNewIllustratedBibleDictionary:CompletelyRevisedAndUpdatedEdition.(Nashville,Tennessee:ThomasNelson,1990),33-34.
AuthorplusEditor:
N:NoteNumber.Author’sFirstandLastNames,TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook,ed.Editor’sFirstandLastNames(PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication),Page-Page.
6.LewisSperryChafer,SystematicTheologyAbridged,ed.JohnF.Walvoord(Wheaton,Illinois:VictorBooks,1974),76.
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4.6
Long Note - Edition Number
N:NoteNumber.Author’sFirstandLastName,TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook,EditionNumbered.(PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication),Page-Page.
7.WarrenW.Wiersbe,BeJoyful:APracticalStudyofPhilippians,15thed.(Wheaton,Illinois:VictorBooks,1974),56-57.
4.7
Long Note - Journal Article in Print
Reminder:thetitleofthearticleissetinquotationmarks,andthetitleofthejournalisitalicized.
N:NoteNumber.Author’sFirstandLastName,“TitleofArticle:SubtitleofArticle,”TitleofJournalVolumeNumber(DateofPublication):Page-Page.
8.NormanL.Geisler,“JesusandMuhammedintheQur’an:AComparisonandContrast,”SouthernBaptistJournalofTheology8,no.1(Spring2004):50.
4.8
Long Note - Journal Article Online
N:NoteNumber.Author’sFirstNameandLastNames,“TitleofArticle:SubtitleofArticle,”TitleofJournalVolumeNumber(DateofPublication),under“DescriptiveLocator,”URL(accessedDateofAccess).
9.AndrewBernhard,“DatingEarlyChristianGospels,”JournalofBiblicalStudies1,no.4(Oct-Dec2001),under“Articles,”http://journalofbiblicalstudies.org/Issue4/Articles/dating_early_christian_gospels.htm(accessedSeptember20,2010).
4.9
Long Note – Websites
Eventhoughmanyonlinewebsiteslackrelevantinformationforapropercitation,trytoincludeasmuchpertinentinformationaspossible.
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N:NoteNumber.Author’sFirstandLastName,“TitleoftheWebPage,”TitleorOwneroftheSite,URL(accessedDate).
10.CharlieCampbell,“TwentyReasonsChristiansBelieveJesusisGod,”TheAlwaysBeReadyApologeticsMinistry,http://www.alwaysbeready.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=94&Itemid=0(accessedSeptember20,2010).
4.10
Long Note - Lectures
N:NoteNumber.Speaker’sFirstandLastName,“TitleofLecture,”(Sponsorship,PlaceandLocationofLecture,DateofLecture).
11.ChuckSmith,“AVentureinFaith,”(FridayLectures,CalvaryChapelBibleCollege,Murrieta,CA,September03,2010).
5.0
Short Footnotes
Thefirsttimeyouuseafootnoteforaparticularsource,makeitlong.Ifthesamesourceisusedagain,thenmakeitshorter.Includetheauthor’slastnameandatleastonetofourdistinctivewordsfromthetitle,andpagenumbers.
5.1
Short Note - Single Author
N:NoteNumber.Author’sLastName,ShortenedTitle,Page-Page.
Example
Hereisthequote:
Q:InpresentinghiscaseforChristianity,LeeStrobelurgeshisreadersto“thoughtfullyconsiderthecredibilityofthewitnesses,carefullysiftthetestimony,andrigorouslysubjecttheevidencetocommonsenseandlogic.”1
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Longfootnote-thefirsttimeitiscited.
N:1.LeeStrobel,TheCaseForChrist:AJournalist’sPersonalInvestigationoftheEvidenceforJesus(GrandRapids:Zondervan,1998),18.
Shortfootnote-whenthesourceiscitedagain.
N:2.Strobel,CaseForChrist,92-93.
5.2
Short Note - Two Authors
N:NoteNumber.1stAuthor’sLastNameand2ndAuthor’sLastName,ShortenedTitle,Page-Page.
Example
Hereisthequote:
Q:GeislerandRhodes’philosophyonChristiandoctrinecanbedistilledintooneessentialdictum,“Inessentials,unity;innonessentials,liberty;andinallthings,charity.”5
Longfootnote-thefirsttimeitiscited.
N:5.NormanGeislerandRonRhodes,ConvictionwithoutCompromise:StandingStrongintheCoreBeliefsoftheChristianFaith,(Eugene:HarvestHousePublishers,2008),16.
Shortfootnote-whenitiscitedagain.
N:6.GeislerandRhodes,Conviction,121-123.
5.3
Short Note - Three Authors
N:NoteNumber.1stAuthorLastName,2ndAuthorLastName,and3rdAuthorLastName,ShortenedTitle,Page-Page.
Example
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Longfootnote-thefirsttimeitiscited
9.JackBartlettRogers,RossMackenzie,andLouisWeeks,CaseStudiesinChristandSalvation(Philadelphia,Pennsylvania:WestminsterPress,1977),25-26.
Shortfootnote-whenitiscitedagain
10.Rogers,Mackenzie,andWeeks,CaseStudies,28.
5.4
Short Note - Four or More Authors
Example
Longnote–thefirsttimeitiscited
11.JohnHick,ClarkH.Pinnock,AlisterE.McGrath,andR.DouglasGeivett,FourViewsonSalvationinaPluralisticWorld(GrandRapids,Michigan:ZondervanPublishingHouse,1995),95-96.
Shortfootnote–whenitiscitedagain
12.Hicketal.,FourViews,102.
5.5
Short Note - Journal Article in Print
N:NoteNumber.Author’sLastName,“ShortenedTitleofArticle,”Page-Page.
Example
LongNote
13.NormanL.Geisler,“JesusandMuhammadintheQur’an:AComparisonandContrast,”SouthernBaptistJournalofTheology8,no.1(Spring2004):50.
ShortNote
14.Geisler,“JesusandMuhammad,”55.
5.6
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Parenthetical Notes: Many References to a Few Sources
Ifyouplanonreferringfrequentlytonumerouspassagesfromonlyafewsources(threeorfewer),thenitiscleanerandmorereadabletouseparentheticalnotesafterthefirstfootnote.Theparentheticalnotesubstitutesforthefootnoteandisplacedwherethesuperscriptnumberwouldbe.Thedifference,however,istheparentheticalnoteisinitsshortenedformandisplacedwithinparenthesisandbeforetheendpunctuation.Therearethreetypeslistedbelow:
Pagenumberonly:
Ifyoumentiontheauthorandtitleinyourwriting,andifreaderscaneasilyidentifythespecificsource,thenyoumayonlyincludethepagenumberintheparenthesis.
Example
AfterexaminingthecorroboratingevidenceforJesus,StrobelnowfocuseshisjournalisticeyesuponthescientificevidenceintheCaseforChrist(122).
Authorandpagenumber:
Ifreaderscannotidentifytheauthor,andifyouhavealreadyoncecitedtheauthor,thenincludetheauthor’slastnameandpagenumberintheparenthesis.
Example
Asnoted,theoverwhelmingarcheologicalevidenceremarkablyaffirmstheNewTestament’shistoricalaccuracy(Strobel,143).
Titleandpagenumber:
Ifyouhavecitedmorethanoneworkbythesameauthor,andifreaderscaneasilyidentifytheauthor,thenonlyincludetheshortenedtitleandpagenumberintheparenthesis.
Example
AfterexaminingtheevidenceforthecaseforChrist,StrobelmovesontoanexaminationofobjectionstotheChristianfaith(TheCaseforFaith,5)
5.7
Ibid.
ThetermIbid.isderivedfromtheLatinwordibidemor“inthesameplace.”Ifyouciteaworkrepeatedlyandconcurrently,useIbid.torefertoaworkimmediatelycitedinthepreviousnote.
21.Geisler,“JesusandMuhammad,”81.22.Ibid.,95.23.Ibid.,98.
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6.0
The Bibliography
Inadditiontobeingquotedin-textandgivenafootnote,mostsourcesmustbelistedinabibliographyattheendofthepaperonaseparatepagewiththesecondlineindented.Sometypesofsources,however,areomitted;donotincludethesesourcesintheBibliography:
• TheBibleandothersacredworks• Well-knowndictionariesandencyclopedias(e.g.Webster’s)• Newspaperarticles• Email• Unpublishedinterviews• Pamphlets• Artwork,liveperformances,televisionbroadcasts
Forallothersources,doincludethemintheBibliography.Abibliographicentrywillhavemuchofthesameinformationfoundinalongnotewithsomeslightdifferences.Likethepatternsforanote,thepatternsonhowtocreateabibliographicentryarepreciseandmustbefollowedexactly.Minutedetailsfororder,punctuation,capitalization,italics,indentation,tomentionafewdetails,mustbeobserved.Also,thelistmustbealphabetizedbylastname.
6.1
Bibliography - Single Author
B:Author’sLastName,Author’sFirstName.TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook.PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication.
Example:
Lightfoot,NielR.HowWeGotTheBible.GrandRapids,Michigan:BakerBooks,2006.
6.2
Bibliography - Two Authors
B:1stAuthorLastName,1stAuthorFirstName,and2ndAuthorFirstName2ndAuthorLastName.TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook.PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication.
Example:
Feinberg,JohnS.,andPaulD.Feinberg.EthicsforaBraveNewWorld.Wheaton,Illinois:CrosswayBooks,1993.
TurabianHelper 22
6.3
Bibliography - Three Authors
B:1stAuthorLastName,1stAuthorFirstName,and2ndAuthorFirstName2ndAuthorLastName,and3rdAuthorFirstName3rdAuthorLastName.TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook.PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication.
Example:
Craig,WilliamLane,andJamesP.Moreland,andFrancisBeckwith.ToEveryoneanAnswer:ACasefortheChristianWorldview.DownersGrove,Illinois:IntervarsityPress,2004.
6.4
Bibliography - Four Authors
B:1stAuthorLastName,1stAuthorFirstName,and2ndAuthorFirstName2ndLastName,and3rdAuthorFirstName3rdAuthorLastName,and4thAuthorFirstName4thAuthorLastName.TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook.PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication.
Example:
Geisler,NormanL.,andMichaelScottHorton,andStephenM.Ashby,andMatthewJ.Pinson.FourViewsonEternalSecurity.GrandRapids,Michigan:ZondervanPublishingHouse,2002.
6.5
Bibliography - Editor or Author(s) plus Editor
EditorOnly
B:Editor’sLastName,Editor’sFirstName,ed.TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook.PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication.
Example:
Youngblood,RonaldF.,ed.Nelson'sNewIllustratedBibleDictionary:CompletelyRevisedAndUpdatedEdition.Nashville,Tennessee:ThomasNelson,1995.
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AuthorplusEditor:
B:Author’sLastName,Author’sFirstName.TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook.EditedbyEditor’sFirstandLastNames.PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication.
Example:
Chafer,LewisSperry.SystematicTheology,Abridged.EditedbyJohnF.Walvoord.Wheaton,Illinois:VictorBooks,1988.
6.6
Bibliography - Edition Number
B:Author’sLastName,Author’sFirstName.TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook.EditionNumbered.PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication.
Example:
Pentacost,J.Dwight.DesignforDiscipleship.14thed.GrandRapids,Michigan:ZondervanPublishingHouse,1980.
6.7
Bibliography - Journal Article in Print
B:Author’sLastName,Author’sFirstName.“TitleofArticle:SubtitleofArticle.”TitleofJournalVolumeNumber(DateofPublication):YY-YY.
Example:
Charles,J.Daryl.“ReturningtoMoral‘FirstThings’:TheNatural-LawTraditionandItsContemporaryApplication,”PhilosophiaChristi6,no.1(2004):59-76.
6.8
Bibliography - Journal Article Online
B:Author’sLastName,Author’sFirstName.“TitleofArticle:SubtitleofArticle.”TitleofJournalVolumeNumber(DateofPublication).URL(accessedDate).
Example:
TurabianHelper 24
Bernhard,Andrew.“DatingEarlyChristianGospels.”JournalofBiblicalStudies1,no.4(Oct-Dec2001).http://journalofbiblicalstudies.org/Issue4/Articles/dating_early_christian_gospels.htm(accessedSeptember20,2010).
6.9
Bibliography - Website
B:Author’sLastName,Author’sFirstName.“TitleoftheWebPage.”TitleorOwneroftheSite.URL(accessedDate).
Example:
Campbell,Charlie.“TwentyReasonsChristiansBelieveJesusisGod.”TheAlwaysBeReadyApologeticsMinistry.http://www.alwaysbeready.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=94&Itemid=0(accessedSeptember20,2010).
6.10
Bibliography - Lectures
B:Speaker’sLastName,FirstName.“TitleofLecture.”NameofEvent.Sponsor,LocationofLecture,DateofLecture.
Example:
Smith,Chuck.“AVentureinFaith.”FridayLectures.CalvaryChapelBibleCollege,Murrieta,California,September03,2010.
6.11
Bibliography - The Bible and Other Sacred Texts
NobibliographicentryshouldbeincludedfortheBibleorothersacredtexts.Pleaseseesections3.4-3.8onhowtocitetheBible.
TurabianHelper 26
7.0
Helpful Links http://www.bibme.org
http://www.grammarbook.com/english_rules.asp
http://www.zotero.org
http://www.citationmachine.net/
http://www.bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/
http://www.easybib.com/
http://www.eTurabian.com
http://www.bartleby.com/141/
http://www.noodletools.com/
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html
http://www.owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/