Vertical Transportation Systems in Buildings by Ramesh Nayaka

Mr. Ramesh Nayaka, (M.Tech. - IITM)Lecturer, Department of Civil EngineeringNational Institute of Technology Calicut, KeralaIndia - 673601

Module – 3Vertical Transportation (Building Services)

CE2007 - Functional Design of Buildings

Vertical Transportation ??• To provide an accessible path, leading from one level to

another by targeting to meet the needs of all target groups.

Outline• Stairs• Elevators• Escalators• Ramps

What is a stair and it’s components?? A stair is a series of steps, each elevated a measured distance, leading from one level of a structure to another. Stair parts and terms

• Headroom• Tread• Riser• Unit rise• Unit run• Total rise• Stringer • Stair well• Total run

http://atjenese.wordpress.com

Cont’d…• Platform • Winding stairs• Run of stairs or flight• Straight run• Winders


Cont’d…..• Handrail • Wall rail• Baluster• Balustrade• Newel Post• Nosing


Terminologies 1. Headroom: The clear space between the floor line and ceiling.2. Tread: Horizontal walking surface of a stair3. Riser: The vertical stair member between two consecutive stair treads. 4. Unit rise: The height of the stair riser; the vertical distance between two treads.5. Unit run: The width of a stair tread minus the nosing.6. Total rise: Vertical distance from one floor to another7. stringer: A stringer to which blocking has been added to form a base for adding treads and risers. 8. Stairwell: The rough opening in the floor above to provide headroom for stairs.9. Total run: The horizontal distance occupied by the stairs; measured from the foot of the stairs to a point directly

beneath where the stairs rest on a floor or landing above.1. Platform: A horizontal section between two flights of stairs. Also called a landing.2. Winding stairs: A curving stairway that gradually changes direction; usually circular or elliptical in shape. Also called

geometrical.3. Run of stairs: A series of steps that is a continuous section without breaks formed by landings or other constructions.

Also called a flight of stairs.4. Straight run: A stairway that does not change direction.5. Winders: Wedge-shaped treads installed where stairs turn.6. Handrail: A pole installed above and parallel to stair steps to act as a support for persons using the stairs. also called

a stair rail.7. Baluster: The vertical member (spindle) supporting the handrails on open stairs.2. Newel: The main post at the start of a stair and the stiffening post at the landing.3. Nosing: The part of a stair tread that projects beyond the riserBalustrade: An assembly with a railing resting on a series of balusters that, in turn, rest on a base, usually the treads

• Wall rail: In closed stairs, the support rail that is

Types of Stairs STRAIGHT STAIRS:-• All steps lead in one direction• This may be continuous with two flights

with an intermediate landing• Adopted when staircase is narrow and

long• Provided mostly in porch, entrance etc.

DOG-LEGGED STAIRS:-• Consist of two straight flights running in

opposite directions• There is no space between the flights in

plan• Landing is provided at level which

direction of flight changes

Types of Stairs GEOMETRICAL STAIRS :-• These stairs may have any geometrical

shape and they require no newel post• This type of stair is similar to open newel

stair except the well formed between forward and backward flight is curved

• Change of direction in such stairs is achieved by winders and not by landings

CIRCULAR STAIRS:-• all the steps are radiate from a

newel post or well hole• all the steps are winders• this is provided where space is

limited and traffic is casual• mostly located at rear of building

Types of Stairs


QUARTER TURN NEWEL:-• A stair turning through 90° with the

help of level landing• Used in shops and public buildings

OPEN NEWEL STAIRS:-• Popularly known as open well

stairs• A well or opening is left between

forward and backward flight• The opening is generally used

for installation of lift• A short flight may or may not

provided in these stairs

Design ConsiderationLanding

the width of the landing should not be less than the width of stairs

Width of stairsResidential:-0.8 to 1 m

Public :- 1.8 to 2 mTread

Residential:-220-250 mmPublic:- 250-300mm

Not less than 200mm in any case

Riserresidential:-150-180 mm

Public:- 120-150mmNot more than 200mm in any case

PitchShould not be more than 38°

Dimensions of a Step Comfortable ascent and descent

Thumb Rules

(2 x Rise in cm) + (Going (tread) in cm) = 60

(Rise in cm) + (Going in cm) = 40 to 45

(Rise in cm) x (Going in cm) = 400 to 450

Adopt Rise = 14 cm and Going = 30 cm as standard;

then for every 20 mm subtracted from going, add 10 mm to the

rise.

Residential building = 16 cm x 26 cm

Public building = 17 cm x 24 cm

Requirements of a Good Stair Provide easy, quick and safe mode of communication between the floors.

Following are the general requirements which a stair should fulfill.

Location :

It should be so located as to provide easy access to the occupants

building.

It should be so located that it is well lighted and ventilated directly from

the exterior.

It should be so located as to have approaches convenient and

spacious.

Width of Stair:

It should be wide enough to carry the user without much crowd

and in convenience.

Cont’d…. Depends upto its location in the building and type of the

building.

In a domestic building, a 90cm wide stair in sufficient while in

public building, 1.5 m to 1.8 m width may be required.

Length of flight:

The number of steps are not more than 12 and not less than 3.

Pitch of stair:

a comfortable slope is achieved when twice rise plus going is

equal to 60 cm approx. pitch should however, be limited to 30o

degree to 45O

Head Room:

Clear space between tread and soffit of the flight immediately

above it should not be less than 2.1 to 2.3 m.

Cont’d.. Balustrade:

Open well stair should always be provided with balustrade, to

provide safety to users.

Step dimensions:

the rise and tread should be of such dimensions as to provide

comfort to the users. Their proportion should also be such as

to provide pitch of the stair. The going should not be less than

25 cm, though 30 cm going is quite comfortable. The rise

should be between 10 cm to 15 cm. The width of landing should

not be less than width of stair.

Materials of Construction :

The materials used for stair construction should be such as to

provide a) Sufficient strength and b) fire resistance

Stairs of Different Materials TIMBER

Light in weight and easy construct, but poor fire resistance

Used for small rise residential buildings, unsuitable for high rise

residential and public buildings. Hardwood ( oak, mahogany etc.)

It should be free from fungal decay and insect attack.

STONE

Widely used where ashlar stone is readily available.

Quite strong and rigid, though they are very heavy.

Stone should be hard, strong and resistance to wear and fire

resistance also.

Stone stairs may have following types of steps:

1. Rectangular steps with rebated joint.

Cont’d..2. Spandril steps

3. Tread and riser steps

4. Cantilever tread steps

5. Built – up steps

BRICKS

Very common except at entrance.

It contains either solid wall or arched openings may be left for

obtaining storage space.

Frequent maintenance.

STEEL

Mild steel or cast iron steel are used only as emergency stairs.

Not common, though they are strong and fire resistant.

Cont’d.. R.C.C

R.C.C stairs are the one which widely used for residential, public

and industrial buildings.

Strong, hard wearing and fire resisting.

Usually cast in situ, and a variety of finishes can be made on

these.

R.C.C stairs may be divided into two categories

1. Stair with slab spanning horizontally.

2. Stair with slab spanning longitudinally.

Design of a staircase. Plan a dog legged stair for a building in which the vertical

distance between the floor is 3.6 m. the stair hall measures 2.5 m

x 5m.

Shows the plan of a stair hall of a public building, which

measures 4.25 m x 5.25 m. the vertical distance between the floor

is 3.9 m.

ElevatorElevator has been used in buildings having more than 4 stories. Lift — An appliance designed to transport persons or

materials between two or more levels in a vertical or substantially vertical direction by means of a guided car or platform. The word ‘elevator’ is also synonymously used for ‘lift’.

Lift Car — The load carrying unit with its floor or platform, car frame and enclosing bodywork.

Lift Landing — That’ portion of a building or structure used for discharge of passengers or goods or both into or from a lift car.

Lift Machine — The part of the lift equipment comprising the motor and the control gear therewith, reduction gear (if any), brake(s) and winding drum or sheave, by which the lift car is raised or lowered.

Elevator Lift Pit — The space in the lift well below the level of the

lowest lift landing served. Lift Well — The unobstructed space within an enclosure

provided for the vertical movement of the lift car(s) and any counterweight(s), including the lift pit and the space for top clearance.

Lift Well Enclosure — Any structure which separates the lift well from its surroundings.

Passenger Lift — A lift designed for the transport of passengers.

Position and/or Direction Indicator — A device which indicates on the lift landing or in the lift car or both, the position of car in the lift well or the direction or both in which the lift car is traveling.

Elevator Rated Load (Lift) — The maximum load for which the lift

car is designed and installed to carry safely at its rated speed.

Rated Speed (Lift) — The mean of the maximum speed attained by the lift car in the upward and downward direction with rated load in the lift car.

Elevator

Overview of Types of ElevatorsOverview of Types of Elevators

Generally Two CategoriesGenerally Two Categories

Traction (Electric)

Virtually limitless rise (high & mid rise)

High speeds, but high installation cost

Hydraulic Limited to heights of about 60 ft. (6 stories) Lower speeds Lower initial cost – higher power consumption

The systems are distinguished primarily by their hoisting mechanisms.

Overview of Types of Elevators


• Traction (Electric)

Geared Traction

Drive shaft is connected to the sheave by gears in a gear box. Geared traction systems are designed to operate in the range of 100 to 500 fpm, which restricts their use to mid rise buildings.



• Traction (Electric)

Geared Traction

Gearless Traction

Gearless traction systems are designed to operate in the range of 350 to 1200 fpm and typically installed in high-rise buildings. Greater speeds are also available.



• Hydraulic

Holed Hydraulic

In-ground cylinder extends to a depth equal to the rise of the elevator cab. Current codes require double-bottom cylinders with leak detection and containment.

Overview of Types of Elevators


• Hydraulic

Holed Hydraulic

Holeless Hydraulic

Holeless hydraulic elevators use a telescoping hydraulic piston as the driving machine, eliminating the need for an in-ground cylinder. Currently limited to a height of about 3 stories.



• Hydraulic

Holed Hydraulic

Holeless Hydraulic

Roped Hydraulic

Roped holeless hydraulic elevators use a telescoping hydraulic piston and a hoist rope and pulley system to increase speed and travel heights.

Elevator Components & DescriptionsElevator Components & Descriptions

•• Machine RoomMachine Room

•• CabsCabs

•• HoistwayHoistway/Pits/Pits

Major ComponentsMajor Components

Machine rooms for traction elevators generally located directly above the hoistway. Hydraulic elevator machine rooms typically located at the basement or lowest level adjacent to the hoistway.

Hydraulic ElevatorsHydraulic Elevators

Telescoping Plunger

Above-Ground Cylinder

Hydraulic Tank / Controller

Car Buffer


•• Hoist MachineHoist Machine

Machine RoomMachine Room

Can be geared traction machines in which the power from the motor is transmitted to the drive sheave through reduction gears, or a gearless machine in which the hoist ropes pass over a traction drive sheave which is an integral part of the armature. The grooved wheel of a traction-type hoisting machine over which the hoist ropes pass, and by which motion is imparted to the car and counterweight by the hoist ropes.


•• Hoist MachineHoist Machine•• Hoist MotorHoist Motor


Also called drive machines and used for traction elevators. They are the power units that apply the energy to the hoist machines. Can be AC or DC.


•• Hoist Machine• Hoist Motor•• GeneratorGenerator


Generators are electro-mechanical devices that convert mechanical energy to electrical energy (usually direct current).


•• Hoist Hoist MachineMachine•• Hoist MotorHoist Motor•• GeneratorGenerator•• GovernorGovernor


A mechanical speed control mechanism. Usually a wire-rope driven centrifugal device used to stop and hold the movement of its driving rope. This initiates the activation of the car safety device. It opens a switch which cuts off power to the drive motor and brake if the car travels at a preset overspeed in the down direction.


•• Hoist MachineHoist Machine•• Hoist MotorHoist Motor•• GeneratorGenerator•• GovernorGovernor•• ControllersControllers


A device, or group of devices, which serve to control, in a predetermined manner, the floor selection, drive speeds, car selection and general operation of the elevators.


•• Hoist Hoist MachineMachine•• Hoist MotorHoist Motor•• GeneratorGenerator•• GovernorGovernor•• ControllersControllers•• DisconnectsDisconnects


Switches to disconnect the power to the controller and cab lights and located in the machine room.


•• Roller GuidesRoller Guides

HoistwayHoistway / Pits/ Pits

Roller guides or guide rails are steel T-section with machined guiding surfaces installed vertically in a hoistway to guide and direct the course of travel of an elevator car and elevator counterweights.


•• Roller GuidesRoller Guides•• CounterweightsCounterweights


A weight that counter-balances the weight of an elevator car plus approximately 40% of the capacity load.


•• Roller GuidesRoller Guides•• CounterweightsCounterweights•• Door InterlocksDoor Interlocks


An electro-mechanical device that prevents operation of an elevator unless the hoistway doors are in the closed and locked position; and prevents opening of a hoistway door from the landing side unless the elevator is in the landing zone and is either stopped or being stopped.


•• Roller GuidesRoller Guides•• CounterweightsCounterweights•• Door InterlocksDoor Interlocks•• TopTop--ofof--Car StationCar Station


Controls on the top of the car used by an elevator maintenance contractor to operate the car at inspection speed. It provides a means of operating an elevator from on top of the car at slow speed during adjustment, inspection, maintenance and repair.


•• Roller GuidesRoller Guides•• CounterweightsCounterweights•• Door InterlocksDoor Interlocks•• Top of Car StationTop of Car Station•• BuffersBuffers


A device designed to stop a descending car beyond its normal limit of travel by storing or by absorbing and dissipating the kinetic energy of the car. Spring buffers are used for elevators with speeds less than 200 fpm. Oil buffers (for speeds greater than 200 fpm) use a combination of oil and spring to cushion the elevator.


•• Cab FinishesCab Finishes

Elevator CabsElevator Cabs

Decorative features in a passenger elevator including carpet or other flooring, wall panels, door finishes, ceilings and lighting.


•• Cab FinishesCab Finishes•• Cab ControlsCab Controls


A car-operating panel with a faceplate that is mounted in a fixed (non-swing) panel or sidewall.


•• Cab FinishesCab Finishes•• Cab ControlsCab Controls•• Safety FeaturesSafety Features PhonesPhones Door Safety EdgesDoor Safety Edges


Two way communication devices in the cab required by ADA and national elevator codes for safety.




A door protective and automatic door reopening device, used with automatic power door operators.



•• Door OperatorsDoor Operators


The Door Operator monitors the speed and position of the car doors and compares performance against standards. Deviations in kinetic energy during door travel is corrected within milliseconds.

Preliminary Design or Design ConsiderationPreliminary Design or Design Consideration

P.S: Complete description refer NBCP.S: Complete description refer NBC--2005 (Part 2005 (Part –– 8) 8)

•• No. of lifts and No. of lifts and hhandling capacityandling capacity Number Number of floors to be served by the of floors to be served by the lift; Floor lift; Floor to to

floor distance;floor distance; Population of each floor to be serve~ Population of each floor to be serve~ and Maximum and Maximum

peak demand; this demand peak demand; this demand maybe unidirectionalmaybe unidirectional, as , as in up and down in up and down peak periodspeak periods, or a two, or a two--way traffic way traffic movement.movement.

•• Preliminary Lift Preliminary Lift PlanningPlanning population or the number of people population or the number of people who require who require lift lift

serviceservice

Design ConsiderationDesign Consideration

handling handling capacity of the maximum flow capacity of the maximum flow rate required rate required by these people.by these people.

interval interval or the quality of service requiredor the quality of service required..•• PopulationPopulationAverage Average population density population density can vary from about one person per 4 mcan vary from about one person per 4 m22

to one to one person per 20 mperson per 20 m22

•• Quantity of serviceQuantity of service


•• Quality of serviceQuality of service

•• Traffic peakTraffic peak•• CapacityCapacityThe minimum size of car recommended for a single purpose buildings The minimum size of car recommended for a single purpose buildings is one suitable for a duty load of 884 kg. Generally, for large office is one suitable for a duty load of 884 kg. Generally, for large office buildings cars with capacities up to 2040 kg are recommended buildings cars with capacities up to 2040 kg are recommended according to the requirements.according to the requirements.


•• SpeedSpeed

•• LayoutLayout

The handling capacity is calculated by The handling capacity is calculated by the following formula:the following formula:H=(H=(3OOXQX1OO/(3OOXQX1OO/(TxPTxP))

wherewhereH = Handling capacity as the percentage of theH = Handling capacity as the percentage of thepeak population handled during 5 peak population handled during 5 min periodmin period,,Q = Average number of passengers carried in Q = Average number of passengers carried in a cara car,,T = Waiting interval in seconds, andT = Waiting interval in seconds, andP = Total population to be handled during peakP = Total population to be handled during peakmorning period. (It is related to the morning period. (It is related to the area served area served by a by a particular bank of particular bank of lifts). lifts).

Preliminary Design of ElevatorPreliminary Design of Elevator

••The waiting interval is calculated by the followingThe waiting interval is calculated by the followingformula:formula:

T= RTT/NT= RTT/NwherewhereT = Waiting interval in seconds,T = Waiting interval in seconds,N = Number of lifts, andN = Number of lifts, andRTTRTT == RoundRound triptrip time,time, thatthat is,is, thethe averageaverage timetime requiredrequired bybyeacheach liftlift inin takingtaking oneone fullfull loadload ofof passengerspassengers fromfrom groundgroundfloor,floor, dischargingdischarging themthem inin variousvarious upperupper floorsfloors andand comingcomingbackback toto groundground floorfloor forfor takingtaking freshfresh passengerspassengers forfor thethe nextnexttriptrip

Preliminary Design of ElevatorPreliminary Design of Elevator

Example Example

EscalatorEscalator — A power driven, inclined, continuous stairway used for raising or lowering passengers. Named Escalator by Charles

Seeberger in 1897 by combiningthe latin word for steps “scala” and elevator

Charles Seeberger sold rights to Otis Elevator Company in 1902which is currently the dominant player in the industry.

Most applications include department stores, airports, shopping malls, convention centers, hotels, and public buildings

One of the largest, most expensive machines people use on a regular basis, but also one of the simplest.

Escalator Installation It includes the escalator, the track, the trusses or girders, the balustrading, the step treads and landings and all chains, wires and machinery directly connected with theoperation of the escalator.

Features of escalator (Benefits) Escalators are required to provide continuous mass transport

of people. Escalators in department stores rise at an angle of between

(30°-35°). The 35° escalator is more economical, as it takes up less surface area.

Have the capacity to move large numbers of people, and they can be placed in the same physical space as one might install a staircase.

Have no waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic) They can be used to guide people toward main exits or

special exhibits, and may be weatherproofed for outdoor use. Escalator speeds vary from 90 – 180 ft per minute, an

escalator moving 145 ft per minute can carry more that 10,000 people in an hour

Escalator operation and operating guidelines As the escalators operate at a constant speed, serve only two levels

and have a known maximum capacity, the traffic study is rather easy. Provided the population to be handled in a given time is known, it is easy to predict the rate at which the population can be handled.

Regularly (at least monthly) apply a silicone friction reducer on skirt panels

Document any unusual noises or vibrations. Remove any debris Monitor for broken comb teeth Always remove the start-up key from the "on” direction. If an escalator or moving walkway makes an automatic emergency

stop, perform a detailed equipment check before returning to operation.

Do not permit overloading of passengers or freight. Do not permit the use of an inoperative escalator as a stairway

Design Consideration For normal peak periods, the recommended handling capacities for

design purposes should be taken as 3200 to 6400 persons per hour depending upon the width of the escalator.

In accordance with a worldwide standard, the width of the step to be used is 60 cm (for one person width)80 cm (for one- to two people width) and 100 cm (for two people width).

The theoretical capacity then is: 3 600x (rated speed in m/s x k)/O.4 K = 1, 1.5 or 2 for 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 m step widths.

Escalator Arrangements

Crisscross Arrangement

Parallel Arrangement

Escalator Arrangements

Ramps Ramps are sloping surface that can be used to provide an easy

connection from floor to floor especially when large numbers of people or vehicles are moving from time to time.

Ramps are adopted for buildings, such as stadiums, railroad stations, exhibition halls, garage buildings, etc.

it is generally built with slopes up to 15% (15 cm in 100 cm) but 10% is preferred. With 10% slope and a storey height of 12 feet a ramp connecting two floors would have to be 120 feet long.

It can be curved, zigzagged, u-shaped or spiraled and bin all cases should be constructed with a non-slip surface.

Design Consideration An exterior location is preferred for ramps. Indoor ramps are not

recommended because they take up a great deal of space. Ideally, the entrance to a ramp should be immediately adjacent

to the stairs. Ramps configuration

Design ConsiderationWidth

The minimum width should be 0.90 m. Slope

Design Consideration Landings Ramps should be provided with landings for resting,

maneuvering and avoiding excessive speed. Landings should be provided every 10.00 m, at every change of

direction and at the top and bottom of every ramp. Handrail

A protective handrail at least 0.40 m Surface

The ramp surface should be hard and non-slip. Tactile marking A colored textural indication at the top and bottom of the ramp should be placed to alert sightless people as to the location of the ramp. The marking strip width should not be less than 0.60 m.

Moving walks

Inclined ramps

References

B.C. Punmia; Ashok Kumar Jain; Arun Kumar Jain (2005). “Building Construction." . Lakshmi Publishers Limited, New Delhi – 110002.

National Building Code (2005) Published By Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002.

http://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en

Thank you

Vertical Transportation Systems in Buildings by Ramesh Nayaka

Engineering

Transcript of Vertical Transportation Systems in Buildings by Ramesh Nayaka