INTRODUCTION

The term Financial Statement refers to statement which accountant prepare at the end of period of time for a business enterprise. They are :

1. Balance Sheet : In financial accounting, a balance sheet or statement of financial position is a summary of a person's or organization's balances. Assets, liabilities and ownership equity are listed as of a specific date, such as the end of its financial year. A balance sheet is often described as a snapshot of a company's financial condition. A company balance sheet has three parts: assets, liabilities and ownership equity. The main categories of assets are usually listed first and are followed by the liabilities. The difference between the assets and the liabilities is known as equity or the net assets or the net worth or capital of the company and according to the accounting equation, net worth must equal assets minus liabilities.

2. Income Statement : Income statement, also called profit and loss statement (P&L) and Statement of Operations, is a company's financial statement that indicates how the revenue (money received from the sale of products and services before expenses are taken out, also known as the "top line") is transformed into the net income (the result after all revenues and expenses have been accounted for, also known as the "bottom line"). The purpose of the

income statement is to show managers and investors whether the company made or lost money during the period being reported. The important thing to remember about an income statement is that it represents a period of time. This contrasts with the balance sheet, which represents a single moment in time.

3. Cash flow statement : The cash flow statement is intended to :

provide information on a firm's liquidity and solvency and its ability to change cash flows in future circumstances

provide additional information for evaluating changes in assets, liabilities and equity

improve the comparability of different firms' operating performance by eliminating the effects of different accounting methods

indicate the amount, timing and probability of future cash flows

IMPORTANCE OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

• Requirement of lenders :

In case of borrowing from banks and financial institutions they insist the borrowers to furnish financial statements in order to assess their profitability.

• Guides future course of action :

Financial statements guide the management about the proper way to expand & prosper indicating in which area and what extent expansion is possible.

• To understand the future :

Based on projected financial statements the management will be able to, in a better way, understand the future.

• To exercise control :

The management will be able to exercise better control if they are clear about the position of the organization.

• Better awareness of present position :

For preparing a financial statement, a good knowledge about the present position is essential. Thus, in the process of preparation of financial statement, management is made aware of the present situation.

• Arithmetic accuracy to future plans :

In case of financial statements everything is put down on paper in terms of rupees. Thus, it is very important for control and directive actions.

• Acts as a base for future action :

Financial statements are the base on which the management acts.

USES OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT

1) It helps to reveal changes in the various items of balance sheet from the past to present

2) They help to measure the profitability.

3) They provide a concise summary of the firm’s revenue and expense during the date or service of dates

4) Financial statement report the effect of plan of operations on the assets, liabilities and capital of the economy.

CHARACTERISTICS OF FINANACIAL STATEMENT

They are regarded as indices of an enterprises performance. As such extreme care should be taken while preparing those statements. They reflect visible characteristics like:

1. Internal audience: They are useful for those who have an interest in the business. They have to be prepared on the assumptions that the user is familiar with the business and the terms used in it.

2. Articulation: The basic financial statement are inter related and hence they are said to be articulated. E.G. Profit and Loss A/c shows either an increase or decrease in the resources which is reflected in the B/S.

3. Historical nature: They generally report what has happened in the past. They are used as an basis for future by investors and creditors they are not intended to provide basis for future and its effect on the B/S.

4. Summarization & Classification: The volume of business transaction affecting business operations are so vast that the summarization and classification of business items and events alone will enable the reader to draw useful conclusions from it.

5. Money term: All the business transactions are quantified and measured in terms of money. In absence of these units the measurement of financial statements will be meaningless.

6. Various valuation method: The valuation method are not uniform for all the items found in the B/S.E.G. inventories are measured at cost or market price which ever is less, fix assets are measured at cost – depreciation.

7. Accrual basis: Most financial statements are prepared on accrual basis rather than on cash basis i.e. taking into a/c all income due but not received, all expenses due but not paid etc.

8. Conservatism: Wherever and whenever estimates & personal judgement become Essential during the course of the preparation the estimates should be paced moderately to avoid any possibility of overstating the assets and incomes.

PROFORMA OF VERTICAL BALANCE SHEET:

I.1.a.

b.

c.

2.a.

b.

PARTICULARS AMOUNT

AMOUNT

AMOUNT

SOURCES OF FUNDS Share holders fundShare capital10% preference share capitalEquity share capitalLess: unpaid callsAdd: share forfeited

Reserves and SurplusGeneral reserveCapital reserveProfit and loss accountCapital redemption reserveSecurity premium

Less: Fictitious assetsPreliminary expensesDiscount on issue of shares

NET WORTH

Loan fundsSecured loansDebentures or bondsBank loan

Unsecured loans Other loansPublic deposits

TOTAL FUNDS

XXXX

XXXXXXXXXX

XXXX

XXXX

XXXX

XXXXXXX

XXX

XXX

XXX

XXX

XXX

XXX

XXX

XXX

II.1.

2.

3.a.

b.

AVAILABLE

APPLICATION OF FUNDSFixed assetsLand and buildingPlant and machineryGoodwillPatentsTrademarksFurnitureLess: depreciation

InvestmentsTrade investments

Working capitalCurrent assetsStockPrepaid expensesOutstanding incomeSundry debtorsBills receivableCash/ bank balance

Less: current liabilitiesSundry creditorsBank overdraftBills payableOutstanding expenseIncome revieved in advance

CAPITAL EMPLOYEED

XXXXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXX

XXX

XX

XXX

XXX

XXX

XXX

Particulars .

1. Gross Sales2. (-) Return of allowance.3. Net Sales(1-2)

4. (-) C.O.G.S

(a) Opening.Stock (+)(b) Purchases(net) (Gross Less Return) (c ) Direct Exp. (d) Direct Wages. (e) Depr. Of Mach. (f) Depr Of Factory (-) (g) Closing Stock. Sale Of Scrap

Cost Of goods Sold (a+b+c+d+e+f-g)

G/P (3-4)

(+) Operating Income. Discount On Purchases. Discount Receivable. Recovery Of Bad debts

(-) Operating Expenses.

(1) Administration Exp.SalaryInsuranceOffice ExpLegal Exp.Audit FeesDepreciation.

(2) Selling & Distribution Exp Commission Advt. Salesman Salary. Distribution Exp.

(3)Finance Exp.Interest On Debenture

Rs.

XX XX XX XX

XX

Rs.

XX

XX XX

XX XX XX XX XX XX

XX

XX XX

XX XX XX XX XX XX

XX

Rs. XX XX

XXX

XXX

XX XX XX

PROFOMA FOR REVENUE INCOME STATEMENT

Interest On Short Term Loan. Interest On Bank Overdraft Bad Debts/ Reserve for Bad Debts 1+2+3 Earning before interest and Tax (-) Interest on long term borrowing Net Operating Profit.

(+) Non Operating Income

Profit on Sale of asset/ Invst. Interest On Investment.

(-) Non Operating Expenses. Loss on Sale of Asset/ Invst. Net Profit Before Tax(N.P.B.T)

(-) Provision For Tax Net Profit After Tax(N.P.A.T) Opening Balance Of P&L A/C (-) Appropriation. Transfer to Reserves. Proposed Dividend.

Retained Earnings

XX XX XX

XX XX

XXX

XXX

XXX XXX

XXX XXX XXX XXX

XXX XXX

XXX XXX

XXX

XXX

THANK

YOU